International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI)

• Subir Chowdhury
  Assistant Director, SCE Division
  Directorate of Primary Education, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Jasmin Taslima Banu

References

[1]. UNICEF Jan-2014, Global Initiative on out of school Children.
[2]. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012-13, BBS & UNICEF
[3]. Out of School Children In Bangladesh 2014, BBS, BIDS & UNICEF.
[4]. Child Equity Atlas, UNICEF.
[5]. Non-formal Education and Basic Education reform: A Conceptual Review, 2006, UNESCO.
[6]. Annual Primary School Census-2014, Bangladesh.

Subir Chowdhury, Jasmin Taslima Banu "Drop-out is a Threat to Complete the Cycle of Primary Education (up to Grade-V), Bangladesh Perspectives" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-(IJRSI) vol.3 issue 1A, pp.01-04 2016

• Mohsina Begum
  Department of Chemistry
  Maharani’s College, Mysuru, India
• Isa Baba Koki
  Department of Chemistry
  Northwest University Kano, PMB, 3220 Kano, Nigeria
• Akheel Ahmed Syed
  Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri, Mysuru, India
  Icon Professor, University of Malaya, Malaysia

References

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Mohsina Begum, Isa Baba Koki and Akheel Ahmed Syed "Innovative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Anacardic Acid" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.05-08 2016

• S. P. Chaurasia
  Chemical Engineering Department,
  Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
• Kriti Bhandari
  Chemical Engineering Department,Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 57 Campus Drive,
  College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
• Aditi Sharma
  Chemical Engineering Department,Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 57 Campus Drive,
  College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
• Ajay K. Dalai
  Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 57 Campus Drive,
  College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

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S. P. Chaurasia, Kriti Bhandari, Aditi Sharma, Ajay K. Dalai "A Review on Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of DHA Rich Glyceride from Fish Oils" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.09-19 2016

• Deba Prakash Satapathy
  Assistant Professor
  College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar

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Deba Prakash Satapathy "Mathematical Modelling and Experimental Study of Water Quality Parameters of Kuakhai River Down Stream, Bhubaneswar" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.20-25 2016

• Veena Pareek
  School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,
  Vikram University, Ujjain-MP, India
• Pradeep Paliwal
  School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,
  Vikram University, Ujjain-MP, India
• Archana Kushwaha
  School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,
  Vikram University, Ujjain-MP, India
• S R Jetti
  School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,
  Vikram University, Ujjain-MP, India
• Shubha Jain
  School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,
  Vikram University, Ujjain-MP, India

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Veena Pareek, Pradeep Paliwal, Archana Kushwaha, S R Jetti, Shubha Jain, "Degradation of Reactive Black 5 Azo Dye Using Catalytic Ozonation with MgO" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.26-32 2016

• Prof. A.V. Gaur
  Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
  Brahmadevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
• Prof. Dr. M.S. Pawar
  Principal and Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
  Brahmadevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

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Prof. A.V. Gaur, Prof. Dr. M.S. Pawar "AGV Based Material Handling System: A Literature Review" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.33-36 2016

• R.Kirubakaran
  Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
  Kumaraguru College of Technology Coimbatore, India.
• A.Periya Nayaki
  Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
  Kamaraj College of Engg.& Tech. Virudhunagar, India.
• C.Mano Prathibhan
  PG Graduate, Department of Computer Science
  Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai, India.

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[1] Elisa Bertino; “Big Data – Opportunities and Challenges”, IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference, 2013, pp. 479-480.
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R.Kirubakaran, A.Periya Nayaki, C.Mano Prathi "A Survey on Data Mining in Big Data" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.37-40 2016

• CA. Neha Saxena
  Sr. Lecturer
  H.L. Institute of Commerce, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, India

References

[1]. Arora, B., & Puranik, R. (2004). A review of corporate social responsibility in India. Development, 47(3), 93-100.
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CA. Neha Saxena "Corporate Social Responsibility: Issues & Challenges" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.41-46 2016

• Sonali Mathur
  M Tech. Scholar, Department of CSE
  Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
• Deepa Chaurse
  Assistant Professor, Department of CSE
  Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

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[10]. A. Baraldi, F. Parmiggiani, “An Investigation Of The Textural Characteristics Associated With GLCM Matrix Statistical Parameters”,IEEE Trans. on Geos. and Rem. Sens., vol. 33(2), pp. 293-304, 1995.
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[12]. R. Raguram and S. Lazebnik. “Computing iconic summaries of general visual concepts”, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, 1-8,2008.
[13]. F. Schro, A. Criminisi, and A. Zisserman. Harvesting image databases from the web. In Computer Vision, 2007. ICCV 2007. IEEE 11th International Conference on, pages 1-8, Oct. 2007.
[14]. P. Mohanaiah, P. Sathyanarayana, L. GuruKumar, “Image Texture Feature Extraction Using GLCM Approach”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013 , ISSN 2250-3153
[15]. Alaa Eleyan, Hasan DEM˙IREL,” Co-occurrence matrix and its statistical features as a new approach for face recognition”Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol.19, No.1, 2011.
[16]. Reshma Chaudhari, A.M. Patil , “Content Based Image Retrieval Using Color and Shape Features”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 1, Issue 5, November 2012, ISSN: 2278 – 8875
[17]. G. Iyengar, H. J. Nock, and C. Neti, “Discriminative model fusion for semantic concept detection and annotation in video,” in Proc. ACM Multimedia, 2003, pp. 255–258.
[18]. C. G. Snoek, M. Worring, and A. W. Smeulders, “Early versus late fusion in semantic video analysis,” in Proc. ACM Multimedia, 2005, pp. 399–402.
[19]. J. Z. Wang, J. Li, G.Wiederhold, “SIMPLIcity: Semantics-Sensitive Integrated Matching for Picture Libraries”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 947–963, Sept. 2001.
[20]. A. W. M. Smeulders, M. Worring, S. Santini, A. Gupta, R. Jain.”Content-Based Image Retrieval: The End of the Early Years”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1349–1380, Dec. 2000.
[21]. Faloutsos, R. Barber, M. Flickner, J. Hafner, W. Niblack,D. Petkovic, W. Equitz. Efficient and Effective Querying by Image Content. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 3/4, pp. 231–262, July 1994.
[22]. S. Siggelkow. Feature Histograms for Content-Based Image Retrieval. Ph.D. thesis, University of Freiburg, Institute for Computer Science, Freiburg, Germany, 2002.
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[24]. K. Jarvelin and J. Kekalainen, “Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques,” ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 422–446, 2002

Sonali Mathur, Deepa Chaurse "Rank Based Image Retrieval Technique using Hue Saturation and Value (HSV) and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) Features" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.47-52 2016

• Ketan A Awalellu
  Department of Mechanical Engineering
  Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management and Research, Akurdi,
  Savitribai Phule Pune University

References

[1]. Bryan Harris, “Engineering composite materials”, The institute of materials, London, 1999, Pp: 5-182.
[2]. Sabu Thomas, Kuruvilla Joseph, Sant Kumar Malhotra, Koichi Goda and Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala, “Polymer Composites", Published 2012 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
[3]. D. Pathania and D. Singh, “A review on electrical properties of fiber reinforced polymer composites”, International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences 1(2): 34-37(2009)
[4]. Layth Mohammed, M. N. M. Ansari, Grace Pua, Mohammad Jawaid, and M. Saiful Islam, “A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applications”, International Journal of Polymer Science

Ketan A Awalellu "A Review on Properties and Applications of Polymer Matrix Composites" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.53-55 2016

• Abdi G. Amenu
  Trainer
  Oromia Justice Sector professionals Training and Research Institute, Ethiopia

References

[1]. Black‟s Law Dictionary, eighth ed. P.911
[2]. Id, p.856
[3]. State v Federal criminal prosecutions, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal defense/federal-crime/state-vs-federal-crimes.htm, Accessed on 02/08/2013 10:00 AM
[4]. As will be discussed in the subsequent sections, criminal legislative jurisdiction follows just other conventional distribution of powers between the federal government and the states.
[5]. The Constitution of India, Art.246, Seventh Schedule, List I-Union List (Para.93), List II-State List (para.64), List III-Concurrent List (Para.1&2) specifically deals with the fact the Federal Government shall have power to enact criminal laws on matters falling under its exclusive jurisdiction; the States have criminal legislative power over matters falling under their exclusive jurisdiction, and criminal and criminal procedure codes fall under the concurrent power between the two tiers of government respectively.
[6]. The Constitution of the Federation of Nigeria, 1960, Legislative List: Part I-Excusive List (Para.44), Part II-Concurrent List (Para.28) and Part III which deals with the interpretation stating that the “incidental and supplementary” clause includes issues dealing with offences.
[7]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity, accessed on 08/01/2014 at 4:10PM. Etymologically, the term subsidiarity is, more distantly, derived from the Latin verb subsidio (to aid or help), and the related noun subsidium (aid or assistance) Subsidiarity is an organizing principle of decentralization, stating that a matter ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized authority capable of addressing that matter effectively.
[8]. Ronald L. Watts, (2008), Comparing Federal Systems, 3rd ed. Queen‟s University Press, London, p.22
[9]. Art.VI, Section 2 of the US Constitution declares the supremacy of both the Constitution and other laws made by the Congress over any other laws.
[10]. Art. I, section 8 (6) of the US Constitution. Section 8 (10) also goes on to state that the Congress shall define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences committed against the Law of Nations. Furthermore, Art.III, section 3 provides that the Congress shall have the power to declare the punishment of treason.
[11]. A prior determination of criminal jurisdiction as between the federal government and the states has two advantages: Avoidance or prevention of jurisdictional conflict and ease of access to justice on the side of justice seekers.
[12]. Namely, counterfeiting of money, piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offences committed against the Law of Nations.
[13]. State crimes v Federal crimes, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/criminal-offense/state-crimes-vs-federal-crimes, Accessed on 02/08/2013 at 10:10 AM
[14]. Ibid
[15]. State v Federal criminal prosecutions, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/federal-crime/state-vs-federal-crimes.htm, Accessed on 02/08/2013 10:00 AM
[16]. Ibid
[17]. Federal crimes in the US, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_crimes, Accessed on 02/08/2013 at 10:05 AM
[18]. Criminal procedure, http://www.lawyershop.com/practice-areas/criminal-law/criminal-procedure, Accessed on 02/08/2013 10:00 AM
[19]. Ibid
[20]. Thus, Art.123 (1) of the Swiss Constitution provides that legislation in the field of criminal law and criminal procedure is a federal matter.
[21]. Basic Law of Germany, Art.74(1) &(2)
[22]. Art.50 of the German Basic Law provides that the Länder shall participate through the Bundesrat in the legislation and administration of the Federation and in matters concerning the European Union.
[23]. The Constitution of India, Art.246, Seventh Schedule, List I-Union List (Para.93), List II-State List (para.64), List III-Concurrent List (Para.1&2) specifically deals with the fact the Federal Government shall have power to enact criminal laws on matters falling under its exclusive jurisdiction; the States have criminal legislative power over matters falling under their exclusive jurisdiction, and criminal and criminal procedure codes fall under the concurrent power between the two tiers of government respectively.
[24]. The Constitution of the Federation of Nigeria, 1960, Legislative List: Part I-Excusive List (Para.44), Part II-Concurrent List (Para.28) and Part III which deals with the interpretation stating that the “incidental and supplementary” clause includes issues dealing with offences.
[25]. Art.91 of the Canadian Constitution provides for the exclusive powers of the Federal Government in general, and sub-Article 27 specifies the fact that the power of the enactment of criminal law and criminal procedure belongs to it in particular. One should not lose sight of the fact that the phrases “criminal law and criminal procedure law” refers to the criminal code and criminal procedure code respectively, hence falling within the Federal exclusive power.
[26]. Art.92 of the Canadian Constitution provides for the exclusive lists of the Provinces in general, and sub-Article 15 particularizes the criminal legislative jurisdiction of the Provinces in which case they are empowered to do so on matters or laws specifically listed under their jurisdiction.
[27]. Black‟s Law Dictionary, P.774
[28]. Proclamation No.414/2004, the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 9th of May, 2005, Addis Ababa
[29]. Id, Art.3
[30]. Abera Degefa, (2013). Legal Pluralism in Multicultural Setting: Legal Appraisal of Ethiopia’s Monist Criminal Justice System. In Elias N. Stebek and Muradu Abdo (eds.), Law and Development, and Legal Pluralism in Ethiopia (p.141-155), Justice and Legal Systems Research Institute, Addis Ababa, p.154
[31]. Id, p.146
[32]. Id, p.147
[33]. Ibid
[34]. Ibid
[35]. Ibid
[36]. Arts.37(1, 2), 38, 39,41-53 of the FDRE Draft Criminal Procedure Code also has such a view.
[37]. Solomon Nigussie, (2008). Fiscal Federalism in the Ethiopian Ethnic-based Federal System, Revised Edition, Wolf Legal Publishers, P.64-65, Assefa Fisseha, (2006). Theory versus Practice: In the Implementation of the Ethiopian Ethnic federalism. In David Turton (ed.), Ethnic Federalism: The Ethiopian Experience with Comparative Perspective, (p.131-159). Addis Ababa University Press, P. 145.
[38]. Assefa Fisseha, (2006). Theory versus Practice: In the Implementation of the Ethiopian Ethnic federalism. In David Turton (ed.), Ethnic Federalism: The Ethiopian Experience with Comparative Perspective, (p.131-159). Addis Ababa University Press, P. 145
[39]. Donovan, Dolores A. and Getachew Assefa, Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism, American Journal of Comparative Law, Summer 2003, p.22
[40]. The Federal Government, with its legislative organ, the HPR, has enacted other criminal legislations which deal with crimes of different types over various matters. These criminal legislations are backed up by Art.3 of the Criminal Code which provides that regulations and special laws of a criminal nature, so far as they are complied with the general principles of the Code, are prescribed. Accordingly, Anti-Terrorism Proclamation, Offences against the Safety of Aviation Proclamation, the Anti-Corruption Proclamation, Federal Courts Advocates Licensing and Registration Proclamation, Election Proclamation, Forest Proclamation are some of the federal criminal legislations which contain penalty clauses.
[41]. Great deals of crimes, which are capable of characterizing the regional features, are incorporated in the FDRE Criminal Code.
[42]. The most surprising is the fact that all the regional state constitutions have opted silence on the criminal legislative power although it has been provided for by the FDRE Constitution. The constitutions of the regional states in Ethiopia have not expressly provided for the criminal legislative jurisdiction
[43]. Proclamation no.72/2003, the Oromia Forest proclamation, Art.15 criminalizes such acts as cutting tree from forest, taking forest resource product, preparation or utilization of forest product in any form, transporting the forest resource product, storing the forest resource product, destroying, erasing or falsifying the forest boundary mark, setting fire or damaging forest in any manner, and those prohibited acts mentioned in Arts. 13 and 14. On all these criminal acts, the Proclamation imposed the penalty which ranges from 5 years to 15 years without making any distinction between the acts with regard to severity or other circumstances. Leniency and severity of the acts have not been taken into consideration.
[44]. Proclamation no.542/2007, Federal Forest Proclamation, Art.20 provides for the penalty imposed on forest crimes in six categories, probably, based on the degree of the crime committed against forest. Accordingly, in category one, cutting trees, removing, processing or using in any manner shall be punishable with not less than one year and not exceeding five years imprisonment and with fine Birr 10,000 (art.20(1). In Category Two, it is stated that destroying, damaging or falsifying forest boundary marks shall be punishable with not less than 1 year and not exceeding 5 years rigorous imprisonment (art.20(2). Category three states that setting fire to forest or any manner shall be punishable with not less than 10 years and not exceeding 15 years rigorous imprisonment (art.20(3). In category four, it is provided that settling or expanding farmland in forest area without permit or undertaking the construction of any infrastructure in a forestland without having a necessary permit shall be punishable with not less than 2 years imprisonment and with fine Birr 20,000 (art.20(4). In category five, the law provides that assistance in any form of the acts so prohibited in the proclamation shall be punishable with 5 years imprisonment and fine with Birr 5000 (art.20(5). Category six, which cross refers those forest crimes which are not mentioned in the above categories and, hence are punishable with not less than 6 months and not exceeding 5 years imprisonment and with fine Birr 30,000 (art.20(6).
[45]. Arts. 51(5), 55(2)(a),&52(2)(a) of the FDRE Constitution provide that while the Federal Government enacts laws over the natural resources, the regional states administer same in accordance with the laws made by the former government. Furthermore, Art.18 of prco.542/2007 also requires the regional states to administer the forest in accordance with the proclamation under consideration. Thus, the corollary is that laws made by the regional states regarding the natural resources including forest law should conform to the federal laws on the area.
[46]. Towards the effectuation of healing the ills of the Oromia Forest Proclamation thus, the author proposes two options one of them to necessarily be executed: either expressly or impliedly cross referring to the Federal Forest Proclamation that a translation or verbatim copy thereof is adopted for the implementation of the Federal proclamation as it is or the Proclamation be adjudged unconstitutional.
[47]. Proclamation no.130/2007, the proclamation of Oromia rural land administration,, Proclamation no.456/2005 the Federal Rural land Administration.
[48]. The full version of art.19 of the Federal counterpart reads as any person who violates this Proclamation or the regulations and directives issued for the implementation of this Proclamation shall be punishable under the applicable criminal law. Accordingly, the pertinent provisions of the FDRE Criminal Code shall mutatis mutandis be applicable on the crimes relating land matters.
[49]. Art. 17 of Proclamation no.456/2005 provides that each regional council shall enact rural land administration and Land use law, which consists of detailed provisions necessary to implement this Proclamation.
[50]. Read Art. 33 of the Regulation. Under Sub-art. 1, such acts as unlawful rural land acquisition, building a house or a fence, and tilling of land and an attempt thereof are punishable with one year up to 5 years imprisonment and fine Birr 2000 up to 6000. Under sub-art. 2, it is provided that any person (competent) or an authority who grants a false or fraudulent document evidencing rural land possession or alters or prepares same shall be punishable with 1 year up to 5 years rigorous imprisonment and fine Birr 3000-6000. Sub-art.3 provides that unlawful donation of rural land use or its attempt, acquisition of rural land use through fraudulent document (title deed) and its attempt, preparing or getting fraudulent title prepared on rural land use, receipt of illegal title deed on rural land use or an attempt to do so shall be punishable with 1 year up to 3 years imprisonment and fine Birr 1000-3000. Under sub-art.4, it is provided that sloppy tilling of rural land (irraangadee qotuu), demolition of a bay (daagaa diiguu), building a bay at improper place, making a sloppy floodway (karaa lolaa irraangadee baasuu), bringing or permitting one‟s herds or flocks to protected areas such as trees, water, and soil shall be punishable with not exceeding 3 months simple imprisonment and fine not exceeding Birr 1000. Sub-art.5 lists crimes related with the failure of the kebele administrator to discharge his/her duties. Accordingly, failure or refusal to receive any complaint in connection with rural land use, failure or refusal to select arbitrators after receipt of the complaint, failure or refusal to execute the arbitral award, failure to respond to relevant bodies within the required time shall be punishable with 1 month up to 3 months simple imprisonment and fine Birr 500-1000 (translation mine). At the time of writing this article, since the author could not get the English version of the Regulation, he translated the words or phrases from Afaan Oromo to English with a bit difficulty. In such cases, the author put the words/phrases in brackets as they stand in Afaan Oromo. The words or phrases might have their own technical meanings. For sure, it is! Thus, the author would like to leave it to the readers.
[51]. For instance, art.685 cum art.851 of the Criminal Code is similar with art.33 (4) of the Regulation. Even the provisions of the Code are wider in scope than the provisions of the Regulation on the area. Art.686 of the Code is similar with art.33 (1) of the Regulation. Art.33 (2) and (3)) of the Regulation are similar with arts.363-395 regarding falsification and fraudulency. Subject to the definition given to public office under relevant laws, art.33 (5) of the Regulation seems similar to art.416 of the Code regarding the discharge of one‟s duties.
[52]. Unless there is another technical meaning for the word „terrace‟, the author would mean it to be „daagaa or misooma sululaa’ in Afaan Oromo. It is a recently discovered agricultural development and advancement by the Oromia Regional Government, and whose operation needs popular mobilization and campaign. Utilizing infertile land for cultivation, prevention of land tearing, greening the bare land or areas are some of the purposes and advantages of the bay in the Region.
[53]. In this case, it is of paramount importance to take a lesson from the land leaseholding laws. On one hand, Regulation no.155/2013, the regulation issued by Oromia to administer urban land leaseholding, and Directive no.9/2013, the directive issued by the same Region to administer urban land leaseholding, both make a clear and express cross reference to proclamation no.721/2011, the Federal urban land lease holding proclamation. On the other hand, art.35 of proclamation no.721/2011 Federal), art.59 of Regulation no.155/2013 and art, 77 of Directive no 9/2013 (Oromia) are identical. In such situations, nonetheless, it is the stand of the author that the penalty clause is simply a translation from Amharic and/or English to Afaan Oromo, and not an indication of exercising a criminal legislative power in its originality.
[54]. Reread the above (footnote 9) the crimes together with the respective penalties imposed in the two laws with a comparative view.
[55]. Federal Income Tax proclamation No.286/2002 and Oromia Income Tax Proclamation no.74/2003, in both proclamations, see arts.94-103.
[56]. See art.23 of Proc.no160/2010, Oromia Coffee Quality proclamation, and art.15 of proc.no.602/2008, Coffee Quality Control and Marketing proclamation.
[57]. Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, 2002, Art.123(1)
[58]. 58Black‟s Law Dictionary, p.1131
[59]. Id, p.1132
[60]. Yenenesh Bahiru, The Power to Legislate Criminal Procedure Code under the Federal Systems: Issues in Ethiopia, A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for LL.M of Public Law and Good Governance in the Institute of Federalism and Legal Studies, Ethiopian Civil Service University, Addis Ababa, June 2011, Unpublished, p.44
[61]. What Is the Purpose of Criminal Procedure Law? www.ehow.com/facts_5825245_purpose-criminal-procedure-law_.html, Accessed on 21/10/2013 at 2:27 PM
[62]. What Is The Object And Purpose Of The code Of Criminal Procedure, 1898?, Munir Ahmad Mughal, www.academia.edu/1261803/What_is_the_Object_and_Purpose_of_the.., Accessed on 21/10/2013 at 2:31 PM
[63]. Sedler, A.Robert (1968). Ethiopian civil procedure, Haile Sellasie I University, Addis Ababa, p.1
[64]. Proclamation No.185/1961, Criminal Procedure Code of the Empire of Ethiopia, Negarit Gazeta, 21st year, No.7, Addis Ababa, 2nd November, 1961, Art.4-10. Book I of the Code provides for criminal jurisdiction of courts (Art.4), persons to be tried (Art.5), public prosecution department and police together with their powers and duties (Art.8-10)
[65]. Art.50(8) of the FDRE Constitution
[66]. See the Draft Criminal Procedure Code of the FDRE.
[67]. Art.9 (1) of the Constitution states that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Any law, customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or a public official which contravenes this Constitution shall be of no effect.
[68]. Art.13 (1) of the Constitution provides that all Federal and State legislative, executive and judicial organs at all levels shall have the responsibility and duty to respect and enforce the provisions of this [Chapter Three].
[69]. Yonas Birmeta,(2011). Bll of Rights in Sub-national Constitutions in Ethiopia. In Yonas Birmeta (ed.), Some Observations on Sub-national Constitutions in Ethiopia (p.22-59), Ethiopian Constitutional Law Series, Vol. IV, AAU School of Law, p.24
[70]. It states that the HPR shall enact civil laws which the House of the Federation deems necessary to establish and sustain one economic community. In principle, civil law is the power of the States.
[71]. Art.50(8) of the FDRE Constitution provides that The Constitution has provided that the States shall respect the powers of the Federal Government and the Federal Government shall likewise respect the powers of the States.
[72]. Abera, Supra note at 30, p.148

Abdi G. Amenu "The Criminal Legislative Jurisdiction of Regional States under the FDRE Constitution: The Need for Exploring the Magnitude" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.3 issue 1A, pp.56-74 2016