Publication for Volume 5 Issue 10 is in process..
The presence of total petroleum hydrocarbons through randomly collected water and sediment samples of Edagberi River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. four stations were chosen for the study for a period of four months to appreciate the level of pollution caused by total petroleum hydrocarbons in the river. The extraction of the samples were done by the use of Dichloromethane and soxhlet apparatus and then cleaned up for analysis. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID) was used for the analysis of the samples. The results of the analysis revealed that total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions ranged between not detected to 1.7555±0.24 mg/L, and total petroleum hydrocarbons ranged between 5.8351±0.145 to 8.0639±0.806 mg/L in the surface water of the stations and ranged between not detected to 1.9392±0.51 mg/L for the hydrocarbon fractions and the total ranged from 2,4758±0.119 to 10.0085±1.299 mg/L for the months. In the sediments, hydrocarbon fractions ranged between not detected to 6.5225±1.62 mg/Kg, and the total ranged between 16.5242±0.558 to 34.8146±5.01 mg/Kg in the stations and ranged between not detected to 9.4845±2.01 mg/Kg for the hydrocarbon fractions, while the total ranged between 17.6765±1.951 to 30.7649±6.586 mg/Kg in the months. In the surface water GRO ranged between 0.0068±0.00 to 1.0285±0.46 mg/L, DRO; 3.3578±0.043 to 5.8944±0.728 mg/L and Lube oil ranged between 1.1796±0.038 to 2.8968±0.123 mg/L in the stations and in the months, GRO; not detected to 1.3009±0.075 mg/L, DRO; 1.1749±0.044 to 7.2128±1.236 mg/l. In the sediments, GRO; not detected to 5.7613±0.195 mg/Kg, DRO; 11.5140±0.350 to 27.9502±4.777 mg/Kg, Lube oil; 1.1031±0.038 to 4.1914±0.202 mg/Kg in the stations and in the months, GRO; 0.1704±0.001 to 4.0760±0.126 mg/Kg, DRO; 12.9612±1.377 to 26.7806±6.50 mg/Kg and Lube oil; 0.5633±0.002 to4.5449±0.573 mg/Kg. Although the presence of total petroleum hydrocarbons is within acceptable limits of DPR, FME and EGAPSIN in the Edagberi River, adequate steps need to be taken to forestall any impending danger that its presence may pose on the aquatic inhabitants.
- Page(s): 01-08
- Date of Publication: 19 October 2020
- Edori, E. S. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, PMB 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
- Kpee, F. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, PMB 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
- Marcus, A. C. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, PMB 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
References
[1] Adewuyi, G. O., Etchie, O. T. & Ademoyegun, O. T. (2011). Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metals in surface water and sediment of Ubeji, Warri, Nigeria. Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability, 5(1), 46-51. [2] Akpaden, I & Enin, M. (2016). Determination level of petroleum hydrocarbon in water, fish and plants from part of River Ethiope, Oghara in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal for Research in Applied Chemistry, 2(8), 1-10 [3] Ali, A. S., Al-Khafaji, B. Y. & Al-Gezi, H. R.(2019). Comparative study of hydrocarbon pollution before and after rainfall in Al-Gharraf River in Thi-qar Province-Iraq. First International Scientific Conference Al-Ayen University. IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1279. [4] Alinor, I. J., Ogukwe, C. E. &Nwagbo, N. C. (2014). Characteristic Level of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil and Groundwater of Oil Impacted Area in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Earth Science, 4 (23), 188-194. [5] Al-Khafaji, B. (2007). Concentration and distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons in two emerged aquatic plants from the river Euphrates near Al-Nasiriya City South of Iraq, 2(4), 2-16. [6] Al-Shwafi, N. A. A. (2008). Total petroleum hydrocarbon carcinogens in commercial fish in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden-Yemen. Marine Science, 19, 15-28. [7] Ashiru, O. R. & Ogundare, M. O. (2019). An assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbon and trace metal concentration in the sediment of Ugbo Water Way South Western Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(1), 13-21. [8] Burton, Jr, G. A. (2002). Sediment quality criteria in use around the world. Limnology, 3, 65-75. [9] Dambo, W. B. (1992). Tolerance of the periwinkles Pachymelamia aurita (muller) and Tympanotonus fuscatus (linne) to refined oils. Environmental Pollution, 79, 293-296. [10] Daniel, I. E. & Nna, P. J. (2016). Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in surface water of Cross River estuary, Niger Delta Nigeria. Asian Journal of Environment and Ecology, 1(2), 1-7. [11] Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), (2002). Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN). Revised Edition, 314. [12] Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), (2011). Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN). Revised Edition. Universal Press, Lagos, Nigeria; 276-297. [13] Dibofori-Orji, A. N., Kalagbor, I & Ekpete O. A. (2018). The total petroleum hydrocarbon contents of the ambient air within Port Harcourt and environs. Chemistry Research Journal, 4(3),117-123. [14] Edori, E. S. & Kpee, F. (2019). Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in surface water from Taylor Creek, Rivers State, Nigeria. Chemistry Research Journal, 4(5), 1-8. [15] Edori, E. S. & Marcus, A. (2019). Total petroleum hydrocarbons content of Taylor Creek, Rivers State, Niger Delta Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 6(12), 16-23. [16] Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) (1991). Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria. [17] Filho, S., Luz, J. P. Betemps, G. R., Silva, G. & Caramao, B. E. (2013). Studies of n-alkanes in the sediments of Colony Z3 (Pelotas-RS-Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 17(1), 27-33. [18] Hafidz, Y. Zaini, B. A. and Samsur, B. M. (2012). Aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from South China Sea off Kuching Division, Sarawak. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science, 16(1), 1-11. [19] Ikpe, E. E., Akpakpan, A. E., Nsi, E. W. & Ekanem, A. N. (2016). Determination of the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in water, fishes and plants from part of River Ethiope, Ogara in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal for Research in Applied Chemistry, 2(8), 1-10. [20] Isibor, P. O. & Freeman, O. E. (2016). Evaluation of some heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon in water and palaemonid shrimps (Macrobrachium vollenhoenii) of Egboko River, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 6(4), 1-12. [21] Jackson, R. B., Vengosh, A., Darrah, T. H., Warner, N. R., Down, A., Poreda, R. G., Osborn, G., Zhao, K., Jones, D. S. J. & Pujado, P. R. (2006). Handbook of petroleum processing, Springer. [22] Jinadu, K. A. (1989). Petroleum hydrocarbon levels in marine and fresh water organisms from Lagos and Niger Delta Areas of Nigeria. A PhD thesis, Chemistry, Science, University of Ibadan, 196pp. [23] Kachel, J. M. (2008). Particularly sea sensitive areas: the IMO’s role protecting vulnerable marine areas. Springer, New York, NY. U.S.A. [24] Laboratory Analytical Work Instruction (LAWI), (2011). For the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil /sediment/sludge in Gas Chromatography. Published by Fugro (Nig). Ltd. 3:9. [25] Maioli, O. L. G., Rodrigues, K. C, Knoppers, B. A. & Azevedo, D. A. (2011). Distribution and sources of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter in water from two Brazilian estuarine systems. Continental Shelf Research, 31, 1116-1127. [26] Manahan, S. E. (2003). Water pollution in Environmental Chemistry, 4th Edition, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Caledonia, 146-182. [27] Markovic, D. L. (2003). Untreated municipal sewage discharge in Victoria Bight, British Columbia, Canada: An investigation of sediment metal contamination and implications for sustainable development. M. Sc. Thesis, Sciences, Technology and Environment Division. Royal Roads University, Canada. [28] Mendelssohn, I. A., Anderson, G. A. Baltz, D. M., Caffey, R. H., Carman, A. R., Fleeger, J. W., Joye, S. B., Lin, Q., Maltby, E., Overturn, E. B. and Rozas, L. P. (2012). Oil impacts on coastal wetlands: Implications for the Mississippi River Delta Ecosystem after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. BioScience, (62) 6, 562-576. [29] Moslen, M. & Miebaka, C. A. (2016). Temporal variation of heavy metal concentrations in Periopthalmus sp. obtained from Azuabie Creek in the Upper Bonny Estuary, Nigeria. Current Studies in Comparative Education, Science and Technology, 3(2); 136-147. [30] Moslen, M. & Miebaka, C.A. (2017). Hydrocarbon contamination of sediments in the Niger Delta Region: A case study of the Azuabie Creek, upper reaches of the Bonny Estuary, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 11(9), 26-32. [31] Saari, E., Peremaki, P. & Jalonen, J. (2007). A comparative study of solvent extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. Microchim Acta, 158(3-4), 261-268. [32] Udoh, F. D. & Akpan M. N. (2010). Effect of oil spillage on Alakiri Community in Okirika Local Government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 26(2), 139-143. [33] United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2011). Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations Environmental Programme. [34] Whitehead, A. (2013). Interactions between oil-spill pollutants and natural stressors can compound ecological effects. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53(4), 635-647. [35] Wokoma, O. A. F. (2014). Levels of total hydrocarbon in water and sediment of a polluted tidal creek, Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 3(12), 351-354.
Edori, E. S., Kpee, F. And Marcus, A. C."Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fractions (Components) In Surface Water and Sediments of Edagberi River, Niger Delta, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.01-08 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/01-08.pdf
Sediment samples were collected from three points along the New Calabar River where effluents were discharged from drainage. The samples were collected in the months of July, August and September, 2019. The sediments were prepared for heavy metals analysis using standard laboratory techniques. The filtrate obtained after digestion of the samples were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The result showed monthly and special variations of heavy metals concentrations. The mean monthly concentrations for the heavy metals showed that the metals were more abundant in the sediment in September, then August and was least in July. Stations variation in concentrations were in the order of Iwofe Jetty > Minipiti > Police Post. The mean concentrations of the metals showed that iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > copper (Cu) > lead (Pb) > Cadmium (Cd). The mean values for the metals were 177.1103±12.624, 47.946±1.125, 3.102±0.196, 0.216±0.025, 4.537±0.427, 4.156±0.329 and 2.298±0.221 mg/Kg for Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Cu respectively. All the metals examined were found to be lower than the world average value in shale and limit values in sediment set by DPR, USEPA and EU. The observed concentrations of the examined metals presently do not pose any threat to the environment except that of Cd whose values in some of the stations in the examined months were within the range of world average value in shale. From the foregoing or findings, it is recommended that proper monitoring of the type of effluents discharged into the drainage and subsequently transported to the river be put under surveillance to prevent upsurge of heavy metals increase in the river.
- Page(s): 09-13
- Date of Publication: 19 October 2020
- Edori, O. S.Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, P.M.B. 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
- Edori, E. S.Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, P.M.B. 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
- Ntembaba, S. ADepartment of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, P.M.B. 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
References
[1] Adaikpoh, E. O., Nwajei, G. E. and Ogala, J. E. (2005). Heavy metals concentrations in coal and sediments from River Ekulu in Enugu, coal city of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 9(3): 5 - 8 [2] Ahmed, M. J. K. and Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2016). A review on potential usage of industrial waste materials for binding heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 10:39 - 47. [3] Akpan, I. O. and Thompson, E. A (2013). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of sediments along the Cross River channel in Cross River state, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2(5): 20-28. [4] Aladesanmi, O. T., Femi Kayode Agboola, F. K. and Adeniyi, I. F. (). Distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments from streams and their associated fishponds in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Health & Pollution, 6(11): 34-46. [5] Ayodele. O. S., Henry, Y. M. and Fatoyinbo, I. O. (2019). Heavy metals concentration and pollution assessment of the beach sediments in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria. SDRP Journal of Earth Sciences and Environmental Studies, 4(2): 567 – 578. [6] Brunner I, Luster J, Günthardt-Goerg, Frey B. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilisation potential of tree fine roots in a contamination soil. Environmental Pollution,152(3):559-568. [7] Bubu, A., Ononugbo, C. P. and Avwiri, G. O. (2017). Determination of heavy metal concentrations in Ssdiment of Bonny River, Nigeria. Archives of Current Research International, 11(4): 1-11. [8] Carr, G. M. and Neary, J. P. (2008). Water quality for ecosystem and human health. Burlington: United Nations Environment Programme GEMS/Water Programme, 2:11-30. [9] Chakravarty, M. and Patgiri, A. (2009). Metal pollution assessment in sediments of the Dikrong River, N. E. India. Journal of Human Ecology, 27(1):63-67. [10] Dibofori-Orji, A. N and Marcus, A. C. (2012). Analysis of some physico-chemical properties of the orashi river water at Mbiama and Ogbema communities in Rivers State. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(6): 357- 360. [11] Egborge, A.B.M. (1991). Industrialization and heavy metal pollution in Warri. 32nd Inaugural lecture, University of Benin. Benin City. Environment Spring-berlag, Berlin. Heidel berg, New York. 486PP [12] Forstner, U. (1983): Metal concentration in River, lake and ocean waters. In Forstner U and Whitman G, T. (eds). Metal pollution in the Aquatic Environments Springer verlag. New York. pp 77-109. [13] Galas – Gorchers, H (1991): Dietary intake of patricide residues; cadmium, mercury and lead. Food additives, 8: 793 – 800. [14] Guan, Y., Shao, C. F. and Ju, M. T. (2014). Heavy metals contamination assessment and partition for industrial and mining gathering areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11: 7286–7303. [15] Ideriah T. J. K., David-Omiema S. and Ogbonna D. N. (2012). Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment along Abonnema Shoreline, Nigeria. Resources and Environment, 2(1): 33-40 [16] Imiuwa, M. E., Opute, P. and Ogbeibu, A. E. (2014). Heavy metal concentrations in Bottom Sediments of Ikpoba River, Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management,18(1): 27-32 [17] Ipeaiyeda, A. R. and Onianwa, P. C. (2018). Monitoring and assessment of sediment contamination with toxic heavy metals: case study of industrial effluent dispersion in Alaro River, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 8:161 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0815-6. [18] Izuchukwu Ujah I, Okeke DO, Okpashi VE (2017) Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish Tissues, Water and Sediment from the Onitsha Segment of the River Niger Anambra State Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Anaytical Toxicology, 7: 507. doi: 10.4172/21610525.1000507 [19] Kpee, F., Edori, O. S. and Okotume, S. C. (2019). Geo-accumulation and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Andoni River, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 6(8): 197-202. [20] Maitera, O. N., Barminas, J. T. and Magili, S.T. (2011). Determination of heavy metal levels in water and sediments of River Gongola in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(5): 891-896. [21] Nwineewii, J. D., Edori, O. S. and Onuchukwu, P. U. G. (2018). Concentration, Ecological Risk and enrichment factor assessment of sediments from the New Calabar River, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 22(10): 1643-1647. [22] Obaroh, I. O., Abubakar, U., Haruna M. A. and Elinge, M. C. (2015). Evaluation of some Heavy Metals Concentration in River Argungu. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 10 (6): 581-586. [23] Otene, B. B. and Alfred-Ockiya, J. F. (2019). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment of Elechi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 13(3): 1-7. [24] Otitoju, O. and Otitoju, G. T. O. (2013). Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment and periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscastus) samples harvested from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(5): 245-248. [25] Sharma, P. and Dubey, R. S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17(1): 35-52. [26] Venktesha R. K., Somashekar, R. K. and Prakash, K. L. (2012). Heavy metal status of sediment in river Cauvery, Karnataka. Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 184(1):361-373.
Edori, O. S.; Edori, E. S.; Ntembaba, S. A "Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Sediments at Drainage Discharge Points into the New Calabar River, Rivers State, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.09-13 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/09-13.pdf
Escherichia coli is a notorious and important bacterium in nosocomial infections with significant morbidity and mortality in healthcare institutions due to multi-drug resistance challenges. In this study, susceptibility pattern of environmental isolates of E. coli was evaluated. Environmental samples from faecal and pond water sources collected from Akure, Ondo State were subjected to bacterial isolation. Escherichia coli was isolated and identified presumptively using eosin methylene blue agar. The susceptibility was evaluated using agar diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Fifty none duplicate isolates of E. coli with metallic sheen were obtained of which all were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate (AUG) and 6 %, 46 %, 4 %, 2 %, 20 %, 16 % to cefixime, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin, nitrofurantion and ofloxacin respectively. Multidrug resistance was observed in among the species with 22% against eight antibiotics. The result of this study showed high rates of multidrug resistance of E. coli strains in environmental samples. Hence regular antimicrobial surveillance is essential to minimize the proliferation of resistant E. coli in our environment.
- Page(s): 14-16
- Date of Publication: 19 October 2020
- Cajethan Onyebuchi Ezeamagu Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan.
- Osasere Joy Aganmwonyi Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan.
References
[1] Wagenlehner, FM., Naber, K.G. and Weidner W. (2008). Rational antibiotic therapy of urinary tract infections. Med Monatsschr Pharm, 31:385-390. [2] De Francesco, M.A., Giuseppe. R., Laura, P., Riccardo, N. and Nin, M. (2007). Urinary tract infections in Brescia, Italy: Etiology of uropathogens and antimicrobial resistance of common. Uropathogens Med Sci Moni, 13(6):136-144. [3] Kashef, N., Djavid, G.E. and Shahbazi, S. (2010). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of community-acquired uropathogens in Tehran, Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries, 4(4):202–206. [4] Biedenbach, D.J., Moet, G.J. and Jones, R.N. (2004). Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern comparisons among bloodstream infection isolates from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997–2002) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 50:59-69. [5] Gebre-Sellassie, S. (2007). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of clinical bacterial isolates in southern Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J, 45(4):363-370. [6] 6. Khan, N.A., Saba, N., Abdus, S. and Ali, A.Q. (2002). Incidence and antibiogram patterns of E. coli isolates from various clinical samples from patients at NIH Islamabad. Pak J Biol Sci, (1):111-113. [7] Turner, S.M., Scott-Tucker, A., Cooper, L.M. and Henderson, I.R. (2006). Weapons of mass destruction: virulence factors of the global killer enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbial Letters, 263(1):10-20. [8] Bell, J.M., Turnidge, J.D., Gales, A.C., Pfaller, M., Jones, R.N and Sentry APAC Study Group, author. (2002). Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing clinical isolates in the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa: regional results from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-99) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 42:193-198. [9] El Kholy, A., Baseem, H., Hall, G., Procop, G.W. and Longworth, D.L. (2003). Antimicrobial resistance in Cairo, Egypt 1999-2000: a survey of five hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother, 51:625-630. [10] Dromigny, J.A., Nabeth, P., Juergens-Behr, A. and Perrier-Gros-Claude, J.D. (2005). Risk factors for antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Dakar, Senegal. J Antimicrobial Chemother, 56:236-239. [11] Erb, A., Stürmer, T., Marre, R. and Brenner, H. (2007). Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: overview of geographical, temporal, and methodological variations. Eur J Clin Microbial Infect Dis, 26:83-90. [12] AworhID, M.K., Kwaga, J., Okolocha, E., Mba, N. and Thakur, S. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors for multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli among poultry workers in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Plos One, 14(11): e0225379. [13] Adenipekun, E.O., Jackson, C.R., Oluwadun, A., Iwalokun, B.A., Frye, J.G., Barrett, J.B., Hiott, L.M. and Woodley, T.A. (2015). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from Food Animals in Lagos, Nigeria. Microb. Drug. Resist, 21(3): 358-65. [14] CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). (2016). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: CLSI M100-S26. [15] Toth, B., Cardoso, L., and Coelho, A. C. (2010). Investigation on the knowledge associated with food borne diseases in consumers of north eastern portugal. Food control, 30(1): 54-57. [16] Kirbet, L. F., Paixdo, T. A., Tsolis, R.M., Baumier, A. J., and Santos, R. L. (2011). Escherichia coli in cattle: Advantages of being an experimental. Res. Vet. Sci, 93:1-6. [17] Tesfaye, G., Asrat, D., Woldeanuel, Y., and Gizaw, M. (2009). Microbiology of discharging ears in Ethiopia. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med, 2(91): 60-67. [18] Wariso, B.A., and Ibe, S.N. (2006). Bacteriology of chronic discharging ears in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med. 25:219-222. [19] Charles, O. E., Chukwuemeka, S. N and Gugu, T. H. (2010). Antibiogram and Plasmid Profile of Some Multi- Antibiotics Resistant Urinopathogens Obtained from Local Communities of Southeastern Nigeria. Ibnosina J. Med. Biomed.l Sci, 2 (4): 152-159. [20] Omololu-Aso J. (2017). Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Out-patient Individuals Attending the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. J Infec Dis Treat, 3:1.
Cajethan Onyebuchi Ezeamagu, Osasere Joy Aganmwonyi "Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Environmental Samples in Ondo State, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.14-16 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/14-16.pdf
In this article, it is shown that the commutativity of alternative ring satisfying the following properties: (p_1) [(x2 y2+ y2 x2),x]=0. (p_2) x(x2 y2)=y2 x2)x.
- Page(s): 17-18
- Date of Publication: 19 October 2020
- Moharram A. Khan Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina. Katsina State.
- Abubakar Salisu Science and Technical Education Board Dutse. Jigawa State. Nigeria.
- Shu’aibu SalisuKatsina State Science and Technical Education Board. Nigeria
References
[1]. H.A.S Abu Jabal and M.A Khan. (1993) “Some Elementary commutativity theorem for Associative Rings”, Kyungpook Math J .1: 49-51. [2]. Gupta.R.N. (1970). Nilpotent matrices with invertable transpose,proc.Amer.Math.Soc.,24, 572-575. [3]. Y. Madana Mohana Reddy, G. Shobhatha and D.V Ramin Reddy (2017) “Some Commutativity Theorem for non-associative rings” Math Archive, 5:379-382. [4]. Madana Mohana Reddy and shobha latha.(2020). On Commutativity for certain of Non-Associative Primitive Rings with: [x(〖xy)〗^2- (xy^2)x∈Z(R)].7: 292-294.
Moharram A. Khan ,Abubakar Salisu and Shu’aibu Salisu "Remarks on Commutativity Results for Alternative Rings with [(x2 y2+ y2 x2),x]=0 " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.14-20 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/14-20.pdf
One major environmental challenge faced by the human race today is the issue of global warming, leading to drastic climate change. Rigorous research has linked the emergence of this threat to human activities that have led directly to dangerous levels of accumulation of greenhouse gases (including CO2) in our atmosphere. Of the various options explored to manage the excess CO2 in the atmosphere, capturing and storing the anthropogenic CO2 in underground geologic storage units (like deep saline aquifers, unminable coal seams and depleted oil and gas reservoirs) have presented itself as a more promising option. Within this study, analysis of data (well log and seismic) was done to estimate reservoir capacity and injectivity of reservoirs within the study area with the potential to hold sequestered CO2. Well log correlation led to identification of two predominantly sandstone reservoirs (RESERVOIR I and RESERVOIR II) with a potential to serve as storage site, with average thicknesses of 20.67m and 61.81m, respectively. After estimating reservoir variables (like porosity, water saturation, permeability, potential mass of CO2 to be sequestered, lateral continuity, thickness and depth) alongside variables of the sealing unit (lateral continuity, thickness and depth), preliminary results showed that reservoir-seal units identified in the study area have sufficient capacity and injectivity for purposes of CO2 geo-sequestration. AMS Subject Classification: 20B05
- Page(s): 19-26
- Date of Publication: 20 October 2020
- Onengiyeofori A. Davies Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
- Chigozie Israel-Cookey Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
- Etim D. Uko Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
- Mathew A. Alabraba Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
References
[1] Dhanwantri, K., P. Sharma, S. Mehta, and P. Prakash, Carbon sequestration, its methods and significance. Environmental Sustainability: Concepts, Principles, Evidences Innovations, 2014. 151(2): p. 152-157. [2] Zhang, D. and J. Song, Mechanisms for geological carbon sequestration. Procedia IUTAm, 2014. 10(0): p. 319-327. [3] Shepherd, J.G., Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty. 2009: Royal Society. [4] Huppert, H.E. and J.A. Neufeld, The fluid mechanics of carbon dioxide sequestration. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2014. 46: p. 255-272. [5] Benson, S.M. and D.R. Cole, CO2 sequestration in deep sedimentary formations. Elements, 2008. 4(5): p. 325-331. [6] Gaus, I., Role and impact of CO2–rock interactions during CO2 storage in sedimentary rocks. International journal of greenhouse gas control, 2010. 4(1): p. 73-89. [7] Lal, R., Carbon sequestration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008. 363(1492): p. 815-830. [8] Matthew, O., R. Osabohien, F. Fasina, and A. Fasina, Greenhouse gas emissions and health outcomes in Nigeria: Empirical insight from ARDL technique. International Journal of Energy Economics Policy, 2018. 8(3): p. 43-50. [9] Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Global annual CO2 emissions by world region since 1750. CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. 2017 [Retrieved March 18, 2020]; Available from: https://www.OurWorldInData.org.. [10] Global GHG and CO2 Emissions.. Nigeria - CO2 emissions. 2020 [Retrieved April 19, 2020]; Available from: https://knoema.com/atlas/Nigeria/CO2-emissions. [11] Mesagan, E.P., Economic Growth and Carbon Emission in Nigeria. IUP Journal of Applied Economics, 2015. 15(4): p. 61-75. [12] Rutqvist, J., The geomechanics of CO 2 storage in deep sedimentary formations. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2012. 30(3): p. 525-551. [13] Zoback, M.D. and S.M. Gorelick, Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012. 109(26): p. 10164-10168. [14] White, J.A. and W. Foxall, Assessing induced seismicity risk at CO2 storage projects: Recent progress and remaining challenges. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2016. 49: p. 413-424. [15] Neufeld, J.A., M.A. Hesse, A. Riaz, M.A. Hallworth, H.A. Tchelepi, and H.E. Huppert, Convective dissolution of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers. Geophysical research letters, 2010. 37(22). [16] Backhaus, S., K. Turitsyn, and R.E. Ecke, Convective instability and mass transport of diffusion layers in a Hele-Shaw geometry. Physical review letters, 2011. 106(10): p. 104501. [17] Hidalgo, J.J., J. Fe, L. Cueto-Felgueroso, and R. Juanes, Scaling of convective mixing in porous media. Physical review letters, 2012. 109(26): p. 264503. [18] Pau, G.S., J.B. Bell, K. Pruess, A.S. Almgren, M.J. Lijewski, and K. Zhang, High-resolution simulation and characterization of density-driven flow in CO2 storage in saline aquifers. Advances in Water Resources, 2010. 33(4): p. 443-455. [19] Bachrach, R. and N. Dutta, Joint Estimation of Porosity and Saturation and of Effective Stress and Saturation for 3D and 4D Seismic Reservoir Characterization using Stochastic Rock Physics Modeling and Bayesian Inversion. Society of Exploration Geoscientists., 2004. 23: p. 1515 - 1518. [20] Juanes, R., E.J. Spiteri, F.M. Orr, and M.J.J. Blunt, Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage. Water resources research, 2006. 42(12). [21] Bachu, S., D. Bonijoly, J. Bradshaw, R. Burruss, S. Holloway, N.P. Christensen, and O.M. Mathiassen, CO2 storage capacity estimation: Methodology and gaps. International journal of greenhouse gas control, 2007. 1(4): p. 430-443. [22] Clark, J., D.K. Bonura, and R. Van Voorhees, An overview of injection well history in the United States of America. Developments in Water Science, 2005. 52: p. 3-12. [23] Forbes, S.M., P. Verma, T.E. Curry, S.J. Friedmann, and S.M.J. Wade, Guidelines for carbon dioxide capture, transport and storage. World Resources Institute, 2008: p. 148. [24] Bradshaw, J., B.E. Bradshaw, G. Allinson, A.J. Rigg, V. Nguyen, and L. Spencer, The potential for geological sequestration of CO2 in Australia: Preliminary findings and implications for new gas field development. The Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) Journal, 2002. 42(1): p. 25-46. [25] Metz, B., O. Davidson, H. De Coninck, M. Loos, and L. Meyer, IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA, 2005. 4. [26] Ojo, A.C. and A.C. Tse, Geological Characterisation of Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs for Carbon Sequestration Potentials in a Field in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2016. 20(1): p. 45-55. [27] National Energy Technology Laboratory. Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada. US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, 2007. [28] Davies, O.A., D.H. Davies, and P.A. Ngeri, Comparative Analysis of Porosity Estimates in a Sandstone Reservoir: The Niger Delta as Case Study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2018. 5(11): p. 102-111. [29] Krygowski, D.A., Guide to petrophysical Interpretation. Austin Texas USA, 2003. [30] Davies, O.A., C. Israel-Cookey, D.H. Davies, and P.S. Nwiyor, Permeability Modelling of a Sandstone Reservoir in Parts of the Niger Delta. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2019. 3(3): p. 73-89. [31] Aigbedion, I. and O.M. Ilukhor, Reservoir Characterization in ‘O’ Field in the Niger Delta Using Oil Well Log Data. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science, 2017. 13(2): p. 1-9. [32] John, O., H.C. Onyeoru, and F. Julius, Experimental Determination of Electrical Properties of Core Sample of Niger Delta Formation. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2016. 3(3): p. 238-250. [33] Asquith, G.B., D. Krygowski, and C.R. Gibson, Basic well log analysis. Vol. 16. 2004: American association of petroleum geologists Tulsa, OK. [34] Ameloko, A.A. and A.M. Owoseni, Hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation of X-field, Niger Delta using seismicand petrophysical data. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 2015. 15(1): p. 193-201. [35] Internation Energy Agency, Barriers to Overcome in Implementation of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage - Storage in Disused in Oil and Gas fields, in International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Technical Study Report. 2000. p. 146. [36] Halloway, S., C.J. Vincent, M.S. Bentham, and K.L. Kirk, Top-down and bottom-up estimates of CO2 storage capacity in the United Kingdom sector of the southern North Sea Basin. Environmental Geosciences, 2006. 13(2). [37] Ehlig-Economides, C. and M.J. Economides, Sequestering carbon dioxide in a closed underground volume. Journal of Petroleum Science Engineering, 2010. 70(1-2): p. 123-130. [38] Ouyang, L.-B., New Correlations for Predicting the Density and Viscosity of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Under Conditions Expected in Carbon Capture and Sequestration Operations. The Open Petroleum Engineering Journal, 2011. 4: p. 13-21. [39] Owolabi, O.O., T.F. LongJohn, and J.A. Ajienka, An empirical expression for permeability in unconsolidated sands of the eastern Niger Delta. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1994. 17(1): p. 111-116. [40] Torskaya, T.S., G. Jin, and C. Torres-Verdin. Pore-level analysis of the relationship between porosity, irreducible water saturation, and permeability of clastic rocks. in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 2007. Society of Petroleum Engineers. [41] Hojjati, M., Y. Yamini, M. Khajeh, and A. Vatanara, Solubility of some statin drugs in supercritical carbon dioxide and representing the solute solubility data with several density-based correlations. The Journal of supercritical fluids, 2007. 41(2): p. 187-194. [42] Yau, J.S. and F.N. Tsai, Solubilities of 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol in subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, 1992. 37(3): p. 285-287. [43] Choi, Y.H., J. Kim, M.J. Noh, E.S. Choi, and K.-P. Yoo, Effect of functional groups on the solubilities of coumarin derivatives in supercritical carbon dioxide. Chromatographia, 1998. 47(1-2): p. 93-97. [44] Amigun, J.O. and O.A. Odole, Petrophysical properties evaluation for reservoir characterisation of Seyi oil field (Niger-Delta). International Journal of innovation applied studies, 2013. 3(3): p. 756-773. [45] Okwoli, E., D. Obiora, O. Adewoye, J. Chukudebelu, and P. Ezema, Reservoir Characterization and Volumetric Analysis of " LONA" Field, Niger Delta, using 3-D Seismic and Well Log Data. Petroleum & Coal, 2015. 57(2): p. 108-119. [46] International Energy Agency. Development of Storage Coefficients for CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Formations, in International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Programme Report 2009/12, 2009. [47] Xie, J., K. Zhang, C. Li, and Y. Wang, Preliminary study on the CO2 injectivity and storage capacity of low-permeability saline aquifers at Chenjiacun site in the Ordos Basin. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2016. 52: p. 215-230. [48] Osborne, M.J. and R.E. Swarbrick, Mechanisms for generating overpressure in sedimentary basins: a reevaluation. AAPG bulletin, 1997. 81(6): p. 1023-1041. [49] Birkholzer, J.T., Q. Zhou, and C.-F. Tsang, Large-scale impact of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: A sensitivity study on pressure response in stratified systems. International journal of greenhouse gas control, 2009. 3(2): p. 181-194. [50] Mathias, S.A., P.E. Hardisty, M.R. Trudell, and R.W. Zimmerman, Screening and selection of sites for CO2 sequestration based on pressure buildup. International Journal of Greenhouse gas control, 2009. 3(5): p. 577-585.
Onengiyeofori A. Davies, Chigozie Israel-Cookey, Etim D. Uko, Mathew A. Alabraba "Reservoir Capacity and Injectivity Characterization for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Geo-Sequestration in the Niger Delta" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.19-26 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/19-26.pdf
This study places emphases on preferred breeding grounds for mosquitoes in Port Harcourt metropolis . Refuse dump site is known to be a preferred breeding ground for various species of mosquitoes. Dump sites harbors containers, empty cans, tires, etc which contains water that enhances mosquito breeding. Stagnant water and drainages promotes mosquito breeding. Ten dump sites in towns within Port Harcourt metropolis were selected for the study. They includes Mile 1, water line, Mile 3, Rumeueme, Rumuokuta, Rumuokoro, Adageorge, Wimpey, D/Line and Agip . Mile 1 market has the highest mosquito prevalence rate followed by Rumumukuta and water lines. Aedes aegypti recorded the highest prevalence frequency, seconded by Aedes albopictus and culex trigripes. Block drainages is the highest most preferred microhabitat followed by tires and ground pools, living parts of plants has the list population of mosquitoes. Samples were assessed, monitored on bimonthly bases.
- Page(s): 27-29
- Date of Publication: 22 October 2020
- Thompson I. Osumenya Department of Environmental Health Technology, Rivers State college of Health science and Management Technology Port Harcourt, PMB 5039, Nigeria
- Richard U. Iloma Department of Environmental Health Technology, Rivers State college of Health science and Management Technology Port Harcourt, PMB 5039, Nigeria
- Mbato I. Cyprian Department of Environmental Health Technology, Rivers State college of Health science and Management Technology Port Harcourt, PMB 5039, Nigeria
- Vivian k. KinaDepartment of Environmental Health Technology, Rivers State college of Health science and Management Technology Port Harcourt, PMB 5039, Nigeria
References
[1] Anosike, J. C. Nwoke, B. E. B. Okere, A. N., Oku, E. E., Asor, J. E., Emmy-Egbe I. O. Adimike, D. A. [2] Chidinma A. Ikpeama, Ifeanyi O. Obiajureu, Bertram E.B.Nwoke, Monica N. Ezike (2007) A survey of relative Abundance of Mosquitoes in their preferred breeding microhabitat in refused dum in Owerri, Imo state Nigeria. University journal of agricultural research 5 (6) 323-328 [3] Ugagu, mosquitoes of zoological Garden, Nekede. Imo state. Unpublished Thesis. [4] Onyiudo, A.E., Azubuike, J., Amedi, E.S., Obiukwu, M.D.. Ozumba, N.A., Ikpeze, 0.0., (2011) A survey of public health disease vectors breeding in refuse dumps in onisha metropolis. New York Sue rice Journal 4(9).
Thompson I. Osumenya, Richard U. Iloma, Mbato I. Cyprian, Vivian k. Kina "Survey of mosquitoes prevalence and abundance in dumpsite within Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.27-29 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/27-29.pdf
The study reviews the incidence causes of foodborne diseases and strategies for control in the united kingdom and china base on the result it is clear that the food safety problem in China is practically bigger than it is in UK, China despite the numerous strategies to contained the situation. As it was reported to the Chinese government between 1994-2005, 12,687 foodborne diseases incidents where 289,380 individuals were affected leading to the death of 2,297 individuals, Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are responsible for 22.16% and 18.73% respectively.The increase in foodborne deseases outbreaks in China can be linked to the changes in the type of feeding habits, at a point many people change from eating well cooked food to eating raw or partially cooked foods where parthogenic microarganisms are still active and regenarate. Foodsafety is one of the leading challeges in China due to limited investment in surveillance, inter-agency coordination, outbreak investigation and synthesis of data. Lack of functional national laboratory based surveillance system makes it difficult or practically imposible for them to detect widespread foodborne outbreaks or to identify new infections. Comparing this to the UK, things tend to be different in the records of the foodborne outbreak the United kingdom hardly encounter cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the major cause foodborne diseases. In the UK majority of the foodborne diseases is caused by Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogenes. The differences between the situation in the UK and China is assume to be due to feeding habits and other variation in the cultural behaviour of the two countries eating raw food or partially cooked food and improper hygiene is responsible for the higher record in China. Other factors includes overpopulation and inadequate food safety strategies and policy implementation between the two countries.
- Page(s): 30-35
- Date of Publication: 26 October 2020
- Luka Y.B Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashua Yobe State. Nigeria
- Tabita S.G Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashua Yobe State. Nigeria
- Abubabakar A.AUmar Suleiman College of Education Gashua Yobe State. Nigeria
- Jibrin M.M Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashua Yobe State. Nigeria
- Lawan Z.B Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashua Yobe State. Nigeria
- Emmanuel BUmar Suleiman College of Education Gashua Yobe State. Nigeria
References
[1] Alcorn, T. and Ouyang, Y. (2012) China's invisible burden of foodborne illness. Lancet (London, England) [online], 379(9818), pp. 789-790 .
[2] Chao, G., Jiao, X., Zhou, X., Yang, Z., Huang, J., Zhou, L. and Qian, X. (2009) Distribution, prevalence, molecular typing, and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from different sources in coastal province Jiangsu, China. Food Control [online], 20(10), pp. 907-912
[3] Chung, S. and Wong, C.K. (2012) Regulatory and policy control on food safety in China. Journal of epidemiology and community health [online]
[4] Gormley, F., Little, C., Rawal, N., Gillespie, I., Lebaigue, S. and Adak, G. (2011) A 17-year review of foodborne outbreaks: describing the continuing decline in England and Wales (1992–2008). Epidemiology and infection [online], 139(5), pp. 688-699
[5] Kim, S., Li, T., Heo, J., Bae, Y., Hwang, I., Lee, S. and Moon, B. (2012) Efficacies of Cleaning Methods for Decontaminating Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the Surfaces of Cutting Boards Cross‐Contaminated from Grated Fish Fillet. Journal of Food Safety [online], 32(4), pp. 459-466
[6] Lin, Y., Zeng, H., Li, G. and Ni, H. (2010) Economic development is ultimate determinant of food safety: A case study of China. Environmental pollution [online], 158(5), pp. 1185-1188
[7] Little, C.L., Richardson, J.F., Owen, R.J., de Pinna, E. and Threlfall, E.J. (2008) Prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw poultry meat in the UK, 2003–2005. International journal of environmental health research [online],
[8] Lu, L., Huang, Q., Chen, Z., Huang, X., Liang, J., Xia, S., Wang, Y., Yang, X. and Zhang, Y. (2012) Knowledge, attitudes and practices of food-borne diseases and surveillance among physicians in Guangdong, China. Food Control [online]
[9] Nelapati, S., Nelapati, K. and Chinnam, B. (2012) Vibrio parahaemolyticus-An emerging foodborne pathogen. Veterinary World [online], 5(1), pp. 48-63.
[10] Ni, H. and Zeng, H. (2009) Law enforcement is key to China's food safety. Environmental Pollution [online], 157(7), pp. 1990-1992
[11] Redmond, E.C. and Griffith, C.J. (2006) Assessment of consumer food safety education provided by local authorities in the UK. British Food Journal [online], 108(9), pp. 732-752
[12] Shao, D., Shi, Z., Wei, J. and Ma, Z. (2011) A brief review of foodborne zoonoses in China. Epidemiology and infection [online], 139(10), pp. 1497-1504
[13] Shi, Q., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Fang, H., Yuan, Z. and Xia, L. (2012) Situation of Salmonella contamination in food in Hebei Province of China in 2009-2010. African Journal of Microbiology Research [online], 6(2), pp. 365-370
[14] Su, Y. and Liu, C. (2007) < i> Vibrio parahaemolyticus: A concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiology [online], 24(6), pp. 549-558
[15] Sue, D. (2002) The precautionary principle and food policy: Part II. Consumer Policy Review [online], 12(3), pp. 94 Available at:http://wlv.summon.serialssolutions.com/link/.
[16] Tauxe, R.V., Doyle, M.P., Kuchenmüller, T., Schlundt, J. and Stein, C. (2010) Evolving public health approaches to the global challenge of foodborne infections. International journal of food microbiology [online], 139pp. S16-S28
[17] Varma, J.K., Wu, S. and Feng, Z. (2012) Detecting and controlling foodborne infections in humans: Lessons for China from the United States experience. Global Public Health [online], 7(7), pp. 766-778
[18] Wang, X., Zhang, L., Jin, L., Jin, M., Shen, Z., An, S., Chao, F. and Li, J. (2007) Development and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology [online], 76(1), pp. 225-233
[19] Wang, S., Duan, H., Zhang, W. and Li, J. (2007) Analysis of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks in China between 1994 and 2005. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology [online], 51(1), pp. 8 Available at:
Luka Y.B, Tabita S.G, Abubabakar A.A, Jibrin M.M, Lawan Z.B & Emmanuel B "Comparative Review on the Incidence Causes of Foodborne Diseases and Strategies for Control in the United Kingdom and China." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.30-35 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/30-35.pdf
This study investigated the effect of integrated micro science kits on student’s attitude towards physics practical work in form two students in Kakamega Central sub-county. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design, randomized pretest – posttest experimental design. Two groups of the form two physics students from 16 secondary schools were assigned to experimental and control groups who participated in the study. The Students Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to collect data for the study. Reliability was tested using Cronbach coefficient alpha to determine the internal consistency of the questionnaire items; A Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha of 0.814 was obtained. The collected data were processed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics included means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics used was a t-test and tested at = 0.05 significance level. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. The findings indicated that students that used the Micro science kits performed better than those that used the conventional laboratory apparatus in physics practicals. The integration of practical work with the theory is deemed to have contributed to the positive response of attitude detected
- Page(s): 36-40
- Date of Publication: 26 October 2020
- Fanuel Wesonga M.M. ST. Mary Goretti Shikoti Girls High School
References
[1] Abdullah M, Ismail Z and Mohamed N, (2005), Microscale experimentation in teaching Chemistry. In M. Ismail, S. Osman and H.Yunus (Eds), Proceeding for seminar Pendidikan JPPG 2005-Education for sustainable development. Penang:Universiti Sains Malaysia. Pp29- 57. [2] Akoobhai B and Bradley JD, (2005), Providing practical experiences at home for students studying science at a distance. Proceeding of ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, November 2005, New Delhi [3] Bradley JD, (2000), The micro-science project and its impact on pre-service teacher education, Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. Pp 32-73. [4] Faour, M.A. & Ayoubi, Z. (2018). The effect of using virtual laboratory on grade 10 students’ conceptual understanding and their attitudes towards physics. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 4(1), 54-68. DOI:10.21891/jeseh.387482 [5] Hanson R, Sakina A, (2014), Enhancing concept understanding through the use of micro chemistry equipment and collaborative activities. Journal of Education and Practice; Vol 5 pp 120-130. [6] Kenya National Examinations Council, (2010-2012). KCSE Examination Candidates Performance Reports. Nairobi-Kenya [7] Kisaka L.G (2003). Teaching approaches and methods. A Paper presented during Cycle 1 of National SMASSE inset at Kenya Science Teachers College, August (2003) Nairobi Kenya, pp 3-12 [8] Kolb DA (1984), Experiential learning, Englewood cliffs, practice Hall, pg 256. [9] Kolobe, L (1998), Introduction of RADMASTE Microchemistry kits in disadvantaged schools in Gauteng: a case study. MSc research report. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science, Johannesburg.pp 75-83 [10] Madeira, A.C.P., (2005). The influence of practical work on chemistry teaching and learning-an approach using microchemistry kits in Mozambican Junior Secondary Schools, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Pp 62-69 [11] Mafumiko FMS, (2008).The potential of Micro-scale Chemistry Experimentation in enhancing teaching and learning of secondary chemistry: Experiences from Tanzanian Classrooms. NUE Journal of International Cooperation, Vol 3, pp 63-79. [12] Michieka R and Twoli N (2009), The effect of using micro-science kits in teaching primary school science in a developing country, Kenya. A paper presented at the International Conference in Education at Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya. [13] Ministry of Education, Science and Technology – Kakamega Central sub-county KCSE Results analysis, (2012) unpublished. [14] SMASSE Project (1998). Baseline studies document. An unpublished paper presented during National INSET at KSTC; Nairobi. [15] Ssempala, F, 2005, Gender differences in performance of Chemistry practical skills among senior six students in Kampala District. PhD thesis. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp [16] Somerset (1993). Putting experimentation back into science education. Vol.3. pp. 1-3
Fanuel Wesonga M.M. "Enhanced Learners’ Attitude towards Physics Practical’s: The Micro Science Kits Experience in Kenya" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.36-40 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/36-40.pdf
Let R be a ring and M be an R-module. We generalized the concepts pure-lifting and pure-supplemented module and introduce weak distribution with fully invariant. We prove every pure g-lifting is pure g-supplemented module. Let M be a weak distribution pure g-supplemented module, then M/A is pure g-supplemented module for every submodule A of M. Let M = M1ΦM2 be a weakly distributive R-module. Then each Mi, iϵ{1, 2}is closed weak g-supplemented if and only if M is closed weak g-supplemented.
- Page(s): 41-44
- Date of Publication:01 November 2020
- R.S. WadbudeMahatma Fule Arts, Commerce and Sitaramji Chaudhari Science Mahavidyalaya, Warud. SGB Amravati University Amravati [M.S.], India
References
[1] B. Kosar, Co-finitely G-supplemented modules, British J. Math. 17(4), (2016) 1-6. [2] B. Kosar, C. Nebiyev and A. Pakin, A generalization of g-supplemented modules,Miskolc Math. 20(1),(2019) 345-352. [3] C. Lomp, On semilocal modules and rings, Comm. Alg. 27(4), (199) 1921-1935. [4] C. Nebiyev and Hasan H. Okten, Weakly G- supplemented modules, European J. of Pure and applied Math., 10(3) 2017, 521-528. [5] C. Nebiyev, Hasan H. Okten and A. Pakin, Essential supplemented modules, Int J. of Pure and Applied Math. 120(2) (2018), 253-257. [6] D. Keskin & N. Orhan, Generalization of weak lifting modules, Soochow J. Math, 32(1), (2006), 71-76. [7] G. Azumaya some characterization of regular modules, Publications Mathematiques, 34 (1990) 241-248. [8] K. Vardharajan, Modules with supplements Pac. J. Math. 82(1979), 559-564. [9] R. Alizade and E. Buyukasik, Cofinite weakly supplemented modules, comm. Alg. 31(11), (2003), 5377-5390. [10] R. Wisbauer, Foundation of Modules and Rings, Goldan and Breach, Philadelphia (1991). [11] S. K. Coubey, B. M. Pandeya and A. J. Gupta, Amply weak Rad- supplemented modules,6 (27) (2012), 1335-1341. [12] S.M. Yasen and W. K. Hasan, Pure-supplemented modules, Iraqi J. of Science. 53(4)(2012) 882-886 [13] W. Anderson and K. Fuller, Rings and Categories of Modules, Springer-Verlag, NewYork, 1992. [14] W. Khalid and A. S. Wadi, Generalized Radical g- lifting modules, Int. J. of Science and Research, 6(7), 2015, 2211-2214 [15] Y. Wang & N. Ding, A generalized supplemented modules. Hac. J. Math., 45 (1), (2016),129-137. [16] Y. Wang & N. Ding, Generalized supplemented modules. Taiwanese J. Math., 10, No.6, (2006),1589-1601. [17] Y.Talebi, T. Amouzegar and A. Mahmodui, Closed weak generalized supplemented modules,J. of Algebra, Number theory, 11 (1) (2014), 33-47.
R.S. Wadbude "Generalization of Pure-Supplemented Modules" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.41-44 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/41-44.pdf
The theoretical studies of corrosion inhibition potentials of three polyamine derivatives {2, 3–diaminophenazine (DAPH); 1, 2-diaminoanthraquinone (DAA) and 2, 3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN)} were investigated using Density Functional Theory with RHF/STO-6G* method. Quantum chemical parameters (such as EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, ionization energy, electron affinity, global hardness, global softness, electrophilicity index, back donation, absolute electronegativity) were used to predict the corrosion inhibition potentials. Corrosion inhibition potentials increased with increase in EHOMO, absolute electronegativity, global softness, electrophilicity index and decreasing energy gap, ELUMO, global hardness and back donation. It was observed that the predictive corrosion inhibition potentials decreased as follows: DAPH > DAA > DAN. Also, the sites of likely electrophilic attack were located on atoms (nitrogen and oxygen) as shown by high negative mulliken charges of these atoms. Molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs) also provided further insight into the binding sites of these molecules on the metal-surface.
- Page(s): 45-52
- Date of Publication: 02 November 2020
- Kufre E. EssienDepartment of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, P.M.B. 1167, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Nigeria
- I. O. Ekpenyong,Department of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, P.M.B. 1200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria
- Okon, O. E. Department of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, P.M.B. 1200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria
- and Etiowo G. UkpongDepartment of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, P.M.B. 1200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria
References
[1] E.E. Ebenso, N.O. Eddy, A.O. Odiongenyi, Corrosion inhibition and adsorption properties of methocarbamol on mild steel in acidic medium, Port. Electrochim. Acta. 27 (2009) 13–22. [2] S.A. Odoemelam, E.C. Ogoko, B.I. Ita, N.O. Eddy, Inhibition of the Corrosion of Zinc in H2SO4 by 9-deoxy-9a-aza-9a-methyl-9a-homoerythromycin A (Azithromycin), Port. Electrochim. Acta. 27 (2009) 57–68. [3] A.O. Odiongenyi, S.A. Odoemelam, N.O. Eddy, Corrosion inhibition and adsorption properties of ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina for the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4, Port. Electrochim. Acta. 27 (2009) 33–45. [4] A.Y. El-Etre, Inhibition of C-steel corrosion in acidic solution using the aqueous extract of zallouh root, Mater. Chem. Phys. 108 (2008) 278–282. [5] K.M. Ismail, Evaluation of cysteine as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for copper in neutral and acidic chloride solutions, Electrochim. Acta. 52 (2007) 7811–7819. [6] E.E. Oguzie, Y. Li, F.H. Wang, Effect of surface nanocrystallization on corrosion and corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel: Synergistic effect of methionine and iodide ion, Electrochim. Acta. 52 (2007) 6988–6996. [7] M. Abdallah, B.H. Asghar, I. Zaafarany, A.S. Fouda, The inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution using some phenolic compounds, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7 (2012) 282–304. [8] I.B. Obot, E.E. Ebenso, M.M. Kabanda, Metronidazole as environmentally safe corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl: experimental and theoretical investigation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 1 (2013) 431–439. [9] G. Gece, The use of quantum chemical methods in corrosion inhibitor studies, Corros. Sci. 50 (2008) 2981–2992. [10] J.G.N. Thomas, The mechanism of corrosion prevention by inhibitors, in: Corrosion, Elsevier, 1994: pp. 17–40. [11] M.E. Belghiti, Y. Karzazi, A. Dafali, I.B. Obot, E.-E. Ebenso, K.M. Emran, I. Bahadur, B. Hammouti, F. Bentiss, Anti-corrosive properties of 4-amino-3, 5-bis (disubstituted)-1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives on mild steel corrosion in 2 M H3PO4 solution: Experimental and theoretical studies, J. Mol. Liq. 216 (2016) 874–886. [12] M. Abreu-Quijano, M. Palomar-Pardavé, A. Cuán, M. Romero-Romo, G. Negrón-Silva, R. Álvarez-Bustamante, A. Ramírez-López, H. Herrera-Hernández, Quantum chemical study of 2-mercaptoimidazole, 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-Mercapto-5-Methylbenzimidazole and 2-Mercapto-5-Nitrobenzimidazole as corrosion inhibitors for steel, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6 (2011) 3729–3742. [13] O. Senhaji, R. Taouil, M.K. Skalli, M. Bouachrine, B. Hammouti, M. Hamidi, S.S. Al-Deyab, Experimental and theoretical study for corrosion inhibition in normal hydrochloric acid solution by some new phophonated compounds, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6 (2011) 6290–6299. [14] L. Feng, H. Yang, F. Wang, Experimental and theoretical studies for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by imidazoline derivative in 5% NaCl saturated Ca (OH) 2 solution, Electrochim. Acta. 58 (2011) 427–436. [15] J. Vosta, J. Eliasek, Study on corrosion inhibition from aspect of quantum chemistry, Corros. Sci. 11 (1971) 223–229. [16] I. Lukovits, I. Bakó, A. Shaban, E. Kálmán, Polynomial model of the inhibition mechanism of thiourea derivatives, Electrochim. Acta. 43 (1998) 131–136. [17] S. Ramachandran, B.-L. Tsai, M. Blanco, H. Chen, Y. Tang, W.A. Goddard, Atomistic simulations of oleic imidazolines bound to ferric clusters, J. Phys. Chem. A. 101 (1997) 83–89. [18] J. Zhang, G. Qiao, S. Hu, Y. Yan, Z. Ren, L. Yu, Theoretical evaluation of corrosion inhibition performance of imidazoline compounds with different hydrophilic groups, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 147–152. [19] M. Şahin, G. Gece, F. Karcı, S. Bilgiç, Experimental and theoretical study of the effect of some heterocyclic compounds on the corrosion of low carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl medium, J. Appl. Electrochem. 38 (2008) 809–815. [20] L.M. Rodríguez-Valdez, W. Villamisar, M. Casales, J.G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A. Martínez-Villafañe, L. Martinez, D. Glossman-Mitnik, Computational simulations of the molecular structure and corrosion properties of amidoethyl, aminoethyl and hydroxyethyl imidazolines inhibitors, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006) 4053–4064. [21] Y.K. Agrawal, J.D. Talati, M.D. Shah, M.N. Desai, N.K. Shah, Schiff bases of ethylenediamine as corrosion inhibitors of zinc in sulphuric acid, Corros. Sci. 46 (2004) 633–651. [22] G. Achary, H.P. Sachin, Y.A. Naik, T. V Venkatesha, The corrosion inhibition of mild steel by 3-formyl-8-hydroxy quinoline in hydrochloric acid medium, Mater. Chem. Phys. 107 (2008) 44–50. [23] H. Wang, X. Wang, H. Wang, L. Wang, A. Liu, DFT study of new bipyrazole derivatives and their potential activity as corrosion inhibitors, J. Mol. Model. 13 (2007) 147–153. [24] M.E. Belghiti, S. Echihi, A. Dafali, Y. Karzazi, M. Bakasse, H. Elalaoui-Elabdallaoui, L.O. Olasunkanmi, E.E. Ebenso, M. Tabyaoui, Computational simulation and statistical analysis on the relationship between corrosion inhibition efficiency and molecular structure of some hydrazine derivatives in phosphoric acid on mild steel surface, Appl. Surf. Sci. 491 (2019) 707–722. [25] T. Koopmans, Ordering of wave functions and eigenenergies to the individual electrons of an atom, Physica. 1 (1933) 104–113. [26] I.B. Obot, N.O. Obi-Egbedi, Theoretical study of benzimidazole and its derivatives and their potential activity as corrosion inhibitors, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 657–660. [27] K. Fukui, Role of frontier orbitals in chemical reactions, Science (80-. ). 218 (1982) 747–754. [28] I.B. Obot, N.O. Obi-Egbedi, N.W. Odozi, Acenaphtho [1, 2-b] quinoxaline as a novel corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 923–926. [29] M. Rajendran, D. Devapiriam, DFT calculations for corrosion inhibition of copper by tetrazole derivatives, J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 7 (2015) 763–773. [30] A. Mahsoune, K. Sadik, M.E. Belghiti, I. Bahadur, A. Aboulmouhajir, Toward a theoretical understanding of the corrosion inhibitive performance on iron surface by some macrocyclic polyether compounds containing 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole entity, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 13 (2018) 8396–8427. [31] T.G. Custer, S. Kato, V.M. Bierbaum, C.J. Howard, G.C. Morrison, Gas-phase kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of protonated hydrazine with carbonyl compounds. Gas-phase hydrazone formation: kinetics and mechanism, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 2744–2754. [32] K. Ramji, D.R. Cairns, S. Rajeswari, Synergistic inhibition effect of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and Tween-80 on the corrosion of brass in NaCl solution, Appl. Surf. Sci. 254 (2008) 4483–4493. [33] G. Gao, C. Liang, Electrochemical and DFT studies of β-amino-alcohols as corrosion inhibitors for brass, Electrochim. Acta. 52 (2007) 4554–4559. [34] M. Bouklah, N. Benchat, A. Aouniti, B. Hammouti, M. Benkaddour, M. Lagrenée, H. Vezin, F. Bentiss, Effect of the substitution of an oxygen atom by sulphur in a pyridazinic molecule towards inhibition of corrosion of steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium, Prog. Org. Coatings. 51 (2004) 118–124. [35] R. Sanderson, Chemical bonds and bond energy academic, New York. 77 (1976). [36] R.G. Pearson, Recent advances in the concept of hard and soft acids and bases, J. Chem. Educ. 64 (1987) 561. [37] R.G. Pearson, Chemical Hardness Wiley, (1997). [38] M.P. Manahan Sr, D.D. Macdonald, A.J. Peterson Jr, Determination of the fate of the current in the stress corrosion cracking of sensitized type 304SS in high temperature aqueous systems, Corros. Sci. 37 (1995) 189–208. [39] K.F. Khaled, M.M. Al-Qahtani, The inhibitive effect of some tetrazole derivatives towards Al corrosion in acid solution: Chemical, electrochemical and theoretical studies, Mater. Chem. Phys. 113 (2009) 150–158. [40] R.G. Parr, L. V Szentpaly, S. Liu, Electrophilicity Index. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, (1922). [41] P. Geerlings, F. De Proft, W. Langenaeker, Conceptual density functional theory, Chem. Rev. 103 (2003) 1793–1874. [42] B. Gomez, N. V Likhanova, M.A. Dominguez-Aguilar, R. Martinez-Palou, A. Vela, J.L. Gazquez, Quantum chemical study of the inhibitive properties of 2-pyridyl-azoles, J. Phys. Chem. B. 110 (2006) 8928–8934. [43] S. Xia, M. Qiu, L. Yu, F. Liu, H. Zhao, Molecular dynamics and density functional theory study on relationship between structure of imidazoline derivatives and inhibition performance, Corros. Sci. 50 (2008) 2021–2029. [44] R.A.H. Al-Uqaily, S.A. Al-Bayaty, E.A. Abdulameer, Inhibition by 4-Phenylpyridine N-Oxide as Organic Substance for Corrosion for Carbon Steel in 1 M HCl Media, J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst. 11 (2019) 1013–1018. [45] F.J. Luque, M. Orozco, P.K. Bhadane, S.R. Gadre, SCRF calculation of the effect of water on the topology of the molecular electrostatic potential, J. Phys. Chem. 97 (1993) 9380–9384. [46] I. Alkorta, J.J. Perez, Molecular polarization potential maps of the nucleic acid bases, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 57 (1996) 123–135. [47] O. Dagdag, A. El Harfi, O. Cherkaoui, Z. Safi, N. Wazzan, L. Guo, E.D. Akpan, C. Verma, E.E. Ebenso, R.T.T. Jalgham, Rheological, electrochemical, surface, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation studies on the anticorrosive properties of new epoxy monomer compound for steel in 1 M HCl solution, RSC Adv. 9 (2019) 4454–4462.
Kufre E. Essien, I. O. Ekpenyong, Okon, O. E. and Etiowo G. Ukpong "Computational Assessment of the Corrosion Inhibition Potentials of Some Polyamines Using Density Functional Theory" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.45-52 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/45-52.pdf
This paper proposes a data acquisition system that controls an automated farmland. The information received by the sensors used in this project are being sent to the microcontroller from the sensors which processes the data collected and then opens or closes a drip irrigation system valve based on the information received by the microcontroller. The data that is being read by the sensors is also sent to the user through a GSM module, displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) and is stored on an memory (SD) card every twenty-five minutes. The developed system increased efficiency on the field where it was implemented. The result was then collected for the period of two (2) weeks and there were variations for different days which were due to climatic conditions. The designed system worked optimally and is fully recommended for both small-scale and large-scale implementations.
- Page(s): 53-56
- Date of Publication: 02 November 2020
- Ofoegbu E.OElectrical/Electronics Engineering, Adeleke University, Osun, Nigeria
- Oke M.A.Agricultural Engineering, Adeleke University, Osun, Nigeria
- Gbadamosi V.OElectrical/Electronics Engineering, Adeleke University, Osun, Nigeria
- Ajobo M.AElectrical/Electronics Engineering, Adeleke University, Osun, Nigeria
References
[1] Ayav, T. (2019). Data acquisition and Digital Signal Processing. Izmir: Izmir Institute of Technology. [2] Abhishek Kumar, M. S. (2017). Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using Arduino. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 319-323. [3] Agbetuyi A, O. H. (2016). design and implementation of an automatic irrigation system based on monitoring soil moisture. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2-8. [4] Sirisha, A., & YV, K. R. (2017). Development of Smart Automated Irrigation. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 219-224. [5] Dell. (2018). Automated Irrigation System. EMC. [6] Barkunan, S. (2019). Smart sensor for automatic drip irrigation system for paddy cultivation. ScienceDirect. [7] Leroux, M. F. (2005). Design of an Automated Irrigation system. Montreal, QC, Canada: McGill University, Department of Biresource Engineering. [8] Data Acquisition (2020). Nature. Retrieved January 6, 2020, from www.nature.com: https://www.nature.com/subjects/data-acquisition.rss [9] Drip Irrigation (2020). NETAFIM. Retrieved January 28, 2020, from www.netafim.com: https://www.netafim.com/en/drip-irrigation/ [10] PadaKuu. (2020, January 26). PadaKuu. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from www.padakuu.com: www.padakuu.com/article/1-difference-between-manual-and-automated-system-vs-automated-system
Ofoegbu E.O., Oke M.A., Gbadamosi V.O., Ajobo M.A "A GSM Based Data Acquisition System For Climatic and Soil Hydro-Physical Parameters Measurement Leaf Extract" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.53-56 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/53-56.pdf
Let B(H) denote the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space H into itself. Our task in this note is to prove conditions that imply convexoidity and normaloidity. It is shown among other results that if T is normaloid then Tk is normaloid for k ∈ N. AMS Subject classification: 47B47, 47A30, 47B20
- Page(s): 57-58
- Date of Publication: 02 November 2020
- G.M. KariukiDepartment of Mathematics and Actuarial Science Kenyatta University P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- M. KavilaDepartment of Mathematics and Actuarial Science Kenyatta University P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
References
[1] Blumenson, L. (1963). A generalized polarization identity. The American Mathematical Monthly, 70(3), 277-281. [2] Halmos, P. R. (1967). A Hilbert space problem book, Prnceton. K. J. [3] Istrăţescu, V. (1967). On some hyponormal operators. Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 22(3), 413-417. [4] Sheth, I. H. (1969). Normaloid operators. Pacific j. Math, 28(3), 675-680.
G.M. Kariuki, M. Kavila "Conditions Implying Convexoidity and Normaloidity" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.57-58 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/57-58.pdf
The ameliorative effects of Annona muricata water leaf extract on renal impairments caused by induction of melamine were studied in male albino rats. Forty (40) albino rats were randomly distributed into various groups I to V (n=8). Group I (vehicle control) got 7ml/kg b.w of 10% tween 80, Groups II to V got 1000mg/kg body weight of melamine for 10 days. Group III was then given standard reference drug (100mg/kg b.w) allopurinol. While doses of 300 and 500mg/kg b.w of water leaf extracts were administered to Groups IV and V. Phytochemical analysis of water extracts yielded alkaloids (70mg/g), flavonoids (40mg/g), tannins (1.35mg/g), oxalates (0.66mg/g), Saponins (7.90mg/g), Cyanogenic glycosides (1.73mg/g), and phytates (1.34mg/g). Oral acute toxicity test gave zero mortality up to 5000mg/kg b.w for water extracts. Treatment with water extracts at 300mg/kg b.w resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum creatinine and urea while 500mg/kg b.w only resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in creatinine when compared to melamine-induced renal impaired rats that were not treated. The findings imply that renal impairment caused by melamine could be ameliorated at low dose of leaf extract of Annona muricata. Hence the leaf could be effective in the management of renal impairment.
- Page(s): 59-62
- Date of Publication: 02 November 2020
- Adekunle A. Ajayi Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences ,Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Abia State, Nigeria
- Irene I. Ijeh Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences ,Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Abia State, Nigeria
- Kerian C. Ngobidi Biochemistry Unit, Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
- Ibukun C. Vining-OguBiochemistry Unit, Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
References
[1] Hau, A. K. C., Li, P. K. T., and Kwan, T.H (2009) Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney. Journal of Asian Science and Nutrition. 20 (2): 245-250. [2] Moore, J.C., Devries, J W.; Lipp, Markus; Griffiths, James C.; Abernethy, Darrell R. (2010). "Total Protein Methods and Their Potential Utility to Reduce the Risk of Food Protein Adulteration". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9 (4): 330. [3] Skinner, C.G., Thomas, J.D., and Osterloh, J.D (2010). Melamine toxicity. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 6: 50:55. [4] Lad, S. S., and Aparnathi, K.D (2017). Melamine: A Monster in the Milk. International Journal Curriculum of Microbiology and Applied Science. 6(4): 876- 882. [5] World Health Organization (2008). Melamine and Cyanuric Acid: Toxicity, Preliminary Risk Assessment and Guidance on Levels in Food. World Health Organization: September 25, 2008. [6] Badrie, N., and Schauss, A.G., (2010). Soursop (Annona muricata L.): Composition, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Uses, and Toxicology. In: Bioactive foods in promoting health [ed. by Watson, R. R. \Preedy, V. R.]. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Academic Press. Pp. 621-643. [7] Duke, J.A. (1970). Ethnobotanical observations on the Chocó Indians. Econ. Botany, 24: 344-366. [8] Padma, P., Chansouria, J.P.N and Khosa, R.L (1997) Effects of alcohol extract of Annona muricata on cold immobilization stress induced tissue lipid peroxidation. Phytoother. Res. 11:326-327. [9] Anowi, C.F., Nnabuife, C.C., Mbah, C.J and Onyekaba,T.C (2012). Antimicrobial Properties of the Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Nauclea latifolia. International Journal of Drug Research and Technology. 2: 45-55. [10] OECD (2000) Guidance Document on Acute oral toxicity. Environmental Health and safety monograph serum on Testing and assessment 2000,No 24. [11] Lorke, D . (1983) A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch.Toxicol. 54:275-287. [12] Harborne , J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods, London; Chapman and Hall Ltd. Pp. 49-188. [13] Miller, G.L. (1972) Estimation of Reducing Sugar by DNS method. Anaytical Chemistry. (3):426. [14] AOAC (2010). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th Edn., Washington D.C., USA. [15] Van Buren, J.P. and Robinson, W.B. (1981). Formation of complexes between protein and tannic acid. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 1: 772-777. [16] Lucas, G.M and Markakas, P (1975). Phytic acid and other phosphorus compounds of bean (Phasecolus vulgaris) Journal Agricultural Education Chemistry. 23: 13-15. [17] Sanchez–Alonzo,. F and Lachia, M. (1987) Seasonal trends in the elemental content of Plum Leafs. Common Soil Science Plant Analytical. 18:31-44. [18] Shibula, K and Velavan, S (2016). Determination of bioactive compounds in A. muricata leaf extract. Journal of Bioscience and Technology 7(3):762-768. [19] Geoffrey A. (2001). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Elsevier, pp. 8, [20] Akinseye, O.R., Morayo, A.E., and Akinwale, S.O (2016). Phytochemical evaluation of dry, wet and oil of leaf of Annona muricata for medical activities. Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine. 13:42-47. [21] Nagao, A., Seki, M., and Kobayashi, H (1999). "Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by flavonoids". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 63 (10): 1787–90. [22] Roa, R.R., Babu, R.M., and Roa, M.R.V (1995)Saponin an anticarcinogen. Journal of Nutrition. 125:717-724 [23] Fasakin, A. O., Fehintola, E.O., Obijole, O.A., Oseni, O.A (2008).Compositional analyses of the seed of sour sop, Annona muricata L., as a potential animal feed supplement. Scientific Research and Essay; 3(10):521-523. [24] Ojezele, O.J., Ojezele, M.O., and Adeosun, M.A (2016). Comparative Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activities of Water and Ethanol Extract of Annona muricata Linn Leaf, Seed and Fruit. Advances in Biological Research. 10 (4): 230-235 [25] Watzl, B. and Leitzmann, C., (1999). Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln. Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart, 2 Auflage, Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart. [26] Larbie, C., Terlabi, E.O., Woode, E., Arthur, F.K.N (2011). Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity of Annona muricata (Linn) aqueous extract in animals. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 1(4):115-124. [27] Ajayi, A.A and Ijeh, I.L (2018). The mitigating effect of Annona muricata Linn (soursop) Ethanol Leaf Extracts on melamine-induced nephrotoxicity in Male Rats. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 33 (1&2):15-26.
Adekunle A. Ajayi, Irene I. Ijeh, Kerian C. Ngobidi and Ibukun C. Vining-Ogu "Effects of Annona Muricata Linn. Water Leaf Extract in Melamine-Induced Renal Impairments in Male Rats." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.59-62 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/59-62.pdf
Due to innovative advancement, Smart phones developed into in fact and practically refined gadgets called mobile phones. Giving far reaching abilities, Smart phones are getting progressively well known for the focused on clients as well as all. Malware has been a significant issue on cell phones. General countermeasures to Smart phone malwares are at present restricted to signature-based enemy of infection scanners which proficiently identify known malwares, yet they have genuine inadequacies with new and obscure malwares making a lucky opening for assailants. As Smart phones become a host for delicate information and applications, broadened malware recognition instruments not basing on marks are important com-utilizing with the asset limitations of current cell phones. In this work, we tackle the field of cell phone malware. We give a reasonable clarification on what a cell phone really is. Dynamic and static investigation was utilized in the proposed framework. In the field of dynamic investigation, an observing framework is presented assembling conduct and framework based data that are handled by a distant framework utilizing AI for oddity discovery. In the field of static investigation, we examine its pertinence to the space of various cell phone stages, in particular Symbian OS and Android. This paper adopted the object oriented analysis and design method (OOADM), and utilizations the way to deal with model true cycles, activities and information in an all the more deftly, productively and sensibly way.
- Page(s): 63-68
- Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
- Atanda Aminat OluchiDepartment of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Obi Adaobi MariaDepartment of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Anyaorah Chukwuka CharlesDepartment Of Computer Science, Federal College of Education Eha-Amufu, Nigeria
- Idoko Nnamdi ADepartment of Computer Science, Renaissance University, Ugbawka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Udechukwu Precious EmekaDepartment of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Anusiobi Chinenye LovelineDepartment of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Asogwa SamuelDepartment of Computer Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
- Senu Jephthah FolarinDepartment of computer science, Federal university of tech, Minna, Nigeria
References
[1]. Canalys. " Small tablets drives big share gains for Android". press release. Aug 2013 [2]. M. (Business I. Rosoff, “IDC smartphone OS market share - Business Insider,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/idc-smartphone-os-market-share-2015-12?IR=T. [Accessed: 10-Aug-2017]. [3]. R. Price, “BlackBerry global smartphone market share is 0,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/blackberry-smartphone-marketshare-zero-percent-gartner-q4-2016-2017-2?IR=T. [Accessed: 10-Aug-2017]. [4]. Guillermo suarez- T, et al. "Evolution , Detection and analysis of malware for smart devices". IEEE communication Survey and tutorials. Issue 2, Vol 16. Oct 2013 [5]. Sven Dietrich. " Detection of intrusion and malware, and vulnerability assessment" Egham, UK. July 2014. [6]. H. A. Alatwi, “Android Malware Detection Using Category-Based Machine Learning Classifiers,” Rochester Institute of Technology, 2016. [7]. C.L. Lodin, S.W.; Schuba. Firewalls fend off invasions from the net.Spectrum, IEEE, 35(2):26–34, Feb 1998. [8]. Peter Szor.Virus Research and Defense, chapter 11 Antivirus DefenseTechniques, pages 425–491. Symantec Press, 2005. [9]. R.A. Kemmerer and G. Vigna. Intrusion detection: A brief historyand overview.Computer, 35(4):27–30, Apr 2002. [10]. Onyedeke Obinna C, et al, " Anomaly network based intrusion detection system using hybrid techniques" international journal of innovative research and development. vol 8, issue 3, 2020. [11]. William Enck, Machigar Ongtang, and Patrick Drew McDaniel. Onlightweight mobile phone application certification. InACM Con-ference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 235–245,2009. [12]. X. Su, M. Chuah, and G. Tan, “Smartphone Dual Defense Protection Framework : Detecting Malicious Applications in Android Markets,” Mob. Ad-hoc Sens. Networks (MSN), 2012 Eighth Int. Conf., pp. 153–160, 2012. [13]. I. Burguera and U. Zurutuza, “Crowdroid : Behavior-Based Malware Detection System for Android,” Proc. 1st ACM Work. Secur. Priv. Smartphones Mob. devices (SPSM ’11). ACM, New York, NY, pp. 15–26, 2011. [14]. David D. Hwang, Patrick Schaumont, Kris Tiri, and Ingrid Ver-bauwhede. Securing embedded systems.Security & Privacy Magazine,IEEE, 4(2):40–49, 2006. [15]. W. Enck, L. P. Cox, P. Gilbert, and P. Mcdaniel, “TaintDroid : An Information-Flow Tracking System for Realtime Privacy Monitoring on Smartphones,” ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., p. 32(2):5, 2014. [16]. M. Dimjaˇ, S. Atzeni, I. Ugrina, Z. Rakamari, and M. Dimjaˇ, “Android Malware Detection Based on System Calls Android Malware Detection Based on System Calls,” J. Comput. Secur., 2015. [17]. M. Grace, Y. Zhou, Q. Zhang, S. Zou, and X. Jiang, “RiskRanker : Scalable and Accurate Zero-day Android Malware Detection Categories and Subject Descriptors,” Int. Conf. Mob. Syst. Appl. Serv., 2012. [18]. P. Kaushik and A. Jain, “Malware Detection Techniques in Android,” Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 122, no. 17, pp. 22–26, 2015. [19]. W. Enck, M. Ongtang, and P. Mcdaniel, “On Lightweight Mobile Phone Application Certification,” ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur., 2009. [20]. D. Arp, M. Spreitzenbarth, H. Malte, H. Gascon, and K. Rieck, “Drebin : Effective and Explainable Detection of Android Malware in Your Pocket,” Proc. 17th Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp., pp. 23–26, 2014. [21]. R. Sato, D. Chiba, and S. Goto, “Detecting Android Malware by Analyzing Manifest Files,” Proc. Asia-Pacific Adv. Netw., vol. 36, pp. 23–31, 2013. [22]. G. Suarez-tangil, S. K. Dash, M. Ahmadi, J. Kinder, G. Giacinto, and L. Cavallaro, “DroidSieve : Fast and Accurate Classification of Obfuscated Android Malware,” ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur., 2017. [23]. K. Abdullah, D. Ibrahim, and C. Aydin, “APK Auditor : Permission-based Android malware detection system,” vol. 13, pp. 13–15, 2015.
Atanda Aminat Oluchi, Obi Adaobi Maria, Anyaorah Chukwuka Charles, Idoko Nnamdi A, Udechukwu Precious Emeka, Anusiobi Chinenye Loveline, Asogwa Samuel, Senu Jephthah Folarin "Design and Implementation of a Malware Detection System on Smartphones " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.63-68 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/63-68.pdf
Heavy metal concentrations in sampled produced water from seven selected flow stations in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were investigated. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used to determined heavy metals (Ca, Pb, Na, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu and Cd) concentrations. A total of twenty one (21) representative samples of produced water from seven flow stations (3 each) were collected for the study. The heavy metal mean values are pH is 8.12, Na is 183.6 mg/l, Mg is 8.17 mg/l, Ca is 10.27 mg/l, K is 24.6, Mn is 0.003mg/l, Fe is 0.17mg/l, Zn is 0.323mg/l, Cu is 0.025mg/l, Cd is 0.013mg/l respectively, while Pb, Ni and Cr are Blow detectable limit (BDL) respectively. The heavy metals values where found to be slightly in compliance with both national and international standards. However, produced water should be adequately treatment before been discharge into the environment, to protect the health of the oil and gas worker and the residents of the study area.
- Page(s): 69-75
- Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
- Oghenevovwero Emmanuel Esi. Department of Science laboratory Technology Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria
- Nelson Ofomaja Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria
- Peter Orisekpabor Odedede Department of Industrial Safety and Environmental Technology, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Nigeria
References
[1]. Avwiri G.O., Agbalagba E.O and Enyinna P.I (2007). Terrestrial radiation around oil and gas facilities in Ughelli Nigeria. Asian network for science information. Journal of Applied Science 7(11):1543–1546 [2]. Ayad, AA; Hamed, HA; Essam, A (2010). Components and treatment of oilfield Produced water. Al-khwarizm Engineering journal 1(6) ; 24-30. [3]. Chikwe T.N and Okwa F.A (2016). Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical properties of Produced Water from Oil Producing Well in the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 20 (4) 1113-1117 [4]. Erakhrumen, A. A. (2015) Concentrations Of Heavy Metals In Untreated Produced Water From A Crude Oil Production Platform In Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Journal Of Research In Forestry, Wildlife And Environmental Volume 7, 89-101 [5]. Hardi M, Siregar Y.I, Anita S and Ilza M (2019). Determination of heavy metals concentration in Produced water of oil field exploration in siak regency. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1156, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1156/1/012009. [6]. Huishu, Li (2013). Produced Water Quality Characterization Watenburg Field. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado. ; 40-60 [7]. Isehunwa, S. A and Onovae, S (2011). Evaluation of Produced water discharge in the Niger Delta. APRN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(8), 66 - 72. [8]. Mehta R N and Saini D, (2017). JAPEB 1 1-11. [9]. Oboh, I., Aluyor, E. and Audu, T. (2009). Post-treatment of produced water before discharge using Lorffa Cylindrical Learndo. Electronic Journal of Practices and Technology , 14, 57-64. [10]. Obunwo CC and Chukwudi C (2015). Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics of Produced Water from Terminals of Some Oil Industry Facilities in Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage Vol 19(2) 177-180 [11]. Okoro, C. C. (2010). Microbiological impacts of produce water discharges in Nearshore shallow marine waters near Chevron's Escravos tank farm, Nigeria. American Journal of Science , 6 (3), 93-101. [12]. Onojake, Mudiaga Chukunedum and Abanum, Uchenna Ijeoma (2012); Evaluation and management of produced water from selected oil fields in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Scholars Research Library Archives of Applied Science Research, 4 (1):39-47 [13]. Tiana Afiffah Nadia, (2015). Air Terproduksi: Karakteristik dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan. Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Teknologi Bandung [14]. Tsuji, L. j. S., Karagatzides, J.D (2001). Chronic Lead Exposure, body Condition and testis mass in the Wild Mallard Ducks. B. Environmental. Contam.Tox . 67:498-495. [15]. UNDP. (2006). Niger Delta Human Development Report UNDP Abuja. [16]. Veil J A, Markus P G, Elcock D, and Redweik R J, (2004) Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane. A White Paper. [17]. Vitt, D. H., Wider, K., Halsey, L. A. and Turetsky, M. (2003). Response of Sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition: a case study of Ombrogenous peatlands in Alberta, Canada. The Byologist , 106, 235-245.
Oghenevovwero Emmanuel Esi., Nelson Ofomaja, Peter Orisekpabor Odedede "Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Produced Water from Selected Flow Stations in Niger Delta Region, Nigeria" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.69-75 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/69-75.pdf
The oil of common mango kernel preset with 1% w/v sodium hydroxide was used in an H2SO4 catalyzed reaction with methanol to produce Mangifera indica biodiesel having specific gravity, pour point, cloud point, flash point, calorific value and biodegradability of 0.86, 9 oC, 12 oC, 149 oC, 32.4 MJ/mol and 82.8%. The results were compared with fuel properties of the control, diesel D2. Infrared spectral data confirmed the presence of diesel fuel functional C=Ostretch (1734 cm–1) and C–Hstretch (2928 cm–1) for esters while gas chromatographic (GC) and Mass spectral (MS) data identified ethyl stearate and ethyl (E)-9-octadecenoate as the closely most abundant esters in the biodiesel. Based on the yields and fuel properties, Mangifera indica biodiesel is a readily biodegradable fuel and can adequately support petro-diesel blending applications.
- Page(s): 76-80
- Date of Publication: 09 November 2020
- Livingstone UdofiaDepartment of Industrial Chemistry, Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Germany
- Istifanus Y. ChindoDepartment of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
- Aliyu JauroDepartment of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
References
[1] Riddel, A.; Ronson, S.; Counts, G.; Spencer, K., Towards sustainable energy: the current fossil problem and the prospects of Geothermal and nuclear power, EIA (2007) 10 – 12 [2] Vicente, G.; Martinez M.; and Aracil, J.; Optimization of Integrated Biodiesel Production; A Study of Biodiesel Purity and Yield, Bioresource Technol., 98 (2007) 1722 – 33 [3] Dmtryshyn, S.; Dalal, A.; Chaudhari S., Mishma, H.; Rearey, M., Synthesis and Characterization of vegetable oils derived esters: Evaluation for their diesel properties. Bioresource Technol., 92 (2004) 55 – 64 [4] Dennisd V.C. XuanWu, L.; Hleung, M. k., A Review on Biodiesel Production using catalyzed transestrification, Applied energy, 87, (2010) 1083 – 1095 [5] Savariraj, S.; Saravanan, C. G.; Ganapathy, T., Experimental Investigation On Di Diesel Engine Powered With Raw Mango Seed Oil (MSO) and Mango Seed Bio Diesel (MSBD), International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2 (2013) 6, 1516 – 1523 [6] Hanna, M. A.; Isom, L.; Campbel, J., Biodiesel’s current perspectives and future, Journal of scientific and industrial research 4 (2005) 4661 - 4670 [7] Kulkami, M. G.; Dalai, A. K., Waste Cooking Oil – An Economical Source for Biodiesel; A Review Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 45: (2006) 2901 – 2913 [8] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard specifications for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels. Designation D6751-02, ASTM international, West Conshohocken, PA (2002) [9] Demirbas, A. Biodiesel from Sunflower Oil in Supercritical Methanol with Calcium oxide, Energy Conversion Management, 48 (2006) 937 – 41 [10] Nzikou, J. M., Kimbonguila, A., Matos, L., Loumouamou, B., Pambou-Tobi, N. P. G., Ndangui, C. B., Abena, A. A., Silou, Th., Scher, J. and Desobry, S. Extraction and characteristics of seed kernel oil from mango (Mangifera indica), Research Journal of Env and Earth Sciences 2 (2010) 31 – 35. [11] Oshieke, K. C.; Jauro, A., Production of Biodiesel from pentaclethra macrophylla Seed Oil. International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology, 3 (2012) 400 – 409. [12] Jauro, A; Adams, M. H., Production and Biodegradability of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil. J. Korean Chem.Soc, 55 (2011) 4 - 10 [13] Canakci, M.; Alptekin, E., Characterization of Key Fuel Properties of Methylester-diesel Fuel Blends, Fuels, 88 (2009) 75 – 80 [14] Nadeem, M.; Imran, M.; Khalique, A., Promising Features of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Kernel Oil: A Review, J Food Sci Technol. 53 (2016) 2185–2195.
Livingstone Udofia, Istifanus Y. Chindo, Aliyu Jauro "Biodiesel Quality and Characteristics of Transesterified Mangifera indica Kernel Oil " International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.76-80 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/76-80.pdf
This study examines the direct empirical relationship between transformational leadership and economic development among 377 managers in private and public sectors in the Eastern Area. Moreover, the research identifies the significance of financial control as a plausible mediator in the relationship between transformational leadership and economic development. In this study, financial control and transformational leadership, are posited as having an influence on economic development in the Eastern Area. For data analysis and hypothesis testing, Structural Equation Modelling, and several statistical methods such as the maximum likelihood estimate and regression technique were utilized to understand the dimensionality of the variables. This study adopted a systematic random sampling to select managers who work in private and public sectors to conduct the study by using a quantitative method. The managers were selected to answer these questions because of their knowledge and experience which involves in this area. The results show that that transformational leadership (Idealized Influence) positively influenced economic development, while (motivation) was found to have a negative effect on economic development. Also, they show that (Idealized Influence and motivation) positively influenced financial control. Moreover, financial control was found to be a significant mediating factor in the relationship between transformational leadership and economic development in the private and public sectors of the Eastern Area. Transformational leadership was were found to be negative mediating factors in the relationship between financial control and economic development in the private and public sectors of the Eastern Area. This study also contributes to the body of knowledge in regards to providing tools and concepts for educating current and future managers about effective methods to improve their perspective probability or chances of achieving economic development. Based on the study’s findings, transformational leadership and financial control significantly affect economic development, and it is recommended that organizations provide the necessary training to their leaders and managers, and recruiter managers who have skills leadership and management that will contribute to effective leadership, extra effort, satisfaction and achieve economic development, which can lead organizations to acquire and maintaining consistently high economic performances and successfully.
- Page(s): 81-88
- Date of Publication:09 November 2020
- Fahad Bin Saad AlharbiDepartment of Management, Al-Madina International University, Kualalumpur-Malaysia
- Mazen Mohammed Farea Department of Management, Al-Madina International University, Kualalumpur-Malaysia
- Humam Bin MohamedDepartment of Management, Al-Madina International University, Kualalumpur-Malaysia
References
[1] Aliyu, A. A., Bello, M. U., Kasim, R., & Martin, D. (2014). Positivist and Non-Positivist Paradigm in Social Science Research: Conflicting Paradigms or Perfect Partners? Journal of Management and Sustainability, 4(3), 79. [2] Ananthan, S. S. (2014). A study of competencies and personality traits of successful leaders in the Malaysian banking industry and recommendations for averting a capacity gap (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Hull, England [3] Bass et al., (2003), Predicting Unit Performance by Assessing Transformational and Transactional Leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology 88(2):207-18 • DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207 [4] Beatty, A. L., S. Liao, and J. J. Yu. (2013), The spillover effect of fraudulent financial reporting on peer firms’ investments. Journal of Accounting and Economics 55 (2/3): 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.01.003 [5] Bellu, L. (2011). Development and development paradigms. A (reasoned) review of prevailing visions. FAO Issue Papers, Module 102. [6] Coates, J., and S. Srinivasan (2014). SOX after ten years: A multidisciplinary review. Accounting Horizons 28 (3): 627–671. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50759 [7] Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Qualitative research. Business research methods, 4(1), 160-182. [8] Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications [9] Gao and Zhang. (2019), Accounting Manipulation, Peer Pressure, and Internal Control. THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW American Accounting Association Vol. 94, No. 1. pp. 127–151. DOI: 10.2308/accr-52078 [10] Ge, W., A. Koester, and S. McVay. 2017. Benefits and costs of Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404(b) exemption: Evidence from small firms’ internal control disclosures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 63 (2/3): 358–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2017.01.001 [11] Gleason, C. A., N. T. Jenkins, and W. B. Johnson. (2008), The contagion effects of accounting restatements. The Accounting Review 83 (1): 83–110. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.1.83 [12] Gleason, C. A., N. T. Jenkins, and W. B. Johnson. (2008), The contagion effects of accounting restatements. The Accounting Review 83 (1): 83–110. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.1.83 [13] Jotwani., (2018), Financial Development and Economic Growth: Governance of Financial Institutions, International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies, pp1-8. [14] Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 3rd edn Guilford Press. New York. [15] Kubiczek, P. (2016). Spin-triplet pairing in orbitally degenerate Anderson lattice model (Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Physics). [16] Kumari and Devadas. (2017). Modelling the dynamics of economic development driven by agricultural growth in Patna Region, India. Journal of Economic Structures. DOI: 10.1186/s40008-017-0075-x [17] Leuz, C., and P. Wysocki (2016). The economics of disclosure and financial reporting regulation: Evidence and suggestions for future research. Journal of Accounting Research 54 (2): 525–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12115 [18] Liu., (2018), Orientation and Effect Evaluation of Higher Education Features Based on Regional Economic Development Requirements – Henan Province [19] Miley and Read. (2017). Financial control, blame avoidance and Radio Caroline: Talking’ ‘bout my generation. Sage Journals. Vol 22 issue 3, pp301-319 https://doi.org/10.1177/1032373216683527 [20] Nakabashi. (2018), Poverty and economic development: Evidence for the Brazilian states. ScienceDirect pp 445–458. [21] Piontek, B. (2010). Współczesne uwarunkowania rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego (ujęcie syntetyczne). Problemy Ekorozwoju, 2. [22] Schroeder, J., and M. Shepardson (2016). Do SOX 404 control audits and management assessments improve overall internal control system quality? The Accounting Review 91 (5): 1513–1541. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51360 [23] Sekaran, U. (2000) Research Methods for Business: A Skill Business Approach. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [24] Shamir , House and Arthur (1993) The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory Article (PDF Available) in Organization Science 4(4):577-594 • November 1993 DOI: 10.1287/orsc.4.4.577 [25] Słodowa-Hełpa, M. (2015). Zintegrowany rozwój Aglomeracji Kaliskiej — warunki, wymiary, wyzwania. Retrieved 21.03.2017 from http://ako-info.pl.
Fahad Bin Saad Alharbi, Mazen Mohammed Farea, Humam Bin Mohamed "The Mediating of Financial Control on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Economic Development in Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.81-88 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/81-88.pdf
Alcohol consumption, especially in high amounts, has been on the rise globally and Namibia is no exception. The rise thereof and its adverse effects have become a public health concern. Various studies done have indicated that excessive alcohol consumption leads to a great deal of health and social consequences. The main purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of young adults on alcohol use and its effects on their health. The study applied a quantitative approach, using a cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory design to obtain data from 383 participants aged 18 – 30 years. A cluster random sampling method was employed, data was compiled and analysed using SPSS version 25. Participants were presented with a number of questions to determine their knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to alcohol consumption. Descriptive quantitative statistics were used to analyse and represent demographic information. Frequencies, mean, standard deviation, graphs and tables were used to present the results. The mean age of the respondents was 22.9, ±40.05SD. Majority of respondents were from age 21 -23 (134) both male and female, and females made up majority of respondents in the study from all age groups with 58.5%. This study found that most of the respondents had good knowledge with more than 67.6% describing awareness and dangers of alcohol. The main dangers and adverse effects of alcohol mentioned where; stomach ulcers, liver damge and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. Furthermore, 58.7% of respondents agreed that alcohol is a drug, and the majority (87.7%) agreed that 10% of road accidents are alcohol-related. However, respondents showed inadequate knowledge regarding the term “standard drink” and the recommended number of standard drinks considered safe weekly. Overall, respondents had good attitude and safe practices towards alcohol consumption and its effects on their health. An average of 71.3% of respondents are in support that clinicians ask about alcohol consumption for each patient visiting a health facility. This study therefor recommends that there is a need to increase knowledge, improve attitudes and maintain practices towards alcohol consumption and its adverse effects among the youth by creating new platforms to increase awareness and intensify alcohol education. This can be be achieved by establishing a multisectoral approach between the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), Ministry of Education (MoE) and other relevant stakeholders in Namibia.
- Page(s): 89-93
- Date of Publication: 11 November 2020
- Sheehama J UNAM School of Medicine, Namibia
- Nghitongo A Cancer Association of Namibia, Namibia
- Anyolo F UNAM School of Public Health, Namibia
References
[1] /Uiras, K., & /Uirab, D. . (2015, November 25). Alcohol: A social lubricant or destroyer of lives ? The Namibian Newspaper, p. 5. Retrieved from https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=144705 [2] Kring,A. M., Johnson, S. L., Dvidson, G. C., & Neale, J.M. (2010). Abnormal psychology. (11th Edition.). United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [3] Babbie. E. (2010). Belmont. [4] Babor, T. F. (2010). Alcohol: No ordinary commodity - A summary of the second edition. Addiction, 105(5), 769–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02945.x [5] Barclay, G. A., Barbour, J., Stewart, S., Day, C. P., & Gilvary, E. (2008). Adverse physical effects of alcohol misuse. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 14(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.105.001263 [6] Barth, K., & Hubbard, D. (2009). Alcohol and youths: Suggestions for law reform. Windhoek: Namibia. [7] Berkowitz, A. D., & Perkins, H. W. (1986). Problem drinking among college students: A review of recent research. Journal of American College Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1986.9938960 [8] Bivol, S. M. (2011). UNICEF- Government of Moldova country programme of cooperation. Leadership Area. Adolescents Health Development. [9] City of Windhoek. (2016). Windhoek, facts and figures. [10] Creswell,J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd Edition.). Los Angeles:SAGE [11] de Bruijn, A. (2014). Monitoring Alcohol Marketing in Africa. Findings from Kenya, Malawi, Namibia and Zambia. World Health Organization. [12] De Vos, A.S; Strydom, H; Fouche, C.B; Delport, C. S. . (2011). Reseacrh at Grass Roots (Fourth edi). Pretoria: Van Schaik publishers. [13] Dick, D., & Foroud, T. (2015). Genetic Strategies to Detect Genes Involved in Alcoholism and Alcohol-Related. National Institue on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Publications. [14] Edwards, G., Marshall, E. J., & Cook, C. C. H. (2003). The treatment of drinking problems: A guide for the helping professions. The treatment of drinking problems: A guide for the helping professions (4th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511910081 [15] Freeman, M., & Parry, C. (2006). ALCOHOL USE LITERATURE. Soul City. [16] Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [17] Cataloguing-in-Publication [18] Granville-Garcia, A. F., Clementino, M. A., Gomes, M. da N. C., Firmino, R. T., Ribeiro, G. L. A., & Siqueira, M. B. L. D. (2014). Alcohol consumption among adolescents: Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 19(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014191.1989 [19] Heim, D., Hunter, S. C., Ross, A. J., Bakshi, N., Davies, J. B., Flatley, K. J., & Meer, N. (2004). Alcohol consumption, perceptions of community responses and attitudes to service provision: Results from a survey of Indian, Chinese and Pakistani young people in Greater Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 39(3), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh042 [20] IARD. (2014). Submission on behalf of international alliance for responsible drinking (IARD) on WHO discussion paper ‘Framework for country action across sectors for health and health equality.’ [21] IARD. (2015). Drink Driving Intiative. Washington, DC 20036. [22] Jernigan, D., Noel, J., Landon, J., Thornton, N., & Lobstein, T. (2017, January 1). Alcohol marketing and youth alcohol consumption: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published since 2008. Addiction. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13591 [23] Kafuko, A., & Bukuluki, P. (2008). Qualitative research in Uganda on knowledge, attitude and practices concerning alcohol. 2008, USAID. Health Communication, YEAH and Afford: Corporate …, (617). Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Qualitative+Research+in+Uganda+on+Knowledge+,+Attitudes+and+Practices+Concerning+Alcohol#0%5Cnhttp://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Qualitative+Research+in+Uganda+on+Kno [24] Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Kaufman, M., Cain, D., & Jooste, S. (2007). Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-saharan Africa: Systematic review of empirical findings. Prevention Science, 8(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-006-0061-2 [25] Kalunta-Crumpton, A., Kazembe, L., & Neema, I. (2018). Drugs and Drug Control in Namibia. In Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control (pp. 87–112). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315599335-5
Sheehama J, Nghitongo A, Anyolo F "Alcohol Consumption and Its Effects on the Health of Young Adults – Windhoek, Namibia" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.89-93 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/89-93.pdf
Belinda, Timothy and Gangly (2017) analyzed beach boys do it too: subculture and commoditized desire in a transnational tourist site in Kerala, south India. This article has highlighted the ways in which the men from global south, in their engagement with women tourists from the global north, negotiate. His complex terrain of local and transnational neoliberal discourses that circumvent their lives in Kerala. Further this study mentioned the ways in which in the young men further participate in processes of commoditization and consumption of intimacy and desire for themselves (Belinda, Timothy, & Gangly 2017). Main Objective was Study of the beach boys and impact of their livelihood on the school children and to recommend the suggestions to create more conducive environment for school children to live. Questionnaire, Observation, Case studies, Interview were used to collect data under the purposes of identify the family background of the school children, identify the social groups in the area, identify the nature of informal tourism sector in the area, get the ideas from the people about the beach boys. It can be concluded majority of persons who work as beach boys are school children and it is concluded that most of their jobs are full of unethical behaviors and illegal drugs. Furthermore it can be concluded that school children’s attraction for beach boys and their career is mainly influenced for their school education. Thus it can also be concluded that this occupation exerts a greater influence on the social and family relationship they have. Sri Lankan Tourist Authority should make a process to identify the persons who are engaged in beach boy job informally and mainly it should be target school children’s and youths in coastal areas and should be prepared legal process and actions for them.
- Page(s): 94-109
- Date of Publication: 17 November 2020
- W. T. D. WijethungaDepartment of Sociology, Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda
- S.D.Y. Jayarathne Department of Sociology, Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda
References
[1] Abdulla, A. G. (2012). The influence of financial relations on sustaining rural livelihood in Sudan: Published by Ganien Lorand and Margret Otto for financing and the publications. [2] Bhugra, D., & Davies, D. (2004). Models of Psychopathology: Open university press. [3] Bauer, G. T., & Mckercher. B. (2003). Sex and tourism,Journey of romance love and lust. The Hawoth Hospitality Press. [4] Coachrane, J. (2008). Asian tourism:Growth and Change. Elsevier publised. [5] Carrabine, E., Iganski, P., Plummer, K., Maggy, L., & South, N. (2004). Criminology a sociologicl introduction: Routledge publishers. [6] Chen, M., & Vanek, J. (2019). Women and men in the informl economy: WIEGO limited publications. [7] Carter, S., & Clift, S. (2000). Tourism and Sex/culture, commerce and coercion: Printer A Continaum imprint. [8] Dank, M. B., & Refinetti, R. (1999). Sex work and Sex workers. New Brunswick, New jersy: Transaction Publishers. [9] Dekker, G. G., (2005). Romance love. Standford, Galiponia: Standford University press. [10] Dawe, S. M., & Dawe, M. C. (2007). Prolog for computer science: Springer-Verlay Publishers. [11] Engle, U. I. P., Ramos, J. M., & Boston, L. (2005). African dynamics in a multipolar world: IOC Publishers and Nijhoff Publishers. [12] Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries: Oxford University press Publishers. [13] Fernando, N. (2016). Destination marketing and Clustering way forward tourism: Kumara press private limited Publication. [14] Gerdes, K., Hajicova, E & Wanner, L. (2013). Computationl depemdency theory: IOS press BV publishers. [15] Gmelch, G. (2003). Behind the smile, the working life of Carribbean tourism: Indian University press. [16] Gillespie, A. A. ( 2011). Child Pornography, Law and Policy: Routledge Taylor and Fransis group a glass house book Publishers. [17] Golldience, M. (2000). New forms of consumption,consumers,culture and commodification: Rowman and littlefield Publishers, INC.
W. T. D. Wijethunga, S.D.Y. Jayarathne "A Sociology Study of Beach Boys and Impact of Their Livelihood on the School Children (Reference with Yaddehimulla GN Division in Unawatuna) Under Social Work Rehabilitation Sector" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.94-109 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/94-109.pdf
The influence of dietary habits on levels of Pb and essential elements Zn, Fe, Ca and Mg was evaluated on finger nails and scalp hair of exposed and unexposed males in Kenya using AAS. In recent years studies have shown that there are increased human health disorders due to negligible concentration of essential elements in the body. This could be due to the poor eating habits especially exhibited by the male population who in addition work in areas that expose them to lead pollution. Lead levels are known to influence essential element levels. The factors that were found to have significant influence on Pb and essential element levels in hair and nails included: use of glazed ceramics, consumption of canned and highly processed foods, consumption of exposed foods and sources of water among others. The study also observed that high levels of Pb in the finger nail or scalp hair had a negative correlation with Ca and Zn. The results of this study will be used to recommend the use of hair and nails as bio-indicators of essential element status as well as environmental exposure to lead instead of blood.
- Page(s): 110-114
- Date of Publication: 19 November 2020
- James Ndiritu Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Turkana University College, P.O. BOX 69 – 30500, Lodwar, Kenya.
References
[1] Agency for toxic substances and disease registry (ATSDR), (1993). Toxicology profile for lead (draft). U.S. public health services, U.S. department of health and human services, Atlanta, G.A. [2] Agency for toxic substances and disease registry (ATSDR), (2000). Case study in environmental medicine, lead toxicity, U.S department of health and human services. Atlanta, G.A. [3] Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), (2010). Kenya population census 1999, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Nairobi Kenya. [4] Centre for Disease Control (CDC), (2005). Second report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, centre for disease and prevention, National Chemical Environmental Health publisher number 02-0716, Atlanta, GA. [5] Chakrabati, C., Cheng, J., Lee, F., Back, H. and Schroeder, H. (1996). Lead exposure in children. Environmental Science and Technology 304: 1245-1252. [6] Dickson, N., Lepp, W. and Lepp, S. (2005). Lead and potential health risks from subsistence food crops in urban Kenya. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 9: 37-42. [7] Gaw, K., Wilkins, A., Kim, N., Palmer, G. and Robinson, P. (2006). Trace element and DDT concentrations in horticultural trial soils from the Tasman Waikato and Auckland regions of New Zealand. Science of the Total Environment 355: 31-47. [8] Kahenya, P. (1996). A review of studies on occupational diseases in Kenya, African newsletter on occupational health and safety supplement, February 46-49. [9] Kyle, S. (1992). Journal of the American Medical Association 271 (1): 94-99. [10] Lehman, L. (2002). Lead glazes for ceramic foodware. The international lead management centre, Research triangle park, NC USA 1st ed pp [11] Lekouch, N., Sedki, A., Bouhouch, S., Nejmeddine, A., Pineau, A. and Pihan, J. (1999). Trace elements in children’s hair, as related exposure in wastewater spreading field of Marrakesh (Morocco). The Science of the Total Environment 244: 323-328. [12] Mehra, R. and Juneja, M. (2005). Finger nails as biological indices of metal exposure, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Mallershi, Dayanand Saraswati University. Journal of Bioscience 30: 253-257. [13] Mogwasi, R. (2009). Use of human blood as bio-indicator of heavy metal overload, M.Sc Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. [14] Mulaku, G. and Kariuki, L. (2001). Mapping and analysis of air pollution in Nairobi, Kenya, International conference on spatial information for sustainable development. Nairobi, Kenya 2nd -5th October. [15] Nabulo, G., Oryem-Origa, H. and Diamond, M. (2006). Assessment of lead, cadmium and zinc contamination of roadside soil surface films and vegetables in Kampala city Uganda. Environmental Review 101: 42-52. [16] Ndiritu, J., Murungi, J. and Wanjau, R. (2012c). Essential elements and lead in males using finger nails and scalp hair. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. ISBN: 978-3-659-31203-8. [17] Ndiritu, J., Wanjau, R and Murungi, J. (2012a). Lead in finger nails and scalp hair of adult males in Kenya. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences 2 (10): 211-224. [18] O’Neill, P. (1993). Environmental chemistry. Chapman and Hall, London; Second Edition, 202-208. [19] Oostdam, J., Gilman, A., Dewailly, P., Usher, B., Wheatley, H., Neve S., Walker, J., Tracy, B., Feeley, M., Terome, V. and Kwavnik B. (1999). Human health implication of environmental contaminants in Artic Canada. Science of the Total Environment 230: 1-8. [20] Owago, J. (1999). Determinants of blood Pb levels in pregnant women living in Nairobi. M.Sc Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. [21] Oyaro. N. (2000). Heavy metals in amaranthus as a determinant of pollution in the City of Nairobi and its environs. M.Sc Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. [22] Park, D. and Palk, N. (2002). Effects of Pb of air-borne lead particles characterized by size. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 46: 237-243. [23] Rahman, I. (2001). Preparation of low melting temperature, lead-free glaze by the sol-gel method. Ceramic International 27: 681-687. [24] Samatha, G., Sharma, R., Roychowdury, T. and Charkraborti, D. (2004). Arsenic and other elements in the hair, nails and skin scales of arsenic victims in west Bengal India. Science of the Total Environment 326: 30-45. [25] Segura-Muñoz, S., da Silva Oliveira, A., Nikaido, M., Trevilato, T., Bocio, A., Takayanagui, and Domingo, J. (2006). Environmental. International 32: 52-59. [26] Sukumar, A. and Subramanian, R. (2003). Relative element levels in paired samples of scalp hair and fingernails of patients from New Delphi. Science of the Total Environment 372: 474-479. [27] United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), (2001). Environmental data report, Blackwell publishers Massachusetts 1987: 951-952. [28] United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), (2006). Ministry to tackle increasing air pollution in sub-saharan Africa cities. Regional conference on better air quality in Africa cities kicks off in Nairobi, Kenya, 25th, July. [29] United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)/World Health Organization (WHO), (1996). Air quality management and assessment capabilities in major cities, 245. [30] Were, F., Njue, W., Murungi, J. and Wanjau, R. (2008). Use of finger nails as biomarkers of heavy metal pollution. Science of the Total Environment 8: 376-393.
James Ndiritu "Influence of Dietary Habits on Essential Elements and Lead Levels in Finger Nails and Scalp Hair of Adult Males in Kenya" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.110-114 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/110-114.pdf
The technological developments on Renewable Energy Sources have lead to research in control methods to make them useful electricity generators for feeding the loads in Microgrids and Utility grids. The Microgrid with all its Distributed Generators, Battery Energy Storage Systems and Loads has to be stable to supply power to the connected loads, maintaining frequency, voltage at Point of Common Coupling and sharing the load proportional to their capacities. The Microgrid with all its Distributed Energy Resources, which include distributed generators, battery systems and loads along with utility grid connection, constitute a mini power system network. This network has got different states, islanding, transition from grid to island and resynchronization to grid. The two transition states in which Microgrid has to be controlled and make it stable are, grid to island and synchronization back to grid. The different methods based on control techniques of synchronizing controller which monitor voltage, phase and frequency of Microgrid and main grid on either side of Static Switch and brings stability in the system. In this paper these two have been discussed elaborately, which gives fairly a good idea about control and stability of Microgrid.
- Page(s): 115-122
- Date of Publication: 27 November 2020
- Bangar Raju. Electrical and Electronics Department, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur-522502, A.P., India.
- Subba Rao. KElectrical and Electronics Department, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur-522502, A.P., India.
References
[1] Yinghui Han,Mingchao Xia *,Xiaoyu Hong,Mengyun Ye,“A smooth transition control strategy for microgrid operation modes”, in ICAE conference , 2014, Science Direct, Energy Precedia. [2] Jing Wang, Annabelle Pratt, Murali Baggu, “Integrated Synchronization Control of Grid-Forming Inverters for Smooth Microgrid Transition”, in IEEE 2014 and NREL. [3] DIBAKAR DAS, , GURUNATH GURRALA and U JAYACHANDRA SHENOY, “Transition between grid-connected mode and islanded mode”, in Sa¯dhana¯ Vol. 42, No. 8, August 2017, pp. 1239–1250, DOI 10.1007/s12046-017-0659-z [4] HAN Minxiao, SU Xiaoling,LIN shaobo, ZHAO Zhengkui, “Transient Analysis and Control for Microgrid StabilityController”, in IEEE, 2013., [5] Dan Wu, Juan C. Vasquez, Fen Tang, Josep M. Guerrero, February 2014, “ Control and Analysis of BDroop and reverse droop controllers in Distributed Generations”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265552736. [6] S. Khongkhachat, S. Khomfoi, “ Droop control strategy International conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, (ICEMS),Oct, 25-28, 2015, Pattaya city, Thailand. [7] Srikanth Goud, Laveswar Rao, Ch. Rami Reddy, “Essentials for Grid Integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems - A Brief Review”in ,, IJRER Vol.10, No.2, June, 2020. [8] Quing-Chang Zhong, Fellow, IEEE, “Power –Electronics-Enabled Atonomous Power Systems: Architecture and Technical Routes, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol 64, No.7, July 2017. [9] Alberto Villa, Federico Belloni, Riccardo Chiumeo Chiara Gandolfi Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico, “ Conventional and reverse droop control in Islanded Microgrid : Simulation and Experimental Test “, in International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2016 [10] Kapil Duwadi, Indraman Tamrakar, “ Simulation of parallel operation of inverters with frequency and Wang Xiongfi, Guerrero Josep M, , Chen Zhe, “ Control of grid interactive AC Microgrids “, in. [11] International Symposium of IEEE on Power electronics, 2010, DOI: 10.1109/ISIE.2010. 5637807 [12] Hasan Rastegar, “ Load sharing between parallel inverters using effective design of output impedance”,Jan 2009,conference paper, IEEE Explore, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2244000835 [13] D. Chethan Raj, Dattatraya N, Gaonkar, Josep M Guerrero, “ Power sharing control strategy of parallel inverters in AC Microgrid using improved reverse droop control”, in International Journal of Power Electronics, 2020, vol 11, pgs. 116-137 [14] Chun Ching Chang, Dimitry Gorinvisky, Sanjay Lall, “ Stabilty analysis of distributed generators with droop controllers “ in IEEE Transaction on power systems, 2015 in IEEE Transaction on power systems, 2015 [15] Chunxue Wen , Jiaoxin Jia, “ Research and analysis of the improved droop control strategy for dual mode inverters in microgrid ”, 2016 conference of IET Electrical Engineering forum, at Tsinghua University. [16] Chetan Raj D, D.N. Gaonkar, “ Multiple inverters operated in parallel for proportional load sharing in Microgrid “, in Jun 2017, IJPEDS, vol.o.2,. No. 8, pgs.654-666, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v8i2.pp654-666 [17] Mousazadeh, Sayyed Yousef, Jalilain, Alireza, Savaghebi, Mehdi, Guerrero Josep M, “ Autonomous control of current and voltage controlled DG interfaced inverters for Reactive power sharing and Harmonics Compensation in Islanded Microgrids”, in 2018, IEEETransactions on Power Electronics DOI:10.1109/TPEL.2018.2792780 [18] Munukutla N.C., Rao Gadi V.S.K., Mylavarapu R. (2019), ‘A Simplified Approach to Controlled Islanding of Power System’, 2019 8th International Conference on Power Systems: Transition towards Sustainable, Smart and Flexible Grids, ICPS 2019 [19] Sridevi J., Rani V.U., Rao B.L. (2019), ‘Integration of Renewable DGs to Radial Distribution System for Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Improvement’, 2019 [20] IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Control and Instrumentation Engineering, ICECIE 2019, Proceedings [21] Vanukuru K.K., Pakkiraiah B. (2019), ‘Distributed generation integration to grid using DG controlled PQ theory’, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(0), PP.754-760. [22] Pranavi K., Linga Reddy P., Lalitha S.V.N.L. (2019), ‘Optimal sizing and siting of BESS in distribution networks’, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(6), PP.1073- 1078. [23] Srinivasa rao B., Lalitha S.V.N.L., Sreenivasarao Y.(2019), ‘Evaluation of closed-loop-P.I.D, fractional-Ord er-P.I.D and Proportional Resonant controlled micro-grid-schemes’, Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(43957), PP.2479-2487, [24] Reddy C.R., Reddy K.H., Reddy K.V.S. (2019), “Recognition of islanding data for multiple distributed generation systems with ROCOF shore up analysis’, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 104(), PP.547-558 [25] Rajanna B.V., Srikanth K.S.(2018), ‘Grid connected inverter for current control by using anti-islanding technique’, International Journal of Power Electronicsand Drive Systems ,9(2), PP. 926-932 [26] Kiran Kumar M., Veeranjaneyulu C., Surya Nikhil P.(2018), ‘Interfacing of distributed generation for micro grid operation’, Journal of Advanced Researh in Dynamical and Control Systems ,10(4), PP. 472-47 [27] Jyothi K., Srikanth K.S., Jain H.S.(2018), ‘Control of standalone and grid connected distributed energy resource: A review’, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems ,10(12 Special Issue) , PP. 1603-1615 [28] Ramesh V., Latha Y.K. (2017),’Performance improvement of grid connected PV system using new converter topologies’,Proceedings of the 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies, ICECCT 2017 [29] Mamatha G., Rangasai D., Avinash S., Naveen M. (2017),’Integration of solar pv with grid’,International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,12 (Special Issue 1),PP.430-434. [30] Royan1, Trias Andromeda, Mochammad Facta, Hermawan, and Iwan Setiawan , “Comparison of SOGI-FLL with SOGI-PLL for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters”, in ICENIS 2019, E3S W eb of Conferences 125, (2019), https://doi.o rg/10.1051/e3sconf/2019125ICENIS 2019 14 005 14005 [31] Yuxia Jiang, Yonggang Li, Yanjun Tian and Luo Wang, in “Phase-Locked Loop Research of Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Impedance Analysis’, in Energies MDPI, 2018
Bangar Raju. L, Subba Rao. K "A Review of Control and Stability of Microgrid during Transitions" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.115-122 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/115-122.pdf
In this study medium density fiberboard (MDF) were manufactured from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), the world’s worst aquatic weeds. The produced fiberboard showed better performance in case of physical and mechanical properties and satisfied ANSI, IS, AS/NZS standards. The thickness swelling and water absorption of the board were 48.41% and 71.03% respectively. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of rupture (MOR) of the board were 3135 MPa and 31.25 MPa respectively. It seemed that the water hyacinth fiberboard may be a cheap, durable and sustainable material that can substitute timber and also reveal a new path of wise utilization of these aggressive weeds simultaneously.
- Page(s): 123-127
- Date of Publication: 28 November 2020
- S. A. Hasan Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna- 9208, Bangladesh
- Md. Najmus Sayadat Pitol Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna- 9208, Bangladesh Mangrove Silviculture Division, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Khulna
- M. I. ShamsForestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna- 9208, Bangladesh
- M. O. HannanForestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna- 9208, Bangladesh
References
[1] Gichuki JR, Omondi P, Boera T, Okorut AS, Jembe MT, Ofulla A (2012) Water Hyacinth Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach Dynamics and Succession in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria (East Africa): Implications for Water Quality and Biodiversity Conservation. SciWorld J 2012, Article ID 106429, 10 pages. [2] Mailu, A.M. (2001) Preliminary assessment of the social, economic and environmental impacts of water hyacinth in the Lake Victoria Basin and the Status of Control. In: Proceedings of the 2nd meeting of global working group for the biological and integrated control of water hyacinth, Oct 9–12, Beijing, China, Canberra, Australia, pp 130–139. [3] Güereña, D., Neufeldt, H., Berazneva, J., Duby, S. (2015). Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria: transforming an ecological catastrophe into economic, social, and environmental benefits. Sustain Prod Consum 3:59–69. [4] Shoeb F, Singh, HJ (2000). Kinetic studies of biogas evolved from water hyacinth, proc. of Agroenviron 2000, 2nd International symposium on new technologies for environmental monitoring and Agroapplications, held on 18-20th October. 2000, at Tekirdag Turkey: pp.1-10. [5] Tao R, Zeng R, Xiao-Yan Y, Zhang S, Yang ZH (2016) Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Biomass as a Biofuel Feedstock by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. BioResources11(1):23722380. [6] World Bank (1996) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda—Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project.World Development Sources, WDS 1996. World Bank, Washington, DC. [7] Ayrilmis, N., & Buyuksari, U. (2010). Utilization of olive mill sludge in the manufacture of fiberboard. Bioresources, 5(3), 1859-1867. [8] Esmerraldo, M. A., Gomes, A. C., Freitas, J. E., Fechine, P.B., Sombra, A. S., Corradini, E., & Mazzetto, S. E. (2010). Dwarf-green coconut fibers: A versatile natural renewable raw bioresource. Treatment, morphology, and physiochemical properties. Bioresources, 5(4), 2478-2501 [9] Zerrudo J.V., Tadena O.B., Exconde A.M. 1978. Utilization of water hyacinth for pulp and paper manufacture. I. Depithing, morphological, and chemical properties of fibers. NSDB Technol J 3 (4): 51-57. [10] Onggo, H. and J. Tri Astuti, (1998). Preparation and characterization of water hyacinth pulp. Telaah, XIX: 1- 6. [11] Morinho, N.P., Nascimento, E.M., Nisgoski, S., Valarelli, I.D. (2013). Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Density Fiberboard Made from Giant Bamboo. Materials Research. 16(6): 1387-1392. DOI: 10.1590/S1516 14392013005000127. [12] Sérgio Augusto Mello da Silva, Christoforo, A.L., Gonçalves, R., Rocco Lahr, F.A. (2013).Strength Properties of Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF) Manufactured with Pinus Elliottii Wood and Polyurethane Resin Derived from Castor Oil. International Journal of Composite Materials, 3(1): 7-14 DOI: 10.5923/j.cmaterials.20130301.02 [13] Berglund, L., & Rowell, R. M. (2005). Wood composites. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. Boca raton fla; CRC press, 2005: pp 279-301 [14] Youngquist, J. A. (1999). Wood-based Composites and Panel Products. pp. 1-31. Chapter 10. In: Forest Products Laboratory (ed.), Wood handbook—Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. [15] Rashid, Md & Das, Atanu & Shams, Md & Biswas, Subir. (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiber board (MDF) fabricated from banana plant (Musa sapientum) stem and midrib. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. 11. 1-4. 10.1007/s13196-014-0109-z. [16] [16]. Zaman, Md & Das, Atanu & Shams, Md & Rana, Rumana & Rahman, Mm & Biswas, Subir. (2013). Physical and mechanical properties of Agriculture plastic composite made from jute (corchorus olitorius l.) and dhaincha (sesbania cannabina retz.). International Journal of Wood Science,Technology and Forestry. 1 (1). pp. 001-008. [17] Islam, Md & Das, Atanu & Zaman, Md & Rana, Rumana & Shams, Md. (2014). Using of Rice Straw (Oryza Sativa L.) for Better Purposes Fabricating and Evaluating of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fiberboard. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2. 93. 10.14355/ijast.2014.0203.02. [18] [18]. Halligan AF, (1970) A review of thickness swelling in particleboard.Wood Sci Technol 4:301–312 [19] Hosseinabadi, H.Z., Faezipour, M., Latibari, A. J. and Enayati, A., (2008). Properties of Medium Density Fiberboard Made from Wet and Dry Stored Bagasse. Journal Agricultural Science and Technology.10:461-470 [20] Markessini E, Roffael E, Rigal L (1997). Panels from annual plant fibers bonded with ureaformaldehyde resins. in Proceedings, 31st International Particleboard/ Composite Materials Symposium. 8-10 April 1991. Washington State University, Pullan, WA, USA. pp 147-160. [21] Dhakal, H.N., & Ismail, S. O. (2019). Unsaturated polyester resin: Blends, interpenetrating polymer network, composites, and nanocomposites in unsaturated polyester resins (pp. 181-198). ELSEVIER. [22] George, J., Bhagawan, S. S. & Thomas, S. (1997). Effects of environment on the properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with pineapple-leaf fibre. Compos. Sci. Technol., 58(9), 1471– 1485. [23] NPA (1993). Particleboard, ANSI A208.1–1993. Gaithersburg, MD: National Particleboard Association. [24] Anon. (1985). Specification for Wood Particleboards (Medium Density) for General Purposes. Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi, p 19. [25] Anon. (1979). Bangladesh Standard Specification for Plywood Tea Chests. 3-DIT Avenue, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-2, Bangladesh, p 28. [26] Xie, Yongqun & Tong, Queju & Chen, Yan & Liu, Jinghong & Lin, Ming. (2011). Manufacture and properties of ultra-low density fibreboard from wood fibre. Bioresources.6. 10.15376/biores.6.4.4055-4066.
S. A. Hasan, Md. Najmus Sayadat Pitol, M. I. Shams, M. O. Hannan "Scope of Medium density fiberboard (MDF) from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.123-127 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/123-127.pdf
This study applied Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) models in modelling Nigeria inflation rate. The time plot of the original series showed the present of seasonality and logarithm transformation of return series make it stationary. The return was estimated using both the conditional mean and conditional variance. The study applied both symmetric and asymmetric (GARCH) model that capture the feature of a financial series, such as volatility clustering and leverage effect in modelling the return series of inflation. However, four models were estimated for the conditional mean and seven models were estimated for the conditional variance and asymmetric power autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (APARCH (1,1)) was adopted as the best model for the return series and for the conditional mean follow an ARMA (1,1). Finally, the most adequate model for estimating volatility of the inflation rates is the asymmetric APARCH (1.1) model.
- Page(s): 128-134
- Date of Publication: 30 November 2020
- Wiri, Leneenadogo Department of Mathematics, Rivers State University, Nigeria .
- Sibeate, Pius U. Department of Mathematics, Rivers State University, Nigeria
References
[1]. ABDUL-AZIZ A.R, Anokye M. Kwame A. Munyaka L. and Nsowal-nuamah N.N.N (2013).Modelling and Forecasting Rainfall Pattern in Ghana as a Seasonal Arima Process: The Case of Ashanti Region from (1974-2010). International journal of humanities and social science vol. 3(3),222-233 [2]. Box, G.E.P &Jenkin G.M (1976). Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control. Holden day, San Francisco. [3]. Black, F. (1976): Studies in Stock Price Volatility Changes. Proceedings of the 1976 Business Meeting of the Business and Economics Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, [4]. Bollerslev, T., (1986). Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, Journal of Econometrics, 3(1) [5]. Bahiru, A.B, &Joseph, O A, (2013). Exchange Rate Volatility in Nigeria: Application of GARCH models with Exogenous Break, CBN Journal of Applied Statistics 4(1) [6]. Cyprian, O.O, Peter, N.N & Antony, G. W (2017). Modelling UND/KES exchange rate volatility using GARCH models, IOSR Journal of Economic and Finance 8(1) [7]. Central Bank of Nigeria (2017). Statistical bulletin, http;/www.centralbank.org. [8]. Chris Brooks, (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance, Cambridge university press [9]. Damodar, N. and Gujarati (2013) Basic Econometrics. New York.Mcgraw Hill Companies. [10]. Deniz, E, Laurent, S & Christopher, N (2012). Econometric modelling of exchange rate volatility and Jumps, Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis working Paper series. [11]. Etuk, E. H. (2013). Seasonal ARIMA modelling of Nigerian monthly crude oil price. Asian Economic and Financial Review 3(3). [12]. Gujarati, D.N. (2003). Basic econometrics. New York: TafaMeGrewHill Companies. [13]. Musa, Y, Tasi’u, M &Abubakar, B (2014). Forecasting of exchange rate volatility between Naira and US Dollar using Garch models. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science. 4(7) [14]. Osabuohien-Irabor, &Edokp I. W (2013). Modelling monthly inflation rates volatility using generalize autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model. Evidence from Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences [15]. Suliman,Z. S. A. (2012). Modelling exchange rate volatility using GARCH models: Empirical Evidence from Arab countries, international Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(3). [16]. Taylor, S.J. (1986). Modelling Financial Time Series. John Wiley. Chichester. [17]. Wiri, L., &Tuaneh. G. B, (2019). Modelling Nigeria Crude Oil Prices Using ARIMA, Pre-Intervention and Post- Intervention model. Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics. 3(1) [18]. Wiri.L&Essi. I.D.(2018). Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) modelling and forecasting of Inflation Rate in Nigerian. International Journal of Applied Science and Mathematical Theory 4(1) 1-14 http://www.maths.bris.ac.uk/~mapzf/
Wiri, Leneenadogo & Sibeate, Pius U."Modelling Nigeria Inflation rate Volatility with Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) Models" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 10 October 2020, pp.128-134 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.5&Issue10/128-134.pdf