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Analyzing Community Initiatives and Government Interventions in
Salt Farming Resource Management in Pangkajene and Kepulauan
Districts
Imran Nur., Hamka Naping., Budimawan
Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Community development is a process where all community initiatives (local initiatives) are combined with local
government intervention through policies in a development program, especially the management of salt farming
resources in Pangkajene and Kepulauan districts, which is expected to have an impact on improving the living
conditions of the salt farming community to be more decent. This study aims to determine the model of
community initiatives in salt farming resource management, and government interventions in salt farming
resource management, as well as the impact of community initiatives and government interventions in salt
farming resource management. Meanwhile, the impact of the salt farming community initiative can be seen
from three aspects: 1) capabilities, namely the existence of original knowledge obtained through the
accumulation of experience from generation to generation; 2) self-organisation ability, namely the existence of
togetherness and mutual cooperation values that are still maintained through social activities and in traditional
groups; 3) resources/assets, namely that the results of the salt farming business are mostly only to meet the needs
of salt farmers and their families (subsistence). Meanwhile, the impact of government intervention can also be
seen from three aspects:1) capabilities, i.e. more adequate modern norms that have been institutionalised in the
community and relatively provide a guarantee of order; 2) self-organisation capabilities, i.e. changes in social
stratification with the emergence of new social organisations with diverse goals and interests; 3) resources/assets,
i.e. an increase in income from the implementation of programs related to the management of aquaculture and
empowerment of more adequate salt farmers.
Keywords: Community initiative model, government intervention, resource management, and salt ponds
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a total coastline of 95 thousand km. Its sea area is wider than its land
area, making Indonesia a maritime country with abundant marine and fisheries potential. In addition to fish
species, coral reefs and seaweed, seawater is also one of the natural resources that can produce commodities of
economic value, namely salt. Salt is an important commodity because it is one of the basic needs consumed. But
on the other hand, domestic salt production has not been able to meet national salt needs. This results in Indonesia
still importing salt. Basically, with its great marine potential, Indonesia should be able to produce and meet its
own salt needs. Therefore, efforts to develop the salt business through strengthening community participation
need to be increased.
South Sulawesi, as one of the provinces in Indonesia, has a very strategic position, located in the middle of the
Indonesian archipelago with coastal and marine areas stretching along 1,979.97 km and a sea area of no less than
48,000 km2 in the Makassar Strait, Flores Sea, and Bone Bay as well as a stretch of small islands that contain
biological and non-biological wealth, and even the Makassar Strait is one of the international shipping routes
and is designated as the gateway to the Eastern Indonesia Region (KTI). From an economic aspect, South
Sulawesi has a comparative resource advantage with potential in the agricultural, plantation and fisheries sectors.
In addition, from a socio-cultural perspective, the noble values and cultural diversity of the people of South
Sulawesi serve as signs or corridors in the implementation of all development activities carried out by the
government and the community, and can be universally integrated with a global perspective. The advantages of
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)
ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue IX September 2025
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this strategic position, natural and socio-cultural potential need to be combined wisely and managed optimally
to improve the welfare of the community within the framework of regional development that prioritizes the
principle of development with high productivity but remains inclusive and sustainable.
According to Gany (2001), with the shift in development in various sectors, it turns out that it is time to become
a framework for discussing and formulating marine sector development policies. This is very urgent because
coastal and marine resources are the orientation of Indonesia's future vision, which is the largest archipelagic
country in the world.
As a planned and sustainable change, development is essentially aimed at improving and enhancing the quality
of human life. To achieve these goals, development needs to be implemented in various development programs
that can directly affect the community. Development requires a method or guidelines for directed actions on
'how' to improve the quality of human life. A set of guidelines that provide direction for the implementation of
development strategies can be called policy. The function of policy here is to provide a formulation of various
choices of actions and priorities that are realized in effective social service programs to achieve development
goals. (Edi Suharto, 2008; Rahman, 2019; Sahib et al., 2019).
Friedman (1992), said that the reorientation of development strategies that emphasize macroeconomic growth
and the fulfillment of basic needs to development strategies that are oriented towards human development, is
intended to provide opportunities for the community to take a more significant role in the development
implementation process, because in essence the ideal development is how to encourage people throughout the
world to be able to appear as "decision makers themselves regarding their way of life", and that means the role
of the state and the market must be reduced, on the other hand the role of civil society needs to be empowered.
In the context of community empowerment, the community is viewed as an entity with its environment, so they
must develop awareness of the importance of the existence of resource management and local tools (norms,
values and local knowledge) including collective actions and local organizations in working together and
carrying out mutually beneficial collective actions (mutual activity) in an organization/institution for production
activities or economic efforts is a must (Ohama, 2001).
For that, efforts to empower coastal communities, especially those engaged in the aquaculture sector, are very
important as one of the sectors that can support the Indonesian economy during the economic crisis of 1997 until
now. The choice of regional autonomy policy is a strategic step to create economic and political justice and
increase community participation in development. The ongoing regional autonomy, especially in the marine
area, will also have the meaning of liberation and empowerment for fishing communities and fish farmers as
well as protection of the natural environment in the sea, if the community is given back its rights (re-entitlement)
in controlling and managing fisheries sector resources collectively and participatively (Kusumastanto, 2003).
From the perspective (perception) that gives birth to actions or actions within the social system of shrimp
farmers, especially salt farmers in managing shrimp farming resources. This action can be carried out in the form
of an initiative (local initiative) or a form of participation. In this context, community development is a process,
where all community initiative efforts (local initiatives) are combined with local government intervention
through policies in a development program, especially those related to the management of salt pond resources
in Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, which are expected to have an impact on improving the living conditions
of the salt farmer community to be more decent.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Pangkajene and Islands Regency (formerly known as Pangkajene Islands, usually abbreviated as Pangkep) is
one of the regencies in South Sulawesi Province. Its capital is Pangkajene. This regency has an area of 12,362.73
km² with a land area of 898.29 km² and a sea area of 11,464.44 km². The potential for regional development in
Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency cannot be separated from its geographical location and resources. One of
the potentials of Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency is that it is one of the salt producing areas in South
Sulawesi. Salt production in this area has increased every year. In Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, there
are 2 (two) areas that are salt centers, namely Bungoro District and Labakkang District. The potential for salt
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pond land in the two areas reaches around 844 Ha. The potential for salt pond land in Bungoro District is Bulu
Cindea Village and Bori Appaka Village, while in Labakkang District it is in Bontomanai Village, Pundata Baji
Village, Borimasunggu Village, Manakku Village and Gentung Village. The high salt production in Pangkajene
and Kepulauan Regency, especially in Bungoro District and Labakkang District, is influenced by the salinity
levels and other water quality parameters that support the development of salt production. Salting activities in
this area are carried out from generation to generation with a traditional processing system, and the quality of
the salt produced is edible salt with a NaCl content of 78-86%. The potential for salt production in Pangkajene
and Kepulauan Regency is 90-100 tons/Ha, so with a land potential of 844 Ha, the potential for salt production
that can be produced per year is 75,960-84,400 tons/Ha.
Given the enormous potential of the sea, people living in coastal areas and small islands utilize the marine
environment as a source of livelihood. Sallatang (1972:42) categorizes coastal communities into four groups,
namely: coastal communities with jobs as fishermen at sea or those who develop fisheries in ponds, coastal
communities with main jobs as trade and sea transportation, coastal communities with main jobs as food crop
farmers, and coastal communities with jobs as farmers with an industrial crop system (Hamka, 2017).
Coastal communities or communities that inhabit or manage coastal areas including shrimp farming
communities, are a system, namely: "social system". In its journey, the coastal area social system faces various
"functional problems". In order for the coastal area social system to survive, grow and develop, it must be able
to overcome these problems. Several factors that cause them to still be left behind, ranging from those related to
low levels of education, lack of interest in saving and managing family finances, to economic structures (trade
systems) that are not yet conducive to the progress and prosperity of coastal communities, causing the welfare
of coastal communities, especially shrimp farmers, to be inadequate.
In line with this, according to Hamka (2017), rural communities, especially those working in the marine sector,
generally have low education with low socio-economic standards of living. They still hold fast to the moral
values, ethics, and cultural knowledge that they inherited from their ancestors. These cultural values become the
main framework in directing their daily behavior in utilizing the marine environment.
In terms of natural resource potential, especially the main livelihood resources of coastal communities are very
potential, where the potential of marine fisheries and coastal areas are sources of development. Pond cultivation
activities, especially salt, are important for coastal communities in Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, but seen
from the income obtained by farmers, it is still relatively low. Therefore, coastal communities including farmers
are slowly empowered by utilizing the potential of the sea and coastline owned by this area. While on the other
hand, farmers in this area only rely on experience and courage and very limited capital. This is not able to help
increase family income, so that their lives as farmers are still very identical to poverty.
In real community empowerment, it must be recognized that it is still necessary to initiate various intervention
activities. However, similar interventions can no longer be carried out excessively because they actually provide
opportunities for the process of national disintegration. The government should play a role no more than a prime
mover. Intervention needs to be carried out, from the perspective of merely lending a hand to provide initial
energy to the community concerned (Gany, 2001).
Observing this phenomenon, one of the functional problems that often and must be overcome by coastal
communities including shrimp farmers is the problem of "adaptation". The problem of adaptation is how physical
nature should or should be utilized by humans, either in the form of initiative or participation, something similar
is usually expressed as a problem of human resources adapting, or managing natural resources in the wisest way
and with the most appropriate benefits (Sallatang, 1994).
As one of the human life systems, the cultural system interacts with the social system (individuals, groups and
communities) where the cultural system provides a flow of information and vice versa the social system provides
a flow of energy (reinforcement). From this interaction, a perception is born that leads to good actions carried
out individually or together based on their perspective and how much their interests or fulfillment of life can be
accommodated.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)
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METHODS
The method used is descriptive qualitative, with a case study as the research type. Qualitative research describes
a number of variables related to the problem and unit being studied. This study examines and understands the
model of community initiatives and government intervention in salt pond resource management, as well as the
impact of these community initiatives and government intervention in salt pond resource management in
Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, seen from the aspects of increased capability, self-organization, and
asset/resource control.
The above refers to the opinion of Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong (2000), who define "qualitative methods" as
research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written words or texts from people and observed
behavior. According to them, this approach is directed at the individual's background holistically (whole), thus
not isolating individuals or organizations into a number of variables or hypotheses.
In addition, the selection of the qualitative research type is based on the consideration that to the researcher's
knowledge, there has never been any research that focuses on the same problems and research objects or
communities as this research, so it is very relevant to be studied with qualitative research as initial research
(Gunarya, 2002).
RESULTS
Community Initiative Model
Analysis and evaluation of Indonesia's development experience compared to world experience and the
development of global thinking lead us to several "new elements" that need to be included in the formulation of
a new approach or paradigm for Indonesian development, namely (1) interconnectivity, (2) ecological awareness,
(3) quality of welfare, (4) technostructure and community institutions, and (5) decentralization and community
participation.
The combination of the five elements mentioned above produces a new concept called order, which is defined
as the manifestation of interconnection between humans and the creator, between humans and other humans,
and between humans and their environment. Technostructure and community institutions are elements of order,
because they are the result of human work and initiative that are directly or indirectly influenced by their physical
environment (including the availability of natural resources). Order influences human values, attitudes, and
behavior, conversely human values, attitudes and behavior can also influence its order. With this form of
interaction, each order will have its own characteristics (Amien et al., 1999).
Furthermore, the elements of order, both in the form of "soft elements" such as humans with their value systems,
institutions and technostructures, and in the form of "hard elements" such as the natural environment and its
resources are dynamic entities that are constantly growing and developing. Likewise, the form of
interconnection. Therefore, order should be seen as an "organism" that has the tendency and ability to develop
independently and carry out "association" or "fusion" with other orders. Association is a form of interconnection
where each order still maintains its characteristics, while fusion produces a new order with new characteristics
because each order that joins melts into the new order (Amien, 1999).
The selection of order as a basic concept for the new discourse on development is carried out by referring to the
idea that interconnection is a keyword for understanding reality or natural phenomena (including social
phenomena). Currently, life as an interconnected network is a new awareness among scientists. We increasingly
understand that there is a dynamic relationship between the various parts of a whole, and the form of this
relationship determines the characteristics of the whole. Interconnection between particles at the subatomic level,
for example, shows behavior that is not at all a combination of the behavior of its particles and does not even
show any phenomena about the existence of its particles. This condition can be likened to a dance performance
without a dancer, or a melodious song without a singer. This microcosmos model is analogous to group/mass
behavior, which is also not the result of a combination of the behavior of its individuals.
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Local independence also suggests that all stages of empowerment be carried out in a decentralized manner.
Empowerment efforts that are centralistic will not be able to identify the unique characteristics of the existing
order, and tend or have the potential to ignore the unique potential possessed by the order. On the other hand,
empowerment efforts that are carried out in a decentralized manner will be able to accommodate various
diversities of the order (Gany, 2002).
From the concept of the order formed towards local independence, an initiative effort from the community will
be created, which is interpreted as a development activity carried out based on its own initiative without
significant interference from outside parties in order to implement the existing order or make a change based on
the local cultural system adopted by the community itself so that the community becomes the subject and object
of the activity (Salman, 2002).
This is in line with the meaning of the participatory approach, namely an empowerment approach that aims for
the community to appear as the main actor for solving problems and fulfilling their own needs, so that a new
community is said to be empowered if they can appear as the main actor (actor) in solving problems and fulfilling
their needs. Thus, empowerment must be interpreted as an effort to facilitate the community to become the main
actor for solving problems and fulfilling their needs (Salman, 2002).
In the participatory approach, the elements that must be fixed through development include three things, namely
resources, organizations and norms (Ohama in Salman 2002). Development does not only include the delivery
of resources such as working capital, innovative technology, and managerial training, but also includes the
improvement of social organizations in the community that will manage the delivery of these resources, and the
development of norms that integrate these social organizations in managing the resources in question. The
participatory approach also assumes that in development, the resources, organizations and norms brought by the
program/project must be complemented with the original resources, organizations and norms that exist in the
community. The delivery system at the program/project level and the receiving mechanism at the target
community level for development elements are two-way implementations (Salman, 2002).
Departing from the concept of a participatory approach, the essence of a participatory approach is to increase the
capability building of local communities through an experience-based learning process by involving them in
various aspects of the development process. For this reason, the role of outsiders, both government and NGOs
(non-governmental organizations), in a participatory approach includes three things, namely awareness
(conscientization), community organizing and resource delivery (Salman, 2002).
Parson in Soekanto (1996) stated that human behavior in social life is determined by at least four factors, namely
norms, motivation, goals and situations/conditions. Norms are rules used in relationships between humans in a
society consisting of four levels and each has a different binding force, namely; methods (usage), habits
(folkways), behavior (mores) and customs (custom). Then motivation is sometimes used in the sense of need,
want, and drive. While the goals and situations/conditions according to Muttulada (1997), are usually due to
geographical similarities or the results of interactions with the surrounding physical environment. Thus, a pattern
of behavior is born which is reflected in the cultural platform which is a characteristic of the community,
especially the salt farmer community.
Community Participation
The definition of broad community participation in development programs can be interpreted as a willingness to
help ensure the success of each development program according to each person's abilities (Mubyarto, 1988).
A government that adheres to democracy will involve its people in the development process through
participation. The term participation in principle has the same connotation as taking part or playing a role in the
management process of a particular part. Participation is intended to mean the participation of the community in
providing positive support for the planning and implementation of development programs. Furthermore, it is
said that participation includes cooperation from all those involved and is an arena where negotiations, hopes,
perceptions and communication occur that will influence behavior and the way people identify what the leader
wants. Participation must be seen from three dimensions, namely what is meant by participation in the form of
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its conceptual definition, who is likely to be involved in participation, and the types of activities that will be
carried out (Cohen and Uphoff, 1997).
Furthermore, the stages of community participation according to Mistrah (1984) are the active involvement of
the community voluntarily in all stages of the development process, not through their representatives.
Furthermore, it is said that this understanding contains the main substance, namely: (1) participation in planning
activities; (2) participation in implementing activities; (3) participation in receiving benefits/advantages; (4)
participation in monitoring and evaluation; (5) participation in accepting risks.
The dimension of participation is a natural phenomenon and is natural and must be if environmental conditions
provide opportunities and facilities. Adjid (1985) said that in order to understand the meaning of participation,
it is necessary to note several criteria contained in the term participation itself, namely: (1) participation refers
to several interacting subjects such as individuals, communities, economic organizations and governments, each
of which has the freedom to make their own decisions without being bound by a certain bond of solidarity; (2)
there is the possibility of volunteerism and awareness from individuals to carry out the role given by the
organization sincerely; (3) meaningful participation such as the involvement of members in the process of an
activity; (4) the existence of a target group of an activity that becomes a forum for participation.
In relation to this, Cohen and Uphoff (1997) further stated that community participation is very important for
several reasons: (1) community participation is a tool to obtain information about the conditions, needs and
attitudes of the local community without whose presence the development program will fail; (2) the community
will trust the project or development program more if they feel involved in the project preparation and planning,
because they will know more about the ins and outs of the project and will have a sense of ownership of the
project. This kind of trust is especially important if it has the goal of being accepted by the community; (3) which
encourages general participation because it is assumed that it is a democratic right for the community to be
involved in development that concerns themselves. It can be felt that they also have the right to participate in
"urung rembuk" (providing targets) in needing the type of development that will be implemented in their area.
This is in line with the concept of "man centered development" (a development that is centered on human
interests), namely a type of development that is more directed towards improving the fate of humans and not just
as a tool for development itself.
Siagian (1985), distinguishes participation into two types, namely active participation and passive participation.
Active participation is: (1) thinking about one's own fate by utilizing social and political institutions in society
as channels of participation; (2) showing a high level of awareness of society and the state by not handing over
the determination of one's fate to others such as leaders and community figures, both formal and informal; (3)
fulfilling obligations as responsible citizens such as paying taxes honestly and other obligations; (4) submitting
to the provisions of various applicable laws and regulations; (5) willingness to make sacrifices required by
development for the sake of broader and more important common interests.
Community participation is considered as one indicator of the success of development activities (Ndraha, 1990),
because participation is considered to reflect community support, but because participatory indicators are more
often measured on a qualitative scale, participation tends to be positioned as a goal rather than a tool (means),
and the background and process of how participation is carried out are not questioned. According to Soetrisno
(1995), bureaucrats feel more comfortable with a planning system that is oriented towards measurable output
rather than process, even because the output orientation is so high that it is not uncommon for what is called a
program to be an activity to achieve output targets according to the work schedule.
Government Intervention in Coastal Community Development
To address the various weaknesses of coastal communities that have been stereotypically depicted as backward
in education, experience, welfare levels, and access, it should be remembered that this is highly dependent on
the adopted development paradigm. Reductionism, centralism, and homogenization of policies seem to be no
longer possible options. Therefore, it must be acknowledged that real empowerment still needs to be initiated by
various intervention activities. However, similar interventions can no longer be carried out in an excessive
manner as has colored development policies in Indonesia so far, which in fact have provided opportunities for
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the emergence of national disintegration processes.
Facing the policy of preparing human resources for the management of coastal and marine resources in
Indonesia, the tendency of the role of the national government in this era of autonomy should be formulated in
such a way as to open up opportunities for each region to develop itself or its order autonomously. The national
government, and even local governments should play a role no more than a prime mover. Intervention needs to
be carried out, from the perspective of merely lending a hand to provide initial energy to the community
concerned. Furthermore, the community itself is expected to improve the quality of its elements of order,
including its unique institutional aspects, independently and sustainably (Gany, 2001).
Oakley and Marsden in Prijono (1996) stated that the process of community empowerment emphasizes the
provision or transfer of some power, strength or ability to the community so that individuals become more
empowered. This process is usually followed up with efforts to build material assets to support independence
through organizations. Prijono (1996) emphasized that empowering people means developing, self-reliant and
strengthening the bargaining position of lower-class communities against oppressive forces in all sectors of life.
The dimensions of coastal community empowerment are at least directed at efforts to strengthen people's
economic development that is not only market-based, but also considers political, social and cultural realities.
Empowerment of coastal communities in building the existence of themselves, the environment, communities
and groups in carrying out the process of actualizing just humanity. Thus, coastal community empowerment is
at least an effort to improve and develop socio-economic units in the form of socio-economic institutions and
organizations that exist in community life (Riyadi 2003).
Although the potential of coastal and marine resources owned by Indonesia is so great, so that the application of
more advanced science and technology is one option that needs to be taken, but associated with the perspective
of human resources that are still lagging behind, this option requires extra careful policy formulation. The
application and introduction of advanced science and technology should not be in the form of foreign institutions
that are transplanted into the cultural system of society. By learning from past experiences, it is proven that
foreign values and/or institutions will generally be rejected by society, even if forced, they will actually become
obstacles to the growth of increasingly sustainable initiatives over time, which in turn makes it increasingly
difficult for coastal communities to achieve a level of independence.
To manage coastal and marine potential, it is necessary to prepare human resources, but the main problem faced
in human resource development is how to develop cultural engineering so that society can accept marine science
and technology as a major part of their culture so that the development of this science and technology is also
part of their own interests and needs. Or in other words, how to prepare the community to have a maritime culture
that is full of science and technology, so that in turn they will be able to manage marine resources or their
respective regions independently or at a level where they will acquire competence autonomously (Gany, 2001).
According to Tikson (2000), in community development there are three main targets that are oriented towards
the community/human. Namely (1) increasing community prosperity through (2) empowering local
organizations and (3) driving participation. In this case, there are three interrelated areas to achieve the goal,
each with its own target, as can be seen in the following table.
Table 1. Fields and targets/objectives of community development
Community development field
Community development goals/objectives
Community Education
Awareness
Skills development for collective activities
Formation of community values
Community Organizing
Alliances and coalitions
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Sectoral organizing
Territorial organizing
Community Resource Management
Environmental conservation and rehabilitation
Economic bodies/community businesses
Social organizations
From the definition above, it can be concluded that community development is a series of planned change
processes, where the community is no longer seen as an object of development but is also placed as a subject of
development to improve social, economic, political and cultural life by using the available potential and
resources, especially salt pond resources.
Aquaculture Resource Management
Koesbiono in Rostin (1991) said that fisheries are all efforts to utilize aquatic biological resources for human
benefit, starting from capture, cultivation to marketing. Fisheries as a business is classified into two large parts,
namely: First, capture fisheries, including: capture in the open sea, coastal waters and continental waters
(brackish water, lakes, reservoirs and rivers). Second, aquaculture, including: cultivation in the sea, brackish
water cultivation, pond cultivation, reservoirs and rivers.
Activities carried out in the fisheries sector in a broad sense are activities in the agricultural sector, and all
activities in the agricultural sector are interpreted as agricultural development. The purpose of agricultural
development is to increase income in the agricultural sector both as individuals and as a whole in a certain area.
Increasing the role of the agricultural sector will be greater if supported by activities to analyze various factors
that can increase agricultural production.
Prayitno (1985) stated that through improving agricultural infrastructure, providing sufficient water, using
modern inputs (superior seeds, fertilizers, insecticides) it is possible to increase productivity which also increases
farmers' per capita income. Furthermore, Adiwi Laga (1982) stated that the level of agricultural production is
very much determined by many factors, including: (1) the area of land planted, (2) the quality of land cultivation,
(3) soil fertility, (4) the production capacity planted, (5) the right climate, (6) farming techniques, (7) pest and
disease disturbances, (8) harvest methods and control of results. In relation to Mosher in Mubyarto (1995) stated
that there are 5 conditions that must be met, namely: (1) the existence of a market for agricultural products, (2)
technology that is constantly developing, (3) the availability of materials and production tools locally, (4) the
capture of production for farmers, (5) the availability of smooth and continuous transportation.
Furthermore, it is explained that agricultural development activities aimed at: (1) changing production processes,
(2) changing farmer behavior, (3) changing the pattern of each farming business, (4) changing the relationship
between costs and marginal revenues. According to Malone in Patong (1982) farming management including
aquaculture is the ability of farmers/fish farmers to determine, organize diverse production factors as selectively
as possible so that better results are obtained. In addition to the above, government policies play a very important
role in encouraging farmers to increase their production.
Mubyarto (1995) stated that agricultural policies are absolutely necessary to achieve goals. The general objective
of agricultural policies is to advance agriculture, strive for farmers to be more productive, increase production
and production efficiency and as a result, a higher standard of living for farmers and more perfect welfare. The
government's salt imports have further exacerbated the conditions of poverty and powerlessness of salt farmers.
Therefore, government efforts are needed to improve the welfare and empowerment of salt farmers. In order to
achieve national salt self-sufficiency, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is implementing the
PUGAR (People's Salt Business Empowerment) program, which is one of the PNPM Mandiri Maritime Fisheries
programs focused on improving the welfare of salt farmers whose implementation is based on the bottom-up
principle, meaning that salt farmers plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate activities in accordance with the
specified mechanism. The targets of the PUGAR program are salt farmers who will later be coordinated in
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KUGAR (People's Salt Business Group) whose implementation will be accompanied by PUGAR Companions.
The aims of the PUGAR program are (1) to empower and increase the capacity of small-scale salt farmers who
are members of KUGAR, (2) to increase access to capital, marketing, information, as well as science and
technology for KUGAR, (3) to increase the production of consumer salt to support self-sufficiency in consumer
salt in 2012 and (4) to improve the quality of small-scale salt.
Social Structure of the Fish Farming Community
According to Salman (1992), social stratification of society is based on control over pond lands, capital, and
labor. The status and social roles related to the pond community are determined by these elements. Therefore, in
the social stratification known as owner pond farmers in the upper layer, tenant and tenant pond farmers in the
middle layer, and pond mustard in the lower layer. Owner pond farmers are those who control pond land and
manage it, either by using their own labor or the labor of others. An owner pond farmer controls the land and
capital, with which he can use the labor of others to work on his pond. The relationship that takes place between
owner pond farmers and these people is usually in the form of work transactions in patterns with permanent
bonds.
Tenant pond farmers are those who control sufficient capital but do not control the land. In order to control the
land, they rent it with a certain agreement that is agreed upon and applies and applies in the village. This group
of pond farmers relies on sufficient capital in running a pond business. The shrimp farmers are those who have
sufficient manpower and skills, but do not have land for shrimp farming and do not have enough capital to rent.
They then fish other people's shrimp ponds with an agreement on profit sharing and a portion of the agreed
production costs.
While the pond mustard greens are the largest group in the population in this sub-district, they do not have the
capital to farm, let alone rent, so they are completely dependent on the labor contributed by the owner's pond
business. These four types of positions/statuses are what make up the social stratification of the shrimp farmer
community. Indeed, there is also a dual status of individuals, for example, in addition to being a tenant, he is
also a fish farmer, as an owner he also rents, or as an owner he is also a fish farmer but the population is small.
Furthermore, Salman (1992) stated that basically the main social relationship network that takes place, revolves
around the transfer of shrimp farming rights from the owner to another person. The transfer mechanism takes
place in two types of fish farming relationships and rental relationships. Each of these social relationships is
regulated by norms and values that are adhered to at the village social structure level. In simple terms, the
network of interactions that build this social structure can be seen in the following diagram:
Figure 1. Interactions between social statuses in the structure of the fish farming community.
Hamid (2001) stated that this institution is more active in the socio-economic field. Ponggawa has capital,
knowledge and power, while sawi has nothing, except manpower. Looking at the relationship system in this
ponggawa-sawi institution, it is more relevant to call it Patron Client Relationship (PCR). Indeed, the relationship
in this PCR is mutually beneficial and saves each other, but shows pressure on material gain. Thus, their
relationship is more of a “money debt” than a debt of gratitude. What is valuable about the ponggawa-sawi
institution as commonly known in South Sulawesi is the ability of the ponggawa to move independently with
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)
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the full risk of attracting the attention of the sawi, so that it seems as if the sawi find it difficult to free themselves
from the bonds of the ponggawa. Despite various offers and inducements from government programs, such as
candakulak credit, bank credit, cooperatives and fish auctions, even the KUD Mina which was established in
their midst.
The relationship between the ponggawa and the sawi is generally a relationship that has a motive. First, the sawi
is the family or relative of the ponggawa. Working on the basis of kinship. The increasing number of production
units also increases the need for sawi workers. Second, the relationship is based on the same goal motive. The
sawi is someone from outside the family, who is free without ties. The diligent sawi usually gets special treatment
from the ponggawa, because sometimes the sawi can replace the ponggawa's position as a trader. So in conditions
of such treatment and relationship, sometimes the sawi finds it difficult to leave a ponggawa, so that a
relationship occurs patron client.
In practice, social and economic problems as a result of the modernization process, it seems that they can still
be overcome by the “father-child” (patron-client) institution that applies according to local customs and
traditions. There is a kind of obligation for the rich to provide assistance or work for the poor. In addition, this
feeling of wanting to help is certainly given to the poor who like to work hard (Mubyarto, 1984).
CONCLUSION
The Coastal communities, or those who inhabit or manage coastal areas, including shrimp farming communities,
constitute a system: a "social system." Throughout their development, coastal social systems face various
"functional problems." For coastal social systems to survive, grow, and develop, they must be able to address
these problems. One of the most important functional problems, and one that must be addressed, is "adaptation."
The problem of adaptation concerns how humans, particularly shrimp farming communities, should or should
utilize the physical environment. In today's development, a similar issue is often expressed as the problem of
how human resources adapt or manage natural resources in the wisest manner for maximum benefit. As a system
of human life, cultural systems interact with social systems (individuals, groups, and communities), where
cultural systems provide a flow of information and, conversely, social systems provide a flow of energy
(reinforcement). This interaction fosters perceptions that lead to actions, both individually and collectively, based
on their perspectives and the extent to which their interests and livelihoods can be accommodated.
The impact of community initiatives is seen from the aspect of increasing capability, namely the existence of
indigenous knowledge regarding the management of fish farming resources obtained through experience or
accumulation of experience and has been felt by the community as their own and passed down (inherited) from
one generation to the next; then the aspect of increasing self-organization capabilities, namely the existence of
values of togetherness and mutual cooperation that are maintained through strengthening social activities or in
the form of social groups, such as existing traditional groups; and finally the aspect of increasing
resources/assets, namely that the fisheries business that is carried out produces results that are mostly only to
meet family consumption, and the production factors or capital used are mostly or almost entirely from their own
efforts.
Meanwhile, the impact of government intervention is seen from the aspect of increasing capabilities, namely the
more adequate modern norms that have been institutionalized in society, relatively providing a guarantee in the
form of a picture of the existence of "order" in society and this is one of the conditions that is actually a
requirement or condition that will invite entrepreneurs, capital owners or investors to come and invest their
capital; then the aspect of increasing self-organization capabilities, namely the changes in social stratification
that have emerged due to the emergence of new social organizations with various goals/interests; and the aspect
of increasing resources/assets, namely the management of salt pond resources which has a positive impact on
increasing the income of salt farmers, and the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure has a
significant influence on the smooth running of the economy of the salt farmer community.
Financing
The authors did not receive financing for the development of this research.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)
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Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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