INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1171

“An Worthwhile Review of Niosmes”

Manjiri Shirole*, Pallavi Dhekale

, Pranali Yadav, Sneha Ubale, Neha Thorat, Dr. Sanjay Chaudhari

Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, KJEI’s Trinity College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra,

India

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.10100000100

Received: 23 October 2025; Accepted: 29 October 2025; Published: 11 November 2025

ABSTRACT

Niosomes are vesicular nanocarriers, biodegradable, relatively non-toxic, stable, and inexpensive, that provide

an alternative for lipid-solid carriers (e.g., liposomes). Niosomes may resolve issues related to the instability,

fast degradation, bioavailability, and insolubility of different drugs or natural compounds. Niosomes can be

very efficient potential systems for the specific delivery of anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,

antimicrobial, and antibacterial molecules. This review aims to present an overview of their composition, the

most common formulation techniques, as well as of recent utilizations as delivery systems in cancer therapy.

As drug carriers, nano-sized niosomes expand the horizons of pharmacokinetics, decreasing toxicity,

enhancing drug solvability and bioavailability. In this review, we review the components and fabrication

methods of niosomes, as well as their functionalization, characterization, administration routes, and

applications in cancer gene delivery, and natural product delivery. We also discuss the limitations and

challenges in the development of niosomes, and provide the future perspective of niosomes.

Fig 1 : Graphical Abstract of noisome

Keywords: Surfactant, Drug entrapment,lamellar noisome, bilayer, Targeted drug delivery.

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century Currently, the aim is to integrate

biotechnology and nanotechnology, thus offering a technology based on green chemistry, recent applications of

niosomes as delivery systems in cancer therapy. currently, the aim is to integrate biotechnology and

nanotechnology, thus offering a technology based on green chemistry, being ecological for the production,

characterization, and application of nanomaterials [5]. Typical examples include gold and silver nanoparticles,

nano-vesicle systems, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nano-micelles, dendrimers,

polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, etc. [6,7,8]. In addition, using interdisciplinary

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1172

approaches, the results of biotechnology, nanomaterials, pharmaceutical science, artificial intelligence, and

genetic engineering can be applied in the field of healthcare systems, known as nanomedicine [4,9,10].

Composition of Niosomes

Niosomes get thermodynamically stable, with a bilayered structure made up of non-ionic surface-active

substances that can only be created when surfactants and cholesterol are combined in the appropriate ratio at

temperatures above the gel liquid transition point. Its - has a hollow region in the center where hydrophilic and

hydrophobic medicines are enclosed. Conventional niosomal vesicles can be made up of vesicles that create an

amphiphilic, i.e., nonionic, surfactant like Span60, which is normally maintained by a combination of

cholesterol and a tiny quantity of anions such dicetyl phosphate for use in vesicle stability surfactant.The

following three components are used in the production of niosomes:

 Cholesterol

 Non-ionic surfactants

 Charged molecule

Fig 2: Niosome structure

Cholesterol is a steroids precursor utilized for imparting stiffness and appropriate shape to niosomes, as well

as to strengthen and produce niosome preparations. Steroids influence the fluidity and permeability of the

bilayer .Cholesterol has additionally been shown to inhibit leaks by preventing the gel to liquid form

conversion.

Non-ionic Surfactants are commonly employed in the synthesis for niosomes. Nonionic surfactants comprise

surfactants that lack charged groups within their hydrophilic heads. When contrasted with anionic, amphoteric,

or cationic equivalents, they are more stable, biocompatible, and less poisonous. The hydrophilic-lipophilic

balance (HLB) and critical packing parameter (CPP) values are important in determining which surfactant

molecules to use over niosome synthesis.

Charged molecule: The insertion of charged groups to the vesicle bilayer increases the stability for the

vesicles. They reduce vesicle aggregation through increased its surface charge density. They inhibit vesicle

fusion due to repulsive forces of the same charge resulting in larger zeta values for potential.

Types Of Niosomes

Multilamellar Vesicles(MLV)

It is made up of many bilayers that enclose the aqueous lipid compartment individually. The diameter of such a

vesicle is around 0.5 to 10 m. MLV are the most often utilized niosomes. These generally quick to build and

mechanically stable over lengthy periods of storage. These kinds of vesicles have the greatest potential for

medication delivery of lipophilic substances. The hand shaking technique is used to prepare niosomes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1173

Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUV)

These Niosomes have a higher aqueous for lipid compartment ratio, allowing a significant amount of bioactive

compounds to be captured while using little membrane lipids. Large unilamellar vesicles have a diameter

larger than 0.10m.

7,14,15,18

Small UnilamellarVesicles(SUV)

The most common methods used to create these kinds of niosomes include solvent dilution, homogenization,

French press extrusion, and sonication of multilamellar vesicles. Small unilamellar vesicles, with a diameter of

0.025-0.05 μm, are prone to aggregation and fusion due to their thermodynamic instability. Their proportion of

an aqueous solute entrapped is modest, and their entrapped volume is minimal

Classification of Niosomes

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles with a bilayer structure,

1. a hydrophilic part opposite to aqueous solutions, and

2. a hydrophobic part opposite to organic solutions. Depending on which method is used for the

formulation of niosomes, the structure can be classified based on the number of bilayers and based on

the size.

Niosome Preparation Methods

There are several techniques for creating lipid-based vesicles, known as niosomes, which are employed as

medication delivery systems. It contains therapeutically active ingredients, non-ionic surfactants with a

hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail [e.g. - Spans (Span 20, 40, 60, 80, 85), Tweens (tween 20, 40, 60, 80)],

cholesterol, which acts as a derived steroids employed for its flexibility, stiffness, alongside shape,

phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine), and organic solvent.

8,10

Several techniques for preparing niosomes have been documented, including:

Ether injection method: In this method, the lipidic component (cholesterol) and non-ionic surfactant are

dissolved in ether and slowly injected through a needle into the aqueous phase containing a drug or natural

molecule under stirring at a temperature above 60 °C in a heated water bath. The disadvantages include the

extremely slow process and the presence of a limited amount of ether in the vesicle suspension.

Fig :3 Ether injection method

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1174

Lipid injection technique: There are no organic solvents involved in this technique. Molten surfactant and

cholesterol are quickly injected into a heated aqueous phase containing the dissolved drug or natural

molecules, resulting in the formation of niosomes

Fig 4 : Lipid injection technique

Sonication Technique:In this technique, cholesterol and a non-ionic surfactant are dispersed in a buffer

solution containing the dissolved drug or natural compound. This mixture is further subjected to a bath

sonicator to yield niosomes. Rapid size reduction and accurate temperature regulation are both advantages, but

heat generation could be the main disadvantage.

Fig 5: Sonication technique

Hand shaking method (Thin film hydration technique):This technique is widespread in the formulation of

niosomes. The surfactant and cholesterol are dissolved in a suitable organic solvent (e.g,ethanol, chloroform).

A dried thin-film layer forms inside the flask after the organic solvent is removed by vacuum/rotary

evaporation. The drug is dissolved in an aqueous solution and then applied to the obtained film to hydrate it.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1175

To produce niosomes, the hydrated film must be incubated in a water bath above the transition temperature of

the surfactants.

Fig 6:Thin film hydration technique

Bubble Technique: This is a unique single-step process used to prepare niosomes, especially to develop large

unilamellar vesicles, without using any organic solvent. Cholesterol, buffer solution, and non-ionic surfactant

are mixed and placed in a three-neck round bottom flask. The temperature is controlled using a thermometer

and water-cooled reflux, while nitrogen is supplied from the third neck . The dispersion is introduced into a

water bath at 70 °C to yield niosomes.

Fig 7: Bubble Technique

Reverse phase evaporation technique (REV):

Surfactant and cholesterol are dissolved in suitable organic solvent (e.g., chloroform, ethyl ether). An aqueous

phase that contains the drug or natural molecule is added, and then the two immiscible phases are

homogenized and sonicated. The organic solvent is removed from the formed emulsion by rotary evaporation

to obtain niosomes.

Fig 8: Reverse phase evaporation technique

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1176

Trans-Membrane pH Gradient Technique:This approach is suitable for ionizable hydrophobic compounds.

The hydrophobic compound, surfactant, and cholesterol are dissolved in an appropriate solvent (e.g.,

chloroform). The solvent is then removed by rotary evaporation to produce a thin film on the wall of a round

bottom flask and the residue is hydrated with citric acid at pH 3.0 or 4.0 in a beaker. The obtained suspension

is subsequently frozen and thawed, followed by sonication. An aqueous solution containing the drug or natural

molecule is then added to the suspension and mixed using a vortex mixer. The pH is raised to pH 7.0 with

disodium phosphate solution, and then the mixture is heated at 60 °C to yield niosomes .

Fig 9:Trans membrane pH gradient technique

Multiple membrane extrusion method: This technique allows for the size of niosomes to be controlled.

Surfactant, cholesterol, and diacetyl phosphate are dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g., chloroform), and then

the solvent is removed by rotary evaporation to form a thin-film which is subsequently hydrated by using an

aqueous solution containing the drug or natural molecule. The suspension is extruded through polycarbonate

membranes to obtain the niosomes. Improved control of the niosomes size and the resulting reduction in the

polydispersity are important advantages. However, there are also disadvantages, such as increased product loss

and extended formulation time.

Fig 10: Multiple membrane extrution method

Application Of Niosomes

1. Niosomal drug delivery holds potential for the effective administration of various pharmacological

agents targeting diverse diseases. Several therapeutic applications are discussed below.

2. Niosomesas Drug Carriers: Utilizing niosomes as carriers has been explored, including their

application in transporting iobitridol, a diagnostic agent employed in X-ray imaging. Topical niosomes

can function as a solubilization matrix, provide a local depot for sustained release of dermally active

compounds, enhance penetration, or act as a membrane barrier influencing the systemic absorption of

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1177

drugs. Additionally, niosomes have been employed for the transportation of iobitridol, a diagnostic

substance used in X-ray imaging.

23,24

3. Drug Targeting: One of the key advantages of niosomes is their capacity for targeted drug delivery.

Niosomes can be employed to direct drugs specifically to the reticuloendothelial system (RES), which

exhibits a preference for the uptake of niosome vesicles. The uptake of niosomes is regulated by

circulating serum factors known as opsonins, which label the niosomes for clearance. This targeted

drug localization has been utilized in the treatment of tumors prone to metastasize to the liver and

spleen in animals. It is also applicable in addressing parasitic infections affecting the liver. Beyond the

RES, niosomes can be employed to target drugs to other organs. Attaching a carrier system, such as

antibodies, to niosomes is one approach, given that immunoglobulins readily bind to the lipid surface

of niosomes, facilitating specific organ targeting.

23,24

4. Anti-neoplastic Treatment: The majority of antineoplastic drugs are associated with severe side

effects. Niosomes offer a potential solution by modifying drug metabolism, extending drug circulation

and half-life, thereby reducing the adverse effects associated with these drugs. Niosomes contribute to a

decrease in the rate of tumor proliferation, leading to higher plasma levels of the drug accompanied by

a slower elimination process.

5. Delivery of Peptide Drugs: The challenge of oral peptide drug delivery lies in overcoming enzymatic

breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract. Current research is exploring the use of niosomes to protect

peptides effectively from gastrointestinal degradation. In an in-vitro study focusing on the oral delivery

of a vasopressin derivative encapsulated in niosomes, it was observed that the entrapment of the drug

significantly enhanced the stability of the peptide. Overcoming the issue of enzymatic breakdown of

peptides in oral medication administration is a longstanding challenge, and investigations are underway

to determine if niosomes can serve as an effective shield against gastrointestinal peptide

degradation.

23,24

6. Study of Immune Response: Niosomes are currently employed in the investigation of immune

responses due to their immunological selectivity, low toxicity, and enhanced stability. These non-ionic

surfactant vesicles have proven their ability to serve as adjuvants when administered parenterally with

various antigens and peptides, contributing to a better understanding of the nature of immune

responses.

7. Diagnostic Imaging with Niosomes: Niosomes function as carriers for radiopharmaceuticals,

exhibiting site specificity for the spleen and liver in imaging studies through the use of 99mTc-labeled

DTPA-containing niosomes. Enhanced tumor targeting of a paramagnetic agent has been achieved

through the formulation of gadobenate with conjugated niosomes, incorporating (N-palmitoyl

glucosamine, NPG), PEG 4400, and a combination of both PEG and NPG.

8. Niosomes as Hemoglobin Carriers: Niosomes can be utilized as carriers for hemoglobin within the

bloodstream, providing a permeable vesicle for oxygen transport. This property makes niosomes

suitable as carriers for hemoglobin in patients suffering from anemia

9. Magnetic Targeting in Drug Delivery: Niosomes demonstrate effective magnetic targeting in drug

delivery, particularly in cancer therapy applications. The encapsulation of both a model anti-tumor and

EMG 707 magnetic ferrofluids within the water core of niosomes has led to the development of

doxorubicin-loaded atom-loaded formulations without additional toxicity.

23,24

10. Ophthalmic Applications: In experimental studies with eye drops, gentamicin sulfate, a water-soluble

antibiotic, exhibited a notable variation in release rates. The niosomal formulation, unlike conventional

drug samples, demonstrated delayed release. Additionally, timolol maleate niosomes (0.25%), prepared

with chitosan coating, have demonstrated a more significant impact on intraocular pressure with fewer

side effects compared to commercially available products.

23,24

11. Anticancer Drug Delivery: Niosomes, composed of non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol, and diketyl

phosphate, have encapsulated anticancer drugs like methotrexate, vincristine, bleomycin, and

paclitaxel. This encapsulation has led to increased absorption from the gastrointestinal tract upon oral

administration, reduced toxicity, and improved antitumor activity.

23,24

12. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Niosomes have been employed to address the slow penetration of drugs

through the skin in transdermal drug delivery. Incorporating drugs into niosomes has enhanced the

penetration rate, overcoming a major drawback of the transdermal route.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1178

13. Cosmetic Applications: L'Oreal pioneered the use of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) for

cosmetic applications, leading to the introduction of the first product, 'Niosome,' in 1987 by Lancôme.

Niosomes in cosmetics offer advantages such as increased stability of entrapped drugs, improved

bioavailability of poorly absorbed ingredients, and enhanced skin penetration.

23,24

14. Hormone Delivery: Niosomes composed of non-ionic n-alkyl polyoxyethylene ether surfactants have

been studied for the in-vitro permeation of estradiol through human stratum corneum. The mechanisms

involved include the penetration-enhancing effect of surfactant molecules and the impact of vesicular

structures at the stratum corneum suspension interface.

23,24

15. Neoplasia Treatment: Niosomal delivery of anthracyclic antibiotic doxorubicin to mice bearing S-180

tumors increased their lifespan and decreased sarcoma proliferation. Niosomal entrapment enhanced

the half-life of the drug, prolonged circulation, and altered its metabolism. Intravenous administration

of methotrexate entrapped in niosomes to S-180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in total regression of the

tumor, higher plasma levels, and slower elimination.

23,24

16. Vaccine Delivery: Niosomes, weakly immunogenic on their own, are being explored as carriers for

vaccines, particularly for oral and topical immunization.Topical niosomes demonstrated comparable

immune-stimulating activity to intramuscular recombinant HBsAg and topical liposomes.

23,24

17. Diagnostic Imaging with Niosomes: Niosomes are considered effective carriers for iobitridol, a

diagnostic agent for X-ray imaging. The preparation of niosomes using the film hydration method

followed by sonication allows increased encapsulation and stability of vesicles in diagnostic imaging

studies.

18. Prolonged Release Capability of Niosomes:The sustained release property of niosomes finds practical

application for drugs characterized by a low therapeutic index and poor water solubility. This is because

niosomal encapsulation enables the maintenance of such drugs in the circulation.

30,31,33,34

19. Targeted Drug Action at Specific Sites: Utilizing niosomes for drug delivery presents an avenue to

achieve localized drug action. The inherent characteristics of niosomes, including their size and limited

penetrability through epithelium and connective tissue, contribute to keeping the drug localized at the

specific site of administration

Marketed Formulations of Niosomes:

Sr.

no.

Brand

Name of Products

Britney Spears – Curious

Curious Coffret: Edp Spray 100ml +Dual ended Parfume& Pink

Lipgloss + Body soufflé 100 ml

Orlane – Lipcolor and

Lipstick

Lip Gloss

Loris Azzaro – Chrome

Chrome Eau De Toilette Spray 200 ml

Advantages Of Niosome:

1. When compared to oily dose forms, a vesicle suspension's based on water carrier provides good patient

compliance.

2. Controlled and precise medication administration.

3. Drug compounds with a wide variety of solubilities may be supported in the infrastructure supplied via

hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic in moieties in niosomes.

4. Changes within vesicle composition, size lamellarity, surface charge, tapped volume, and concentration

may all be used to influence vesicle properties.

5. They have the ability to release the medicine in a regulated and continuous manner.

6. Niosomes are immune-inhibiting, safe, environmentally friendly, and disposable.

7. Surfactants require no particular conditions enable storing or transportation, such as low temperature or

an inert environment, and can act as a depot formulation, allowing for regulated drug release.

8. They improve the oral bioavailability of medicines that are poorly soluble.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1179

9. Even though they are in emulsion form, they have a stable structure.

10. Oral, parenteral, and topical methods can all be used to aggressively achieve the location of action.

11. They are cost effective for large-scale manufacture.

12. They have the ability to shield the medication through enzyme metabolism.

13. They can improve drug penetration through the skin.

14. Niosomes appear in a variety of medications, including pharmaceuticals as well as cosmetics.

15. Late elimination into bloodstream can increase the beneficial effects of medicinal compounds.

16. They have the ability to shield the active component from physiological circulation.

17. Niosomes can be delivered to the site that acts by oral, topical, or parenteral methods

Limitations Of Niosome:

 Aggregation and Fusion:

Niosomes can aggregate or fuse due to physical instability or the presence of opposing charges on their

surfaces during synthesis.

 Drug Leakage:

The trapped drug can leak out of the niosomal vesicles, leading to loss of medication.

 Hydrolysis:

Encapsulated drugs can undergo hydrolysis, which degrades the drug and limits the overall shelf-life of

the niosome dispersion.

 Low Drug Loading:

Niosomes may have an inadequate capacity to load drugs, which can limit their effectiveness as a

delivery system.

 Time-Consuming & Complex Preparation:

The methods used to prepare niosomes can be time-consuming and complex, requiring multiple steps.

 Specialized Equipment:

Manufacturing niosomes often requires specialized equipment and sophisticated techniques, increasing

costs and complexity.

 Scalability Challenges:

Scaling up the production of niosomes to industrial levels can be challenging and may require further

process optimization.

CONCLUSION

Niosomes, a recent technological advancement, exhibit potential in the realms of cancer and infectious disease

treatments. Serving as an alternative to liposomes, they offer advantages such as increased chemical stability,

enhanced purity, and reduced cost. Niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles, influence drug plasma

clearance, tissue distribution, metabolism, and cellular interaction. Already employed in cosmetic products,

they hold promise for diverse drug delivery applications, such as targeting, ophthalmic, topical, and parenteral.

Advanced targeted niosomal systems utilizing active, passive, and magnetic mechanisms have been devised for

precise macromolecular drug delivery. Niosomes are deemed safer and more practical than ionic drug carriers,

without requiring special handling or storage conditions. The potential of efficiently delivering drugs to tumor

sites is highlighted, particularly with the assistance of activated macrophages. While currentl findings are

limited to animal experiments, further clinical investigations are imperative to fully leverage niosomes as

effective drug carriers for cancer, infections, and other ailments. There exists considerable potential for

encapsulating various drugs, including toxic anti-cancer, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral

agents, within niosomes.

REFERENCES

1. Singh D, Upadhyay P, Niosomes: a novel vesicular approach, World J Pharmacy Pharm

Sci.2016;5(12):1586-92.

2. Dhanvir K, Sandeep K, Niosomes: present scenario and future aspects, Journal of Drug Delivery and

Therapeutics (2018):35-43. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1886

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS) 
ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025 
 
 
 
 
 
www.rsisinternational.org 
Page 1180 
 
 
   
     
3.  Singh U, Hak J, Sharma UK, A Review on Niosomes novel drug delivery system, International journal 
for multidisciplinary research (ijfmr),2023:1-7. 
4.  Gadhiya P, Shukla S, Modi D, Bharadia P, Niosomes in targeted drug delivery :A review, Int J Pharm Res 
Scho. 2012; 1(2):59-72. 
5.  Gurjar  P,  Naik  N,  Chouksey  S,  Niosome:A  promising  pharmaceutical  drug  delivery,  Int  J  Pharm 
Analysis, 2014; 2(5):425-31. 
6.  Verma KN, Rai AK, Gulzar A, Singh AP, Niosomes:An approach to current drug delivery:A review, Int J 
Adv Pharma, 2017; 06(02):41-8. 
7.  Katkale, Akshay, Review on niosomes as novel drug delivery system, World Journal of Pharmaceutical 
Research, 2022, 1137. 10.20959/wjpr20223-23338. 
8.  Kandpal R, Joshi A, Kumar K, Rajput V, Chauhan V, An updated review on niosomes: a promising drug 
carrier,  International  Journal  of  Indigenous  Herbs  and  Drugs,  2023;  53-
7. https://doi.org/10.46956/ijihd.v8i6.512 
9.  Singh S, Niosomes:A role in targeted drug delivery system, Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013; 4(2):550-57 
10. Gandhi A, Sen SO, Paul A, Current trends in niosome as vesicular drug delivery system. Asian J Pharm 
LifeSci. 2012; 2(2):339-53 
11. Sankhyan A, Pawar P, Recent trends in noisome as vesicular drug delivery system, J Applied Pharm Sci. 
2012; 2(6):20-32. 
12. Seleci  DA,  Seleci  M,  Walter  JG,  Stah  lF,  Scheper  T,  Niosomes  as  nano  particular  drug 
carriers:fundamentals  and  recent  applications,  J  Nanomaterials,  2016:1-
13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7372306 
13. Vasistha  P, Alpana  R,  Non-ionic  provesicular  drug  carrier:An  overview, Asian J  Pharm Clinical  Res. 
2013; 6(1):38-42. 
14. Sonule M, Gandhi M, Paralkar S, Dabhade D, Pagar S, Niosomes: novel drug delivery system, Int J Pure 
App Bio Sci. 2014;2(2):267-74. 
15. Parmar RP, Parmar RB, Conceptual aspects of vesicular drug delivery system with special reference to 
noisome, Asian J Pharm Tech. 2013; 3(2):52-59. 
16. Chandu VP, Arunachalam A, Jeganath S, Yamini K, Tharangini K, Chaitanya G. Niosomes:A novel drug 
delivery system, Int J novel trends Pharm Sci. 2012; 2(1):25-31. 
17. Mazayen,  Z.M.;  Ghoneim,  A.M.;  Elbatanony,  R.S.;  Basalious,  E.B.;  Bendas,  E.R.  Pharmaceutical 
nanotechnology:  From  the  bench  to  the  market. Future  J.  Pharm.  Sci. 2022, 8,  12.  [Google  Scholar] 
[CrossRef] [PubMed] 
18. Sahani, S.; Sharma, Y.C. Advancements in applications of nanotechnology in global food industry. Food 
Chem. 2021, 342, 128318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
19. Thatyana, M.; Dube, N.P.; Kemboi, D.; Manicum, A.-L.E.; Mokgalaka-Fleischmann, N.S.; Tembu, J.V. 
Advances  in  Phytonanotechnology: A  Plant-Mediated  Green  Synthesis  of  Metal  Nanoparticles  Using 
Phyllanthus  Plant  Extracts  and  Their  Antimicrobial  and  Anticancer 
Applications. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
20. Bayda,  S.;  Adeel,  M.;  Tuccinardi,  T.;  Cordani,  M.;  Rizzolio,  F.  The  History  of  Nanoscience  and 
Nanotechnology:  From  Chemical–Physical  Applications  to  Nanomedicine. Molecules 2020, 25,  112. 
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
21. Soni,  R.A.;  Rizwan,  M.A.;  Singh,  S.  Opportunities  and  potential  of  green  chemistry  in 
nanotechnology. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. 2022, 7, 661–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
22. Kanwar,  R.;  Rathee,  J.;  Salunke,  D.B.;  Mehta,  S.K.  Green  Nanotechnology-Driven  Drug  Delivery 
Assemblies. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 8804–8815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
23. Mbunge, E.; Muchemwa, B.; Jiyane, S.E.; Batani, J. Sensors and healthcare 5.0: Transformative shift in 
virtual  care  through  emerging  digital  health  technologies. Glob.  Health  J. 2021, 5,  169–177.  [Google 
Scholar] [CrossRef] 
24. Anjum,  S.;  Ishaque,  S.;  Fatima,  H.;  Farooq,  W.;  Hano,  C.;  Abbasi,  B.H.;  Anjum,  I.  Emerging 
Applications  of  Nanotechnology  in  Healthcare  Systems:  Grand  Challenges  and 
Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
25. Alshawwa,  S.Z.;  Kassem,  A.A.;  Farid,  R.M.;  Mostafa,  S.K.;  Labib,  G.S.  Nanocarrier  Drug  Delivery 
Systems:  Characterization,  Limitations,  Future  Perspectives  and  Implementation  of  Artificial 
Intelligence. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 1181

26. Pires, P.C.; Paiva-Santos, A.C.; Veiga, F. Liposome-Derived Nanosystems for the Treatment of

Behavioral and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Promise of Niosomes, Transfersomes, and Ethosomes

for Increased Brain Drug Bioavailability. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

[PubMed]

27. Kumar, A.; Dhiman, A.; Suhag, R.; Sehrawat, R.; Upadhyay, A.; McClements, D.J. Comprehensive

review on potential applications of microfluidization in food processing. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2022, 31,

17–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

28. Obeid, M.A.; Ogah, C.A.; Ogah, C.O.; Ajala, O.S.; Aldea, M.R.; Gray, A.I.; Igoli, J.I.; Ferro, V.A.

Formulation and evaluation of nanosized hippadine-loaded niosome: Extraction and isolation,

physicochemical properties, and in vitro cytotoxicity against human ovarian and skin cancer cell lines. J.

Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2023, 87, 104766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

29. Radmard, A.; Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Hashemi, S.M.H.; Nokhodchi, A. An eco-friendly and

green formulation in lipid nanotechnology for delivery of a hydrophilic agent to the skin in the treatment

and management of hyperpigmentation complaints: Arbutin niosome (Arbusome). Colloids Surf. B

Biointerfaces 2021, 201, 111616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

30. Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Fuchs, H.E.; Jemal, A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA A Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71,

7–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

31. Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Fuchs, H.E.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA A Cancer J. Clin. 2022, 72,

7–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

32. Debela, D.T.; Muzazu, S.G.Y.; Heraro, K.D.; Ndalama, M.T.; Mesele, B.W.; Haile, D.C.; Kitui, S.K.;

Manyazewal, T. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open

Med. 2021, 9, 20503121211034366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]