This study investigated the mathematics teachers’ awareness in the use of mathematical softwares in Secondary Schools in Benue State. The study adopted a survey research design and the study area was Benue State of Nigeria. A sample of 60 mathematics teachers out the entire mathematics teachers in all the government approved secondary schools in the state was used. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in arriving at the number of mathematics teachers used for the study. The instrument for data collection was Mathematical Software Awareness Inventory (MSAI), it had three parts with five items each and was validated by 3 experts. A reliability coefficient of 0.81was arrived at using Cronbach Alpha formula. Descriptive statistics of Mean and Standard Deviation were used for answering the research questions. The study showed that the mathematics teachers in Benue state are not aware of the benefits of mathematical softwares and have not been using them in the teaching of mathematics. The study recommended among others the introduction of mathematical softwares as a core course for all mathematics teachers training institutes.
- Page(s): 01-05
- Date of Publication: 14 May 2019
- Anyagh, Paul Igber Ph.D Lecturer, Department of Mathematics Education, University of Agriculture, Makurdi-Nigeria.
- Age, Terungwa James Lecturer, Department of Mathematics Education, University of Agriculture, Makurdi-Nigeria.
- Abari, Messach Terseer Lecturer, Department of Mathematics Education, University of Agriculture, Makurdi-Nigeria.
References
[1]. Agwagah, U.NV. (2004). Sustaining, development in secondary school mathematics through Constructivist framework. A model lesson plan , ABACUS, the Journal ofMathematics association of Nigeria 29(1),29-38 [2]. Anyagh P.I, Abgo-Egwu A.O & Kalu L.E (2017). Demystifying the teaching of Mathematics as an indispensable tool for Technological Development in Nigeria. Benue Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education. 2.(3),17. [3]. Anyagh, P.I., Igba, T. & Age, T.J.(2018). Effective Mathematics Study Techniques: A Panacea for Examination Malpractice. International Journal of Research & Review, 5(9), 75-80 [4]. Ejakpovi,S.U. & Ukpebor, J.N. (2018). An investigation of overcrowded mathematics classrooms in post primary Education level in Delta State. Proceedings of August 2018 55th Annual National Conference,Mathematical Association of Nigeria, 398-403. [5]. Goddard, M. (2002). What do we do with these computers? Reflections of technology in theClass room . Journal of Research on technology in education, 35(1).19-26 [6]. Heidi, B .H. (2004). Effects of the use of dynamic Geometry software on students’ Achievement and interest. A research paper presented to the department of mathematics BEMIDI State University Minnesota, USA. [7]. Iji, C.O., Abakpa, B.O., Agbo-Egwu, A.O., & Fekumo, B. (2018). investigating mathematics awareness in the use of modeling in mathematics Education. International journal of scientific and research publications 8(9), 78-84. [8]. Iji, C.O., Abakpa, B.O. & Age, T.J. (2018). Effect of Geometer’s Sketchpad on Senior Secondary School Students’ Interest and Achievement in Geometry in Gboko Metropolis, Benue State. International Journal of Research & Review. 5(4), 33-39. [9]. Jonah-Eteli, W.A. (2007). Teaching for Meaning, Concepts and Generalization Against Teaching for Examples, Methods and Formulae, Views of Mathematics Teachers in Bayelsa State. Paper Presented at 44th Annual Conference of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria. Asaba. [10]. Jonah-Eteli, W.A. (2010). Investigating Mathematics Teachers’ Awareness in the Use of Games in school Mathematics in Bayelsa state. Benue Journal of Research in Science and Education 1(2&3) 109-117 [11]. Jonassen, D.H; Reeves, T.C. (1996). Learning with technology: using computers as cognitive tools. In D.H. Jonassen (Ed.), Hand book of research on educational communication and technology. New York. Macmillan. Pp. 693-719 [12]. Josiah, H. (2010). Math software.www.http//tsg.i cell.org/doc/get/243. Retrieved 25th may, 2017. [13]. Kurz,T.L, Middleton, J.A; &Yanik, H.B. (2005). A taxonomy of software for mathematics instruction. Contemporary issues in technology and Teacher Education (online serial) 5(2). [14]. Ministry of Education, Science and Technical Education, Makurdi (2018). [15]. Ogunkunle, R.A.(2007). Effects of gender on the mathematics achievement of students in constructivist and non-n constructivist groups in secondary schools. ABACUS, the Journal of mathematics association of Nigeria 32(1), 41-50 [16]. Okechukwu, I.E & Oyekunle, O.B. (2018). Effect of self regulated learning strategy on senior secondary school students retention in mathematics in Anambra State. Proceedings of August 2018 55th Annual National Conference,Mathematical Association of Nigeria,322-327 [17]. Pea, R.D. (1986). Cognitive technologies for mathematics education. In A. Schoenfeld(Ed.), cognitive science and mathematics education. Hillsdale, N.J; Erlbaum.pp89-122. [18]. Polonoli,E.K.(2001). Integrating technology into classroom ; three questions concerned principals must ask. Principal leadership,2(4),34-38. [19]. SMASE,(2008). Records of discussions between Japan International Cooperative Agency and The Government of Kenya on Japan Technical Cooperation for the Strengthening of Mathematics and Science Education(SMASE) project. Government of Kenya printers. Nairobi, Kenya. [20]. Sulungai, M.W., Toili, W.W., Amadalo, M.M. (2012) .teachers related factors influencing the integration of information technology in the teaching of mathematics in secondary schools in Kenya. African Journal of education and technology 2(1).1-14. [21]. Taylor, R. (Ed.). (1980). The computer in the school; Tutor. Tool,Tutee. New York; Teachers College Press. [22]. Vlasta, K. (2007). Use of mathematical software in pre-service teacher training: the case of DGS. Proceedings of the British society for research into learning mathematics, 55-60. [23]. West African Examination Council (2018). Chief examiner’s report. Lagos: WAEC. (https://waeconline.org.ng/e-learning/Mathematics/maths226mw.html)
Anyagh, Paul Igber Ph.D, Age, Terungwa James, Abari, Messach Terseer "Investigating Mathematics Teachers’ Awareness in the Use of Mathematical Softwares in Teaching Secondary School Students’ in Benue State, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.01-05 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/01-05.pdf
This study investigated the applicability of Cashew nutshell liquid/Polystyrene (CNSL/PS) as a new binder in emulsion paint. In our continuous desire to find suitable methods of recycling polystyrene (PS) waste from our environment and the used of local resources; the quest to reviving the nations’ economy toward local production of goods and services and environmental friendly ways of recycling of waste by gaining employment for our teaming youths revolves through encouragement and development of small scale enterprises (SMEs). CNSL/PS was formulated from extraction extracts of cashew nut and blending with polystyrene waste dissolved in gasoline at different concentrations (5 – 35%). Physical properties of the paint samples produced was investigated and the results revealed improvement in the properties of CNSL/PS compared to that of pure PS. The results obtain were also compared with that of SON.
- Page(s): 06-10
- Date of Publication: 14 May 2019
- Onoja A.Chemistry Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria
- H. M. AdamuChemistry Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria
- A. JauroChemistry Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria
References
[1]. Abbas Kazaure Adamu, Muhammed Kabir Yakubu and Olufemi Kassim Sunmonu (2014); Characterization of emulsion paints formulated using Reactive Dyed-Starch as a pigment. International conference on biological, chemical and environmental sciences; Penang (Malaysia). [2]. Akpabio U.D. (2010). Retention of urea formaldehyde resin finish on cellulose fabric and its effect on water absorbent capacity of the treated fabric. International Journal of Advanced Science and technology Research, 2(5):31-39 [3]. Butt M. A., Chughtai A., Ahmad J., Ahmad R., Majeed U. and Khan I.H. (2007). Theory of Adhesion and its Practical Implications: A Critical Review. Journal of Faculty of Engineering & Technology. 2007-2008: 21- 45. [4]. Candau F., Ottewil R. H.,(1990) An Introduction to Polymer Colloids, the Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, 1-29. [5]. Egbewatt N. E., Kolla T. E., Akaho A. A. and Ngando M. T. (2014). Optimizing catalytic drying of paints and varnishes: Case study at Smalto. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(11):138-147. [6]. Fernandes E.M., Joao F. M., Rui L. R.,(2013); Hybrid Cork-Polymer Composite Containing Sisal Fiber: Morphology, Effect of the Fiber Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Tensile Failure Prediction. Composite Structure; 105:153–62 [7]. Idris M. N. & RashanJ. A.(2017) Laboratory Studies on Small Scale Production of Three (3) Different Grades of Emulsion Paints, International Institute of Academic Research and Development Research Journal of Pure Science and Technology, 1 Pp. 23 [8]. Igwebike-Ossi & Clementina Dilim (2015)Pigment Extender Properties of Rice HuskAsh in Emulsion PaintInternational Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology4 Issue 8 (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0408169 6821 [9]. Lowel H. J. (1990). Coatings. In: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, (Kroschwitz JI, Mark HF, Bikales NM, Overberger CG Menges G) 3: 615. [10]. Montemor M.F. (2014). Functional and smart coatings for corrosion protection: A review of recent advances. Surface & Coatings Technology. SCT-19492. In press. [11]. Mower F. W. (2001). The Effect of "Blistering" on the Ignition and Flammability of Painted GypsumWallboard. National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg. NIST GCR 01-804 [12]. Obidi O.F., Aboaba O.O., Makanjuola M.S. and Nwachukwu S.C.U. (2009). Microbial evaluation anddeterioration of paints and paint-products. Journal of Environmental Biology. 30(5): 835-840. [13]. Osemeahon S. A. Barmina J.T., Aliyu B.A. (2009). Development of emulsion paint from a copolymer composite of methylol urea and soyabeanoil. Journal Chemical Society Nigeria, 34(2): 134-139 [14]. Osemeahon S. A., Barminas J. T., Jang A. L. ( 2013). Development of Waste Polystyrene as a binder for emulsion paint formulation II: Effect of different types of Solvent Journal Of Environmental Science, 5 (4): 2319-2402 [15]. SON, Standard for Paints and Varnishes part 6: Test Methods for paints for Decorative purpose, 1990, pp 1-24. [16]. Qi G. R., Wang Y. H., Li X. X., Peng, H. Y. and Yang S. L. (2002). Viscometric Study on the Specific Interaction between protondonating Polymers and Proton-accepting Polymers. Journal of Apply Polymer Science, 85: 415 – 421.
Onoja A., H. M. Adamu and A. Jauro, "Production of Emulsion Paint Using Polystyrene Waste/Cashew Nutshell Liquid Copolymer as A Binder" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.06-10 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/06-10.pdf
The quest to attain food security has led to domestication of the previously-termed wild fruits; amongst them Dovyalis caffra (kei-apple) fruits. Radical human lifestyle changesand change in climatic conditions demands that food should not only be for basic nutrition, but also health benefits. This paper purposed to evaluate the nutrition and health levels of Dovyalis caffra fruits at different growth stages using wet chemistry (Titration, pH, and Kjedhal method) and spectrophotometry (UV-VIS and AAS). For Carbohydrates, sucrose and fructose levels decreased with age as glucose levels increased. Both Proteins and Lipid levels decreased with time. The Iron content increased linearly, from 1.04900 ± 0.000005ppm in young fruit to 1.15780 ± 0.000001 ppm in old fruit. While the zinc content increased nonlinearly from0.16384 ± 0.000002 ppm in young fruit to 0.21523 ± 0.000009 in old fruit.Copper levels remained fairly constant as the fruits aged (0.01430 ± 0.000007 ppm) and in cobalt the concentration decreased from 0.05604 ± 0.000005 ppmto 0.03199 ± 0.000006. Only Green (young) Kei-apple fruits indicated positive antioxidant scavenging capacity against DPPH radical at 515nm with an IC50 level of 28.1385 ± 3.2224 μg/mL.
- Page(s): 11-18
- Date of Publication: 21 May 2019
- Bakari Chaka Department of Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, School of Science and Information Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya.
- Dr. Aloys Mosima Osano Department of Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, School of Science and Information Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya.
References
[1]. Shaw D.J. (2007) World Food Summit, 1996. In: World Food Security. Palgrave MacMillan, London. Pg.347-360. [2]. Gopola S.L. (2018, November 7) List of the Best Low-carb fruits and vegetables. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com [3]. Spero D. (2019, January 17)What is Normal blood sugar level? Retrieved from http://www.diabetesmanagement.com [4]. Wasserman D.H. (2009) “Four grams of glucose”. American Journal of Psychology, Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296(1). Pg.11-21. [5]. Scwarzfuchs D., Golan R., Shai I. (2012) “Four-year follow up after two-year dietary inventions”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 367(14) Pg.1373-1374. [6]. Hangrove J.L. (2004). “Nutritional significance and metabolism of very long chain alcohols and fatty acids from dietary waxes.” Journal of Experimental biology and Medicine. 229 Pg.215-216. [7]. Emily Cooper (2017, October 3)Essential Amino acids in vegetables. Retrieved from http//:www.livestrong.com [8]. Awodoyin R.O, Olubode O.S., Ogbu J.U., Balogun R.B., Nwawuisi J.U., Orji K.O. (2015) Indigenous Fruit Trees of Tropical Africa; Status Opportunity for Development and Biodiversity Management, Agriculture Sciences, 2015,6 Pg. 31-41. [9]. National Research Council (2008). "Kei Apple". Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. Retrieved 2008-07-17. [10]. Phillip Newell (2011, August 1)Every thorn has its rose: Kei apple is both food and fence. Retrieved from http//: www.blogsworldchat.com [11]. Tortora, Gerard (2014). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 14th edition. USA: Wiley. Pg. 925. [12]. Sinnot M. (1990). “Catalytic mechanisms of enzymatic glycosyl transfer”. Chem. Rev. 90 (7): 1171-1202. [13]. Milla R., Castro-Diez P., Maestro-Martinez M., Monserrrat-Marti G., (2005). “Relationship between phenology and remobilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in branches of eight Mediterranean evergreens”, New Phytologist Trust168(1): Pg. 167-178. [14]. Munne-Bosch S., Alegre L. (2002). “Plant aging increase oxidative stress in Chloroplasts”. Journal of Plant Physiology214(4): Pg 608-615. [15]. Robert R.C. Stewart and Derek Bewley J. (1980)”Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated aging of soybean axes”. Journal of Plant Physiology65(2) Pg. 245-248. [16]. Spieteller G. Exp Gerontol (2001) “Lipid peroxidation in aging and age-dependent diseases”. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research36(9) Pg. 1425-1457. [17]. Ma J.F., Yamaji N. (2005) “Marshners mineral nutrition of higher plants”. 1st ed. Academic press publishers. New Jersey. Pg. 267-281. [18]. Morrisey J., Guerinot M.L. (2009). “Iron uptake and transport in plants: The good, the bad, and the ionome”. Chem. Review109(10).Pg. 4553-4567. [19]. Collin W. Mitchell (2014) Terrain Evaluation, 2nd ed, Routledge Publishers, London. Pg. 90. [20]. Reena S., Neetu G., Aunurug M. and Rajiv G. (2011). “Heavy metals and living systems: an overview”. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 43(3) Pg. 246-253. [21]. Bruno P., Stanley L., Hausman J.F. and Kjell S. (2016). “Copper trafficking in plants and its implications on cell wall dynamics”. Frontiers in Plant Science601(7).Pg. 7. [22]. Nadia B., Zaigham S., Aida R., Ghazanfar A.K., Pierre B., Chedly A., Yves P., and Hatem R. (2014). “Phosphate and Zinc transport and signaling in plants: toward a better understanding of their homoestasis interaction”. Journal of Experimental Botany65(20).Pg. 5725-5741. [23]. Poirier Y., Thoma S., Somerville C. and Schiefelbein J. (1991). “Mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in xylem loading of phosphate”. Journal of Plant Physiology97(1).Pg. 1087-1093. [24]. Mekonnen A., Engida S., Faika B., Thuyen N.T.Y (2015). “Analysis of major antioxidants from extracts of Myrmecodiapendans by UV/visible spectrophotometer, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography/UV techniques”. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis23(2).Pg. 303-309. [25]. Rahman K., Lowe G. M. (2006). Significance of Garlic and its Constituents in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease; Acritical Review, Journal of Food and Nutrition. 136.Pg.736. [26]. Gorinstein S., Jastrzebski Z., Leontowicz H., Leontowicz M., Namiesnik J., Najman K., Park Y. S., Heo B. J., Cho J. Y., Bae J. H. (2009). Nutra-ceutical use of Garlic Sulfar-containing compounds, Food Control 20(1)Pg.407. [27]. Apak R., Güçlü K., Özyürek M., Karademir S. E., Erçağ E. (2006).Antioxidant capacity of fresh, sun- and sulphiteddried Malatya apricot (Prunus armeniaca) assayed by CUPRAC, EABTS/TEAC and folin methods, International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 57.Pg.292. [28]. Özyürek M., Güçlü K., Bektaşoğlu B., Apak R. (2007). Cupric-ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay for food antioxidants: vitamins, polyphenolics and flavonoids in food extracts,Methods of Mol. Biology.588. Pg. 88.
Bakari Chaka, Dr. Aloys Mosima Osano "Analysis of Selected Nutrient Levels at Different Growth Stages of Dovyalis Caffra (Kei-apple) Fruits" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.11-18 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/11-18.pdf
New-fangled Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ complexes with novel pyrazine-Schiff base, (C2H2NC2HN)C(O):N=CH(C4H3S) derived from thiophene-2-carbaldehyde and pyrazine-2-carboxamide in ethyl-alcohol have been successfully synthesized. The metallic compounds and their Schiff base ligand were characterized via analytical (complexometric, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and melting point); and spectral (CHNS, FT-IR, UV-Vis 1H and 13C NMR; and ESI-MS) methods. The spectral results corroborates tridentate chelating nature for the Schiff base ligand forming a six coordinate octahedral geometry in 2L:1M mole ratio with Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions separately. The metallic compounds assumed monomeric assemblage with assigned geometry validated by magnetic susceptibility values. The molar conductivity data confirms that all the pyrazine-Schiff base complexes are electrolytes of 2:1 mole ratio in dimethylsulphoxide. The metallic compounds demonstrated better anti-bacterial activities compared to the Schiff base, but the Cu2+ complex had the best in vitro activity against all the screened microbes, validating its possibility of exhibiting broad spectrum antibacterial activity.
- Page(s): 19-27
- Date of Publication: 26 May 2019
- Festus ChiomaInorganic Unit, Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, P.M.B. 5047 Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria.
- Chioma D. Don-LawsonDepartment of Science laboratory Technology, School of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt Polytechnic Nigeria
- Ima-Bright NwokeAnalytical Unit, Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, P.M.B. 5047 Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria.
References
[1]. Ali, M. Y. (2015) Review on preparation and description of some first series divalent transition metal complexes with novel Schiff’s base ligands. Review of Catalysts 2,14-25 [2]. Ejidike, I. P. and Ajibade, P. A. (2015)Transition metal complexes of symmetrical and asymmetrical Schiff bases as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer agents: progress and prospects,” Reviews in Inorg. Chem. 35, 191–224 [3]. Mohammad, A. (2015)Piperazine and pyrazine containing molecules and their diverse pharmacological activities.Int.lJ.Advances in Scientific Research1, 05-11. [4]. Joseyphus, R. S. et al. (2006) Synthesis and characterization of some Schiff base transition metal complexes derived from vanillin and L(+)alanine. Transition Metal Chem. 31, 699-702. [5]. Venugopala, K.N. and Jayashree, B. (2003) Synthesis and characterization of carboxamides of 2'-amino-4'-(6-bromo-3-coumarinyl) thiazole for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Asian J. Chem. 12, 307-310 [6]. Pankaj B. M. et al.(2013) Unequivocal role of pyrazine ring in medicinally important compounds: A review. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chem., 13,1607-1625. [7]. Joule, J. A. and Mill, K. (2002)Heterocyclic Chemistry, Blackwell publishing, UK, 221-22 [8]. Bansal, R. K. (2005)Heterocyclic chemistry, New Age International Publishers Ltd, 528-32 [9]. Rappert, M.R. (2010) Pyrazines: occurrence, formation and biodegradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 85, 1315-20 [10]. Iida, K. et al.(2004) Nrf is essential for the chemopreventive efficacy of oltipraz against urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 64, 6424–31 [11]. Trump, D. L. et al.(2011) Preliminary study of the specific endothelin a receptor antagonist zibotentan in combination with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate, 71, 1264–75 [12]. Dubinina, G. G. et al.(2006) Novel 5,7-disubstituted 6-amino-5H-pyrrolo [3,2-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles, the promising protein kinase inhibitors with antiproliferative activity. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 41, 727-37 [13]. Belanger, D. B. et al. (2010) Discovery of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-based Aurora kinase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.20, 5170-5174. [14]. Lainchbury, M. et al.(2012) Discovery of 3-alkoxyamino-5-(pyridine-2-ylamino)pyrazine-2-carbonotriles as selective, orally bioavailable CHK1 inhibitors.J. Med. Chem.55, 10229-10240. [15]. Vergara, F. M. F. et al. (2009) Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of N’-[(E)-(monosubstitutedbenzylidene)]-2-pyrazinecarbohydrazide derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem.44, 4954-4959. [16]. Hartz, R. A. et al. (2010) Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N3-pyridylpyrazinones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.20, 1890-94. [17]. Prendergast, B.D. G. and Glipizide, (1984)Second-generation oral sulfonylurea hypoglycaemic agents. Clin. Pharm.3, 473-85. [18]. Revill, P. et al. (2007)Drugs Fut.32, 788-98. [19]. Zimhony, O. et al. (2000) Pyrazinamide inhibits the eukaryotic-like fatty acid synthetase I(FAS-I) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat. Med., 6, 1043-47. [20]. Mills, E. J. et al. (2009) Efficacy of pharmacotherapies for short-term smoking abstinance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J.,6, 25. [21]. Dubuisson, M. L. N. et al. (2004) Discovery and validation of a new family of antioxidants: the aminopyrazine derivatives. Mini-reviews in med. chem.4, 159-65. [22]. Osowole, A. A. and Festus, C.(2015)Synthesis, spectral and antibacterial studies of some metal(II) complexes of 3-{[(4,6-dihydroxy pyrimidin-2-yl)Imino]methyl}Napthalen-2-ol. J. Chem., Bio.and phy.Sci.s, 6, [23]. Osowole, A. A.and Festus, C. (2015)Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some heteroleptic Metal(II) complexes of 3-{[-(pyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl}napthalen-2-ol.J. Chem., Bio. and phy. Sci.s, 6, 080-089 [24]. Osowole, A. A. and Festus, C. (2013) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activities of some metal(II) complexes of 3-(-1-(2-pyrimidinylimino)methyl-2-napthol. Elixir Appl. Chem. 59, 15843-15847 [25]. Mendham, J. et al. eds (2000) Vogel’s textbook of quantitative chemical analysis. Pearson Education Limited [26]. Festus C. et al. (2018)Synthesis, experimental and theoretical characterization and antimicrobial studies of some Fe(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of 2-(4,6-dihydroxypyrimidin-2-ylamino)naphthalene-1,4-dione. J. of Chemical Intermediates, 1568-5675; [27]. Festus, C. et al. (2018) Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl}naphthalen-2-ol and heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II),Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes. Open Chem. 16, 184–200. [28]. Nejo, A. A. et al. (2009) Synthesis, characterization and preliminary Insulin-enhancing studies of symmetrical tetradentate Schiff base complexes of oxovanadium(IV). Inorganica ChimicaActa.362, 3993-4001. [29]. Geary, J. (2018)The use of conductivity measurement in organic solvents for the characterization of coordination compounds. Coordination chem. Rev. [30]. Nagesh, G.Y. et al. (2015) Synthesis, characterization, thermal study and biological evaluation of Cu (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) complexes of Schiff base ligand containing thiazole moiety, Journal of Molecular Structure. 1079, 423-32. [31]. Shambuling, K. et al. (2017)Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of some Metal Complexes Derived from Thiazole Schiff Bases with In-vitro Cytotoxicity and DNA Cleavage Studies. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 51. [32]. Ismail, K. Z. (2000) Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic and biologicalactivity studies of copper(II) complexes of an antipyrine Schiff base, Trans. Met. Chem.25, 522-528. [33]. Emad, Y. et al. (2017) Metal complexes of Schiff base: Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity. Arabian J. Chem.10, S1639–S1644. [34]. Anitha, C. et al. (2011) Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of some transition metal complexes derived from novel hydrazone azo Schiff base ligand. Int.l J. Inorg. Chem. [35]. Cotton, F. A. et al. eds (1999) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, John wiley, New York. [36]. Atmaram, K. M. and Kirian, V. M. (2011) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of mixed Schiff base ligand complexes of transition metal(II) ions. Intl. J. Chem. Tech Research3, 477-482
Festus Chioma, Chioma D. Don-Lawson and Ima-Bright Nwoke "Synthesis Involving Asymmetric Pyrazine-Schiff Base with Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ions: Spectral and Magnetic Characterization; and Antibacterial studiese" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.19-27 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/19-27.pdf
- A total of 36 Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (MRDTs) were evaluated in the year 2007 using four highly characterized Quality Control (QC) samples at 200p/ul and 2000p/ul dilutions to assess their performance. Twenty-three MRDTs were not locally purchased in the open market in Lagos but were gotten directly from the manufacturers. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests, out of the 23 MRDTs 19 of them are Histidine rich protein based MRDTs while 4 are Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase based MRDTs 17 (73.9%) MRDTs of the IMRDTs passed while 6 (26.1%) failed Quality Assurance (QA) testing. Thirteen were locally purchased MRDTs (LPMRDTs), only 1 (7.7%) of LPMRDTs passed, while the remaining 12 (92.3%) failed QA testing. Imported MRDTs had mean signal strength of 1.14±0.56 at 200p/µl and 2.26±0.58 signal strength at 2000p/µl, while the LPMRDTs had a mean signal strength of 0.28±0.49 at 200p/µl and0.79 ±0.75 at 2000p/µl. In the year 2013, quality assurance of locally purchased was repeated using 30 MRDTs (22 HRP2 based and 8 pLDH based ) which were part of the MRDTs tested in 2007 were tested using highly characterized QC samples. All the MRDTs tested using 200p/ul and 2000p/ul dilutions passed QA testing (100% sensitive and specific). The mean signal strength at 200p/ul and 2000p/ul were high. There was no significantly difference in the signal strength and performance of the malaria RDTs (P < 0.001). For heat stability testing, all the MRDTs that had 100% sensitivity during the initial QA testing were stored at different temperatures (35oC, 40oC and 45oC) for 6 months. All the MRDTs had 100% positivity. There was a significant improvement in the performance of the locally purchased MRDTs in the year 2013 this result shows that the implementation of MRDTs product testing by WHO has made a great impact in the quality of MRDTs sold in the open market in lagos, Nigeria.
- Page(s): 28-38
- Date of Publication: 26 May 2019
- Okangba, C. CDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Benjamin Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University. Illisan –Remo, Nigeria
References
[1]. Baker, J., McCarthy, J., Gatton, M., Kyle, D. E., Belizario, V., Luchavez, J., Bell, D., Cheng, Q., (2005). Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP2) and its effects on the performance of PfHRP-2 based rapid diagnostic tests. Journal of Infectious Disease 192: 870-877 [2]. Bell D., Wongsrichanalai C., Barnwell J.W (2006). Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis; how can it be achieved? Nat .Rev. Microbiology 4: S7-S20 [3]. Chiodini,P ,L., Katherine B, Pernille J, John W. B, Katherine K. G, Jenny L, Anthony H. Moody, Audie C, and David Bell (2007). The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101: 331-337 [4]. Hanitra, R, Celine B, Rogelin R, Henry A, Arsene R, Laurence R, Martial J, Valerie A, and Didier M (2008). Accuracy and Reliability of malaria diagnostic technique for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78(2): 217-221 [5]. Jennifer Luchavez, Ma Eichelle Lintag, Mary Coll-Back, Fred Back and David Bell (2007). An assessment of various blood collection and transfer methods used for malaria rapid diagnostic test. Malaria Journal 6: 149 [6]. Jorgenson, P., Chantap, L., Rebueno, A., Tsuyuoka, R., Bell, D. (2006) Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in tropical climates: the need for cool chain. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74: 750-754 [7]. Moody, A., Hunt-Cooke , A., Gabbett, E. and Chiodini, P. (2000). Performance of the OptiMAL malaria antigen capture dipstick for malaria diagnosis and treatment monitoring at the hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. Br. J. Haematol. 109: 891-894 [8]. Moody Anthony (2002). Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasite. Clinical Microbiology Review 15(1): 66-78 [9]. Murray C K., Bell D., Gasser R.A., Wongsrichanalai C. (2003). Rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Trop Med Int Health 8: 876-883 [10]. Murray, C. K., Robert, A. Gasser, Jr., Alan, J. Magil, and R. Scott Miller (2008). Update on Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Malaria Microbiology Reviews P. 97-110 [11]. Oduola, A M., Fawole, O. I, Onadeko M O. (2005). Plasmodium falciparum evaluation of lactate dehyrodegenase in monitoring therapeutic responses to standard antimalaria drugs in Nigeria. Exp. Parasitol. 87: 283-289 [12]. Tavrow, P., E, Knebel, and L. Cogswell. (2007). Using quality design to improve malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi. Operations Research Results 1: 4 [13]. Waverly R, Rattanaxay P, Socorro L, Viengsay V Bousay H, Samiane P, Portia A, Mila F, Richard L, David B, and Steven H (2007). Minimising human error in malaria rapid diagnosis: Clarity of written instructions and health worker performance . Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101: 9-18 [14]. World Health Organization (2008). Methods manual for laboratory Quality Control Testing of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests. UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO. Special Programme for research and training in tropical disease (TDR). Foundation for Innovative Diagnosis (FIND) 1216 Geneva, Switzerland [15]. World Health Organization (2010).Methods manual for laboratory Quality Control Testing of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests. UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO. Special Programme for research and training in tropical disease (TDR).
Okangba, C. C "Medical Image Compression Using the Hybrid of Lempel ZIV Welch (LZW) and Huffman Algorithms" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.28-38 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/28-38.pdf
The research was carried out within the Sedimentary terrain of RCCG, Calvary Love Parish 2, Ukpenu, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The geophysical investigation involved the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique using the Schlumberger configuration and Dipole-Dipole Horizontal Profiling. The traverses were established E – W direction cutting across geologic strike. A total of two traverses were established with total length of 90 m and of varying inter-traverse spacing. A total of four (4) VES stations were occupied covering the entire study area. The acquired data were processed and interpreted integrally to elucidate the shallow subsurface geology of the study area. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted and are presented as sounding curves and geo-electric sections. The results obtained from the VES delineated three geoelectric units which comprise of topsoil, clayey sand and sandstone formation. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic in the area with low apparent resistivity which indicates low competence material. The geophysical data collected using these techniques were processed and interpreted to image the subsurface lithologies of the investigated area. However, various weak zones were delineated by the two techniques and from the comprehensive interpretation it is deduced that the building can fail, if it is constructed within incompetent clay materials and lateral inhomogeneity. The choice of foundation materials, clay content and topography elevation should be put into consideration.
- Page(s): 39-45
- Date of Publication: 27 May 2019
- Aigbedion I.Department of Physics/ Geophysics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Bawallah M.A.Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Ilugbo S.O.Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Abulu F.O.Department of Physics/ Geophysics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Eguakhide V. Department of Physics/ Geophysics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Afuaman E.W. Department of Physics/ Geophysics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Ukubile B. Department of Physics/ Geophysics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
References
[1]. Adelusi AO, Akinlalu AA, Daramola BW. Integrated geophysical methods for post construction studies: Case study of Omuo Comprehensive High School, Omuo Ekiti, Southwestern,Nigeria, Global J, of Sci. Frontier. 2014;14(2):2249-4626. [2]. Aigbedion I. (2007). Geophysical investigation of road failures using electromagnetic profile, along Uhiele Uwenlegbe road, Ekopma, Edo State, Nigeria Middle East Journal of scientific research, 2(3), 1 - 4 [3]. Akintorinwa O.J. and Adelusi A.O. (2009). Integration of geophysical and geotechnical investigation for a proposed lecture room complex at the federal university of technologyakure, southwestern Nigeria, Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(3), ISSN 1943 – 2429. [4]. Akintorinwa O.J and Adesoji J.I. (2009). Application of geophysical and geotechnical investigations in engineering site evaluation, International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 4 (8), pp. 443-454 [5]. Bayode S, Omosuyi GO, Abdullahi HI. Post–foundation Engineering Geophysical investigation in Part of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. J.Emerging Trends Eng. Appl. Sci. (JETEAS). 2012;3(1):203- 210. [6]. Ilugbo S.O., Adebo A.B., Ajayi O.A, Adewumi O.O and Edunjobi H O. (2018a). Geophysical and Geotechnical Studies of a Proposed Structure at Akure, Southwestern Nigeria, Journalof Engineering Research and Reports, 2(2): 1-12, [7]. Ilugbo S.O., Adebiyi A.D., Olaogun S.O. and Egunjobi T. (2018b). Application of Electrical Resistivity Method in Site Characterization along Ado – Afao Road, SouthwesternNigeria, Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 1(4): 1-16. [8]. Kogbe, C.A. (1978). Geology of Niger Elizabelt publishing company Lagos – Nigeria. [9]. Okeke O.C., Onyekuru S.O., Uduehi G. and Israel H. O. (2011). Geology and hydrogeology of Northern Ishan district, Edo State, Southwestern Nigeria, Vol. 1(1), 1 - 11 [10]. Ozegin, K.O., Bawallah, M. A., Ilugbo S.O., Olaogun, S.O., Oyedele, A.A., and Iluore, K. (2019). Susceptibilty Test for Road Construction: A Case Study of Shake Road, Irrua, Edo State, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: H Environment & Earth Science, Vol. 19(1), 45 – 53 [11]. Salufu S.O. (2014) The geology of Ekpoma, Journal of Science, Vol 1(10), 11 – 132 [12]. Salufu S.O. And Ujuanbi O. (2015). The Geology And Structural Geology Of Ekpoma And Irrua: Implication For The Hydrology And Hydrogeologic Setting Of The Areas, Nigerian Annals Of Natural Sciences, Vol. 15 (1) , Pp. 131 –138 [13]. Sharma V.P. (1997). Environmental and engineering geophysics. Published by CambridgeUniversity Press, United Kingdom, 40–45.
Aigbedion I., Bawallah M.A., Ilugbo S.O., Abulu F.O., Eguakhide V., Afuaman E.W., Ukubile B."Geophysical Investigation for Pre-Foundation Studies at RCCG, Calvary Love Parish 2, Ukpenu, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.39-45 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/39-45.pdf
Defatted neem seed cake was adopted as a material for eliminating lead from the aqueous medium without any modification. Two isotherm adsorption models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were applied to evaluate the models of defatted neem cake adsorption processes. Freundlich models strongly supported the adsorption interaction between the adsorbate (lead) and the sorbent (neem seed cake) with a regression correlation of 0.9051 and Langmuir with 0.2472. Defatted neem seed cake is a promising, cheap and eco-friendly agro material that can effectively be used to remove lead heavy metal from aqueous medium.
- Page(s): 46-49
- Date of Publication: 28 May 2019
- NOlabimtan Olabode.HIndustrial and Environmental Pollution Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria.
- Batari Musa.LDepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Ochigbo VictorDepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Adudu Judy.ADepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Abe AyotundeDepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Obidah Timothy.YIndustrial and Environmental Pollution Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria.
- Nwakuba Deborah.CDepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Yakubu Obadiah .SDepartment of Chemistry, University of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
References
[1]. Schock MR. Understanding lead corrosion control strategies. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 1989, 81:88. [2]. Schock MR. Causes of temporal variability of lead in domestic plumbing systems. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 1990, 15:59. [3]. Levin R, Schock MR, Marcus AH. Exposure to lead in U.S. drinking water. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Cincinnati, OH, US [4]. Cosgrove E et al. Childhood lead poisoning: case study traces source to drinking water. Journal of environmental health, 1989, 52:346.. [5]. Moore MR et al. Maternal lead levels after alterations to water supply. Lancet, 1981, 2:203-204. [6]. Sherlock JC et al. Reduction in exposure to lead from drinking water and its effect on blood lead concentrations. Human toxicology, 1984, 3:383-392. [7]. US Environmental Protection Agency. Air quality criteria for lead. Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986 (Report EPA-600/8-83/028F).. [8]. Campbell BC et al. Renal insufficiency associated with excessive lead exposure. British medical journal, 1977, 1:482-485. [9]. Lilis R et al. Lead effects among secondary lead smelter workers with blood lead below 80 microgram/100 mL. Archives of environmental health, 1977, 32:256-266.. [10]. Ritz E, Mann J, Wiecek A. Does lead play a role in the development of renal insufficiency? Contributions to nephrology, 1988, 64:43-48 [11]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1–42. Lyon, 1987:230-232 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Suppl. 7). [12]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some metals and metallic compounds. Lyon, 1980:325 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 23). [13]. Cooper WC, Gaffey WR. Mortality of lead workers. Journal of occupational medicine, 1975, 17:100-107. [14]. Kang HK, Infante PR, Carra JS. Occupational lead exposure and cancer. Science, 1980, 20(1):935-936 (letter). [15]. McMichael AJ, Johnson HM. Long-term mortality profile of heavily-exposed lead smelter workers. Journal of occupational medicine, 1982, 24:375-378. [16]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1–42. Lyon, 1987:230-232 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Suppl. 7). [17]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Inorganic and organic lead compounds. Lyon, 2006 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 87). [18]. Scholarworks.umass.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=intljssw [Accessed 12 May 2019]. [19]. Demirbas, A. (2019). Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review. [20]. Zheng, C., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Fu, Z. and Li, A. (2019). Treatment Technologies for Organic Wastewater. [21]. Anon, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/33209303/Neem_Oil_From_Neem_Seeds_and_Applications [Accessed 12 May 2019]. [22]. Anon, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16510586_An_Evaluation_of_the_Nutritional_Value_of_a_Soy_Protein_Concentrate_in_Young_Adult_Men_Using_the_Short-Term_N-Balance_Method [Accessed 12 May 2019]. [23]. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. Agricultural Chemicals; Contaminants; Drugs. Volume I, 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA, USA, 1990. [24]. ASTM, Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon. ASTM Committee on Standards, ASTM D 4607-94; ASTM: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2006. [25]. ASTM, Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon. ASTM Committee on Standards, ASTM D 4607-94; ASTM: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2006. [26]. Science Alert. (2019). Study on Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Modified Lignocellulosic Waste. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jas.2011.3555.3562. [27]. Mouhamed Ndoye Aqueous Copper Adsorption by Activated Carbon via Neem Oil Cake. Emerging-researchers.org: https://emerging-researchers.org/projects/375-2/. [28]. Rao RAK, Kashifuddin M (2012a) Adsorption properties of coriander seed powder (Coriandrum sativum): extraction and preconcentration of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution. Adsorpt Sci Technol 30:127–146 [29]. (Ref :- A.O.A.C. 17th edn, 2000, Official method 920. 159 – Iodine absorption number of oils and fats / I.S.I. Handbook of Food Analysis ( Part XIII) – 1984 page 76)
Olabimtan Olabode.H, Batari Musa.L, Ochigbo Victor, Adudu Judy.A, Abe Ayotunde, Obidah Timothy.Y, Nwakuba Deborah.C, Yakubu Obadiah .S "Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Models of Defatted Neem Seed Cake on Lead (ll) Nitrate in an Aqueous Medium" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.46-49 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/46-49.pdf
Maize and rice grains are major components of food security in the diet of Nigerians. It serves as a major source of carbohydrate in both human and livestock sustenance. They are precursor for the release of energy essential in normal body metabolism. In this study, Maize from Mangu (MM), Maize from Doka (DM), Basmati Rice (BR) identified as low carbohydrate rice from India and Foreign Rice (FR) were proximately evaluated by AOAC, (2012) methods. The research showed that Maize from Mangu (MM) contains significant protein(7.05 ± 0.01)%, ash (1.40 ±0.01)%, carbohydrate (73.96 ±0.010)% and fat 4.40±0.01)%, while the Maize from Doka (DM) had protein (6.65±0.01)%, ash (1.30±0.01)%, carbohydrate (71,68±0.01)%, and fat (4.20±0.01)%. Implying that the Maize (MM) had more carbohydrate than of DM, which may be implicated for low carb, this may be attributed to the specie’s capacity to retain relatively high moisture (7.30±0.01%) and fiber (8.43±0.01)%. The evaluation of rice revealed that BR had relatively high moisture (7.6±0:01)%, ash (0.73±0.010)% and fiber (5.00±0.01)% while the FR, had moisture (7.6±0.01)%, ash (0.73±0.10) and fiber (5.0±0.00)%. The low level of carbohydrate in Basmati Rice could be due to it high moisture and ash content. The mineral content in mg/1000g (of Ca, P, Fe, Zn) of the samples are all below the recommended dietary intake per day. The results show that the maize has lower carbohydrate content than rice. The nutritional proximate compositions of the maize samples were higher than that of the rice. The glycaemic index (G.I) of Basmati Rice (55 to70) makes it suitable for diabetic individuals.
- Page(s): 50-54
- Date of Publication: 29 May 2019
- Edah A. O.Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
- Ankwai, G. E. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
- Gye D. J.Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
References
[1]. Alozei,Y. E., Iyam,M. A., Lawal, O., Udofia, U., Ani, I. F., (2009) Utilization of Bambara ground flour blends in bread production. Journal of Food Technology;(4):111-114. [2]. Abdulrahman W. F., andOmoniyi A. O., (2016) Proximate analysis and mineral compositions of different cereals available in gwagwalada market, F.C.T, Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of advances in food sciences and technology. 3(2): 50-55. [3]. Amar Singh Chawalwala ((2015). Lal QillaBasmatic Rice for Managing Diabetes & Obesity. Retrieved April 7, 2018 from http://lalqilla-rice.com/mobilesite/Lal-Qilla-Basmati-Rice-For-Managing- Diabetes-Obesity.htm [4]. AOAC, 2012.Official Methods of Analysis, 19th Ed., Ass. Off. Anal.Chem., Washington, DC, USA. [5]. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). Official and tentative methods of analysis (7thed.). The Association: Washington, D.C.(1950). [6]. Better Health, (2013). Carbohydrate and the Glycaemic Index. Retrieved April 24, 2018 from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/carbohydrates-and-the-glycaemic-index [7]. Ebuechi O.A, Oyewole, A.C., (2007). Effect of cooking and soaking on Physical characteristics, nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of indigenous and foreign rice varieties in Nigeria, Nigerian African J. Biotechnol., 6(8) : 1016 – 1020. [8]. Edah, O. A. (1992).Proximate Analysis of the Leaves and Stem of Cowpea (VignaUnguiculata). B.Sc Dissertation.Department of Chemistry, University of Jos. [9]. Food and Agriculture Organization (FOA). Sustainable Rice Based Production and People’s Livelihood, International Rice Commission Newsletter (Special Edition) vol. 52, International Rice Commission, FAO, Rome, Italy, 2003. [10]. Guthrie, A.A. (1989) Introductory Nutrition, 7th ed., Times Mirror/Mosby College Publisher.485-576. [11]. Ijabadeniyi, A.O., and Adebolu, T.T. (2005). The effect of processing methods on the nutritional properties of ogi produced from three maize varieties. J. Food, Agric. and Environ. 3: 108-109. [12]. James, C.S. (1995). Analytical Chemistry of Foods.Blackie Academic and Professional, New York, Pp128-143. [13]. KeShun, L. (2009). Effects of particle size distribution, compositional and colour properties of ground corn on quality of disllers dried grains with solubles. BioresourceTechnolog 100:4433-4440. [14]. Maziya-Dizon, B.B., Kling,J.G., &Okoruwa, A.E. (2000). Physical,Chemical and Water Absorption Characteristics of Tropical Maize Hybrids. Afr. Crop Sci. J., 8: 419-428.. [15]. Nutrition Australia (April 2009) Diabetes http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/national/resource/diabetes [16]. Oke, O.L., (1965).Chemical studies on some Nigerian cereals. Journal article : Cereal Chemistry 1965 Vol.42 pp.299-302 [17]. Okoye,Z. S .C. Biochemical Aspects of Nutrition. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. 1992;147-195. [18]. Onu, D.O., Obike, K.C. Ebe,F.E., and Okpara, B.O., (2015) Empirical Assessment of the Trend In Rice Production and Imports in Nigeria (1980 - 20130) International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science (ISSN: 2251-0044) Vol. 5(6) pp. 150-158, November, 2015 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJAS [19]. Peter, Koehler and Herbert, Wieser (2013) Chemistry of Cereal Grains from Handbook on sourdough biotechnology (pp.11-45) [20]. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Requirement for carb everyday Retrieved 3rd February 2018 from http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/rda-requirement-carbs-day-4030.html [21]. Saleem, M., Alisan, M., Aslam, M., &Atif, M. (2008).Comparative evaluation and correlation estimates for grain yield and quality attributes in maize, Pak. J. Bol. 40(6):2361-2367. [22]. Temple, V. J.,Badamosi E. J., Lajide, O., & Solomon M. (1996). Proximate chemical composition of three locally formulated complementary foods. West Africa Journal of Biological Sciences. 5:134-143. [23]. Uche, Nzeka and Joshua, Taylor (2017). Annual Grain and Feed Annual: Nigeria –USA- Grain Report. Retrieved 20th March from https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Grain%20and%20Feed%20Annual_Lagos_Nigeria_4-6-2017.pdf [24]. Ullah, I., Ali, M., &Farooqi, A. (2010). Chemical and Nutritional Properties of some Maize (Zea mays L.) varieties grown in NWFP, Pakistan. Pak.J. Nutr., 9(11) 1113-1117 [25]. United State Department of Agriculture (USDA 2010).National Nutrients Database for Standard References 2010.Retrieved February 10, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.000117.x/full [26]. Woman's Institute Library of Cookery 1920-1930.com (1924).Volume 1: Essentials of Cookery; Cereals; Bread; Hot Breads.Cereal production, composition and selection. . Retrieved 12th June 2018 fromhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/9935/9935-h/9935-h.htm#PRODUCTION,_COMPOSITION,_AND_SELECTION [27]. World Health Day (2016): Over 1.5m cases of Diabetes in Nigeria, Get involved in the Fight Retrieved March 3, 2018, from http://www.nta.ng/news/20160407-worldhealthday-2016-over-1-5m-cases-of-diabetes-in-nigeria-get-involved-in-the- fight/
Edah A. O., Ankwai, G. E. and Gye D. J. "Low Carbohydrate Screening of Maize (Zea mays) and Rice (Oryza sativa) Available in Jos Metropolis and environs, Plateau State, Central Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.50-54 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/50-54.pdf
The overexposure of animal skin to natural sun rays often display a debilitating effect that may manifest as skin cancers and ulcers. Topical sunscreens creams are applications that are readily used to address the issue of prolong exposure to UVA and UVB rays. Materials, such as clay has been used around the world for centuries by indigenous people as an important medicinal and cosmetic tool. The objective of the study is to evaluate the sunscreen potentials of locally obtained Arrinrasho clay deposit in Barkin Ladi, Plateau State, Central Nigeria, The sampling points were located by GPS corresponding to latitude (09° 51’ 56.4˝ to 09° 28´´ 55.5˝), longitude (008° 51’05.6˝ to 08° 51’11.4˝) and an elevation between (4305 to 4590)ft. The beneficiated and pulverized thermally modified (BPTM) and the non-modified clay samples were tested for microbial contamination. Four sunscreen creams were formulated using standard zinc oxide cream formula and replacing the zinc oxide with the clay sample as the active ingredient. The formulated sunscreen creams were evaluated for topical Sun Protective Factor (SPF) on albino rat's skin, physical appearance and pH. The formulated creams were compared with commercially used Aloe sunscreen cream with SPF 30. The results indicated that the thermally modified clay sample was free from microbial contamination unlike the non modified clay sample which was found to be contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus specie. The new formulation provided a similar efficacy against sunburn as the commercially used Aloe sunscreen cream with sun protective factor value (mean ± SD) of 5.67 ± 2.57, 5.00 ± 2.22 and 5.00 ± 2.22 for the standard, modified and non modified sunscreen formulations respectively. The BPTM Arrinrasho clays presented a high potential as sunscreen agent
- Page(s): 55-60
- Date of Publication: 29 May 2019
- Edah A.O.Department of Chemistry University of Jos, Jos Nigeria
- Wetpin R.A.Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Jos, Jos Nigeria. PMB 2084 Jos, 930001, Nigeria
- Kolawole J.ADepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Jos, Jos Nigeria. PMB 2084 Jos, 930001, Nigeria
References
[1]. Cole C. (1994) “Multicenter evaluation of sunscreen UVA protectiveness with the protection factor test method,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 30:729–736. [2]. Edah A.O, Kolawole J.A, Solomon A.O, Shamle N and Awode A.U. (2012). ''Instrumental analysis of Arrinrasho clay for characterization'' Journal of Research in Environmental Science and oxicology. 1(2):21 [3]. European Commission Reccomandation (2006) “On the efficacy of sunscreen products and the claims mode relating thereto,” Official Journal of the European Union. 265:39–43. [4]. Gasparro F. P, Liao B, Foley P. J, Wang X. M, and McNiff J. M. (1998) “Psoralen photochemotherapy, clinical efficacy and photomutagenicity: the role of molecular epidemiology in minimizing risks,” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 31:105–112. [5]. Gillies R, Moyal D, Forestier S, and Kollias N. (2003) “Non-invasive in vivo determination of UVA efficacy of sunscreens using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,” Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine.19(4): 190–194. [6]. Groves G and Forbes P. (1982) “A method for evaluating the photoprotective action of sunscreens against UV-A radiation,” International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 15–24. [7]. Holly Xing, Richmond C.A and Timothy Garland (Delta C.A) (2012) ''Sunscreen formulations using natural oceanic clay (aka marine Glacial clay)''. Patent Application for Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions topical sun or radiation screening, or tanning preparations 2- 4 [8]. Henry W. Lim and Zoe Diana (2009) "Clinical Guide to Sunscreens and Photoprotection". Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 15 [9]. Lademann J, Weigmann H, Schaefer H, et al. 2000 ''Investigation of the stability of coated titanium microparticles used in sunscreens''. Skin Pharmacol Appl. Skin Physiol. 13(5):258–264. [10]. Moyal D, Wichrowski K, and Tricaud C. (2006) “In vivo persistent pigment darkening method: a demonstration of the reproducibility of the UVA protection factors results at several testing laboratories,” Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine. 22(3):124–128. [11]. Nohynek G J, Lademann J, Ribaud C, et al., (2007) Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxico. 37 (3):251–277. [12]. Roelandts R, Sohrabvand N., and Garmyn M. (1989). “Evaluating the UVA protection of sunscreens,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 21(1):56–62. [13]. Stanfield J. W, Feldt P. A, Csortan E. S, and Krochmal L. (1989) “Ultraviolet A sunscreen evaluations in normal subjects,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 20(5):744–748. [14]. Stockdale M. (1987) “A novel proposal for the assessment of sunscreen product efficacy against UVA,” International Journal of Cosmetic Science.9 (2):85–98.
Edah A.O., Wetpin R.A., Kolawole J.A "Pharmaceutical Application of Thermally Modified Arrinrasho Clay as Sunscreen Agent " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.55-60 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/55-60.pdf
The fruit of Khayasenegalensis plant, family Meliacease, were collected from Pankshin in the month of November and appropriately identified. The seed oil was extracted using steam distillation method, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was performed, antioxidant analysis was done using DPPH according to Brand-William, Gallic and ascorbic acids served as standard. Anti-microbial activities was determined using Agar diffusion method with Gentamicin 10mg/ml serving as standard. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined with tween 80 as diluent. The GC-MS indicated the presence of urs-12-ene (C30) and dodecanoic acid (C12) etc. the extract does not show appreciable antioxidant properties and the antibacterial analysis shows that the activity of the oil on organism isolate increase with increasing concentration, the oil inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and E.coli . The oil inhibited all the organism isolate at the minimum concentration of 31.25mg/ml. However the oil displayed bactericidal activities on organism isolate throughout the concentration. The effectiveness of the oil on organism isolate justified the claim among the traditional communities for treatment of ailment such as typhoid, skin rashes, boils and abscesses as plausible.
- Page(s): 61-64
- Date of Publication: 29 May 2019
- Alexander O. EdahDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Seltim B. DalmakDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Wapwera A. JidimmaDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
References
[1]. Abe H, Konishi H, Komiya H, Komiya H, Effect of Saikosaporin on biological membrane. Planted med.1981:42:356-363 (rubmed). [2]. Acharya D, Mitaine-offer A-C, Kaushi N, Cytotoxicspirostance-type saponrims from the root of chlorophytum. Borivilianum. J mat prod. 2009; 72.177-181. (pubined). [3]. Adamu D’ E: Guardamagna, O; Chiarelli, F, Bartuli, Aliccardo, D; Ferrati, F; Nobili V (2015) Atherogenicdyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk factor in obese children. International Journal of Endocrinology.2015 912047. [4]. Ahmed W.S Mohamed MA, EY_Dib RA, NewtriterpeneSaponius from Durantarepens Linn. and their cytoxoxic activity.Molecules.2009; 14:1952-1963.(Pubmed). [5]. Arbonnier, M., 2004 .Trees, shrubs and lianas of West African dry zones CIRAD Margret publishers Gmbh MNHN, Paris Arance 573 pp. [6]. Arnold, R., 2004 khayasenegalensis, current use from its natural range and it potential in Sri Lanka and elsewhere in Asia. [7]. Avilow SA, silchenko AS, Antonow AS, Synaptoside A and AI, triterpeneglucosides from the sea cucumber synoptamacylata containing 3-0-methy-glucorromic acid and theincytotoxic activity against tumor cells Nat prod. 2008; 71.525-53.Barchran c, Sutherland M, HeiglerI,.TheSaponin-mediated enhance uptake of targeted saponnin-based drugs is structure exp biolmed. 2006; 291; 412-420. [8]. Bacterial infection involving the skin Fitzpatrick’s color Atlas synopsis of clinical dermatology (5th Ed). McGraw –Hill. [9]. Barchrans, Bachrans, Sutherland M,.Saponins in tumor therapy.Minirevmedchem..2008; 8:575-584. Bang S-C, Lee J-H, Song G-Y, Antitumor activity of pulsatimaKoreanasaponins and their structure. Activity relationship. Chem. Pharm Bul. 2005;53(II). 1451-1454. [10]. Blume JE, Levine EG, Heymann W R (2003) “Bacterial disease“Bologria JL, Mosby. p. 1126 ISBN 0-323-0249-2. [11]. Boyd. MA, menon p, Graves s, Gordon DL (2007). “A febrile illness with generalized popular involving the palms and soles.Clinical infectious diseases. [12]. Brand-williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995).Use of a free-radicle method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 23-30. [13]. Bruneton J (1995) Pharmacognosie, Phytochime, plantesmedicinnales [14]. Calabria Lmpiacente S, Kapusta 1. Triterpenesaponins from silphiumradula.Photochemistry. 2008.69:961-972. [15]. Cao S, Norris A, Miller Is, Cytotoxictriterpenoidsaponins of Albiziagummigera from the Madagascar rainfored J Mat prod. 2007; 70:361.366. [16]. Carbon DD, Daneo-moore L (1980) Effect of fatty acid on lysis of streptococeusFaecalis. J. Bacteriol 141:1123-1126. [17]. Cham BE,Daunter B. solasodineglucodides.Selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells and inhibition of cytotoxicity by thamnose in mice with sarcoma 180.cancer left. 1990; 55:121-225. [18]. Chambertain NR, meurtens BG xiong Z, Kapral PA, Boardman H, Rearick JI (1991) correlation of carotenoid production, decreased membrance fluidity, and resistance to oleic acid killing in staphylococcus aureus 182. Infect immune 59:4332-4337. [19]. Chan P-K A cylation with diangeloyl groups at C21-22 position in triterpenoidsaponin is essential for cytotoxicity toward tumor cells Biochem pharmacy. 2007:23; 341-350. [20]. Clinical and Laboratory standards Institute (2000) methods for diluteion antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow are radically; approves standard M7-A5, 5thEdn Wayne PA. [21]. Easmon C. (2005 04-01) Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.Travel Health. Retrieved 2008 10-15. [22]. Edah A. O., Adeyanju, O., Awode, A.O., Egila, J.N., Kolawole J.A., and Solomon A, O, (2015) sustainable deacidification of crude soybean oil with thermally activated Arrinrasho Nanoclay. World congress on industrial Biotechnology (P-42) Montreal: industrial biotech Editions Technique and nocumentation Paris 1120. [23]. Li M, Vitravaidya C. Mann S. (September 2007) “Polymer-mediated synthesis of ferritin-encapsulated inorganic Nanoparticles” Small 3(9): 1477-81 [24]. Macedo MF, De souse M (March 2008). “Transferrin receptor, of magil bullets and other concerns inflammation and Allergy drug targets 7 (1) 41-52 [25]. Muller, F.L., Lustgarten, M.S., Jang, Y., Richardson. A and Van Remmen, H. (2007).Trends in Oxidative ageing theories free radicals Biol.med 43 (4): 477-503. [26]. Rebecca B. campen M.D. The comprehensive guide to skin care: from acne to wrinkles, what to do (and not to do) to stay healthy and look your best. [27]. Trevisan, J; Carosell.Arm; Armstrong D. (2001).“Correlates of markers of oxidation status in the general population” American journal of Epidemiology 154 (4): 348-56. [28]. Weber, D; Milkovic, L: Bennett, S.J; Griffits, H.R; Zarkovic, N; Grune T (2013) Measurement of HNE-protein adducts in human plasma and serum by ELISA-comparison of two primary antibodies Redox biology 1 (1): 226-233
Alexander O. Edah, Seltim B. Dalmak and Wapwera A. Jidimma "Characterization and Pharmaceutical Potentials of KhayaSenegalensis Seed Oil from Pankshin Plateau State " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.61-64 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/61-64.pdf
The time-contact process technique was employed in soybean crude oil purification. The efficiency of the thermally activated Arrinrasho Nanoclays as an alternate bleaching earth in the Deacidification of free fatty acids and the extraction of trace metals within the brackets 30 minutes and 1-5 % loading of adsorbent. Standard investigations of the free fatty acids after the treatment with the test material were in the range of (0.13 – 0.10) % FFA, the costly conventional adsorbent gave an average of 0.15 % FFA at 1% loading. The atomic absorption spectrometric analyses for Arsenic, Copper, Lead, and Iron in both materials were not detectable at the part per million levels. It is possible to extract (18 - 20) % oil from soybean, this oil contains (38 - 40) % proteins, with insignificant amount of cholesterol and its digestibility. These attributes of the soybean oil has rendered it essential for several health reasons. This oil has been considered as source of biodiesel for generating power in energy circles due to its availability.
- Page(s): 65-68
- Date of Publication: 29 May 2019
- Edah A.ODepartment of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
- Adeyanju ODepartment of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
- Awode A.UDepartment of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
- Kolawole J.ADepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
- Solomon A.ODepartment of Geology and Mining University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
References
[1]. Alkan M, Demirbas O, Celikeapa S, Dogan M (2004). Sorption of acid red 57 from aqueous solution into sepiolite J. Hazard. Material 116:135. [2]. Ajay K. Dixit, J. I. X. Antony, Navin K. Sharma and Rakesh K. Tiwari, (2011). Soybean constituents and their functional benefits. Opportunity, Challenge and Scope of Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry, 2011: 367-383 ISBN: 978-81-308-0448-4 [3]. Arai, S., (1996). Studies on functional foods in Japan: State of Art. Biosci. Biotech.Biochem., 1996, 60, 9-15. [4]. Barbel S, Kurnianwan TA (2003). Journal of Hazardous Material B97 219 [5]. Bahari, A., Ashrafi, F., Babenejad, A., Barimani, F., Sedghi, K. and Habibzadeh, N. (2011). Investigation and characterization of Nano clay structures, Scholars Research Library, Archives of Applied Science Research, 2011, 3 (3):462-469. [6]. Bockisch, M., (1998). Fats and Oils Handbook. Pp. 29-34. AOCS Press, ISBN: 0-935315-82-9.Champaign, IL, USA. [7]. Bhosle B.M., Subramanian R., 2005. New approaches in Deacidification of edible oils-a review. J Food Eng 2005; 69: 481-94. [8]. Cho SY, Kwon TW, Yoon SH,1990. Selective removal of free fatty acids in oils using a microorganism. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1990;67: 558-60. [9]. CODEX, 1999. FAO Corporate Document Repository. Fats,oil and related products. section 2, CODEX standard for fats and oils from vegetable sources. CODEX STANDARD FOR NAMED VEGETABLE OILS (CODEX-STAN210-1999). [10]. Costanzo PM (2001). J. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49(5); 372–373. [11]. Dugje, I.Y., Omoigui, L.O., Ekeleme, F., Bandyopadhyay, R., Lava Kumar, P. and Kamara A.Y., 2009.Farmers’ Guide to SoybeanProduction in Northern Nigeria, May 2009. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) 2009 Ibadan, Nigeria. [12]. Earl G. Hammond, Lawrence A. Johnson, Caiping Su, Tong Wang, and Pamela J., 2005. White Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Chapter 13 Soybean Oil Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Six Volume Set. Edited by Fereidoon Shahidi. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [13]. Edah A.O, Kolawole J.A, Solomon A.O, Shamle N and Awode A.U., 2012. Instrumental analysis of Arrinrasho clay for Characterization. Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology Vol. 1(2) pp. 019-022 March 2012. Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/JREST [14]. Eierdanz, H., 1992. Proceedings of the World Conference on Oilseed Technology and Utilization, In T. Applewhite, ed., AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1992, pp. 221–223. [15]. Endres, J. C., 2001. Soy Protein Products: Characteristics, Nutritional Aspects, and Utilization. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 2001. [16]. Evans C.D.,List G.R, Beal R.E., and Black L.T., 1974. J Amer. Oil Chem Soc. 51,444-448.1974 [17]. Erickson, D. R.,1995. Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization,Pp. 184–243, and pp. 363–379. ISBN: 0935315-63-2 AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [18]. Farr, W E, (2000). Refining of fats and oils, In: Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology, 2nd ed., R. D. O'Brien, W. E.Farr, and P. 1. Wan (Eds.). Pp. 136-157. ISBN: 1-893997-13-8. AOCS Press. Champaign, IL, USA. [19]. Food and Drug Administration, 2000. Soy: Health Claims for Soy Protein, Questions About Other Components. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 2000. [20]. Firestone, D. (Ed.), 1993. Oxidative stability index (OSI).Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 4th ed. American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, IL Cd 12b-92. [21]. Friedman, M. & Brandon, D. L.,2001. Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol.49, No.3, (March 2001), pp. 1069-1086,ISSN 1520-5118 [22]. Golbitz, P. 2004 Soya & Oilseed Bluebook, Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, Maine, 2010. [23]. Golbitz, P. 2004 Soya & Oilseed Bluebook, Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, Maine, 2004. [24]. Golbitz, P. 2004 Soya & Oilseed Bluebook, Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, Maine, 2003. [25]. Golbitz, P. 2000 Soya & Oilseed Blue Book, Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, Maine, 2000. [26]. Hernandez,E and Rathbone,S.R. (1999).Modified refining of vegetable oil with soluble silicates. Special Supplement Inform. 10:S113. ISSN: 0897-8026. [27]. Jasentuliyana, N.; Toma, R. B.; Klavons, J. A. & Medora, N. (1998). Beverage cloud stability with isolated soy protein. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol.78, No.3, (November 1998), pp. 389–394, ISSN 1097-0010. [28]. KeShun, Liu. 1997 Soybean: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997. 297-329. [29]. Lan Lin and S. Sefa Koseoglu Extraction and Refining Program, A Division of Filtration and Membrane World LLC College Station, Texas Chapter11, Membrane Processing of Fats and Oils Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Six Volume Set. Edited by Fereidoon Shahidi. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [30]. Mattil, K.F., Norris, F.A., Stirton, A.J. and Swern, D. (1964). Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. New York International Publishers, Pp 898-907.ISBN: 0470 04125 0. [31]. Medina-Juarez,L.A, Gonnzalez-Diaz, P.,Gamez-Meza N., Ortega-Garcia J., Moreno-Varela A.B., Bringas- AlvaradoL.,and Angulo-Guerrero O. (1998). Effects of processing on the oxidative Stability of Soybean oil Produced in Mexico. Journal American Oil Chemistry Society, 75(12), 1729-1733. ISSN: 0003-021X. [32]. Messina, MPH, RD, Virginia, and Mark Messina, PhD. Soy and Human Health. United Soybean Board. 3 June 2004. www.talksoy.com/Health/tprotein. [33]. Messina, M. (2010). Insights Gained from 20 Years of Soy Research. The journal of nutrition,Vol.140, No.12, (December 2010), pp. 2289S-2295S, ISSN 1541-6100 [34]. Meirelles A.J.A, Rodrigues C.E.C, Goncalves C.B and Batista E, 2007. Deacidification of Vegetable Oils by Solvent Extraction. Recent Patents on Engineering 2007, 1, 95-102 95, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. [35]. NAFDAC (2010) National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control [36]. NIS (2010) Nigerian Industrial Standard. [37]. Paqout, C., 1987. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed.,Pergamon Press, New York, 1987. [38]. Priolii, R. H. G.; Mendes Junior, C. T.; Arantes, N. E. & Contel, E. P. B. (2002). Characterization of brazilian soybean cultivars using microsatellite markers Genetics and molecular biology, Vol.25, No.2, (June 2002), ISSN 1415-4757 [39]. Pawliszyn, J., 1997. Solid Phase Microextraction: Theory and Practice, Wiley-VCH, Inc., New York, 1997, pp. 97–140. [40]. Soares L. L., Lucas, A. M. M. & Boaventura, G. T. (2005). Can organic and transgenic soy be used as a substitute for animal protein by rats? Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, Vol.38, No.4, (April 2005), pp.583-586, ISSN 0100879X [41]. Soya and Oilseeds Blue book (2010).The Annual Directory of the Word Oilseed Industry, BarHarbor, ME, USA: [42]. Soyatech, Pp 324-225. ISBN-13: 978-0972321679. www.nsrl.uiuc.edu/aboutsoy/soyprocessing [43]. Shichi T and Takagi K. 2000. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem.Rev. 1. 113 [44]. USFDA (2014) Standards for edible oils. [45]. Wang, T., 1998. Phospholipid fatty acid composition of modified soybeans and the effect of saturated fatty acid content on seed performance, Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1998. [46]. Wang , T. and Briggs, J. L. (2002). J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 79, 831–836 [47]. Wang, T. and Johnson, L. A., (2002). In Proceedings of 2003 International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2003. [48]. Zschau, W. (2000). Bleaching, In: Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology. 2nd ed., O'Brien, R.D., Farr, W.E. &Wan,P. 1. (Eds.). Pp. 158-177. AOCS Press, ISBN: 1-893997-13-8.Champaign, IL, USA.
Edah A.O , Adeyanju O, Awode A.U, Kolawole J.A and Solomon A.O "Sustainable Deacidification of Crude Soybean Oil by Thermally Activated Arrinrasho Nanoclay" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.65-68 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/65-68.pdf
Global warming is one of the greatest challenges facing the environment today. Recent studies have shown tremendous impact of global warming on climate which is majorly caused by human activities, specifically emission of greenhouse gases. Carbon trading was introduced in order to help curb this menace by encouraging firms to adopt environmental friendly technologies. The pricing and policies for Carbon Emissions therefore influence the "right to pollute" the environment by firms. Agriculture is highly affected by adverse climatic and weather conditions and hence poor production that affects agricultural commodity prices. This study investigated volatility spillover between Carbon Emissions prices and Agricultural commodity prices, with interest in Wheat prices, in the European Union market for the period between May, 2008 and April, 2018. Variable fluctuations over a long period of time are a sign of the volatility of such a variable, whose deviation from the expected value describes that volatility. ARMA-GARCH models were used to model the volatility of each variable that is Carbon Emissions and Wheat. ARMA(0,1)-GARCH(1,1) was the optimal model fitted for Carbon Emissions, whereas ARMA(0,0)-GARCH(1,1) was fitted for Wheat. Both models used student-t distribution as the data portrayed presence of heavy tails. VAR(3) model revealed significant unidirectional Granger causality from Carbon Emissions to Wheat. The study used VARMA-GARCH and VARMA-AGARCHto investigate cross-market volatility spillovers between Carbon Emissions prices and Wheat prices. There were spillover effects from Carbon Emissions market to Wheat market. VARMA-AGARCH is preferred to VARMA-GARCH in modeling volatility spillovers between these two markets.
- Page(s): 69-79
- Date of Publication: 30 May 2019
- Samuel Mwangi Gathuka Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Jane Akinyi AdudaDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Joseph Kyalo Mung’atu Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
References
[1]. M. Wara, "Measuring the Clean Development Mechanism’s Performance and Potential," UCLA Law Review, vol. 55, no. 6, p. 1760, 2008. [2]. A. N. R. &. S. R. Jaffe, "A Tale of Two Market Failures: Technology and Environmental Policy," Ecological Economics, vol. 54, pp. 164-174, 2005. [3]. V. S. B. E. &. K.-O. S. Volosovych, "Deep Financial Integration and Volatility," In 2010 Meeting Papers (No. 232 ). Society for Economic Dynamics, 2010. [4]. G. A. Karolyi, "A multivariate GARCH model of international transmissions of stock returns and volatility: The case of the United States and Canada," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 11-25, 1995. [5]. Y. Hong, "A test for volatility spillover with application to exchange rates," Journal of Econometrics, vol. 103, no. 1-2, pp. 183-224, 2001. [6]. P. T. &. Z. M. K. Doran, "Examining the scientific consensus on climate change," Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 22-23, 2009. [7]. A. &. P. J. Kolk, "Business and climate change: key challenges in the face of policy uncertainty and economic recession," Management Online Review, May., 2009. [8]. V. &. R. K. Krey, "Implications of delayed participation and technology failure for the feasibility, costs, and likelihood of staying below temperature targets—Greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios for the 21st century," Energy Economic, vol. 31, pp. S94-S106, 2009. [9]. O. J. M. G. R. &. M. M. Cacho, "Transaction and abatement costs of carbon-sink projects in developing countries," Environment and Development Economics, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 597-614, 2005. [10]. B. D. &. R. K. Solomon, "Making a market for SO2 emissions trading," The Electricity Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 58-66, 1992. [11]. J. &. B. M. Stewart, "The Financial Sector and Climate Change: Risks, Opportunities and Overall Preparedness," Opportunities and Overall Preparedness (August 24, 2009)., 2009. [12]. R. D. &. P. A. Harris, "Return and volatility spillovers between large and small stocks in the UK," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, vol. 33, no. 9-10, pp. 1556-1571, 2006. [13]. R. F. Engle, "Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation," Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp. 987-1007, 1982. [14]. T. Bollerslev, "Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity," Journal of econometrics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 307-327, 1986. [15]. C. E. &. N. G. O. Onwukwe, "A multivariate time series modeling of major economic indicators in Nigeria," American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 376-385, 2014. [16]. R. F. &. K. K. F. Engle, "Multivariate simultaneous generalized ARCH," Econometric Theory, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 122-150, 1995. [17]. P. K. B. &. P. A. Singh, "Price and volatility spillovers across North American, European and Asian stock markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 55-64, 2010. [18]. Y. E. R. F. K. D. F. &. K. K. F. Baba, "Multivariate simultaneous generalized ARCH.," Manuscript, University of California, San Diego, Department of Economics, 1990. [19]. S. X. &. T. M. N. Lin, "Spillover effects in energy futures markets," Energy Economics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 43-56, 2001. [20]. B. T. M. F. &. O. O. Ewing, "Volatility transmission in the oil and natural gas markets," Energy Economics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 525-538, 2002. [21]. C. L. M. M. &. T. R. Chang, "Modeling conditional correlations for risk diversification in crude oil markets," 2009. [22]. W. H. S. N. D. K. &. Y. S. M. Mensi, "Dynamic spillovers among major energy and cereal commodity prices," Energy Economics, vol. 43, pp. 225-243, 2014. [23]. I. H. N. &. H. M. Kouki, "A volatility spillover among sector index of international stock markets," Journal of Money, Investment and Banking, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 32-45, 2011. [24]. M. H. S. &. C. F. McAleer, "Structure and asymptotic theory for multivariate asymmetric conditional volatility," Econometric Reviews, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 422-440, 2009. [25]. S. &. M. M. Ling, "Asymptotic theory for a vector ARMA-GARCH model," Econometric Theory, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 280-310, 2003. [26]. L. R. J. R. &. R. D. E. Glosten, "On the relation between the expected value and the volatility of the nominal excess return on stocks," The journal of finance, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1779-1801, 1993. [27]. C. &. O. J. Nyangasi, "Volatility Spillover of the Agriculture Sector on the Nairobi Securities Exchange," Journal of Finance and Economics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 76-84, 2017. [28]. R. S. Tsay, "Conditional heteroscedastic time series models," Journal of the American Statistical association, vol. 82, no. 398, pp. 590-604, 1987. [29]. A. I. &. L. W. K. McLeod, "Diagnostic checking ARMA time series models using squared‐residual autocorrelations," Journal of time series analysis, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 269-273, 1983. [30]. C. W. Granger, "Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods," Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp. 424-438, 1969. [31]. S. M. Y. Y. &. M. M. Hammoudeh, "Shock and volatility spillovers among equity sectors of the Gulf Arab stock markets," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 829-842, 2009. [32]. T. Bollerslev, "Modelling the coherence in short-run nominal exchange rates: a multivariate generalized ARCH model," Review of Economics and statistics, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 498-505, 1990. [33]. C. L. &. M. M. Chang, "Ranking journal quality by harmonic mean of ranks: An application to ISI Statistics & Probability," Statistica Neerlandica, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 27-53, 2013
Samuel Mwangi Gathuka, Jane Akinyi Aduda, Joseph Kyalo Mung’atu "Modeling Volatility Spillover between Carbon Emissions Prices and Agricultural Commodity Prices in European Union Market " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.69-79 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/69-79.pdf
Generalised Linear Models such as Poisson and Negative Binomial models have been routinely used to model count data. But, these models assumptions are violated when the data exhibits over-dispersion and zero-inflation. Over-dispersion is as a result of excess zeros in the data. For modelling data with such characteristics several extensions of Negative Binomial and Poisson models have been proposed, such as zero-inflated and Hurdles models. Our study focus is on identifying the most statistically fit model(s) which can be adopted in presence of over-dispersion and excess zeros in the count data. We simulate data-sets at varying proportions of zeros and varying proportions of dispersion then fit the data to a Poisson, Negative Binomial, Zero-inflated Poisson, Zero-inflated Negative Binomial, Hurdles Poisson and Negative Binomial Hurdles. Model selection is based on AIC, log-likelihood, Vuong statistics and Box-plots. The results obtained, suggest that Negative Binomial Hurdles performed well in most scenarios compared to other models hence, the most statistically fit model for over-dispersed count data with excess zeros.
- Page(s): 80-90
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2019
- Ndwiga Antony MachariaDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Oscar NgesaDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Anthony WanjoyaDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Damaris Felistus MulwaDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
References
[1]. M. Ridout, "Models for count data with many zeros," 1998. [2]. A. C. Cameron, Regression analysis of count data, vol. 53, 2013. [3]. W. M. E. P. a. S. E. C. Gardner, "“Regression analysis for counts and rates: Poisson, Over-dispersed Poisson and Negative Binomial," vol. 118, pp. 392-404, 1995. [4]. S. E. A. R. G. W. Saffari, "“Handling of Over-Dispersion of Count Data via Truncation using Poisson Regression Model”, Journal of," vol. 1, August 2011.. [5]. V. M. F. a. B. W. Shankar, "Effect of roadway geometrics and environmental factors on rural freeway accident frequencies," vol. 27, no. 3, p. 371–389, 1995. [6]. D. Lambert, "Zero-inflated Poisson regression, with an application to defects in manufacturing," Taylor & Francis, vol. 34, pp. 1-14, 1992. [7]. M. G. N. B. M. S. C. K. L. N. Chipeta, " “Zero adjusted models with applications to analysing helminths count data”,," vol. 7, pp. 1-11, 2014. [8]. W. S. C. J. Liu, " “Count Data Models in SAS®”,Statistics and Data Analysis, SAS Global Forum," p. 371, 2008. [9]. J. D. Lewsey, "The utility of the zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial models: a case study of cross-sectional and longitudinal DMF data examining the effect of socio-economic status," Wiley Online Library, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 183-189, 2004. [10]. J. Mullahy, "Specification and testing of some modified count data models," Elsevier, vol. 33, pp. 341-365, 1986. [11]. Y. Min, "Random effect models for repeated measures of zero-inflated count data," Statistical modelling, vol. 5, pp. 1-19, 2005. [12]. J. M. Miller, "Comparing Poisson, Hurdle, and ZIP model fit under varying degrees of skew and zero-inflation," 2007. [13]. C. D. Desjardins, "Evaluating the performance of two competing models of school suspension under simulation-the zero-inflated negative binomial and the negative binomial hurdle," 2013.
Ndwiga Antony Macharia, Oscar Ngesa, Anthony Wanjoya, Damaris Felistus Mulwa "Comparison of Statistical Models in Modeling Over-Dispersed Count Data with Excess Zeros" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.80-90 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/80-90.pdf
The present research study is set out to focus on the socio-economic implications and participation of women in Pakistani Politics and shaping Pakistani society through the participation of women in the field of Politics in the country. However, this study is conducted in Pakistani society and discussing the participation of women in politics from the entire population. Meanwhile, Pakistani society is connected with patriarchy society and regardless of this; women are provided access to participate in the field of Politics in the country. Thus, the specific purpose of this study intends to identify the implications and participation of women in politics with the assistance of the socio-economic and cultural factors. Further to illuminate the family background and the prevailing cultural norms of the society and also participation and contribution of women for the various social activities. The specific outcomes of the study resulted that the majority of women who participated in politics are from the feudal and middle class of Pakistani society.
- Page(s): 91-95
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2019
- Bahadur Ali SoomroVisiting Faculty and Research Fellow, Area Study Centre, Far East and Southeast Asia, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
- Abdul Jaleel Mirjat PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
- Shahnawaz Mangi PhD Scholar, Area Study Centre, Far East and Southeast Asia, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
References
[1]. Adam, K., (2011). The Naked Truth: The media’s Role in undermining female political candidate. International Journal Politics and good Governance, 2, 976-1195. [2]. Agbalajobi, D., (2009). Women Participation and political process in Nigeria: problems and prospects. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4, 075-082. [3]. Aisenberg, N., & Harrington, M. (1988). Women of academe: Outsiders in the sacred grove. University of Massachusetts Press. [4]. Alvi, H., (1988). Pakistani Women in Changing Society. Journal of Economic and Political weekly press, 23, 1328-1330. [5]. Beveridge, F., Nott, S., & Stephen, K. (2000). Mainstreaming and the engendering of policy-making: a means to an end?.Journal of European Public Policy, 7(3), 385- 405. [6]. Bromfield, R. N. (2003). Psychoanalytic play therapy. Foundations of play therapy, 1-13. [7]. Calvero,S., and Galligan, (2005). A job in Politics is not for women: Analyzing barriers to women political representation in CEE. Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 41, 979-1004. [8]. Campo, E., (2005). Women in politics in Latin America: Perspective and limits of the institutional aspects of women’s political representation. Oxford University press, 83, 1697-1725. [9]. Case, S. E., Brett, P., & Foster, S. L. (2000). Decomposition: Post-disciplinary performance. Indiana University Press. [10]. Cheston, S., & Kuhn, L. (2002). Empowering women through microfinance. Draft, Opportunity International. [11]. Clark, C. R. (2014). Glasgow’s Ellis Island? The integration and stigmatisation of Govanhill’s Roma population. People, Place and Policy, 8(1), 34-50. [12]. Clarke, B., Lapthorn, C., &Miers, M. (2005). Study 2: Student Learning in Interprofessional Modules: Evidence from Student Interviewsand Assignments. University of West of England, Bristol. [13]. Gillespie, D., and Spohn, S., (1987). Adolescents Attitude towards Women in Politics: The Effect of Gender and race. Sage Publications Inc, 1: 208-218. [14]. Habermas, J. (2015). The postnational constellation: Political essays. John Wiley & Sons. [15]. Hakim, A, and Aziz, A., (1998). Socio cultural religious and political aspects of the statusof women in Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan development press, 37: 727-746. [16]. Hill, D. J. (2008). African-American heterosexual women facing the HIV/AIDS pandemic: Giving voice to sexual decision-making.Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University. [17]. Hoyt, T. D. (2006). Military industry and regional defense policy: India, Iraq and Israel. Routledge. [18]. Hsu, P. (2010). Living Taiwanese opera: Improvisation, performance of gender, and selection of tradition. [19]. Kaplan, J. (1966). Equal justice in an unequal world: Equality for the Negro-the problem of special treatment. Nw. UL Rev., 61, 363. [20]. Kumar, S., (2006). Representation of women in legislature: A sociological perspective in the Indian context. The Indian Journal of the political Science Association, 67: 617-628. [21]. Mastroianni, L., Donaldson, P. J., & Kane, T. T. (Eds.). (1990). Developing new contraceptives: Obstacles and opportunities. National Academies. [22]. Nuss, S., (1982). Women in political life: global trends. International journal of sociology, 12: 1-10. [23]. Ottmann, J. (2002). First Nations leadership and spirituality within the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: A Saskatchewan perspective.Doctoral dissertation, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon. [24]. Petersen, C. J., & Samuels, H. (2002). International convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women: A comparison of its implementation and the role of non-governmental organizations in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, The. Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., 26, 1. [25]. Rabate, J. M. (2008). 1913:the cradle of modernism. John Wiley & Sons. [26]. Rabinowitz, P. (1991). Labor & desire: women's revolutionary fiction in depression America.Univ of North Carolina Press. [27]. Salter, H. L. (2006). Defending Liars: In defense of President Bush and the war on terror in Iraq. Howard L. Salter. [28]. Sapiro, V., (1981). Research frontier essay: the problem of political representation of women. American political science review, 75: 701-716. [29]. Schreurs, M., (2001). Women in politics protecting the environment in North East Asia.Journal of East Asian studies, 1: 63-92. [30]. Shaul, M., (1982). The status of women in Local Government: An international assessment. Wiley on behalf of the American Society for public administration, 42: 491-500. [31]. Smith, R., and Owen, B., (2012). The political determinants of women’s descriptive representation in cities. Sage Publications Inc. on behalf of the University of Utah, 65: 315-329. [32]. Stark, B. (2000). Women and globalization: The failure and postmodern possibilities of international law.Vand. J. Transnat'l L., 33, 503. [33]. Tambiah, S. J. (1997). Leveling crowds: Ethnonationalistconflicts and collective violence in South Asia (Vol. 10). University of California Press. [34]. Wadud, A. (2013). Inside the gender Jihad: women's reform in Islam.OneworldPublications. [35]. Weinstein, N. D. (1988). The precaution adoption process. Health psychology, 7(4), 355.
Bahadur Ali Soomro, Abdul Jaleel Mirjat, Shahnawaz Mangi "Socio-economic Implications and Participation of Women in Pakistani Politics: A Case Study of Hyderabad Division, Sindh, Pakistan " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.91-95 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/91-95.pdf
The bit-error-rate (BER)is an important factorthat decides the performance of different modulation techniquesof bio-medical wireless system since the objective of any transceivers system is to receive the information with lowest errors because errors reduces the system performance. In this work, BER performance of some of digital modulation schemes (PAM, PSK, DPSK and FSK) are evaluated in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels at different modulation order. The system is implemented in MATLAB 2018b Simulink environment. The results shows clearly that at 15 dB, FSK modulation scheme at higher modulation order 32 gave better performance with lowest errors (4.91x 10-28) for biomedical RF transceivers system. The mean BER obtained at this highest modulation order is 0.0102 which is very low compared to PAM, PSK and DPSK modulation schemes. Hence, FSK at modulation order 32 would enhance the performance of the Bio-medical wireless system.
- Page(s): 96-99
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2019
- Aremu Olaosebikan AkanniPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Oyo state,
- Makinde Oluniyi SamuelPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Oyo state, Nigeria
- Ajao Olatunji SamsonSLT Department, The Oke Ogun Polytechnic, Saki PMB 021, Saki, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Ajani Adegbenro SundayDepartment of Physics and Material Science, Kwara State University, Nigeria
References
[1]. Miki, N., Kishiyama, Y., Higuchi, K and Sawahashi, M. (2007) "Optimum Adaptive Modulation and Channel Coding Scheme For Frequency Domain Channel-Dependent Scheduling in OFDM Based Evolved UTRA," IEEE WCNC. [2]. Yang, Hong-Chuan and M-S. Alouini. "Closed-form formulas for the outage probability of wireless communication systems with a minimum signal power constraint." Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on 51.6 (2002): 1689-1698. [3]. Bruce, A. C and Paul, B. C, Communication Systems, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, pp 663-692 [4]. Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling and GoutamSaha, Principles of Communication Systems, 3rd ed., Tata MaGraw Hill, pp 322-418. [5]. Mohammaed Slim Alouini and Andrea J. Goldsmith (1999) “Capacity of Rayleigh fading channels under different Adaptive Transmission and Diversity combining Techniques”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 48, No. 4, July 1999. [6]. Gary Breed, High Frequency Electronics, (2003) Summit, Technical Media LLC “Bit Error Rate: Fundamental Concepts and measurement issues”. [7]. Proakis J G, (2001): Digital. Communications, 4th Ed., New York, McGraw-Hill. [8]. Deergha, K. Rao: Channel Coding Techniques for Wireless Communications, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2292-72 [9]. Yahong Rosa Zheng and Chengshan Xiao, (2003) Senior Member IEEE, Simulation Models With Correct Statistical Properties for Rayleigh Fading Channels, IEEETransactions on Communications, Vol. 51, No. 6, June 2003. [10]. Patel, C. S,.Stuber, G. L and Pratt, T. G (2005) “Comparative analysis of statistical models for the simulation of Rayleigh faded cellular channels,”IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, pp. 1017-1026, June 2005.
Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni, Makinde Oluniyi Samuel, Ajao Olatunji Samson, Ajani Adegbenro Sunday "Investigation of Bit Error Rate of Different Modulation Schemes at different Modulation order of Bio-MedicalWireless System in AWGN and Rayleigh Channels" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.96-99 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/96-99.pdf
In the electric power system for the design, planning, control and operation at the current time and upcoming forecasting expansion of systems the power study or load flow analysis is essential. The effect of interconnections, add or remove generations, loads, transmission lines, etc. known before the installation gives the top, financial and effectual operation. This paper explains about the solution of load flow study considering of input voltage and indication power settings to power system and provides all the busses power flow and voltage magnitude. The calculation of load flow studies is easy for small system. But the system is too large that consists with hundreds or thousands busses it is problematical by hand. The MiPower (MiP) software is used to resolve power flow solution problem since large power system network. To solve the power flow problem in present many software program available for example MATLAB, Power World Simulator (PWS), PSCAD and MiPower but, Mipower is chosen. Because Mipower is best simulation software of power flow studies for bulky network and it is adoptable for like smart grid and smart city applications. And also it gives the detailed and accurate result with less time. The Mipower software is the forward-looking simulation equipment in an attempt to develop the load flow analysis. All the power system tools were designed to survive high effectiveness and to resist worst case situation. It is also has the inbuilt GPS interface due to this software is best for smart grid and smart city applications.
- Page(s): 100-106
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2019
- R.ManivasagamAssociate Professor, K.Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
- Hemila Haland PG Scholar, K.Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
References
[1]. A.E. Guile and W.D. Paterson, “Electrical power systems,” Vol. 2, (Pergamon Press, 2nd edition, 1977). [2]. W.D. Stevenson Jr., “Elements of power system analysis,” (McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 1982). [3]. Xi‐FanWang and Yonghua Song “Modern Power Systems Analysis,”inSpringer, ISBN 978-0-387-72853-7, United Kingdom, LLC 2008. [4]. Dharamjit andD.K.Tanti, “Load Flow Analysis on IEEE 30 bus System,”Jharkhand, India, IJSRP, vol. 2, no. 11, ISSN 2250-3153, Nov 2012. [5]. M H Hemanth Kumar and Vijayshree G, M H Hemanth Kumar and Vijayshree G, “Load Flow Analysis Of Distribution Generation System Using IEEE 30 Bus System,” Bangalore, India, IJEEE,. vol. 3, no. 4, p-ISSN:1694|2426, Aug. 2016. [6]. W. R. Klingman and D. M. Himmelblau, "Nonlinear programming with the aid of a multiple-gradient summation technique," J. ACM, vol. 11, pp. 400-415, October 1964. [7]. Yunxu Liang, “Improved Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method On Power Networks,” M.Sc Student, University Of Florida, 2004. [8]. W.F. Tinney, C.E. Hart, "Power Flow Solution by Newton's Method, " IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and systems , Vol. PAS-86, pp. 1449-1460, Nov 1967 [9]. D.I.Sun, B.Ashley, B.Brewer, A.Hughes and W.F.Tinney, “Optimal Power Flow by Newton Approach,”IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and systems, vol.103, No.10, 1984, pp2864-2880. [10]. AradhanaPradhan and PadmajaThatoi, “Study On The Performance Of Newton – RaphsonLoadFlow In Distribution Systems,” Elect. Eng., National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, May 2012. [11]. Keter Samson Kipkirui, “De-Coupled Load Flow Study Method,” Elect. Eng., University Of Nairobi,PRJ(71)-F17/30052/2009, Apr. 28, 2014. [12]. R.Benato, A.Paolucci, and R.Turri, “Power Flow Solution By A Complex Admittance Matrix Method,” International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, ETEP.4450110305, March 22, 2007. [13]. H.E. Brown, G.K. Carter, H.H. Happ and C.E. Person, “Power Flow Solution by Iterative Impedance Method,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-82(65):1-10, May 1963. [14]. ArchitaVijayvargia, “Comparison between Different Load Flow Methodologies by Analyzing Various Bus Systems,” Rajasthan, India, IJEE, ISSN 0974-2158 Volume 9, Number 2 , pp. 127-138, 2016. [15]. V.P.Sonawane, S.S.Dhamse, “Load Flow Analysis of EHV Networks using MiPower: A Case Study,” Maharastra, IJERT, ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol.5 Issue 01, Jan 2016. [16]. VibhaParmar, Margi Shah, “Load Flow Analysis Using MI Power Software,” IJESI, ISSN: 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726, Volume 7 Issue 6, June 2018. [17]. R.Manivasagam & D Aarthi “Design and Implementation of UPFC Using Ten Switch Converter With Switch Reduction”, International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, vol.6,Issue.6, 2017 ,Page no. 21861-21869. [18]. R.Manivasagam & D Aarthi “Design of UPFC using Ten Switch Converter with Switch Reduction”, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development,vol.5,Issue.4, 2017 ,Page no. 490-493. [19]. R.Manivasagam, Raghavi, R“Modeling of a Grid Connected New Energy Vehicle Charging Station” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), Volume 10, Number 20 (2015), Special Issues, pp. 15870-15875. [20]. R.Manivasagam, Raghavi, R “Modeling of a Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Station with FOH approximation’, International Open Journal for Engineering Research(IOJER), Volume 1,Issue 3, April 2015, P.No-19- 25. [21]. R.Manivasagam, Dharmalingam, Velayutham “Power Quality Problem Mitigation by Unified Power Quality Conditioner: An Adaptive Hysteresis Control Technique”, International Journal of Power Electronics(IJPE), Volume 6, No.4, 2014, P.No- 403-425.’.Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
R.Manivasagam, Hemila Haland "Design of Electric Power System Studies Using Mipower " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.100-106 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/100-106.pdf
Effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on human health have grown to be of serious health concern, with the entry into daily life of RFR emitting devices such as wireless fidelity, cell phones, masts, radio and television transmitters. Recent studies have reported that RFR exposure particularly during gestation affects the developing fetus. This has been attributed to oxidative stress caused by RFR exposure The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 2.45 GHz RFR prenatal exposure on semen parameters of the first filial generation (F1) of albino rats. Six pregnant albino rats were equally divided into an unexposed control group (CG) and an experimental exposed group (EG). The rats were confined in Electromagnetic Field (EMF) cages specially designed for this study. An Access Point (AP), consisting of a portable radio (2.45 GHz picostation by Ubiquiti Networks, USA, with its integrated omni-directional antenna) serving as RFR source was placed inside the EG cage in close proximity (15 cm) to the pregnant rats. One (1) hour daily exposure to 2.45 GHz RFR was performed on EG rats on days 13st to 21st of gestation, and a mean electric field intensity of 5 V/m (power density of0.066 W/m2) was maintained for the whole period of exposure. New-CG and New-EG were established from pups obtained from both CG and EG respectively after birth. All male rat pups were sacrificed on 50th day postnatal, and the testes and epididymis were removed for histological examination. Statistical analysis was done for comparison of results using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 25). One – sample t-test was chosen for mean comparison test atα <0.05confidence level. Quantitative analysis of Total Sperm Count (TSC) revealed a significant reduction in New-EG (92.3 ± 3.20*) when compared to TSC in New-CG (108.66 ± 4.57). Motility and morphology grading also varied between New-EG(Motile = 79.00 ± 1.68, Non-motile = 21.00 ± 1.68)and New-CG (Motile = 86.70 ± 1.70, Non-motle = 13.30±1.70).Microscopic examination revealed some histological changes such as severe follicle degeneration, severe loss of interstitial cells, spermatogenic arrest, and morphology abnormalities in New-EG rats. The results of this study showed that one (1) hour daily exposure of pregnant rats to 2.45 GHz RFR on days 13th to 21st of gestation has a deleterious effect on the semen parameters of F1 generation.
- Page(s): 107-111
- Date of Publication: 02 June 2019
- ONI Olatunde MichaelDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- AMUDA Dauda BiodunDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- OYERO Olaoluwa PeterDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- ONI Emmanuel AbiodunDepartment of Physics, Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, Osun State, Nigeria.
- AJANIA degbenro SundayDeparment of Physics and Material Science, Kwara State University, Molete, lIorin, Nigeria.
References
[1]. Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, and Kesari K. (2001). Cell phones and male infertility: A review of recent innovations in technology and consequences. IntBraz J Urol. 37(4): [2]. Canadian Council of Animal Care, (1985). Guide to the handling and use of experimental animals. Ottawa Ontario 2. [3]. Davoudi, M., Brossner, C. and Kuber, W. (2002.).The influence of electromagnetic waves on sperm motility. Urol Urogynecol. 9(3): pp18-32 [4]. Elsaved N.M. (2001). Antioxidant mobilization in response to oxidative stress: a dynamic environmental nutritional interaction. Nutr.; 17(10): pp 828-834. [5]. Fact sheet, Electromagnetic fields and public health (Health effects of radiofrequency fields). N183. http://www.who.int. 1998. [6]. Hammadah M.E, Filippos A, and Hamed M.F. (2009).Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxiodant in Seminal Plasmal and Their Impact on Male Fertility.Tnte.J Fertil S teril.3(3): pp 87 - 110 [7]. Igor,Y., Olexandar T., Evgeniy S., Diane H., Olga K. and Sergiy, K. (2015). Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radio frequency radiation. Electromagn Biol. Med. 19(2): pp 1-16 [8]. Marcondes, F.K., Bianchi, F.J. and Tanno, A.P. (2002). Determination of the estrous cycle phases of Rats: Some helpful considerations. Braz. J. Biol. 62 (4a) [9]. Oni O.M., AmudaD.B and Gilbert C.E. (2011a). Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation from Wi-Fi Devices on Human Ejaculated Semen.Int. J. Rev. Appli. Sci. 9 (2):292-294. [10]. Shokri, S. Soltani, A., Kazemi, M., Sardari, D., and BabapoorMofrad F. (2015). Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure on apoptosis, sperm parameters and testicular histomorphometry in rats: a time course study. Cell J. 17(2): 322-331 [11]. Turedi S, Hanci H, Colakoglu S, Kaya H, Odaci E. (2016). Disruption of ovarian follicle reservoir of prepubertal rats following prenatal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field.Int. J. Radiat. Biol. pp 1-9 [12]. Wdowiak, A. Wdowiak, L. and Wiktor, H. (2007). Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility.Ann Agric. Environ Med. 14:169-172. [13]. Yan J.G, Agresti M, Bruce T, Yan Y.H, Granlund A, and Metaloub H.S. (2007).Effects of cellular phone emissions on sperm motility in rats. Fertility Sterility; 88(4) pp 957-964. [14]. Zmyslony M, Politanski P, Rajkowska W, Szymczak W, and Jajte J. Acute exposure to 930 MHz CW electromagnetic radiation in vitro affects reactive oxygen species level in rat lymphocytes treated by iron ions. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004; 25(5): 324-328
ONI Olatunde Michael, AMUDA Dauda Biodun, OYERO Olaoluwa Peter, ONI Emmanuel Abiodun and AJANIA degbenro Sunday "Effects of Radiofrequency (2.45 GHz) Radiation Prenatal Exposure on Sperm Parameters of First Filial Generation of Albino Rats" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.107-111 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/107-111.pdf
In a laboratory, a DC power supply with fixed or variable voltage, is very essential for performing various experiments. To study the laws of electricity like Ohm’s law or to perform the experiments in Optics, where a light source with variable intensity is required etc. power supply plays a vital role in achieving this requirement. This paper deals with an inexpensive and portable DC regulated and variable output power supply from any fixed input voltage DC power adaptor, developed at Science Laboratory, Nehru Planetarium (Mumbai).
- Page(s): 112-114
- Date of Publication: 06 June 2019
- Rohan D. LahaneNehru Planetarium, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai - 400 018, India.
- Arvind ParanjpyeNehru Planetarium, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai - 400 018, India.
References
[1]. Data sheet of IC LM 317.
Rohan D. Lahane, Arvind Paranjpye "Low cost and Portable DC Regulated Power Supply for Experiments in Physics in School and College Laboratory" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.112-114 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/112-114.pdf
Military electronic equipment is a subject of various tests determining its resilience to high-altitude electromagnetic pulse at nuclear explosion (HEMP) on special test benches (HEMP simulators). Recently, it has become very important to ensure HEMP protection for civil systems that are part of a country’s infrastructure, primarily, those of the power industry. In the USA for example, a special Directive signed by President D. Trump on March 26, 2019 is devoted to this issue; activities of SC77C Committee of International Electrotechnical Commission; activity of WG C4.54 group within CIGRE. Since military men have extensive experience in the area of establishing HEMP protection and testing of electronic equipment, it is often brought to civil equipment without considering its specific features. Is this correct? The article discusses this issue and suggests that it is not feasible to test electronic equipment used in the power industry on military test benches.
- Page(s): 115-118
- Date of Publication: 08 June 2019
- Vladimir Gurevich, Ph.D.Central Electrical Laboratory, Israel Electric Corp., Israel
References
[1]. Gurevich V. Protecting Electrical Equipment: Good Practices for Preventing High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Impacts. – De Gruyter, Berlin, 2019, 386 p. [2]. Gurevich V. HEMP Protection of Electronic Equipment Located in Control Cabinets. – International Journal of Research Studies in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRSEEE), 2019, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 1-7. [3]. IEC 61000-4-25 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). – Part 4 – 25: Testing and measurement techniques. – HEMP immunity test methods for equipment and systems.
Vladimir Gurevich, Ph.D. "Testing HEMP Resilience of Electronic Equipment Used in Power Industry: Is It Essential?" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.115-118 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/115-118.pdf
In this study, crude palm oil was used as a precursor for the production of biolubricant base stock by a two-step transesterification process. Palm oil methyl ester produced from the first step was subsequently reacted with trimethylolpropane using calcium hydroxide as catalyst to produce palm based TMP ester. Optimization of lubricant base stock synthesis from palm oil methyl ester and trimethylolpropane was carried out using response surface methodology, central composite design (CCD). The optimum variable conditions were reaction temperature of 159.9oC, mole ratio of 4.99, catalyst loading of 1.16 and reaction time of 211.63 minutes under vacuum pressure for 84.681% palm based TMP ester yield. Regression analysis of the data showed a second order quadratic regression model which establishes the link between variables and biolubricant yield with temperature and mole ratio being most significant variable. The coefficient of regression R2 was 0.9477 implying that 94.77% of the irregularity in the response can be explained by the model. Lubricating properties of palm based TMP ester was evaluated and found to have the following lubricating properties: kinematic viscosity of 40.44 and 10.03 cSt at 40oC and 100oC respectively, viscosity index of 198, flash point of 187oC and pour point of -6oC. These properties of palm based TMP ester conforms to the standard specifications for ISO VG32 and VG46 viscosity grades, and were also found similar to other plant based biolubricants such as jatropha, sesame and canola biolubricant base stock and indicates good prospect as base stock in biodegradable lubricant formulation.
- Page(s): 119-130
- Date of Publication: 09 June 2019
- Chika S. Nkem Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
- M.S. Nwakaudu Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
References
[1]. Arbain, N. H., & Salimon, J. (2010). Synthesis and characterization of ester trimethylolpropane based jatropha curcas oil as biolubricant base stocks. Journal of Science and Technology, 2: 47-58. [2]. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2003). ASTM Standard Methods. Philadelphia, PA, USA: ASTM publication. [3]. Bilal, S., Mohammed-Dabo, I.A., Nuhu, M., Kasim, Almustapha, I.A., & Yamusa, Y.A. (2013). Production of biolubricant from jatropha curcas seed. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, vol.4 (6), pp. 72 – 79. [4]. Campanella, A., Rusto, E., Baldessari, A., & Baltanás, M.A. (2010). Lubricants from chemically modified vegetable oils. Bioresoures Technology, 101, 245–254. [5]. Ebtisam, K.H., M.S. Elmelany, Salah A.K., & N.M. Elbasuny (2016). Manufacturing of Environment Friendly Biolubricants from Vegetable Oils. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 26, 53 – 59. [6]. Fox, N.J., & Stachowiak, G.W. (2007). Vegetable oil-based lubricants—A review of oxidation. Tribology International, 40, 1035–1046. [7]. Tung, S.C., McMillan, M.L. (2004). Automotive tribology overview of current advances and challenges for the future. Tribology International; 37:517–36 [8]. Hoda, N. (2010). Optimization of biodiesel production from cottonseed oil by transesterification using NaOH and methanol. Energy sources, part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 32, Iss. 5. [9]. Jayed, M.H., H.H. Masjuki, R. Saidur, M.A. Kalam and M.I. Jahirul, (2009). Environmental aspects and challenges of oilseed produced biodiesel in Southeast Asia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Revolution, 13: 2452-2462. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.023 [10]. Jieyu N., (2012), “Synthesis and Evaluation of Polyol based biolubricants from vegetable oils”. Master of Science thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [11]. Miller, A.L., Stipe, C.B., Habjan, M.C., Gilbert, A.G. (2007). Role of lubrication oil inparticulate emissions from a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine. Environmetal Science and Technology ;41:6828–35. [12]. Meher, L.C., Sagar, D.V., & Naik, S.N. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10, 248–268. [13]. Menkiti, M., Anaehobi, H., Oyoh, K., & Nnaji, P. (2015). Process optimization and kinetics of biolubricant synthesis from fluted pumpkin seed. European Scientific Journal , vol.11, No.27 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 [14]. Menkiti, M.C., Anaeliobi, H.C., & Onukwulu O.D. (2016). Kinetics and parametric study of transesterification synthesis of biolubricant from melon-based ester. Biofuels, vol.7, Iss. 5. [15]. Muhammed, M.A., Shettima, A.K. & Gideon, Z. (2015). Comparative Studies between Bio-Lubricants from Jatropha oil, Neem oil and Mineral Lubricant (Engen Super 20w/50). Applied Research Journal. Vol.1, Issue, 4, pp.252-257. ISSN: 2423-4796 [16]. Muhammad, F.M., Gunam, R., Tinia, I.M., & Azris, I. (2011). Temperature dependency on the synthesis of jatropha biolubricant”. IOP Conf. series: Material Science and Engineering, vol. 17. [17]. Musa, U., Mohammed I.A., Sadiq M.M., Aberuagba F., Olurinde A.O.and Obamina R. (2015), “ Synthesis and characterization of trimethylolpropane-based biolubricants from castor oil” Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference of NSChE, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283719311 [18]. Nuhu, M. (2015). Synthesis of biolubricant from vegetable oils. M.Sc Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. [19]. Ocheje, O., Menkiti, M., Auta, M., & Ezemagu, I. (2017). Optimization of the operating parameters for the extractive synthesis of biolubricant from sesame seed oil via response surface methodology. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.04.001 [20]. Rashid, U., Anwar, F., & Knothe, G. (2009). Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Processing Technology, 90, 1157–1163. [21]. Schneider, M. (2006). Plant-oil-based lubricants and hydraulic fluids. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86, 1769-1780. [22]. Siti, Z.S., Luqman, C.A., & Fakhru’i-Razu, A. (2007). Batch Production of Trimethylolpropane ester from Palm oil as lubricant base stock. Journal of Applied Science, 7(15): ISSN 1812 – 5654. [23]. Yunus, R., Fakhru'L-Razi, A., Ooi, T., Iyuke, S., & Idris, A. (2003). Preparation and characterization of trimethylolpropane esters from palm kernel oil methyl esters. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 15 (2), 42-49. [24]. Zubir, M.I. and S.Y. Chin, 2010. Kinetics of modified zirconia-catalyzed heterogeneous esterification reaction for biodiesel production. Journal of Applied Science, 10: 2584-2589. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2010.2584.2589 [25]. Bahruddin, S.C., Sariff, M.J., Boey, P.L., Abdussalam, S.M., Wan, T.W., Muhammad, I.S. (2007). Determination of free fatty acids in palm oil samples using non- aqueous flow injection titrimetric method. Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods ;102:1407–1416 [26]. Musa, U., Mohammed I.A., Sadiq M.M., Aliyu, M.A., Folorunsho, A., Adekunle, J.I. (2016). Statistical optimization of biolubricant production from Jatropha curcas oil using trimethylolpropane as a polyol. Preceedings of the World congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2016, vol. 2, WCECS 2016, October 19-21, San Francisco, USA.
Chika S. Nkem and M.S. Nwakaudu "Process Optimization and Modelling of Lubricant Base Stock Synthesis from Crude Palm Oil" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.119-130 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/119-130.pdf
A study was carried out on sediment and leaves of an aquatic plant “Alternantherasessilis” in FarinGada stream, Jos. To determine and assess the level of concentration of metals. Fe, Cu, Cd and Co in the samples.The result obtained indicates a moisture content of 33.99± 0.46% and 20.90±0.10% for leaves and sediment respectively, and dry matter of 66.01±0.53% leaves and 79.10±0.82% sediment. The ash content was found to be 4.44±1.42% for leaves and 75.57±1.90% for sediment and the corresponding organic matter are 95.56±1.42% for leaves and 24.43±1.90% for sediment. Fe was 809.80±9.89mg/kg, Cu 24.80±0.2mg/kg, Cd 10.80±1.18mg/kg and Co 38.30±9.38mg/kg for leaves while for the sediment samples Fe was 1041.00±4.35mg/kg,Cd 8.58±2.68mg/kg, Cu 9.20±0.71mg/kg and Co 39.50±4.70mg/kg for sediment. The concentrations of Cd and Cu were higher in the leaves than in the sediment. The aquatic plant is a good bio indicator and also bio accumulator of Cd and Cu.
- Page(s): 131-135
- Date of Publication: 11 June 2019
- Tokshidung G. Y. Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Salami S. J.Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Dennis Y. M. Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Usman N. U. Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Amadike H. Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Musa S. Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Chawi M. A. Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
References
[1]. Adefemi, S.O., Asaolu S.S., and Olaofe O. (2008) “Determination of heavy metals in Tilapia mossambicuis, Associated water and sediment from Ureje Dan in South-Western Nigeria”. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2:151-155 [2]. Asger R., Alma S., Charles K.J. and Gbwa L.K., (2009) “Investigation of trace metal concentration in soils, sediments and water in the vicinity of Geita gold mine and North mara gold mine in North-West Tanzania Norwegian University of Life Sciences. [3]. Awode, U.A., Uzairu A., Balarabe, M.L., Okunola, O.J., and Adewusi S.G., (2008) levels of some trace metals in the Fadama soil and pepper (capsisumannuum) along the bank of river challawa, Nigeria. Asian J.Sci. Res. ISSN 1992-1454. Pp 1-6 [4]. Chinese Department of preventive medicine 1995. Lonf et al., (2003) [5]. Chiroma, T.M., Hymore, F.K., and Ebawele, R.O., (2003). Heavy metal contamination of vegetable and soils irrigated with sewage water in Yola. NJERO 2(3), 25-31 [6]. Duffus, J.H. (2002). Heavy metal – A meaning less term pure and Applied chemistry p 393-800 (2002) [7]. Farga J., Stresko V and Skvarka L., (1995) “Occurrence of toxic elements in the Banskashavnia Area (central Slovakia)” chemical Abstract 123(20); 614 [8]. Grubben, G.J.H and Denton, O.A. (2004). Plant Resources of Tropical African, Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Back hugs leiden; CTA 364p [9]. Horstalll M. Jr and Spiff A.I. (2002) “Distribution and portioning of trace metals in sediments of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria”. Environ monit Assess. 2002 Sep; 78(3): 389-26 [10]. Job,M. (1998) Variations in trace elements in bottom sediments of major Rivers in lake victoria’s basin, Kenyan lakes and reservoirs. Research and management abstract 8; 5-13 [11]. Keddy, P.A., (2010). Wetland ecology: principle and conservation (2nd edition) Cambridge UK. 493p [12]. Opaluwa, O.D. and Umar, M.A.,(2009) levels of heavy metals in vegetables grown on irrigated farmland, Bull of pure and Applied Sci. 291(1) 39-55 [13]. Opaluwa, O.D., M.O. Aremu, L.O. Ogbo, J.I. Magaji, I.E. Odiba and E.R. Ekpo(2012) “Assessment of Heavy metals in water, fish and sediments from UKE stream, Nasarawa state, Nigeria” An International Research Journal of Environmental Science ISSN: 0973-4929. [14]. Salami, S.J., and Non, D.D. (2002). Determination of trace elements in water lily and lettuce. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria vol 28(1) 2002 [15]. Salami, S.J., Enoh, B.S., Mallo, Y.D., and Awojide, S.H., (2001) trace metal accumulation in irrigation water, crop and native soil, Jos, Nigeria. African Journal of Natural Sciences ISSN 1119-1104, pp 33-35, v4, [16]. Saleh T., Seyed S.S.S., Gholamali A.B., Atena D and Mohammad S., (2008) “Heavy metals (Zn, Pbm Cd and Cr) in fish, water and sediemts sampled form southern Caspian sea, Iran” Toxicolind Health vol. 26 no. 10 649-656 [17]. Salim, T., Al-suhu, M.M., and Atallah, A. (1993). Effects of root and foliar treatments with lead, cadmium and copper on the uptake distribution and growth of radish plants. Environment International 19:393-404 [18]. Sculthorpe, C.D. (1967). The Biology of Aquatic vascular plants, Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, London [19]. Slagle A.D., Skousen J., BhumblaD.j., Sencindiver J., and McDonold L. (2004) “Trace element concentration of three soils. In central appalachi. Soil survey Horisons 45(3); 73-85 [20]. Stankovic, Z., Pajevic S.,Vuckoric M and S. Stojanovic (2000) “Concentration of trace metals in Dominant Aquatic Plants” of the lake provala (Vojvodina, Yugoslavia) BiologiaPlantarum 2000, volume 43, issue 4, pp 583-585 [21]. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological survey (2013) 4, 336p [22]. Uwah, E.L., (2009) concentration levels of some heavy metals pollutants in soil and carrot (Daucuscarota) obtained from Maiduguri, Nigeria. Continental J. Applied Science (Wilolud Online Journals) 4, 76-88 [23]. Westlake, D.F., Kvet, J. and Szcze P. A., (1998). The productions ecology of wetlands. Cambridge University press, Cambridge 568p. [24]. Who (1987) Regional publication, European series No. 23(1987), Air quality guidelines for Europe. Pp 257
Tokshidung G. Y., Salami S. J., Dennis Y. M., Usman N. U., Amadike H., Musa S. and Chawi M. A. "Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals Concentration in Sediment and Leaves of Alternantherasessilis" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 5 May 2019, pp.131-135 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue5/131-135.pdf