Tiger nut is an important food crop for certain tribes in Africa. Nutritive, digestive and disinfective value of Tiger nut has been documented. This research work was intended to improve the recipe for preparation of toffee by incorporating tiger nut milk, as a nutritional enrichment because of its nutritional benefits. Toffee a soft candy was made into three samples; sample B (100% cow milk) , sample C (50% milk and 50% tiger nut milk) and sample D (100% tiger nut milk), these were compared with Sample A (commercial toffee; Éclairs). Nutrient composition, quality acceptability and microbial count were determined. Sample D had the highest moisture, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, crude fiber and the lowest crude protein, crude fat contents. These were all significant (p>0.05) Sample A (commercial sample; éclair’s) was ranked highest for flavor, color, texture, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. Samples C and D were ranked lowest in texture and taste, sample B was above average for all parameters and sample C and D were above average for flavor, Odor , Color and Overall acceptability, which were all significant at p>0.05. value ranged from 1.0×10-1 to 6.4 × 10- 2 for samples B to D, For total fungal count, sample C had the highest count of 1.7×10-2 for day 0, and 6.4 × 10-2 for 4 weeks and sample B had the lowest count of 1.0 × 10-1 for day 0 and 4 weeks. Sample B had a total count of 1.0 × 10-1 for both day 0 and 4 weeks. There were no bacterial growth in samples C and D.
- Page(s): 01-04
- Date of Publication: 16 July 2019
- Ani, I.F., Adeoye Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ben Carson Snr School of Medicine and Surgery, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State , Nigeria
- Adeoye, B.K. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ben Carson Snr School of Medicine and Surgery, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State , Nigeria
- Ngozi, E.O. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ben Carson Snr School of Medicine and Surgery, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State , Nigeria
- Kehinde, Z. A. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ben Carson Snr School of Medicine and Surgery, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State , Nigeria
References
[1]. Devries F. and Feuke T (1999) Chufa (Cyperusesculentus) A weedy cultivar or cultivated weed? Econ. Bot., 45: 27-37 [2]. Abaejoh, R., Djomdi, I. and Ndojouenkeu, R. (2006). Characteristics of tigernut(Cyperusesculentus) tubers and their performance in the production of a milky drink. J. FoodProcess Preservatives, 30: 145-163 [3]. Belewu M. A, and Abodunrin, A. O. (2006). Preparation of kunnu from unexploited rich foodsource: Tigernut (Cyperusesculentus). World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences. 1: 19-21. [4]. Belewu, M.A and Belewu, K.Y.( 2007). Comparative physico-chemical evaluation of tiger nut soybean and coconut milk sources. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 9: 785-787 [5]. Shaker, M. A., Ahmed, M. Gaafar, Amany M. Basuny and Shereen L. Nassef (2009). ChufaTubers (Cyperusesculentus L.): As a New Source of Food. World Applied SciencesJournal 7(2): 151-156. [6]. Jing S. EbeydullaR.,Zeng-hui C., and Yao-xiang W. (2016) Nutritional profiles of tiger Nut (Cyperusesculentus) plants organs during its growth cycle. African Journal of Biotechnology 15(22): 1050-1057 [7]. Larson N.I, Story M.T, Nelson M.C (2009), Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36(1):74-81 [8]. Tuula H. Vesa , Philippe Marteau and RiittaKorpela (2013). Lactose Intolerance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(2): 165-175. [9]. Khapre, A.P. and Umar, A.S. (2006) Standardization of technology for development of Soft date (Pheonixdactylifera) toffee as a nutritional enrichment of confectionery.Asian J. Dairy &Food Res, 35(4) 2016:335-337 [10]. Chauhan S.K. and Sharma R.C. (1997) Fortification of fruits and ginger with soybean for protein rich toffees. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. Volume 34(5): 134-139 [11]. AOAC, (2005) Official methods of analysis 18th ed. Washington: Association of Official Analytical Chemist. [12]. Devendra Kumar Bhatt and Shweta Verma (2016) A Study on Development of Herbal Food Product- Bael (Aegle Marmelos) Fruit Toffee. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology .Volume 10(3): 05-14
Ani, I.F., Adeoye, B.K., Ngozi, E.O., Kehinde, Z. A. "Nutritional Composition and Quality Acceptability of Soft Candy (Toffee) Made from Tiger nut" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.01-04 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/01-04.pdf
Base catalyzed transesterification was carried out on horned melon seed oil as potential feed stock for biodiesel production. The oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction method and transesterified to methyl ester at methanol to oil ratio of 5:1, 60oC reaction temperature, 2hours reaction time using sodium hydroxide as catalyst (0.5%wt/wt, 0.75%wt/wt, 15wt/wt and 1.25% wt/wt) to obtain optimum yield. The horned melon seed oil, methyl ester were characterized using ASTM protocols and results shows; specific gravity (0.95 ± 0.006, 0.8695 ± 0.0019), refractive index (25oC)(1.4612± 0.0001, 1.4411 ± 0.0002), kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) (5.16 ± 0.013, 3.36 ± 0.011), flash point (sup>oC) (239 ± 1.63, 165 ± 1.47), acid value (mgKOH/g) (0.6883 ± 0.018, 0.436 ± 0.016), free fatty acid value (mg/g) (0.3379 ± 0.0017), Saponification value (mgKOH/g) (163 ± 0.95), carbon residue (553sup>oC) (0.021 ± 0.0045). All the properties measured are within SON/NIST standards for edible oil and ASTM 651 limits for biodiesel.
- Page(s): 05-07
- Date of Publication: 20 July 2019
- Samuel John O.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos. Plateau, Nigeria
- Wapwera Jidimma A.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos. Plateau, Nigeria
- Ojoh Chidiebere J.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos. Plateau, Nigeria
- Ede Richard RichieDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos. Plateau, Nigeria
References
[1]. Aguilera R. F., Eggert R. G., Lagos C.G., Tilton, J.E. (2009). Depletion and the future availability of petroleum resources. The energy journal, 30 (1): 147 - 174. [2]. Demirbas A. (2005). Biodiesel petroleum from vegetable oil via catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods. Progress in energy and combustion science 31: 466 – 487. [3]. Demirbas A. (2009). Biofuels securing the planet’s future energy needs. Energy conversion and management 50:2239 – 2249. [4]. Faith M., Demirbas A., Mustafa B., Harva B. (2011). Biowaste – to – biofuel. Energy conversion and management 52: 1815- 1828. [5]. Demirbas A., Dincer K. (2005). Sustainable green diesel: a futuristic view. Energy sources A, 30: 1233 – 1241. [6]. Meher C., Vidyasagar D., Nark S. N. (2006).Technical aspect of biodiesel production by transesterification: a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 10 (3), 248 – 268. [7]. Knothe, G. (2005): Dependence of biodiesel Fuel properties on the Structures of Fatty Acid alkyl Esters. Fuel Processing Technology. 87(10): 883890. [8]. Giwa, S; Abdullah, L.C.; Adam, N.M. (2010): Investigatiog “Egusi” (CitrullusColocynthis L.)Seed Oil as Potential Biodiesel Feedstock. Energies (3); Pp 607-618. [9]. Ramadhas, A.S.; Jayaraj, S.; Muraleedharan, C (2009): Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil, Fuel Vol. 84, no.4 pp. 335-340 [10]. Schinas, P.; Karavalakis, G.; Davaris, C.; Anastopoulos, G. Karonis,G. Zannikos D.S; Stournas, F. Lois, S. Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) (2009): seed oil as an alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel in Greece, Biomass and Bioenergy vol. 3, pp. 44-49 [11]. Hassimi S., Haoua S., Mousbahou M. A., Mahamane S., Claude L. L. (2007). Chemical content of the seed and physic-chemical characteristics of seed oil from citrulluscolocynthis, cocaniagrandis, cucumismetuliferus and cucumisprophetarum of Niger. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop; 21 (3): 323 – 330. [12]. Lin C. Y., Lin H. A., Hung L.B. (2006). Fuel structure and properties of biodiesel produced by peroxide process. Fuel 85: 298 – 305
Samuel John O., Wapwera Jidimma A., Ojoh Chidiebere J. and Ede Richard Richie, "Base Catalysed Transesterification of Horned Melon (Cucumismetuliferus) Seed Oil to Biodiesel" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.05-07 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/05-07.pdf
Sequential extraction was used to fractionate heavy metals (Cd and Zn) from the Abattoir, Bukuru and Busa Buji dumpsites. Water samples were collected from 6 wells located near the dumpsites at different proximities for the assessment of concentration of metals leached from the various sites and analyzed for pH, color, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, cadmium and zinc heavy metals. From the results, pH of the water was slightly acidic (6.20-7.20) whereas the total hardness, turbidity, color and alkalinity values were all found to be within WHO limits. The Heavy metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Among the metals examined, zinc has the mean concentration of 5.489mg/L, 8.282mg/L and 1.186mg/L for Abattoir, Bukuru and Busa-Buji dumpsites respectively, while cadmium has the mean concentration of 1.036mg/L, 0.183mg/L and 0.301mg/L for Abattoir, Bukuru and Busa-Buji respectively. The concentration of metals in the well water also varied based on their proximities to the dumpsites. Zinc has the mean concentration of 1.353mg/L, 0.453mg/L for Abattoir downhill and uphill respectively while Busa Buji has the mean concentration of 1.041mg/L, 0.529mg/L for downhill and uphill respectively whereas bukuru has the mean concentration of 1.098mg/L, 0.970mg/L for downhill and uphill respectively. Cadmium has the mean concentration of 0.558mg/L, 0.338mg/L for Abattoir downhill and uphill respectively while Busa Buji has the mean concentration of 0.136mg/L for downhill and not detected for uphill. Analysis of the extracts was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). All the metals analyzed were above the maximum acceptable limits by WHO Zn (5.0 mg/L) and Cd(0.01 mg/L) respectively. The study concludes that the hand dug well water around the refuse dumps sites are not safe for human consumption.
- Page(s): 08-17
- Date of Publication: 20 July 2019
- Gavong, Lohfa C. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria
- Wapwera, Jidimma A. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos, Nigeria.
- Kutshak, Panpe I. Federal Ministry of Health, National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Center, 33 Park Avenue, Enugu, P.M.B 01573, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Ede Richard R. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos, Nigeria.
References
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Gavong, Lohfa C., Wapwera, Jidimma A., Kutshak, Panpe I., Ede Richard R. "Speciation Study of Cadmium and Zinc in Water and Soil Samples Obtained at the Vicinity of Abbatoir, Bukuru and Busa-Buji Dumpsites in Jos Metropolis" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.08-17 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/08-17.pdf
Radio-frequency Radiation (RFR) exposure of the developing fetus and children has risen to be of tremendous health concern, with the utilization of wireless technologies being on the high side among reproductive group. Recent studies have reported harmful effects of RFR exposure on developing fetus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exposure to 2.45 GHz RFR prenatal exposure on ovarian follicle reservoir of first filial generation (F1) of albino rats. Six pregnant rats were equally divided into an experimental Exposed Group (EG) and unexposed Control Group (CG). The rats were confined in Electromagnetic Field (EMF) cages designed for this study. An Access Point (AP), consisting of a portable radio (2.45 GHz picostation by Ubiquiti Networks, USA, with its integrated omni-directional antenna) serving as RFR source was placed inside the EG cage in close proximity (15 cm) to the pregnant rats. One hour daily exposure to 2.45 GHz RFR on days 13th to 21st of pregnancy was performed on EG rats and a mean electric field of 5 V/m (power density of 0.066 W/m2) was maintained for the whole period of exposure. New-EG and New-CG were established from pups obtained from both EG and CG respectively after birth. No procedure was performed on New-EG and New-CG rats. All the female rat pups were sacrificed on 50th day postnatal, and the ovaries were removed for histological examination. One – sample t-test was chosen for mean comparison test at α < 0.05 level of significance. Quantitative analysis of ovarian follicle reservoir (OVR) revealed a significant reduction in New-EG (12.50±1.20) when compared to OVR in New-CG (23.33±0.57). Microscopic examination revealed some histological changes such as severe follicle degeneration, atrophied ovarian cells, Hemorrhoid Fibrosis (H/F) and inflammation in the ovary of New-EG rats which were not observed in New-CG rats. The result of this study shows that prenatal exposure of pregnant rats to RFR emanating from 2.45 GHz led to impairment of follicular development process, thereby resulting in decrease in ovarian follicle count of F1 generation of albino rats.
- Page(s): 18-20
- Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
- ONI Olatunde MichaelDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- AMUDA Dauda BiodunDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- OYERO Olaoluwa PeterDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- AJANI Adegbenro SundayDeparment of Physics and Material Science, Kwara State University, Molete, lIorin, Nigeria
- ONI Emmanuel AbiodunDepartment of Physics, Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, Osun State, Nigeria.
- AREMU Abraham AdewaleDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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ONI Olatunde Michael, AMUDA Dauda Biodun, OYERO Olaoluwa Peter, AJANI Adegbenro Sunday, ONI Emmanuel Abiodun and AREMU Abraham Adewale "Effects of 2.45 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Prenatal Exposure on Ovarian Follicle Reservoir of First Filial Generation of Albino Rats " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.18-20 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/18-20.pdf
Physicochemical and fuel properties of cannabis sativa seed oil (CNBSO) and its corresponding biodiesel (CNBB100) from transesterification reaction was investigated. The oil yield from Cannabis sativa seed was found to be 60% using n-hexane solvent and biodiesel yield of 78% was obtained when trans-esterified at 60 oC within few minutes of reaction time and oil to methanol ratio of 2:12 using NaOH as catalyst. Series of fatty acids were identified and quantified from the oil using GC-MS. The physicochemical properties of the oil as well as the corresponding biodiesel produced show a good correlation with the nature or type of fatty acids. The fuel properties of cannabis sativa compared favourably to that of fossil-based diesel. The reasonable oil yield and good fuel properties suggest that cannabis sativa seed oil is very useful for biofuel production which represents alternative use or value to the plant which many abused as drug.
- Page(s): 21-26
- Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
- Benedict O. OdjoboBioresources Development Centre – NABDA, Abuja Nigeria
- Ahmed UmarDepartment of Chemistry University of Abuja, Gwagwalada Abuja Nigeria
References
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( 2011) Production and selected fuel properties of biodiesel from promising non-edible oils: Euphorbia lathyris L., Sapium sebiferum L. and Jatropha curcas L. Bioresour. Technol, 102 (2), 1194-1199. [12]. Mccormick, R. L. (2006). Biodiesel handling and use guidelines. US Department of Energy. DOK\GO-102006-2258 (3rd ed.). [13]. Magashi, L.A. and Abayeh, O.J. (2012). Preliminary Studies on the Effects of Fungal Growth on the Oil Quality Parameters of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. seed oil. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 37, No.1, pp104-106. [14]. AOCS (1973). Official and tentative methods of American Oil Chemists Society 3rd ed. Champion IL USA. [15]. ASTM (2002). Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels, Designation D6751-02, International, West Conshohocken, PA., pp: 1-6. [16]. Sharp, C.A. (1994). Transient Emissions Testing of Biodiesel in a DDC 6V-92TA DDEC engine. Final report to the national biodiesel board. Report No. 6602 and 6673. Southwest Research Institute, San Antomo, TX, pp 38 – 40. [17]. I. I. Nkafamiya*, H. M. Maina, S. A. Osemeahon and U. U. Modibbo ( 2010) Percentage oil yield and physiochemical properties of different groundnut species (Arachis hypogaea) African Journal of Food Science Vol. 4(7) pp. 418 -421. [18]. P. V. Rao (2011) Effect of properties of Karanja methyl ester on combustion and NOx emissions of a diesel engine, Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Vol. 2(5), pp. 63-75. [19]. P.K.SahooL.M.Das (2009) Combustion analysis of Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine, Fuel Volume 88, Issue 6, June 2009, Pages 994-999 [20]. Akbar E., Z. Yaakob, S.K. Kamarudin, M. Ismail and J. Salimon, (2009) Characteristic and Composition of Jatropha Curcas oil seed from malaysia and its potential as biodiesel feedstock feedstock. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 29: 396-403. [21]. M I Dosumu; and C Ochu (1995) Global J. Pure Appl. Sci., 1, 45-47. [22]. H J Duel. (1951) The lipids: their Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1 New York Inter Science Publishers, pp. 53- 57. [23]. Bunce, M.; Snyder, D.; Adi, G.; Hall, C.; Koehler, J.;Davila, B.; Kumar, S.; Garimella, P.; Santon, D.; Shaver,G. Optimization of soy-biodiesel combustion in a modern diesel engine. Fuel, v. 90, p. 2560–2570, 2011. [24]. Muniyappa, P.R.; Brammer, S.C.; Nouredini, H. (1996) Improved conversion of plant oils and animal fats into biodiesel and co-product. Bioresour. Technol., v. 56, p. 19–24. [25]. Kerckhoffs H.; Richard R. (2013) Agronomy for Sustainable Development Volume 33, Issue 1, pp 1–19 | Cite as Biofuel from plant biomass. [26]. Ong H.C., Mahlia T.M.I., Masjuk H.H., Norhasyima R.S. (2011)“Comparison of palm oil, Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum for biodiesel: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 3501-3515. [27]. Diesel Fuel tech Review.2007). [28]. Atabani A. E.; Mofijur M.; Masjuki H.H.; Irfan A. B.; Chong W.T.; Cheng S.F.; Gouk S.W. (2014) A study of production and characterization of Manketti (Ricinodendron rautonemii) methyl ester and its blends as a potential biodiesel feedstock. Biofuel Research Journal 4 139-146 [29]. Shahabuddin M., Kalam M.A., Masjuki H.H., Bhuiya M.M.K., Mofijur M. (2012). “An experimental investigation into biodiesel stability by means of oxidation and property determination,” Energy xxx 1e7. [30]. Altun S. E.; Fevzi Y. (2013). Biodiesel production from leather industry wastes as an alternative feedstock and its use in diesel engines [31]. Xue J.; Grift T. E.; Hansen A. C. (2011) Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(2):1098-1116 DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.016 [32]. Pramanik K., (2003) “Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine,” published in Renewable Energy, , Vol 28, Iss 2, 239-248 [33]. Barabás, I.; Todoruţ, I.A. (2011). Biodiesel Quality, Standards and Properties. In: Montero, G. and Stoytcheva, M., Eds., Biodiesel-Quality, Emissions and By-Products, InTech Publisher, Rijeka, 3-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/25370 [34]. Yoon S. H.; Park S. H.; Lee C.; S. (2007). Experimental Investigation on the Fuel Properties of Biodiesel and Its Blends at Various Temperatures Energy & Fuels 22(1) DOI: 10.1021/ef7002156 [35]. Barua D.; Buragohain J.; Sarma S. K. (2011). Impact of Assam petroleum crude oil on the germination of four crude oil resistant species. Pelagia Research Library Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 1 (3):68-76 [36]. Knothe Gerhard, (2005) “Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters,” Fuel Processing Technology 86 1059-1070. [37]. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (2009). Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Benedict O. Odjobo and Ahmed Umar "Fuel Properties and Physicochemical Characterization of Cannabis Sativa Seed Oil" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.21-26 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/21-26.pdf
The tropical rain forest is rich in indigenous tree species that are of high economic value. This natural ecosystem represents rich genetic resources and little is known about many of the plant and animal species. Indeed a lot of them are still awaiting discovery. Their indiscriminate removal reduces forever their potential value to mankind as sources of food, medicines, organic chemicals and other benefits. The need to efficiently manage this rich ecosystem on sustained yield basis cannot be overemphasised. Plant species diversity of a natural forest within the Owo forest reserve, Ondo state, was investigated in this study. One (1ha) hectare sample plot was located at the centre of the forest and divided into plots size 0f 25x25m2 resulted to 16 sample plots. All living plants within the study area were identified and enumerated. Tree species greater than 10cm Dbh were also measured. A total of 1655 individual plants representing 112 species and 42 families were recorded. Trees were found to be higher, followed by shrubs, herbs and climber with abundant value of 746,456,302 and 151 respectively. The most prevalent species in the study area were Brachystegia eurycoma, while the most abundant families were Caesalpiniaceae, Rubiaceae and Sterculiaceae. The basal area and tree volume encountered were 29.71m2 and 122.85m3 respectively. The Shannon diversity index of 4.34 and species evenness of 0.59 was recorded for the study area. The result indicated that species richness and diversity were high, but evenness was low in this forest reserve. The study area, besides being distinct in its biodiversity constituents, also harbours a vast number of genetic resources. The genetic resources available in this area would therefore demands for good management of the area for the conservation and sustainability of the constituent resources.
- Page(s): 27-32
- Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
- Haastrup N.OForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Dahunsi O.MForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Baba G.OForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria
References
[1]. Adekunle V.A.J .(2006): Conservation of tree species diversity in tropical rainforest ecosystem of southwest Nigeria. J Trop For Sci 18 (2): 91–101 [2]. Gbile Z.O (1984) Vernacular names of Nigerian Plants-Yoruba. Forestry research institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria [3]. Kent, N. and Coker, P., (1992): Vegetation description and analysis: a practical approach, Belhaven press, London, 363 pp [4]. Nathaniel, I.T. and Nathaniel, A. (2009). The effect of Poverty in Conservation of Biodiversity: The Nigeria Experience. Poverty Environment Net. Published by: Science in Africa. [5]. Oduwaiye E.A., and Ajibode, M.O., (2005): Composition of tree species and regeneration potential at Onigambari Forest Reserve, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Raw materials research.2 (1):4-13 [6]. Ogunlade, A. B. (1993): The Needed Strategies and Problems of Industrial Plantation Development in Nigeria. In: Oduwaiye, E. A. (editor), proceeding of 23rd Ann. Conf. of FAN, Dec., i993 p87 [7]. Ogunleye, A.J., Adeola, A.O., Ojo, L.O. Aduradola, A.M.,(2004): Impact of Farming Activities on Vegetation in Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Global Nest: the Int. J. Vol 6, No 2, pp 131-140. [8]. Oguntala, B. A. (1993): Ecological Cost of Development Efforts in Nigeria. Journal of Ecological Soc. of Nig. No.3: 1-21. [9]. Oguntala, A.B., Soladoye, M.O. and Ugbogu, O.A. (2000). Endangered Tree Species of the Nigeria Flora. Nigerian Journal of Forestry, Vol. 30, No 1 & 2, Pp 15- 21 [10]. Ojo, L.O. (2004), The Fate of a Tropical Rainforest in Nigeria: Abeku Sector of Omo Forest Reserve. Global net: the int. J. Vol. 6 No. 2 pp 116-130. [11]. Philips, O.L. (1996): Long term environmental changes in tropical forest: increasing tree turnover, Environmental conservation 23: 235-248. [12]. Phillips, O.L., (1997). The changing ecology of tropical forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 6,291–311. [13]. Price PW (1997) Insect ecology, 3rd edn. Wiley, NY [14]. Sarumi, M.B., Ladipo, D.O., Denton, L., Olapade, E.O., Badaru, K., and Ugbhasoro, C., (1998). Nigeria: Country Report to the FAO international Technical Conference on Plant Genetics Resources. Held in Ibadan. June, 1998.
Haastrup N.O, Dahunsi O.M, and Baba G.O "Diversity and Abundance of Tree Species at Owo Forest Reserve, Ondo State, South-Western Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.27-32 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/27-32.pdf
This study has been carried out mainly for the assessment of naturally occurring radionuclides i.e 40K, 238U and 232Th in rain water samples collected from five LGAs in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The activity concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclides 40K, 238U and 232Th in the rainwater samples were measured by the means of a gamma-ray spectrometry using a sodium Iodide Thallium doped NaI (TI) detector. The average activity concentration obtained for 40K in all the location was 27.8 +2.50 Bq.L-1 with a range of 9.4 + 0.88 – 52.3 + 4.26 Bq.L-1, while for 238U, the average activity concentration was 5.2 + 0.88 Bq.L-1 with a range of 1.2 + 0.21 – 15.00 + 2.92 Bq.L-1, for 232Th, the average activity concentration was 6.7 + 0.69 Bq.L-1 with a range of 0.1 + 0.00 – 14.2 + 1.41 Bq.L-1. The total annual effective dose due to the intake of 40K, 238U and 232Th by all the locations ranged from 0.08 + 0.01 mSv.y-1 – 1.53 + 0.17 mSv.y-1 with an average of 0.76 + 0.08 mSv.y-1 did not show any significant health impact since it is below the recommended public exposure limit of 1mSv.y-1. Also the calculated values of Radium Equivalent Activity, external and internal hazard index in all the locations were found to be lesser than the recommended values.
- Page(s): 33-37
- Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
- Aniesua A. EssiettDepartment of Physics, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Osadebamwen Isaac EhiweDepartment of Physics, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Edu InamCentre for Research and Development, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Mfon BedeDepartment of Physics, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria.
References
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Aniesua A. Essiett, Osadebamwen Isaac Ehiwe, Edu Inam and Mfon Bede "Annual Effective Dose, Radium Equivalent Activity and Harzard Indices Assessment in Rainwater from Selected Areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.33-37 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/33-37.pdf
Rapid developments in computational technologies have led to the emergence of various cryptocurrencies riding on key computing technologies, namely cryptology, blockchains and distributed ledgers. These currencies are unregulated and not backed by any government, a fact that has not hindered so far the usage and continued development of new forms of cryptocurrencies. The key impact us for development of cryptocurrencies is ideological innovations. This review paper looks at the enabling technologies for cryptocurrencies the ecosystem of cryptocurrencies, how to mine and spend the cryptocurrencies and factors that impact positively and negatively on the uptake of cryptocurrencies. The paper recommends a laissez faire approach with regards to regulating crytpocurencies.
- Page(s): 38-40
- Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
- Frankline MakokhaSchool of Computing and Informatics University of Nairobi, Kenya
References
[1]. Dong H., Karl H., Ross L., Vikram H., Yasmin A., Mikari K., Kyriakos-Saad N., Hiroko O., Tahsin S. S.,, Natalia S., and Verdugo-Yepes C.(2016) . Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations. The International Monetary Fund. (https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2016/sdn1603.pdf) [2]. L. W. Jonathan (2015) A Facilitative Model for CryptocurrencyRegulation in Singapore, in: L. K. C. David (Ed.) Hand-book ofDigital Currency: Bitcoin, Innovations, Financial Instruments and Bid Data . Amsterdam: Elsevier/ AP. [3]. Baron, J., O’Mahony A., Manheim D. and Dion-Schwarz, C. (2015) National Security Implications of Virtaul Currency: Examining the potential for non-state Actor Deployment. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Coprora-tion.https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1231.html [4]. Committee onPayments and MarketInfrastructure (2015) Digital Currencies. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d137.pdf [5]. CoinMarketCap [online] Top 100 Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalizationhttps://coinmarketcap.com/(accessed on 22nd May 2019). [6]. Toms, S., Zdrowski, M. and Hall, R.(2015) Virtual Currencies . London: Allen&Overy LLP.http://www.allenovery.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Virtual%20Currencies.pdf [7]. Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller A., and Goldfeder, S.(2016) Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Com-prehensive Introduction. New Jersy: Pricnceton Universuty Press. [8]. William, S. (2001) Cryptography And Network Security: Principles And Practice. 5th Edition. New York: Prentice Hall. [9]. Arim, S., Umar, R. and Rubina L. (2018) Conceptualizing Blockchains:Characteristics & Applications. 11th IADIS Interna-tional Conference Information Systems 2018. [10]. Congress (2018) Beyond Bitcoin: Emerging Applications forBlockchain Technology. inHearing before aCommittee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Oversight & Subcommittee on Research and Technology U.S. House of Representatives. 2018(Statement by Chris JaikaranAnalyst in Cybersecurity Policy). [11]. Crosby, M., Nachiappan, Pattanayak, P. , Verma, S. andKalyanaraman, V. (2016) BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review (AIR), Issue 2. [12]. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSMA, 2017) Blockchain for Development: Emerging Opportunities for Mobile, Identity and Aid. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/blockchain-development-emerging-opportunities-mobile-identity-aid/ [13]. Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (2017) Distributed ledger technology in payment, clearing and settle-ment: An analytical framework. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settle-ments.https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d157.pdf. [14]. Antonopulous, M. A. (2010) Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies .CA, O’Reilly Media, Inc. [15]. Dmitry, N. (2017) Bitcoin Mining as a Contest. Ledger Vol 2. University of Pittsburgh: University Library System. [16]. Sterry, D. R. (online 2012) Introduction to Bitcoin Mining :A Guide For Gamers, Geeks, and Everyone Else.http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/resources/elibrary/epay/IntroductiontoBitcoinMiningSterry.pdf [accessed on 28th May 2019]. [17]. Frankenfild, J. (Online) Nonce.https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nonce.asp [accessed on 28th May 2019]. [18]. Peng, S. (2013) BITCOIN: Cryptography, Economics, and the Future. BAS, University of Pennsylvania. [19]. Rosic, A. (online) Cryptocurrency Wallet Guide: A Step-By-Step Tutorial. https://blockgeeks.com/guides/cryptocurrency-wallet-guide/ [accessed on 30th May 2019] . [20]. Guo, J. and Chow, A.(2008) Virtual Money Systems: a Phenomenal Analysis, 2008. E-Commerce Technology and the Fifth IEEE Conference on Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce and E-Services.Washington, DC, USA.
Frankline Makokha "Cryptocurrencies: Computational Building Blocks" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.38-40 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/38-40.pdf
In this paper, we discuss and study the second degree successive over relaxation (SDSOR) method for the solution of linear systems when the eigenvalues of SOR matrix are real. Few examples are considered to show the transcendency of this developed method.
- Page(s): 41-44
- Date of Publication: 23 July 2019
- V.B. Kumar VattiDepartment of Engineering Mathematics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- G. Chinna RaoDepartment of Engineering Mathematics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- M. Santosh KumarDepartment of Engineering Mathematics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
References
[1]. David M.Young, Second Degree Iterative Methods for the solution of Large Linear Systems, Center for Numerical Analysis University of Texas, Austin, October 9,1970. [2]. D.M. Young, Linear Solution of Large Linear systems, Academic press, New York and London 1971. [3]. David M. Young and David R. Kincard, Linear Stationary Second Degree Methods for the solution of Large Linear Systems, (July 9, 1990) [4]. David R. Kincard and David M. Young, Stationary Second Iterative Methods and Recurrences, Elsevier Science Publisher B.V.North-Holland,1992. [5]. T.A.Manteuffel, Optimal Parameters for Linear Second Degree Stationary Iterative Methods, Vol.4, Aug.1982. [6]. S.R. Koneru & V.B.Kumar Vatti (1987) Extrapolated accelerated gauss-seidal methods, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 21:3-4,311-318,DOI:10.1080/00207168708803573.
V.B. Kumar Vatti, G. Chinna Rao, M. Santosh Kumar "Second Degree SOR (SDSOR) Method " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.41-44 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/41-44.pdf
Aim: This study is aimed at assessing the indoor air quality of male students’ hall of residence in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: Sedimentation technique using open Petri dishes containing different culture media was employed and sampling was done twice daily, daytime and at night. The microbial isolates were characterized and identified based on macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical characteristics. Results: It was observed that the microbial counts varied with time and location (hostels) and were more at night than during the day. High range of bacterial colony forming units(2.3x10-3.7x102cfu/m3) was observed during the day and (2.9x102-4.2x102cfu/m3) at night. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) between the times of collection. The fungal counts ranged from 3.8x101to 6.3x101cfu/m3during the day and 6.8x101 -9.4x101 cfu/m3at night. The female hostels recorded high bacterial and fungal load than the male hostels.However, in the female hostels, there was statistically significant difference (P≤0.05) between the fungal mean counts between the times of sampling. The bacterial isolates obtained were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus, while the fungal isolates included Aspergillusniger, Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusoryzae and Rhizopusoryzae. Conclusion: The results generated in this study clearly suggest that regardless of sampling time and location, indoor environment allows aerosols build up which could potentially lead to infections to the occupants.
- Page(s): 45-50
- Date of Publication: 26 July 2019
- Z.G. MuhammadDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
- U.B. IbrahimDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
- U.J.J. IjahDepartment of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
- A.Y. FardamiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
- M.K. NataalaDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
- A.M. JodiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
- M. TankoDepartent of Biological Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria
References
[1]. Gocgeldi, E., Berdan, M.E., Ucar, M., Turkar, T., Istanbulluoglu, H., Gulec, M. and Hasde, M. 2011. Analysis of children’s rooms in terms of Microbiological air quality. Journal of Experimental Integrated Medicine, 1:51-58. [2]. Wemedo, S.A., Ede, P.N. and Chuku, A. 2012.Interaction between building design and indoor airborne microbial flora. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences5(4): 183-191. [3]. Hoskins, J.A. 2007. Health effects due to indoor air pollution. Indoor Built Environment, 12:427-433. [4]. Li, Y., Leung, G.M., Tang, J.W. and Yang, X. 2007.Role of Ventilation in air-borne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment: a multidisciplinary systematic review. Indoor Air,17: 02-18. [5]. World Health Organization, WHO. 2009.Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould. In: Haseltine, E. and Rosen, J. (eds) WHO, Geneva. [6]. Smith, K.R., Samet, J., Romieu, I. and Bruce, N. 2000.Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute respiratory infections in children. Thorax,55: 518-532. [7]. United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA. 2003. An office building occupant’s guide to indoor air quality. Federal Register,62:38651-38701. [8]. Shukla, S. and Shukler, R.V. 2011. Air-borne fungal spores in the atmosphere of industrial town Korba-Chhattisgarh, Indian Microbiology Journal 1:33-39. [9]. Ede, P.N., Wemedo, S.A. and Chuku, A. 2008.Building design, ventilation and micro- climate: Implications for comfort and indoor air quality. Journal of Nigerian Environmental Society,4:44-50. [10]. Al-Sheik, H. 2008. Air-borne mycoflorain the school’s environment in Hifuf-alHassa province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences,15:237-241. [11]. Singh, N. 2001. Trends in the epidemiology of opportunistic fungal infection: Predisposing factors and the impact of antimicrobial use practices. Clinical Infectious Diseases,3:1692-1696. [12]. Burge, H.A. 1990.Bioaerosols: Prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 86:687-701. [13]. Matar, G.M., Chaar, M.H., Araj, G.F., Srour, Z., Jamaleddine, G. and Hadi, U. 2005. Detection of a highly prevalent and potentially virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from nosocomial infections in a medical center.BMC Microbiology,5: 29-36. [14]. Udo, I. and Mamman, J. 1993.Nigeria: Giant in the Trophics; State Survey. Gabumo Press, Lagos-Nigeria. Pp. 435-446. [15]. Cheesebrough, M. 2000. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries (Part 2).Cambrige University Press, UK.Pp: 134-143. [16]. Barrow, G.I. and Feltham, R.K.A. 1993. Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the identification of Medical Bacteria, 3rdedition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [17]. Sharma, G. and Pandey, R.R. 2010. Influence of culture media on growth, colony character and sporulation of fungi isolated from decaying vegetable wastes.Journal of Yeast and Fungal Research,1(8):157 – 164 [18]. Jaffal, A.A., Banat, I.M., EL-Mogheth, A.A., Nsanze, H., Benar, A. and Ameen, A.S. 1997.Residential indoor airborne microbial populations in the United Arab Emirates.Environment International,23(4): 529-533. [19]. Sekulska, M.S., Pajak, P.,Szyska, A., Nowicki, M. and Filipiak, M. 2007. Microbiological quality of indoor air in university rooms.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(4): 623-632 [20]. Szymczak, M.G. and Gorny, R.L. 2010. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in air conditioned office buildings in Warsaw, Poland-winter season. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Engenomics,16(4): 465-476. [21]. Ekhaise, F.O., Isitor, E.E., Idehen, O. andEmogbene, O.A. 2010.Airborne microflora in the atmosphere of a hospital environment of University of Benin hospital (UBTH), Benin City Nigeria.World Journal of Agricultural Science,6(2): 166 – 170. [22]. Awosika, S.A., Olajubu, F.A. and Amusa, N.A. 2012.Microbiological assessment of indoor air of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,20:465-468. [23]. Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S., Kobayashi, G.S. and Pfaller, M.A. 1998.Medical Microbiology, 3rd edition, Mosby Publishing Company, Nagar, New Delhi,Pp. 2,175,234-235. [24]. Mandal, J. and Brandl, H. 2011. Bioaerosols in indoor environment-A review with special reference to residential and occupational locations.The Open Environmental and Biological Monitoring Journal,4:83-96. [25]. Kaper, B.J., Nataro, P.J. and Mobley, H.L.T. 2004.Pathogenic E. coli. Nature Reviews, 2:123-139 [26]. Yacoub, R. and Akl, N.K. 2011.Urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteuriuria in renal transplant recipients.Journal of Global Infection and Disease,3(4):383-389 [27]. Jaiswal, S., Das, R., Sharma, S., Paudel, P. and Lamichhane, S.R. 2013. Bacteriological study of urinary tract infection in male patients undergoing dialysis due to chronic kidney disease in tertiary care hospitals in Nepal.Research and Reviews, Journal of Life Sciences, 3(2): 8-16. [28]. Ehrlich, K.C., Kobbeman, K., Montalbano, B.G. and Cotty, P.J. 2007.Aflatoxinproducing Aspergillus sp.International Journal of Food Microbiology,114(2007): 153-159
Z.G. Muhammad, U.B. Ibrahim, U.J.J. Ijah, A.Y. Fardami, M.K. Nataala, A.M. Jodi and M. Tanko "Assessment of Microbial Aerosols in Students Hall of Residence " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.45-50 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/45-50.pdf
A total of 70 questionnaires were developed and used for the collection of data from the seven districts of the Mwaghavul land. Seven other questionnaires were specifically developed and used for the Agricultural Extension staff serving in the same area. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result reveals that most of farmers were males and age 35 years old and above, and were mostly illiterate. The ages of Agricultural Extension staff range between 26-34, as indicated by 71.67 percent of the agents' respondents. The Extension staff have not attained a high level of training for their job performance. Since the Agricultural Extension staff percent indicated that farmers were skilled and all agreed that farmers responses to their visits were "friendly," it was concluded that farmers are ready to work hand in hand with the Extension staff. All farmers showed they had problems requiring the Extension staff to help. It was, therefore, concluded that the farmers feel it is "important" to have help from the Extension staff. A specific area of concern by the potato producers was "watering during dry season gardening," since 92.31 percent of the farmers indicated they need help in this area.
- Page(s): 51-57
- Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
- Samuel D. MutfwangDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.
References
[1]. Akimbode, A. I. (1984)"Training for Relevance in Agriculture." New Nigeria 15 May 1984:, p.18. [2]. Fay, Ivan G. (1962). Notes on Extension Agriculture. New York: Asian Publishing House, 1962. [3]. Gardner, Karl E. (1972). "Why We Have Fewer Farmers." Farmer's Digest. 36, No. 5 (November 1972): 89-97. [4]. Inyang, Iwe Moses. (1985). "Role of Agriculture in Development." West Africa. September, 1985. [5]. Jika, A. M. "Enough Food for all Nigerians." Daily Times . [6]. Knowles, M. A. (1970). The Modern Practice of Adult Education. New York: Associated Press, 1970. [7]. Lindley, W. I. "Agricultural Education in Developing Countries." The Agricultural Education Magazine. [8]. Lent, Henry (1968). B. Agriculture U.S.A. Americans. Most Basic Industry. New York: Dutton & Co., 1968. [9]. Maunder, A. H. (1972). "Food and Agricultural Organization." Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual. Rome,1972. [10]. McMillan, Whealer. (1961). The American Farm Story. Land of Plenty. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1961. [11]. Ndifon, H. M.(1983)"The Feasibility of a Community Based on Food Crops Program in Ikom Division of Cross River State of Nigeria." Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1983). [12]. Ndifon, H. M. (1980)"Perceptions of Cocoa Farmers and Extension Agents in Nigeria concerning Production Practices with Implications for Mutual Working Relationships." (Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1980). [13]. Nesius, E. J. and Miller, P. A. (1963)"The Evolution of the Land Grant College In America." Seminar on Agricultural Education. Kampala, Uganda. Rome FAO, 1963. [14]. "New Deal for Nigeria's Farmer." West Africa No. 2913. (April 9, 1973): 1-2. [15]. Ojo, E. A. (1972) "Factors Motivating Young Oklahomans to Choose farming as a Career, With Implications for the Choice of Farming (especially by young school leavers) as a Career in Nigeria." (Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1972). [16]. Oyenuga, V. A. (1967). Agriculture in Nigeria: An Introduction. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization, 1967. [17]. Pesson, Lynn L. (1956). Extension Program Planning in Rural Extension. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Agricultural Study Center, 1956. [18]. Penders, J.M. A. (1956). Methods and Program Planning Rural Extension Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Agricultural Study Center, 1956. [19]. Savite, A. H. Extension in Rura1 Communities. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. Citing Adriano, C. and B. Agricultural Extension (no date). [20]. Stier, Herald (1974). Extension Service Education and Agricultural Policy in Developing Countries. New York:Halsted Press, John Willey and Sons, 1974. [21]. West, Quinston M. (1969) "The Revolution in Agriculture. Hope for Many Nations: Food for us All." Washington D. C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. [22]. White, J. Fall 1985 class lectures, AGED 5500. [23]. Yoruma, T. Moses. (1983). "Designing a Dairy/Beef Cattle Production. Attractive to the Youth of the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria." (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1983).
Samuel D. Mutfwang "The Perceptions of Irish Potato Producers and Agricultural Extension Staff Concerning Mutual Working Relationship in the Mwaghavul Chiefdom, Plateau State, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.51-57 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/51-57.pdf
Changes in rainfall and stream flows lead to increased uncertainty for the water investments. Assessment of river flows can warn impending stages during floods and assists in regulating reservoir outflow during low flows. The Mara River is the lifeline of the Mara River basin yet its value depreciating with significant reductions in river flows. 4 gauging stations have been operational in various periods since 1960 to date. Daily rainfall data were available for 58 stations established in different periods between 1920 and 1980. Data analysis to assess the quality of acquired data, make a selection of suitable data for statistical analysis and construct appropriate indices for spatio-temporal analyses was done. A seasonal pattern of rainfall indicated a bimodal rainfall regime with two rainy seasons. Change-point analysis indicated absence of discontinuities in the mean flows but the indices characterizing the high and low flows indicated a significant increase of both flows.
- Page(s): 58-66
- Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
- Jackline Alinda NdiiriSoil, Water and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
References
[1]. Arnell, N., (1997). The impact of climate change on water resources. The Globe. Issue 40, December, 8-9. [2]. Arnell, N., Liu, C.,(2001). Hydrology and water resources. In: Climate Change 2001, Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ed. By McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O. F.,Leary, N. N.,Dokken, D. J., White, K. S) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. [3]. Bosch, J.M.,Hewlett, J., D.,(1982). A Review of Catchment Experiments to Determine the Effects of Vegetation Changes on Water Yield and Evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 55: 3 – 23. [4]. Bruijnzeel, L.A.,(1988). Deforestation and dry season flow in the tropics. A closer Look. Journal of Tropical Forest Sciences 1(3):229-243. [5]. Chitanda, G., (2004). Comparison of system, conceptual and physically based models for application in Simiyu catchment, MSc Dissertation, University of Dar Es Salaam. [6]. Chun-Zhen, L.,(1991). The impact of climate change and human activity on the hydrological cycle in North China.Environmental Information Archives, Volume 1 (2003), 175-189. [7]. Ferguson, B.K., Suckling, P.W.,(1990). Changing rainfall-ruoff relationships in the urbanizing Peachtree Creek watershed, Atlanta, Georgia. Water resources bulletin 26(2) 313-322. [8]. Gereta E.J., Wolanski E., Chiombola E.A.T.,(2003). Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment. Amala Project. CiteSeer [9]. Hetherington, E.D.,(1987). Carnation Creek, Canda-review of west coast fish/forestry watershed impact project. [10]. Hirsch, R. M., Helsel, D. R., Cohn, T. A., Gilroy, E. J.,(1993). Statistical analysis of hydrologic data, Handbook of Hydrology, Maidment, D. R. (Ed)., McGraw-Hill Inc, 17.1 – 17.55. [11]. Kendall, M. G., Stuart, A.,(1968). The Advanced Theory of Statistics. Design and analysis, and time series, Vol. 2 (2nd Edition.), Charles Griffin and Co. Ltd (London), 690. [12]. Laraque, A., Mahé, G., Orange, D., Marieu, B., (2001). Spatio-temporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth Century, J. Hydrol., 245, 104 – 117. [13]. Murdiyarso, D.,2000. Adaptation to Climate change and Variability: Asian Perspectives on Agriculture and Food Security, “Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 61(1)123-131. [14]. O’ Starosolszky,(1987). Applied Surface Hydrology. Littleon, Col., Water Res. Publ. [15]. Orange, D., Wesselink, A.J.,(1997). The effects of climate changes on on river baseflow and aquifer storage in Central Africa. Sustainability of Water Resources under Increasing Uncertainty (Proceedings of the Rabat Symposium S1). IAHS, 240. [16]. Taniguchi, M. and Bari, M. A.,(1997). Hydrological impacts of forest clearing and reforestation in southwest Western Australia.In: Sustainability of Water Resources under Increasing Uncertainity (ed. By Rosbjerg, D., Boutayeb, N. E., Gustard, A., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Rasmussen, P. F.) 211-216. IAHS Publ. 240. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK. [17]. Valimba, P., (2004). Rainfall variability in southern Africa, its influences on stream flow variations and itsrelationships with climatic variations, PhD Thesis, Rhodes University. [18]. Valimba, P., Mkhandi, S. H., Servat, E., Hughes, D.,(2004). Interannual flow variations in the Pangani basin in northeast Tanzania, Submitted to Hydrol. Sci. J. [19]. Watts, D.,(1997). Human dimentions of global change impacts on water resources in tropical islands. The Globe, 40, 13-14
Jackline Alinda Ndiiri "Analysis of Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Rainfall on River Flow Variations in Mara River Basin, Kenya " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.58-66 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/58-66.pdf
The solid complexes of Nd(III) and Pr(III) were synthesized from a tetradentate Schiff base, bis(salicylaldehyde) orthophenylenediamine. The schiff base ligand was prepared from condensation of o-phenylenediamie (1, 2-diamine benzene) with salicylaldehyde. The prepared Schiff base reacts with Neodymium (III) to give a complex with stoichiometric ratio of (1:2) (metal: ligand) and the Praseodymium reacts to give a complex with stoichiometric ratio (1:1) (metal : ligand). The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, electronic absorption, infrared, HNMR and C13 NMR spectral studies. Possible structures were suggested for Nd(BSOPD)2 and PrBSOPD which were based on the results.
- Page(s): 67-69
- Date of Publication: 31 July 2019
- Uwanta, Emaime. JDepartment of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
- Ukoha, Pius. O.Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
References
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Uwanta, Emaime. J and Ukoha, Pius. O. "Synthesis and Characterization of Neodymium (III) and Praseodymium (III) Complexes Containing Bis (Salicylaldehyde) Orthophenylenediamine as Ligand" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.67-69 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/67-69.pdf
The worldwide prevalence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase -producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) is increasing, making the need for ESBL detection more urgent. In this study we investigated the presence of ESBL in 400 isolates of Escherichia coli from urine, stool, blood, wound swabs, throat swabs and sputum specimens collected from 6 selected health facilities (2 primary, 2 secondary and 2 tertiary) in Makurdi local government council.Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation, characterization and identification of E. coli.The presence of ESBL was determined using the double disc synergy method. Disc susceptibility test was performed on all isolates using standard techniques.The isolates showed high level of resistance to all the antibiotics tested except mipenem. Highest resistance was to penicillin 392(98.0%) followed by ceftriaxone 385(96.3%). The isolates showed least resistance to mipenem 02(0.5%). Out of the 400 isolates examined, 64 (16.0%) carried ESBL genes. Isolates from blood specimens (n = 5; 26.3%) harboured the highest percentage of ESBL genes followed by wound swabs isolates 9(17.3%). No ESBL gene was recovered from throat swabs (n = 0; 0.0%). There exists no significant difference between ESBL-producing E. coli and various clinical specimens (p > 0.05).Among the males, isolates from those between 45.0 and 58.0 years old harboured the highest percentage (18.8%; n= 6) of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, while among the females, those within the age group 31.0 to 44.0 years harboured the highest percentage (25.0%; n=13). Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH),a tertiary care facility harboured the highest percentage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates, 29 (19.7%) and was followed by General Hospital (GH) 10(18.9%) which is a secondary care facility. There is no significant association between ESBL and health facilities (p=0.39).
- Page(s): 70-74
- Date of Publication: 02 August 2019
- Abba, P. O.Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
- Umeh, E. U.Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
- Gberikon, G. M.Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
- Agbo, E. B.Department of Microbiology, AbubakarTarfawaBalewaUniversity, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
References
[1]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2014). 22nd Informational Supplement. M100-S22. Wayne, Pa, USA: CLSI; 2012. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. M100-S24. [2]. Iroha, I.R, Amadi, E.S., Oji, A.E., Nwuzo, A.C. and Ejike-Ugwu, P.C. (2010) Detectionof Plasmid Borne ESBL Enzymes from Blood and Urine Isolates of Gram Negative Bacteria from a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Current Research in Bacteriology, 3, 77-83. [3]. Knudsen, J. D., Andersen, S. E. (2014). A multi-disciplinary intervention to reduce infections of ESBL- and AmpC-producing Gram negative bacteria at a university hospital. PLOS ONE; 9 (1): 86457. [4]. Lautenbach, E., Strom, B. L., Bilker, W. B. (2001). Epidemiological investigation of fluoroquinolone resistance in infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiellapneumoniae. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 33:1288–1294. [5]. Okeke, I. N., Lamikaran. A, Edelman, R. (1999). Socio-economic and behavioural factors leading to acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics in developing countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 5 (1): 18 – 27. [6]. Omoregie, R, Igbarumah, I. O., Egbe, C. A., Ogefere, H. O, Ogbolu, P. I. (2010). Prevalence of extended spectrum β– lactamase among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surgical wound and blood stream infections in Benin City, Nigeria. NZJ Medical Laboratory Science; 64: 74 –76 [7]. Onyedibe, K.I., Shobowale, E.O., Okolo, M.O., Iroezindu, M.O., Afolaranmi, T.O., Nwaokorie, F.O., Opajobi, S.O., Isa, S.E. and Egah, D.Z. (2018). Low Prevalence of CarbapenemResistance in Clinical Isolates of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli in North Central, Nigeria. Advances in Infectious Diseases, 8, 109-120. [8]. Paterson, D. L.,Yu, V. L. (1999). Extended spectrum beta lactamases: a call for improved detection and control. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 29: 1419-22. [9]. Philippon A, Labia R, Jacoby G. (1989). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy; 33: 1131-6. [10]. Saeidi, S., Ghamgosha, M., Taheri, R. A., Shiri, Y., Solouki, M., Hassanpour, K. (2014). Phenotypic and genotypic detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Zabol, Iran. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. ; 2(9):732–737. [11]. Tenover, F.C., Mohammed, M. J., Gorton, T. S., Dembek, Z. F. (1999). Detection and reporting of organisms producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases: survey of laboratories in Connecticut. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 37: 4065-70. [12]. Venezia, R. A., Scarano, F. J., Preston, K. E., Steele, L. M, Root, T. P Limberger, R. (1995). Molecular epidemiology of an SHV-5 extended spectrum beta-lactamase in Enterobacteriaceaeisolated from infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 21: 915-23. [13]. Yusha’u, M., Aliyu, M., Kumurya, S. and Suleiman, K. (2010). Prevalence of Extended [14]. Spectrum Βeta-Lactamases (Esbls) Among Enterobacteriaceae in MurtalaMohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3, 169-172.
Abba, P. O., Umeh, E. U., Gberikon, G. M. and Agbo, E. B."Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated from Selected Health Facilities in Makurdi " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.70-74 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/70-74.pdf
The paths loss propagation model is an important tool in wireless network planning but inaccurate models normally leads to networks co-channels interference and a waste of power. Hence, it is important to investigate the radio path loss and the channel power behaviour for working out radio and LTE technology. In this work, a comparative analysis of path loss prediction models with measured data and channel power is presented. Three different propagation path loss models (Free space, Okumura and Egli) have been analyzed and compared with measured data. The experimental campaign took place in Ogbomoso, south western, Nigeria (8.1227oN, 4.2436oE) and the measured data were obtained at two frequency bands; 150 MHz (VHF) and 900 MHz (UHF). The results and statistical analysis revealed that, for the two frequency bands considered, Okumura model is in good agreement with measured path loss having root mean square errors (RMSE) 3.98 and 5.86 for VHF and UHF band respectively while free space and Egli overestimated the measured path loss. The RMSE values obtained are within the acceptable minimum standard limit, 6 dB for good radio signal propagation. It was also noted that, the channel power decreases with increase in distance. The mean channel power and the pathloss exponent obtained for 150 MHz are -72 dBm and 2.189 respectively while for 900 MHz it was -85 dBm and 2.650 respectively. These values will assist the communication engineers for proper planning in this environment.
- Page(s): 75-80
- Date of Publication: 02 August 2019
- Aremu Olaosebikan AkanniPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Odepidan Kolawole OmeizaPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Makinde Oluniyi SamuelPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Azeez Waheed AdebayoPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria
References
[1]. Westman H. P (1968), Reference Data for Radio Engineers, Fifth Edition, 1968, Howard W. Sams and Co., ISBN 0-672-20678-1, Library of Congress Card No. 43-14665 page 26-1 [2]. Demetrius T Paris and F. Kenneth Hurd (1969): Basic Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw Hill, New York 1969 ISBN 0-07-048470-8, Chapter 8 [3]. Rapparot, T.S.,.(2002) ”Wireless Communications”, Second Edition, Pearson Publication, India, pp 30 - 25 [4]. Kumari, M., Yadav, T., Yadav, P. (2011) “Comparative study of pathloss models in different environments,” International Journal of Engineering Science andTechnology (IJEST), vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 2945-2949. [5]. Shalangwa, D. A., Singh, S.K (2010) “Measurement and modeling of path loss for GSM900 in sub urbanEnvironment over Irregular terrain,” International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security (IJCSNS), vol.10, No.8, pp. 268-274. [6]. Sharma, S. (2007). Wireless and Cellular Communications, Second Edition, S. K. Kataria& Sons, New Delhi, Pp.20-96. [7]. Mardeni, R. and Prey, L. Y. (2010). The Opti-mization of Okumuras Model for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) System in Malaysia, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 45, Number 4, , pp. 508-528. [8]. Rappaport, T.S (2002). Wireless Communications. Second edition, Pearson Publication, India. Pp. 57-176 [9]. Iskander, M. F. and Yun, Z. (2002) Propagation Prediction Models for Wireless Communication Systems, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, Number 3, 2002, pp. 662-673. [10]. Uwe, R.V., Glucio, L.S., Leni, J.M., Pedro, V.G.C., Leonardo, H.G. (2017). “Experimetnal Evaluation of the Mobile Radio Channel Capacity in the 2.48 GHz Band”. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectonics and Electromagnetic Applications. Vol. 16, no.2. pp 245-250. [11]. Ghassemzadeh, S.S., Jana, R., Rice, C.W., Turin , W., Tarokh, V. (2002) “A statistical Pathloss model for in-home UWB channels”. Ultra-Wideband Systems and Technologies, 2002. Digest of Papers, 2002 IEEE Conference. vol. 8. Pp 59-64. [12]. Aremu, O.A., Adelek,J.T., Odepidan, K.O., Kolawole, T. (2017). “Estimation and Modelling of Radio Signal Attenuation using Pathloss Exponent at Microwave Band” Internatinal Journal of Trend in Research and Development . vol. 4 (3). Pp. 337-340. [13]. Rappaport, T.S (1996). “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice”. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. [14]. Nasir F. Adeseko A.A and Yunusa A.A. (2013). On the study of empirical path loss models for accurate prediction of TV signal for secondary users. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B. 49, 155-17
Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni, Odepidan Kolawole Omeiza., Makinde Oluniyi Samuel, Azeez Waheed Adebayo "Comparative Analysis of Propagation Pathloss and Channel Power of VHF and UHF Wireless Signals in Urban Environment" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.75-80 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/75-80.pdf
This study analyzed the determinants and resource use efficiency in groundnut production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The objectives of the study were describe the socio-economic characteristic, estimate the production relationship of inputs and output for groundnut production and analyze the resource use efficiency in groundnut production. Multi-stage and random sampling techniques were used to select eighty three farmers used for the study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyzed the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, production function using multiple regression analysis was used to show the relationship between inputs and output while resource use efficiency of the groundnut farmers were estimated using marginal value productivity- marginal factor cost approach. About (59%) of the respondents are married while majority (87.5%)of the respondents have formal education. The result shows 80.20 % of the variation in the output of groundnut were accounted for by the inputs and capital was the only input that was significant at 1 % probability level and was positively signed which shows that as capital increases the output of groundnut increases. The result also revealed that all the inputs used were underutilized which shows that the farmers are inefficient in their used of their resources for production of groundnut in the study area. The study recommends that farmers should be assisted with loan facilities from commercial bank to help them increase groundnut production in the study area since capital significantly influences the output of groundnut.
- Page(s): 81-85
- Date of Publication: 02 August 2019
- Ayodele, J.T.Federal College of Mechanization P.M.B. 2273, Afaka, Kaduna, Nigeria
References
[1]. Aboki, E., Bashir, M.B., Nakwe, S.H.G.,Ndaghu, A.A., and Abdulazeez, A.W.(2018). Resource Use Efficiency in Groundnut Production in Gassol Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science., 11(3): 51- 56. [2]. Adinya, 1.B., Enun, E. E., and ljoma, J. U. (2010).Exploring printability potentials in groundnut(Arachis hypogaea) production through agro forestry practices: A case study in Nigeria.Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 20(2):123-131. [3]. Alabi J, Musa, D.andFilein, W. (2005). Seed Systems in Sub-Sahara Africa: Issues and Options. The World Bank Discussion Paper 266: The World Bank, Washington D.C USA. [4]. Audu, S.I., Girei, A.A., Onuk, E.G., and Onyenye, P.O. (2017). Productivity and Profitability of Groundnut Production ( Arachis hypogaea L.) in Lafia Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 4(3): 1- 11. [5]. Edete, E.O., Udoe, P.O., and Ifang, E.D.(2018). Resource Use Efficiency of Groundnut Farmers in Bekwara Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17: 75- 84. [6]. Gideon,D.A.,Abubakari,M.D.,andGbanha,A.S.B.(2015). Resource Use Efficiency among Smallholder Groundnut Farmers in Northern Region, Ghana. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 6(5): 290- 304. [7]. Ibrahim,U., Ayinde, B.T., Dauda, H., and Muktar,A.A.(2013). Socio – Economic Factors Affecting Groundnut Production in SabonGari Local Government Area of KadunaState, Nigeria. Inernational Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 1(1): 41- 48. [8]. Mukhtar, A.A. (2009). Performance of three groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties as affected by basin size and plant population at Kadawa. Ph.D. Dissertation Submitted to post graduate school, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria pp 173 [9]. Murtala.F, Ocra, V.K, I.C. Dehimini, R.A Asuboah and E.AAsuedu (2004), seed Management Manual to Ghana, Mofa, Accra. Chanu, Loaf., 3(1):30-41. [10]. National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services - NAERLS (2011).Extension guide.Zaria, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. [11]. Sorrensen,O., .Ndjeunga,D., and Ibro, H.(2004).Groundnut 324:International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.35pp. [12]. Tapheel, G.B., and Jongur, A.A.U. (2014) Productivity and Efficiency of Groundnut Farming in Northern Taraba State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, 5(1):45 – 56. [13]. Taru,V.B., Kyagya, I.Z., and Mshelia, S.I. (2010). Profitability of Groundnut Production in Michika Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Sciences,1(1):25-29. [14]. Taru, V.B., Kyagya, I.Z., Mshelia, S.I., and Adebayo, E.F.(2008). Economic Efficiency of Resource Use in Groundnut Production in Adamawa State of Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4: 896 – 900. [15]. Upadhgaga.P,Nautiyal,P.C;(2006).Groundnut:post harvest operation. National Research Centre for Groundnut,pp:46. [16]. Zekeri,M and Tijjani, I.(2013). Resource Use Efficiency of Groundnut Production in Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Agrosearch, 13(2): 42- 50
Ayodele, J.T. "Determinants and Resource Use Efficiency of Groundnut Production in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.81-85 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/81-85.pdf
Forests and trees are important natural resources globally. The reduction of forests and tree cover has occasioned the loss of biodiversity, wildlife habitat, ecosystem integrity; increased climate variability and reduced crop yields. These have resulted into decrease in food security thus a key development challenge. The trend can be reversed by promoting on-farm tree planting using quality tree seedlings. Community tree nurseries can provide this; however many are established but soon cease to operate. The reasons for such failures have not been documented. This study, premised on production theory sought to assess tree seedling production processes of such tree nurseries in Maseno Division, Kisumu County. The study sought to: Examine reasons considered while establishing community tree nurseries; understand the factors for community tree nursery location; determine the reasons for producing given tree species; and assess the production challenges in community tree nurseries. Conceptually, tree seedling production cost depends on reasons for establishing the tree nursery, tree nursery site;species and number of seedlings produced augmented by production techniques. Purposive sampling regime with a cross-sectional survey was used. A total of 54 tree nurseries were visited and operators interviewed. To triangulate the results ten closed tree nurseries; five farmers growing trees and five key informants were interviewed. Pre-determined interview schedule was used to gather quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions guided by checklists. The study established that: the main reason for establishing the tree nurseries is income (53.7%); water and potting media are considered by 72.2% of the operators while location the tree nursery; Fuelwood ranks high as an end product (33.9%) and Eucalyptus is the most preferred (83.3%). It was also observed that 88.9% of the operators mainly use traditional production techniques resulting into high production costs which can be overcome through training in management of community tree nurseries as business enterprises. The findings are valuable to tree nursery operators, policy regulators and research institutions locally, nationally and international. The results can equally be used in responding to effects of climate change and Sustainable Development Goals.
- Page(s): 86-96
- Date of Publication: 04 August 2019
- Adongo WalterMaseno University, Kenya
- Onyango Leah Maseno University, Kenya
- Were Pamela JaneMaseno University, Kenya
References
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Easterly W. 2006.The White Man’s burden: Why the West’s effort to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good. The PenguinPress. New York. [8]. Evans J. 1982 reprinted 1983. Plantation Forestry in the Tropics. The English Language Book Society(ELBS) and Clarendon Press. Oxford. [9]. Everard K.E. and Burrow J. 1990. Business Principles and Management. South-Western Publishing Company. Cincinuati, Ohio. United States of America. [10]. FAO 2003: Forestry Outlook Study for Africa. African Forests: a view to 2020. European Commission, African Development Bank, FAO. [11]. Farm Management Guidelines, Kisumu North District. 2012. (Unpublished). [12]. Gowland D. and Paterson A. 1993.Microeconomic Analysis.Harvester Wheatsheaf- division of Simon and Schuster International Group. Great Britain. [13]. Government of the Republic of Kenya.2005. Kenya Forest Act, 2005.National Printing Press. Nairobi. Kenya. [14]. Government of the Republic of Kenya.2005. 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Adongo Walter, Onyango Leah and Were Pamela Jane "Community Tree Seedling Production in Maseno Division, Kenya" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.86-96 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/86-96.pdf
Today a number of cellular network subscribers are grappling with the issue of frequent call drops. One of the important parameters as a determinant of quality of service (QoS) of a cellular network system is the drop call rate which defined as the rate of calls which end due to technical reasons and its probability as drop- call probability which we used to provide a measure of performance for failed calls in progress. The objective of the parameter is to provide the subscribers with an expectation of how successful a cellular network will be at retaining the signal throughout the whole duration of call. Both the band limited and interference limited systems have attracted an increase in the number of users that are not given access into the network due to insufficient channels and poor quality of radio channels. The results show that the operator is performing well with regard to drop- call probability as one of the key performance indicator (KPI) therefore, ways to increase not just performance of the indicator but the performance of whole network are suggested. Drop call has been the subject of several network performance studies and a major contributor to service optimization in a well-established cellular network.
- Page(s): 97-100
- Date of Publication: 04 August 2019
- Tarkaa, N. SPh.D. Scholar, Dept. of EEE, UAM, Makurdi, Nigeria
- Pahalson, C. A. DM. Eng Postgraduate Students, Dept. of EEE, UAM, Makurdi, Nigeria
References
[1]. Africa and Middle East Telecom week, Major African Mobile Markets: Nigeria. Blycroft Publishing, Aylesbury, UK 2012. Accessed on: Nov. 20, 2014. [2]. Nigerian Communications Commission, Abuja, Nigeria. Accessed on: Nov. 20, 2015. [3]. Popoola J.J, Megbowon O, Adeloye VSA; Performance Evaluation and Improvement on Quality of Service of Global System for Mobile Communications in Nigeria. JITI 2009; 9(2):91-106. [4]. Adegoke A.S, I.T Babalola and W.A Balogun, 2008. “Performance evaluation of GSM mobile system in Nigeria”. Pacific Journal of Sc. & Tech. Vol. 9, No 2, Nov. 2008. [5]. T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications”, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, Ch. 1, pp. 1-9. [6]. Ekpenyong. M and Isabona. J (2014) Modeling the effect of dropped calls on cell traffic in established 3G-based Cellular Networks; IEEE Vol 7, N0. 2 [7]. Joseph M. Mom, Nathaniel S. Tarkaa, and Cosmas I. Ani (2013). The Effects of Propagation Environments on Cellular Network Performance, American Journal of Engineering. [8]. Verma. P, Sharma.P and Kishore.S (2012), Dropping of Call Due to Congestion in Mobile Network, Journal of Computer Applications (JCA) ISSN: 0974- 1925, Volume V, Issue 1. [9]. Madhusmita, P and Saraju, P. P., (2011), "Traffic Analysis and Optimization of GSM Network," IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, pp. 28-31, 2011 [10]. Osunkwor et al (2013) “Performance Evaluation of Well-Established Cellular Networks Using Drop- call Probability Analysis. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research Vol 4, issue 6. [11]. Mishra, A. R. (2004)"Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning." Chicago: American Market Association [12]. Lee W.C.Y (1995) “Mobile Cellular Telecommunication”. McGraw – HilBook Company [13]. Dajab D. D, Tarka S.N, Bajoga B.G (2009) “Simulation and Analysis of Drop Call Probability Model. A case study of MTEL” Nigerian Journal of Engineering vol. 16 No. 1. [14]. Boggia G. Camarda P. and D’ALconzo A. (2007). “Modelling of call dropping in well-established cellular networks”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Vol. 2007 [15]. Alexei, B., et al, (2009) "A Novel Model for "Optimized GSM Network Design"." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, volume 4, no.1. pp 44-48 [16]. Moltchanov, D., 2005. Traffic Modeling. Retrieved from:http://www.cs.tut.fi/motchan/modsim/, pp: 25-40. [17]. Cellular Networks: A Survey, IEEE Communication Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1553-877X/09 Fourth Quarter 2009 [18]. Cragin, B. L (2006), “Prediction of Seasonal Trends in Cellular Dropped Call Probability” IEEE, Capital City Applied Research, Research Paper, 2375 Club Mredian Dr. #B7, Okemos, MI 48864, USA, [19]. Sanabani M (2006), “Adaptive Call Admission Control for Prioritized Adaptive Services in Wireless/ Mobile Multimedia Cellular Network” International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security” Vol.6, no.38.pp114-124
Tarkaa, N. S and Pahalson, C. A. D "Analysis of Drop- Call Probability: A Study of Mobile Telecommunication Network (Apapa Lagos, Nigeria)" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.97-100 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/97-100.pdf
The experiment was conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility and haematological indices of West African Dwarf goats fed Gmelina arborea and Ficus sycomoros leaves supplemented with cassava peels/ cowpea husk. Gmelina and Ficus leaves were fed ad libitum while cassava peels and cowpea husk was fed at 300 g/head/day. Sixteen goats with body weight of 7+ 1.04 kg were used for the study. The goats were weighed and divided into four (4) groups, each group of four (4) goats were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD), clean drinking water and mineral salt lick were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The result of proximate composition showed that all the experimental diets have adequate CP content; neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) except cassava peels which had lower CP content. The result of nutrient digestibility showed significant (P<0.05) differences between treatments. There were no significantly (P>0.05) differences in all the parameters measured in haematological indices except PCV, MCHC and MCV which differ (P<0.05) between the treatments. All the parameters measured were within the normal physiological range values for healthy goats except mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (2.51-4.29 %). In conclusion the result of the study showed that cassava peels and cowpea fed at 300g/head/day improved nutrient digestibility and did not have any adverse effect on haematological status of the experimental goats.
- Page(s): 101-104
- Date of Publication: 05 August 2019
- Y. E Waba Department of Animal Health and Production, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, India
- Bandawa G. J Department of Animal Health and Production, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, India
References
[1]. Abegunde, T. O (2008), Digestibility and Haematological response of W. African Dwarf Goat to Ficuspolita leaves and panicum maximum diets. Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria held at ABU Zaria, 123- 125. [2]. Adegbola, T. A (2002). Nutrient intake, digestibility and Rumen metabolites in bulls fed rice straws with or without supplement. Nig. J. Ani. Prod.29 (1): 40- 46 [3]. Adeyeye E. I., and Afolabi E. O., (2004). Amino acid composition of three different types of land snails consumed in Nigeria. “Food chemistry 85(4), 535-539. [4]. Afolabi, K. D., Akinsoyinu, A. O., Olajide, R. and Akinleye, S. B. (2010). Haematological parameters of the Nigerian local grower chickens fed varying dietary levels of palm kernel cake (247). Proceeding of 35th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production, Ibadan, 14-17 March. 247 pp. [5]. Ajila, C.M, Aalami M, Leelavathi, K.Parasada-Rao U.J.S (2010). Mango peelspodwer. A potential source of antioxidant and dietary fiber in macaroni preparations.J. Inno. foodsci and emerging tech. 11(1); 219-224. [6]. AOAC (2005).Association of official Analytical charest.Official methods of analysis.18th edition [7]. Aruwayo,A , Maigand S.A , Malani B.S, Daraji A.I, (2009) Haematological and biochemical indices of growing lambs fed fore-stomach digesterand poultrylitter waste. Nig.J. Basic and Applied sci.17 (2), 223-228 [8]. Barde, R. E., Abimiku, H. K., Hassan, D. I., and Maiangwa, A. O. (2014). Potential of some browse plants for Ruminants in Humid Environment of Lafia. Production Agriculture and Technology Journal10 (1): 144-155. [9]. Budi, T., Wina, E. (1995). Chemical evaluation of shrubs Legumes. Indonesia Agricultural Research Dietary Journal 17:147-158. [10]. Dukes, H. H. (1955). The Physiology of Domestic Animals (7thed). Baillers Tindall and Co. London. [11]. Fasae, O.A., Awolola, O.O and Hosu, D.D (2016). Supplemental effects of graded levels of cassava foliage on the utilization of groundnut haulms by sheep. Tropical and subtropical Agro Ecosystem, 19 (2016); 277-284. [12]. Fanimo,A.O.,Oduronbi I.O (2006). Nutritive value of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels for weaning rabbits. Nig J. Ani. Prod. 3; 9-15 [13]. F. A. O (1999).Utilization of tropical foods.Food and nutrition paper 47 Rome/Italy. [14]. Gidado, O.G., Kibon, A., Gworgwor, A. Z., Mbaya, P. and Baba, M. J. (2013). Assessment of anti-nutritive factors and nutrient composition of some selected browse plant use as livestock feed in Taraba state. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 1 (1): 5-9. [15]. Gizzi, G., and Givens, D. I (2004). Variability in feed composition and its impact on animal production. In: Assessing Quality and Safety of Animal Feeds. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 160. FAO, United Nations, 36-52. [16]. Jain N. C (1993). Essentials of veterinary haematology land febiger, publishes Malvern, Pennsylvania [17]. Lamidi A. A. and Ogunkunle, T. (2015). Chemical composition, mineral profile and phytochemical properties of Common feed resources used for small ruminant production in South-West, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature 6 (1):92-96. [18]. Liman, A. A., Malgwi, I. H., Nyako, H. D., Ardo, B. A., Mohammed, I. D., Yahya, A. A., Antiev, M., Zarah, A.I., Yahya, M.M and Abdullahi, A.I. (2016). Nutrient Evaluation and Degradation Characteristics of Some Browse Plants in Taraba State Nigeria. International Journal of Information Research and Review. 3 (01): 1612-1617. [19]. Oni A. O, Arigbede O M, Sowande O. S, Anale U Y, Aderinboye R. Y (2010). Histopathological and serum biochemistry parameters of West African Dwarf goats fed dry cassava leaves. Cassava leaves based concentrate diets. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 44:123-125. [20]. T.D.S. (2008). Taraba State Dairy-State Directorate and InformationCenter. [21]. Topps, J. H. (1992). Potential composition and use of Legumes shrubs and fodder for livestock in the Tropics. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge). 118:1-8. [22]. Yusuf A. O, Aina A. B. J, Yeku S. A, Ero Samuel, B. D (2012). Haematological indices and Biochemistry of W. African Dwarf Rams fed/concentrate mixture. Proceedings of the 7th annual conferences of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, held at Abuja, 188- 190.
Y. E Waba and Bandawa G. J "Nutrient Digestibility and Haematological Indices of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Plant Leaves Supplemented with Cassava Peels and/or Cowpea Husks" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.101-104 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/101-104.pdf
The determination of radionuclides present in agricultural soils of some selected farmlands in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, was carried out using sequential extraction technique prior to the use of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. Thirty two (32) Radionuclides were found to be present in the soils with mobility factors ranging from 0% to 100%. The range of the physicochemical results varied from farmland to farmland with Angwan Maje (AM-groundnut farmland), Kamazo (KZO- maize farmland), Zango (ZO-vegetables farmland), Old Afaka (OA-fruits plantation/orchard) having satisfactory soil temperature of 29.881.06oC, 30.221.43oC, 33.200.20oC, and 36.400.48oC respectively. The Electrical Conductivity values of the soils samples obtained were 9.566.21 µs/cm, 6.11.39µs/cm, 22.15.35 µs/cm and 11.826.37µs/ cm respectively and were all lower that the permissible limits. pH values obtained are as follows; 5.88±0.25, 6.01±0.03, 6.54±0.20, 6.11±0.30 respectively, this showed they were slightly acidic. Mean values of the Total Dissolved Solids; 4.783.14 mg/L, 3.060.71 mg/L, 11.262.41 mg/L, and 5.923.18 mg/L. Similarly, the nuclides of interest; Th, U, and Pb from AM, KZO, ZO and OA has a concentration range of 20.64-22.20 mg/L, 2.90-3.70 mg/L, and 13.30-34.59 mg/L respectively. The results showed that U was within the permissible limits in Old Afaka but above the permissible limits in other farmland soils. Th was above the permissible limits in all soils which can be as a result of the low pH, High Electrical Conductivity, High Total Dissolved Solids and High Mobility factor. This study has therefore been able to reveal the interplay of the physiochemical parameters and mobility factors of the nuclides from various locations which could be responsible for the levels and bioavailability to the soil.
- Page(s): 105-115
- Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
- P.E Omale Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
- R.F OkunolaDepartment of Chemistry, Nigeria Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
- S.O. Okeniyi3 Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
- M.M. Adeyemi Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
References
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Inuwa, M., Abdulrahman, F.W., Birnin Yauri, U.A., and Ibrahim, S.A. (2007). Analytical Assessment of some Trace Metals in Soils around the Major Industrial areas of Northwestern Nigeria. Trends in Applied Sciences Research; 2:515-521. [8]. Kabala, C; Singh, B R (2001). Fractionation and Mobility of Copper, lead, and zinc in Soil Profile in the vicinity of a Copper Smelter, J. Environ. Qual. 30:485-495 [9]. Narwal, R P; Singh, B R; Selbu, B (1999). Association of Cadmium, Zinc, Copper. And Nickel with Components in Naturally Heavy Metal Rich Soils Studied by Parallel and Sequential Extraction. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 30, 1209 – 1230. [10]. Salbu, B; Kreling, T; Oughton, D H (1998). Characterization of Radioactive Particles in the Environ. Anal. 123: 843-849. [11]. Ajeigbe, H.A., Waliyari F, Echekwu,C.A., Atuba, K, Motagi, B.N., Eniayeju; D and Inuwa, A (2014). A Farmer’s guide to groundnut production in Nigeria. Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. [12]. South Africa Department of Agriculture (2003) maize production. Directorate agricultural information service, Pretoria, South Africa. Culled from www.arc.agric.za/arc-gci/fact%20 sheets%20library/maize%20production/Pdf. [13]. Oluwatosin, G.A. (2005). Land suitability assessment in continental grits of northwest Nigeria for rain fed crop production. West Africa Journal of Applied Ecology 7:53-67. [14]. Agrozadtech. (2017).How to start a lucrative tomato farming in Nigeria. Culled from www.agrozedtech.org/2017/12/20/ how to-start-a-lucrative-tomato-farming-in-Nigeria-html. Posted on the 20th Dec, 2017. [15]. Kabura, B.H., Ode, P.E and Abubakar I.A. (2009). Performance of tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum mill.) varieties under heat period in northern Nigeria. Journal of Agronomy 8:45–48. [16]. Yarger, L. (2007). Lagos Spinach.EchoTechnical Note. USA. Culled from www.c.ymcdm .cdm/sites/echocommunity.site-ym.com/rejource/collection/E66CDFDB-OAOD-4DDE-8ABA-74D9D8C3EEDD4/lagos-spinach.pdf. [17]. Katung., M.D. (2007). Productivity of okra verities as influenced by seasonal changes in Northern Nigeria. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 35(1):65 – 71. [18]. Nwaiwu, I.U. (2012). Productivity of garden egg (Solanum melongena) in Imo state, South East, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Research and Technology 1(3): 24–29. [19]. Baiyewu, R.A and Amusa, N.A. (2005). The effect of temperature and relative humidity on pawpaw fruit rot in South Western, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Science 1 (1):80–83. [20]. United nation conference on trade and development (UNCTAD) (2016). Mango. United Nations, network and Ganeva. Culled from www.unctad.org/en/publicationslibrary/infocomm _cp07_mango_en.pdf. [21]. Gungshik, J.R., Lohdip Y.N and Bewang, E.S. (2007). Speciation of trace metal in top soil in Jos industrial areas. African Journal of Natural Sciences 10: 15-19. [22]. Zaiad, G.M. (2020) Physico – Chemical analysis of soils in Al-khums city, Libya. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 6 (8):1040 – 1044. [23]. Echevarria G, Sheppard MI, Morel J (2001) Effect of pH on the sorption of uranium in soil. J Environ Radioact 53: 257-64. [24]. Koch-Steindl H, Pröhl G (2001) Considerations on the behavior of long-lived radionuclides in the soil. Rad Environ Biophys 40: 93-104. Morton LS, Evans [25]. Kabata – Pendias, A and Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soil and plants (3rded.); CRC Press, Inc. Raton, fla, [26]. Kabata – Pendias, A. (2001). Trace elements in soil and Plants, 3rd edition, CRC Press LLC, Newyork. [27]. Shtangeeva, I., Niemela, M., Peramaki, P., Ryumin A., Timofeev,S.,. Chukov, S and Kasatkina, G. (2016). Phyto-extraction of bromine from contaminated soil. J. Geochem.Explor 1- 8. [28]. Ankle, M., Seeber, O., Müller, R., Schäfer, U. and Zerull, J. (2009).Uranium transfer in the food chain from soil to plants, animals and man.Chemie der ErdeGeochemistry69:75 – 90. [29]. Rivas, F. J. (2006). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sorbed on soils: a short review of chemical oxidation based treatments. Journal of Hazardous Materials138(2): 234-251 [30]. CCME (2005).A Protocol for the Derivation of Environmental and Human Health Soil Quality Guideline. CCME Soil Quality Guideline Task Group. [31]. Sutton M, and Burastero SR (2004). "Uranium (VI) solubility and speciation in simulated elemental human biological fluids". Chemical Research in Toxicology 17 (11): 1468–1480. [32]. Ogundele, DT., Adio, A.A and Oludele, O.E. (2015). Heavy metal concentrations in plants and soil along heavy traffic roads in North Central Nigeria. Journal of Environmental andAnalytical Toxicology 5(6):1-5. [33]. Mwegoha, W.J.S and Kihampa, C. (2010). Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils and water in Dares Salaam city, Tanzania. 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P.E Omale, R.F Okunola, S.O. Okeniyi, M.M. Adeyemi "Determination of Radionuclides in Designated Farmlands in Kaduna Metropolis using Sequential Extraction Procedure" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.105-115 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/105-115.pdf
This paper studied the effect of fatty acid methyl esters on the properties of biofuel produce from the seeds oil of Ricinus communis. Oil was extracted from the seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane; and then Transesterified using single alkali hydrolysis to biodiesel. The biodiesel produced was analyzed for it fatty acid profile using GM-MS and fuel properties using ASTM Methods. The result obtained show the presences of 10-undecenoic acid methyl ester as the dominant ester with the percentage of 51.19%, 9,12-Octadecadienoic methyl ester 18.85%, Octadecanoic acid methyl ester 8.27%, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester 8.27%, 9-Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester 6.33%, and 2-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester 3.42% other fuel parameters like density, carbon residue, acid value and other fuel properties determined showed compliance with ASTM Specifications. The results infer that the oil from castor seeds possess some beneficial properties tha are suitable for biofuel production.
- Page(s): 116-119
- Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
- Umar M. T Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
- Azeh Yakubu Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
- Ibrahim I. L Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
- Abdulazeez A Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
- B.A Hadi Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto,Nigeria.
- Garba Y Department of Crop production, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
References
[1]. AOAC (1990), Official Method of Analysis of the Association of official Analytical Chemists, 5th Edition Arlington Virginia U. S. A. Pp 971. [2]. Abdullahi. M. S, Hassan. L.G, Dangoggo S.M and Ahmad, H.G. (2011) Influence of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters on Fuel properties of Biodiesels Produce from the C. pepo oil. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science 19 (1):81-86. [3]. ASTM D1298 (1999) Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Methods. [4]. Bapjai, D. and Tyagi, V.K. (2006).Biodiesel: Source, Production, Composition, Properties and its Benefits. Journal of Oleo Science, Vol. 55,No.10,487-502. [5]. Barnwal, A.K. and Sharma, M.P (2005): Prospective of Biodiesel Production from vegetable Oils in India. Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy Review 9:363-378. [6]. Demirbas, A. (2005). New liquid biofuels from vegetable oils via catalytic pyrolysis energy, Education Science Technology, 21:1-59. [7]. Demirbas, A. (2008). New liquid biofuels from vegetable oils via catalytic pyrolysis energy, Education Science Technology, 21:1-59. [8]. Dunn, R.O. Shocky M.W. and Bagby M.O.(1996). “Improving the low Temperature Properties of Alternative Diesel Fuel; Vegetable Oil Derived Methyl Esters”, JAOCS, 73, (12): 1719-28. [9]. Enweremadu, C. C., Rutto, H. L and Oladeji, J. T.(2011). Investigation of the Relationship between some basic flow properties of shea butter biodiesel and their blends with diesel fuel. International Journal of the Physical Sciences . 6(4), pp.758-767 [10]. Gaby. W, and Peter, S. L,. (1997),. Boiling point properties and thermal Decomposition of vegetable oils Methyl esters with regard to their fuel stability. J Agric Food Chem 45:4748-4752. [11]. Gbadge, S. V.and Raheman, H. (2005): “Biodiesel production from Mahua (Madhuca Indica) oil having high free fatty acids “Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 28, Pp. 601-605 [12]. Gerhard, K. (2009): Dependence of biofuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl ester, Fuel Proc,Technol., 86:1059-1070. [13]. Gerpen, J.V., Shank, B., Pruszko, R., Clement, D. and Knothe, G. (2004): Biodiesel ProductionTechnology: subcontractor report, July 2004 NREL/SR – 510 – 36244. [14]. Hassan, L. G. and Sani, N. A. (2006). Preliminary studies on Biofuel properties of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) seed oils. Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy ,14 (1&2):12-15. [15]. Knothe G. (2006): Dependence of Biodiesel Fuel Properties on the structure of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters, Fuel Processing Technology 86:1060- 1068 [16]. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2004): Biodiesel Handling and use guide (FourthEdition) pg 7 – 15 NREL/TP – 540–436737 Retrieved from http://jos.jstage.jst.go.jp/en on 26/04/2013 [17]. OPEC (1994): Organisation Of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Bulletin. [18]. Ramos, M.J., Carmen,M.F, Abraham,C., Lourdes, R and Angel, P.(2008): Influence of Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Materials on Biodiesel Properties, Bioresources Technology 100: 261-268 [19]. Song, C. (2000). Introduction to Chemistry of Diesel Fuels. In: Song,C., Hsu, C.S.,Moshida, I.(eds.) Chemitry of Diesel Fuels. Taylor and Francis, London, P.13. [20]. Swehla G. (1996). Vogels Test Book of Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry;Part 1Small Scale Preparation 2nd edition, Longman Group Limited London Pp 149-150. [21]. Verma, R. M. (2001). Analytical Chemistry; Theory and Practical,Third Edition CSB Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi India Pp.492-504. [22]. Vicente, C., Coteron, A., Martinez, M., Aracil, J., (2005): Application of the factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology to optimize biodiesel production. Industrial Crop Production (8) 29 – 35 [23]. Weiksner, J. M. Stephen, L.C. and Thomas L.W. (2006). Understanding Biodiesel Fuel. Quality and Performance. Document under contract no.DE-AC09-96SR18500. With the US Department of Energy Pp 1-5. [24]. Zheng, Y, Dub M A, Mclean DD, and Ketes M (2006), Biodiesel production from Waste cooking oil, economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresource Technology, 90: 229 – 240.
Umar M. T, Azeh Yakubu, Ibrahim I. L, Abdulazeez A, B.A Hadi, Garba Y "Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters on the properties of Biofuel from Ricinus communis (Castor) Seeds Oil" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.116-119 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/116-119.pdf
Dependence on natural pastures with little or no supplementation makes dairy farming in East African region vulnerable to seasonal weather variations, characterized by low dry–season milk production and high wet-season production, sometimes exceeding the consumption capacity of the market. There was, therefore, a need to develop a method that can help farmers and policymakers estimate future milk production for purposes of planning, in order to avoid losses brought about by the excessive wet season production. This research used time series analysis to examine the rainfall patterns and milk production trends over a period of eight years between 2011 and 2018 in an attempt to establish a relationship between the two variables in Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Dairy Research Institute (KALRO-DRI) Naivasha Sub-County, Kenya. This research used monthly milk production averages and monthly average rainfall data from KALRO DRI Naivasha. Secondary Data was collected from the organization and analyzed using R software where two ARIMA models were used to compare the two variables. Climate change has resulted in the emergence and rise of both-vector borne and viral diseases through increased rainfall. There has been a significant rise in outbreaks of foot and mouth disease and tick-borne diseases in the area thus affecting milk production. The overall objective of this study was to assess the influence of changes in rainfall patterns on dairy farming in KALRO Naivasha with a focus on milk output for the various season.
- Page(s): 120-125
- Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
- Gitonga Harun Mwangi Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Joseph Njuguna Karomo Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Anthony Muthondu Kinyanjui Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Odera Jasper Otieno Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Nairobi, Kenya
References
[1]. United Nations, "Millennium Development Goals Report 2009 (Includes the 2009 Progress Chart)," United Nations Publications, 2009. [2]. Techno Serve, "The dairy value chain in Kenya," Project report for the East Africa Dairy Development Program, 2008. [3]. GoK, "National Climate Change Response Strategy," Nairobi: Government of Kenya, 2010. [4]. J. N. Methu, "Strategies for utilisation of maize stover and thinnings as dry season feed for dairy cows in Kenya," University of Reading, 1998. [5]. D. M. Thairu and S. Tessema , "Research on Animal Feed Resources: Medium Areas of Kenya," CELL, 1987. [6]. A. O. Omore, J. J. McDermott and G. K. Gitau, "Factors influencing production on smallholder dairy farms in central Kenya," in Proceedings of the 5th Scientific Conference of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), 14th - 16th October, 1996.. [7]. Omore and AMOS, "pidemiology and economics of mastitis in the smallholder dairy sector of Kiambu District, Kenya," A PhD thesis University of Nairobi, 1997. [8]. Staal, Steven and Delgado, Christopher and Nicholson and Charles, "Smallholder dairying under transactions costs in East Africa," World development, pp. 779--794, 1997. [9]. Mdoe and Mlay, "The Kilimanjaro dairy feeding systems: An attempt at evaluating the impact of on-farm livestock research," Utilization of research results on forage and agricultural by-product materials as animal feed resources in Africa, 1990.
Gitonga Harun Mwangi, Joseph Njuguna Karomo, Anthony Muthondu Kinyanjui, Odera Jasper Otieno "The Effect of Rainfall Patterns on Dairy Farming in Naivasha Sub-County, Kenya" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.120-125 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/120-125.pdf
Epstein Barr Virus is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis which is commonly diagnosed by detection of antibodies in the patient's sera. The virus highly prevalent since its affects more than 90% of individuals Worldwide and has been linked to several to malignancies which are common after transplantation. The objective of the research paper was to standardize PCR targeting genes that codes for EBNA3C, LMP and EBNA2 of EBV. I Twenty Peripheral blood specimens was collected from 20 patients diagnosed to have infectious mononucleosis and proven already positive for EBV by PCR targeting VCA gene. All the PCR positive products were subjected to DNA sequencing with forward and reverse primers. Nucleotide sequence results were analyzed by BIOEDIT software and found to have 96-100% homology with Human herpes virus 4 strain B95.8. The genotyping and identification of molecular aspects of the virus leads to better understanding of the mechanism of action of proteins and their role in the development of different diseases. Using the standard serological profile as the reference, the standardized PCR targeting EBNA2, EBNA3C and LMP genes was carried out for 20 clinical specimens. Out of 20 clinical specimens 18 (80%) (Table 5) clinical specimens were positive for the EBV type1 with EBNA2, EBNA3C and LMP genes indicating a band at 378bp, 153bp and 160bp respectively.. All clinical specimens showed negative for the EBV type2 gene. Thus indicating that EBV type1 gene is most prevalent in the Chennai population. From my research I do summarize that EBV type 1 was found to be predominant in Chennai from the given blood sample which were positive for the infectious mononucleosis.
- Page(s): 126-129
- Date of Publication: 09 August 2019
- J.Odongo Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
- M.K Janani Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
References
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J.Odongo, M.K Janani "PCR Based DNA Sequencing Targeting LMP, EBNA2 and EBNA3C Genes of Epstein Barr Virus for Genotyping " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.126-129 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/126-129.pdf
This research work is based on studying the quantitative properties of the molecular descriptors of ligands that are suitable for curing ulcer and malaria diseases. The data used is computational result of triterpenoids of Lonchocarpus cyanescens with OH and OCH3 derivation through molecular docking. The statistical significance test of PostHoc Analysis showed that the Molecular weight, Area and volume play crucial role in determining the significant effect of OH and OCH3 in tackling the malaria and ulcer protein receptors. OH-derivative has uniform effect on both receptors responsible for the diseases while OCH3 has significant effect on that of Ulcer as compared to that of Malaria protein receptor.
- Page(s): 130-135
- Date of Publication: 10 August 2019
- Adegoke Afeez B. Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State,Nigeria
- Maradesa Adeleke Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State,Nigeria
- Afolabi Habeeb Adeleke University, Ede Osun State, Nigeria
References
[1]. Caraballo H (2014) Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue and West Nile virus. Emergency Medicine Practice 16: 1-24. [2]. World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) Malaria Fact Sheet No 94. 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2015. [3]. Nematollahi, A., Noushin, A. and Wiart, C. (2011) Design and Modelling Studies on Liriodenine Derivatives as Novel Topoisomerase II Inhibitors. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 3, 1622-1627. [4]. Oliveira, M., Cenzi, G., Nunes, R.R., Andrighetti, C.R., Valadao, D.M., Reis, C., Simoes, C.M., Nunes, R.J., Junior, M.C., Taranto, A.G., Sanchez, B.A., Viana, G.H. and Varotti, F.P. (2013) Antimicorbial Activity of 4-Metoxychalcone: Docking Studies as Falcipain/Plasmepsin Inhibitors, ADMET and Lipophilic Efficiency Analysis to Identify a Putative Oral Lead Candidate. Molecules, 18, 15276-15287. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215276. [5]. Patlolla JM, Rao CV (2012) Triterpenoids for cancer prevention and treatment: current status and future prospects. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 13: 147-155. [6]. Moronkola DO, Oladosu IA (2013) Chemical Composition of LonchocarpuscyanescensBenth. (Fabaceae)- Case study of its volatile oils, and two triterpenoids. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4: 1653-1659. [7]. Adejoro IA, Waheed SO, Adeboye OO (2016) Molecular Docking Studies of LonchocarpuscyanescensTriterpenoids as Inhibitors for Malaria. J PhysChemBiophys 6: 213. doi:10.4172/2161-0398.1000213. [8]. Iwu, M.M. and Anyanwu, B.N. (1982) Phytotherapeutic Profile of Nigerian Herbs. I: Anti Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Agents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6, 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90049-6. [9]. Shuaibu, M.N., Wuyep, P.A., Yanagi, T., Hirayama, K., Tanaka, T., et al. (2008) The Use of Microfluorometric Method for Activity-Guided Isolation of Antiplasmodial Compound from Plant Extracts. Parasitology Research, 102, 1119-1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0879-6. [10]. Adejoro, I.A., Waheed, S.O., Adeboye, O.O. and Akhigbe, F.U. (2017) Molecular Docking of the Inhibitory Activities of Triterpenoids of Lonchocarpuscyanescens against Ulcer. Journal of Biophysical Chemistry, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbpc.2017.81001 [11]. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184. [12]. Jessica, J., Xianting, D., and Chih-Ming, H. (2013). An Application of Fractional Factorial designs to study Drug Combinations, Stat Med 32(2):. Doi:10.1002/sim.5526 [13]. Rong Q, Alexander T.S, Koski G.K and Rosenthal K.S.(2003). Multiple mechanisms for HSV-1 induction of interferon alpha production by pheripheral blood mononuclear cells. Archives of Virology: 148(2):329-344
Adegoke Afeez B., and Maradesa Adeleke and Afolabi Habeeb "Statistical Analysis of the Inhibitory Activities of Triterpenoid Derivatives against Two Selected Diseases " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.130-135 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/130-135.pdf
- Currently, numerous studies are being conducted on nanofluids for the benefits associated with low energy costs and less negative environmental impact in industry and society. In the studies, water is commonly used as base for nanofluids in heat transfer applications due to its ability and availability for heat transport. In most of these investigations influence of nanoparticles has been analyzed to determine enhancement of energy transfer on stretched sheets. In this research, magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a nanofluid over a porous straight stretching sheet with water equally as the base fluid and either copper or silver as nanoparticles is examined and discussed. The physical problem is modeled using systems of unsteady non-linear differential equations (DEs) subject to prescribed boundary and initial conditions, which are then studied using finite volume approach. The effect of nanoparticle volume fraction values, Hartmann number and suction parameter on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles is discussed. Results show that suction enhances velocity and increase in values of nanoparticle volume fractions decrease velocity of nanofluid.
- Page(s): 136-143
- Date of Publication: 10 August 2019
- Virginia Mwelu Kitetu Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, Catholic University of Eastern Africa
- Thomas Tony Mboya Onyango Department of Industrial and Engineering Mathematics, Technical University of Kenya
- Jackson Kioko KwanzaPure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
References
[1]. Eiyad, A. N. and Ali, J. C. (2010). Mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with a nanofluid. European Journal of Mechanics Fluids, 29, 472-482. [2]. Hayata, T. et al (2014). MHD flow of nanofluids over an exponentially stretching sheet in a porous medium with convective boundary conditions. Chin. Phys. B, 23(5), doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/23/5/054701. [3]. Khalil, K., Kambiz, V. and Marilyn, L. (2003). Buoyancy-driven heat transfer enhancement in a two-dimensional enclosure utilizing nanofluids. International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer, 46, 3639–3653. [4]. Kuang, C. L. and Angela, V. (2010). Natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids in a vertical cavity: Effects of non-uniform particle diameter and temperature on thermal conductivity. International Journal of Heat and Fluid flow, 31(2), 236-245. [5]. Lee, S. et al (1999). Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Heat Transfer, 121, 280–289. [6]. Maiga, S. et al (2006). Heat transfer enhancement in turbulent tube flow using Al2O3 nanoparticle suspension. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, 16(3), 275–292. [7]. Nadeem, S., Ijaz S. and Akbar N. (2013). Nano Particle Analysis for the Steady Blood Flow of Jeffrey Fluid with Stenosis with New Analytical Techniques. Journal ofcomputational and Theoretical nanoscience, 10(11), 2751-2765. [8]. Norfifah, B., Anuar, I. and Ioan P. (2011). Stagnation-point flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid. Nanoscale Research Letters © Bachok et al; licensee Springer. 2011, 10.1186/1556-276X-6-623. [9]. Noreen, S. A., Beg, A. O., and Khan, H. Z., (2016). Magneto-nanofluid flow with heat transfer past a stretching surface for the new heat flux model using numerical approach. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid flow, 27(6), 1215-1230. [10]. Rama, S., Reddy, G. and Ali, C. (2011). Natural Convective Boundary Layer Flow over a Horizontal Plate Embedded in a Porous Medium Saturated with a Nanofluid. Journal of ModernPhysics, 2(2), 10. [11]. Roy, G. et al (2004). Investigation of laminar flow and heat transfer in a radial flow cooling system with the use of nanofluids. Superlattices and Microstructures, 35, 497–511. [12]. Syed, T. H., Rizwan, U. H. and Sohail N. (2014). Model-based analysis of micropolar nanofluid flow over a stretching surface. Eurepean Physical Journal Plus, 35, 161. [13]. Sohail, N., and Changhoon, L. (2012). Boundary layer flow of nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface. Nanoscale Research Letters © Nadeem and Lee; licensee Springer. 10.1186/1556-276X-7-94. [14]. Wang, X. Q., Mujumdar, A. S. and Yap, C. (2006). Free Convection Heat Transfer in Horizontal and Vertical Rectangular Cavities Filled with Nanofluids. International journal on Heat Transfer Conference IHTC-13. Sydney. [15]. Xinwei, W. and Xianfan, X. (1999).Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle–Fluid Mixture. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat transfer, 13, 4. [16]. Zi, T. Y. (2011). Numerical study of transient buoyancy-driven convective heat transfer of water-based nanofluids in a bottom-heated isosceles triangular enclosure. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 526–532. [17]. Zoubair, K., Abderrahim, W. and Rachid, S. (2017). Finite Volume Analysis of Free Convection Heat Transfer in a Square Enclosure Filled by Cu-Water Nanofluid Containing Different Shapes of Heating Cylinder. Journal of Nanofluids, 6, 1-8.
Virginia Mwelu Kitetu, Thomas Tony Mboya Onyango, Jackson Kioko Kwanza "Control Volume Approach for Determining Effect of Hartman Number, Nanoparticle Volume Fraction and Suction Parameter on MHD Nanofluid Flow over Stretched Surface " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.136-143 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/136-143.pdf
This research was carried out to evaluate the quantities of arginase present in the seed and seedlings of Tomato plant (Solanumlycopersicum).The Tomato fruits used in this study were collected from Oye market, Oye town in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The fruits were identified in the Herbarium section of Plant Science and Biotechnology laboratory, Federal University Oye-Ekiti. Samples of S.lycopersicum were homogenized, buffered using citrate buffer and centrifuged, arginase assay protocol was conducted and its concentration was determined at wavelength of 450nm. The Roma variety was discovered to have highest absorbance of arginase, highest specific activity and the highest yield percentage value in comparison to the Cherry, Amish paste, Early girl and Pear varieties. The research may have established that the Roma variety of S.lycopersicum give better yield and have a good defensive mechanism for pathogenic attacks due to its high arginase concentration.
- Page(s): 144-155
- Date of Publication: 10 August 2019
- Ajiboye A.A Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Ajiboye M.DDepartment of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- David A.ODepartment of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Ajewole T.ODepartment of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Oketayo O.ODepartment of Physics, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Ofoyebi B.SDepartment of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Agboola D.ADepartment of Pure and Applied Botany, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Zheng Yang, Sheng Jiping, Zhao Ruirui, Shen Liu (2011). Preharvest L-arginine treatment induced postharvest disease to Botrysiscinereain tomato fruit. Pubmed. 10.1021 [61]. Zhu Jian-Kang (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plant. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol; 53:247-273. [62]. Zhu Jian-Kang (2016). Abiotic stress signaling and responses in plant. Cell; 167(2): 313-324.
Ajiboye A.A, Ajiboye M.D, David A.O, Ajewole T.O, Oketayo O.O, Ofoyebi B.S and Agboola D.A "Arginase in Seeds and Seedlings of Five Varieties of Tomatoes (Solanumlycopersicum L.) " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.144-155 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/144-155.pdf
Rainfall is the meteorological phenomenon that is useful for human activities. Majority of population depend on rainfall water for agriculture and domestic use. Since Meru and Embu regions are agricultural zones relying heavily on rainfed agriculture, it is important for farmers to know rainfall patterns prevailing in their regions. The objective of this study was to model rainfall patterns in Meru and Embu regions. Stationarity and unit root for data were tested, time series model was developed and fitted to the historical data using Box-Jenkins (BJ) Methodology and rainfall in the regions were forecasted for five years. Monthly and yearly rainfall data obtained from Kenya meteorological department for the period 1976-2015 was used in the study. This information can be used in planning and management of water for domestic and agricultural use in the regions. Rainfall data was found to be seasonally and non-stationary and hence differencing and seasonal differencing was applied to achieve stationarity. Rainfall in both regions is bimodal, it has short rains in the months of October to December (OND) and long rains in the months of March to May (MAM). The model that best fitted rainfall data was ARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,1)12. This model was used to forecast monthly rainfall patterns for five years and found that future rainfall patterns will not change with time. It was recommended that, future researchers should consider zoning regions and apply developed ARIMA model and negative binomial to homogenous zones.
- Page(s): 156-164
- Date of Publication: 11 August 2019
- Chepkoech Carllen Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972-60200, Meru, Kenya
- Moses M. Manene University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Muriungi RobertMeru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972-60200, Meru, Kenya
References
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Chepkoech Carllen, Moses M. Manene, Muriungi Robert "Modelling Rainfall Patterns in Meru and Embu Regions using Time Series Models " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.156-164 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/156-164.pdf
Biodiversity values at ecosystem depend on how people use, manage and interact with the forest trees and trees outside the forest. Between 1990 and 2010 Kenya’s forest cover significantly reduced by 6.5%. The aim of this study was to establish local community’s perception on conservation measures and discern viable conservation measures in CF. Primary data constituted responses from randomly sampled local community, the herbalist, cultivators and foresters interviewed. Their response rate was 96%, 100%, 100% and 60% respectively that were analyzed in SPSS. Obtaining firewood, grazing fodder, honey, herbs among others occurred very frequently in 88%, 83% 93% and 90% respectively. Cutting, trampling and browsing as disturbance on trees accounted for 73%, 15% and 12% respectively. 98%, 81%, 75% and 40% of the respondents considered charcoal making, grazing, and browsing and firewood collection to be very destructive human activities occurring in CF respectively. The forest has decreased in a margin of 9% between 1985 and 2010 in its area with 7% attributed to clear-cutting established using change detection technique. CF has a tree diversity of 0.6, 0.4 and 0.3 in the edge, core and middle zones respectively measured on Simpson Species Diversity Index. It is dominated by Acokantheraschimperi, Tecleasimplifolia and Eucleadivinorum with common height of 3 mand range of 1 m to 7 m. This data was collected using stratified random sampling with established square quadrats along line transects. The forest is managed by protecting and replanting trees which 91% and 76% of residents and forest officers considers inadequate. The local community feels alienated from the conservation as 89% are of the view that conservation management be done by the residents. Collaboration of all stake holders is preferred by 87% of the respondents and 95% proposed that fencing be done compared to 82% in favor of planting trees on farm among other viable conservation measures. Chi-square was conducted to test the significance of association. The forest has been over exploited by unregulated use. It has low tree diversity and diminishing potential for natural regeneration without which no conservation can be said sustainable. The community has the will though not involved thus alienating them. It is recommended that clear guidelines on the legal activities be developed by the forest department with public participation to regulate use of its resources. The forest department to develop inventory on what they are conserving to allow periodic audit that will guide conservation strategies.
- Page(s): 165-170
- Date of Publication: 11 August 2019
- Ronoh Leonard KiprotichKenyatta University, Kenya
References
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Introduction to management research. Nairobi: Basic Modern Management Consultants. [24]. Meffe, K. G. and Carroll, C.R. (1997).Principal of conservation biology. Sinauer associates, Inc. [25]. Miller, R. Maltby, (2009). SPSS for social sciences. London, Palgrave Macmillan [26]. Mugenda O. M. and Mugenda A. G. (1999). Research Methods. Nairobi. ACTS press. [27]. Mworia, G. A. (2008).Status value and management of indigenous plant of upper Imenti forest reserve, Meru District Kenya. Unpublishedmaster‟s thesis. Kenyatta University [28]. Muthoni, K. F, (2012). Socio-economic factors influencing household wetlandresource use and conservation on Ngaciuma sub-catchment upper Tana, Kenya. Unpublished master‟s thesis. Kenyatta University. [29]. Mutiso, M. N. Luwesi, C. N. Kinuthia, M. (2011).Climate change ,pro-poor schemes and water inequality: strengths and weakness of Kauti irrigation water users, association, Kenya [30]. Newton, C.A. (2007). Forest ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [31]. Oeba, V. O. (2011). Modeling determination of forest cover and carbonsequestration in central Kenya: an application of some statistical model.Unpublished master‟s thesis. KenyattaUniversity [32]. Ogutu, Z. A. (1991). “Human disturbance and vegetation dynamics in theNarok district of Kenya”.Unpublished PhD thesis, Universityof Edinburgh. [33]. Orodho, J. A. (2008). Techniques of writing research proposal and reports in educational and social sciences. Nairobi: KanezjaHp enterprises Nairobi. [34]. Osula, M. A (2010).The impact of culture on wetland conservation in NyandoDistrict, Kenya.Unpublished master‟s thesis. KenyattaUniversity [35]. Oyugi, J. O. & Brown J. S. (2008). Effects of human disturbance on composition and structure of Brachystegia woodland in ArabukoSokoke Forest, Kenya.African Journal of Ecology. [36]. Pearl, M. & Western, D. (1989).Conservation for the 21st century. 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Ronoh Leonard Kiprotich "The Community’s’ Perception on Conservation Strategies of Protection and Replanting in Chepalungu Forest Bomet County, Kenya " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.165-170 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/165-170.pdf
The priority of any state government should be the provision of social amenities for human development. In essence, the evidence of good governance is the positive impact made in the welfare of its citizens. Xraying Policies and Implementations of Education for all, Healthcare services, Personal Income, Developmental Schemes, Food for all to combat malnutrition and its related hazards. Obviously, the positive sensitivity of a Representative of Government, builds a formidable scorecard. However, a negative scorecard engraves failure at the polls. So, sincerity of purpose in governance is a ticket to the next level.
- Page(s): 171-174
- Date of Publication: 12 August 2019
- Elekwa, U. A. Department of Political Science, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
References
[1]. Abraham Lincoln (1865 March 4th); His Second Inaugural Speech [2]. AIT News (2019); Maryam Uwai's National Social Investment Programme Funding Data [3]. AIT News (2019); 93 Million Nigerians Living in Poverty [4]. AIT Online (2019); Gove Ayade says CBN places 3 Billion Rice Seedling Order in Calabar [5]. AIT; Gov. Udom of Akwa Ibom state's scorecard Channels News (2019); Gov Ayade and UNIDO [6]. Charles Lamb Quotes [7]. Dailypost.ng (2019); Gov. Wike declares Free Primary, Secondary Education in Rivers State [8]. Dolgoff D., D. Feldstein (1980); Understanding Social Welfare. pg.91 [9]. Harold L. Wilensky, Charles N. Lebeaux (1965) [10]. Hellen Keller Quotes [11]. Hong Kong Government (1979); White paper [12]. https://nema.gov.ng: NEMA [13]. King James version; Proverbs 22 vs 28 [14]. Leadership (2019 March 18); CBN Impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme on the Economy. [15]. Lynne M. Healy (2001); International Social Work. pg. 131 [16]. Melody Beatle Quotes [17]. Nigeria (1999) Federal Republic of Nigeria Constitution [18]. NTA Live (2019 June, 12); President M. Buhari's Democracy Day Speech [19]. Premiumtimes.ng (2018 Nov. 8); Buhari's government spends 250bn on social investment programme since 2016 [20]. Premiumtimes.ng (2019 Feb. 27); Oshimole [21]. Premiumtines.ng (2019); Full text of Akwa Ibom State Governor's Inaugural Speech. [22]. Pulse.ng (2019); Zamfara Killings. [23]. Pulse.ng (2019); Over 9m pupils in 29 states benefitting from FG's free feeding programme. [24]. Pulse.ng (2019 ); Adamawa Women Laud Aisha Buhari. [25]. Pulse.ng (2019); President Obasanjo [26]. Punch.com (2018); 850,000 farmers benefits from borrowers programme - CBN [27]. Robert Ingersoll; 247 quotes [28]. The Guardian (2019 June 12); Aisha Buhari visiting First Ladies Commission Hospital in Adamawa. [29]. The Guardian (2019 March 31); GEEP Programme, An Empowerment Scheme Wrapped in Opaqueness. [30]. UNDP 1996; Human Development Reports ... 2.1 (Poverty) [31]. United Nations (1967) [32]. Vanguard (2018); APC to Gov. Emmanuel's campaign for 2019 on your scorecard. [33]. Vanguardngr.com (2018); National School Feeding Programme. [34]. www.schoolsandhealth.org; Nigeria Launches Africa's Largest National School Feeding Programme.
Elekwa, U. A. "Social Welfare Administration A Campaign Strategy A Case Study of Nigeria " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.171-174 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/171-174.pdf
As our society becomes more dependent on the network to aid smooth communication and increased output, preserving confidentiality, integrity and the authenticity of data while it is being stored, transferred and even when it is being processed must be taken into consideration with greater weight. It is very important to note that, sensitive information in transmission, especially the electrical commission's application, if not well secured it can result in a compromise. Advancement in technology not only in the area of cryptosystem but also in parallelism technology can be of great effect to our data during trans Progression in computing powers and parallelism technology is creating an environment that can be suitable for a secured end to end communication.
- Page(s): 175-177
- Date of Publication: 12 August 2019
- Eliakim Ombati Akama Lecturer, Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Eldoret, Kenya
References
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Eliakim Ombati Akama "A Review of Information Security for Data Transmission " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 7 July 2019, pp.175-177 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue7/175-177.pdf