
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








 

Accurate information about status of land and its effective communication can greatly assist to prevent land
related problems and improve land governance. This study went on errand of geospatial analysis of land in
dispute cases in Oyo metropolis. The research used the empirical data as well as geospatial technology to analyze
the land in dispute case in the study area with a view to provide accurate information that can support investors
as well as general populace in making appropriate decision while engaging in land transaction. The research
identified and recorded twenty cases of land in dispute in Oyo metropolis. The dispute cases vary across the local
governments in the metropolis. Seven cases in Oyo east local government, six in Oyo west, four in Atiba and
three in Afijio local government areas. This corresponds to 35%, 30%, 20% and 15% respectively of all the
cases across the local governments. It was also revealed that the cases have been lingering for varying length of
period. This period ranges from between 1 to 5years, 5 to 10years and above 10years. Oyo east has largest
numbers of dispute cases that falls in the range of 1 to 5 years, this is followed by Oyo west, Atiba and Afijio in
that order. The length of cases that fall in the range of 6 to 10years are similar across all the local governments.
Oyo west has the largest number of cases that fall in the in the range of 10 years and above. This is followed by
Oyo east. No cases were found lingering above ten years in both Atiba and Afijio local governments. The major
causes of dispute were ownership, unauthorized sale and trespass. Ownership claims were more pronounced and
common across all the local government and this is followed by unauthorized sale of land. The locations of
various land in dispute across all the local government were georeferenced, addresses were coded, and mapped
to produce corresponding geolocational and geo-visual map of land in dispute in the study area. This research
hope to serve as guide for investors and general populace in making appropriate decision while engaging in land
transaction in Oyo metropolis. It also represents a strategic approach toward mitigating land related problem and
improving land governance.
 Geospatial, Analysis, Land status, Land in dispute, Oyo metropolis

The desire for land is an undeniable instinct for all created being, the dead inclusive [10]. It is on it he survives,
progress and finally covered when he ceases to be living. Therefore individual, group, foreigners, family,
community, as well as government are seeking to secure land for progress and development [1].
The available land has already been faced with varying degree of pressures due to natural and anthropogenic
factors such as population increase, climate effect, human and animal activities etc. [9]. It is therefore worthy to
note that dispute over land has made the available piece of land at particular place to be inaccessible, this situation
therefore poses a serious hindrance in the way of human progress and development.
The scramble for the available land for investment and other purposes has made unsuspected populace including
foreign investor to unknowingly fall trap into acquisition of disputed land. This pose a great treat to the financial
commitment of the investors and general development of the area where such is happening [6].

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It is important that there should be policy to ensure reliable land market one which guarantee sustainable urban
growth through secured economic growth and infrastructural development [12]. However, there is lack of
information and data driven study that identified and map various locations where there is land in dispute. As a
result of this lack of information populace fall prey to transact in land in dispute which does not guarantee
sustainable economic progress.
Therefore, there is need to provide assistant or support, available through geospatial information and technology
which can safeguard general populace particularly foreign investor from being in tangle of land market or
transaction that are in dispute or prone to dispute so as to avoid its subsequent detrimental implication [5].
This study determined to go on an errand of spatial analysis of land in dispute in local governments across Oyo
metropolis using geospatial information techniques. This is a technique that enable spatial data to be acquired,
stored, manipulated and analyzed for various decision-making process and help to contribute positively to proper
land administration and governance [7].
[2] has underscored the important of geospatial technique in providing spatial pattern of land dispute cases base
on various conflicting claim. The aim of this work is therefore to investigate the land in dispute cases, identifying
location and map out area of land in dispute in Oyo metropolis using geospatial information technique. This
information can thereafter be made accessible during search exercise and serve as base for further investigation
when transacting on available land.

The aim of this research is to carryout spatial analysis of land in dispute cases in Oyo metropolis with a view to
provide guide and support in making appropriate decision by the investors and general populace while carrying
out land transaction or venturing into legitimate land market.

Investigate into the cases that are subject of land dispute within the study area.
Determine the status of dispute cases regarding a particular land within the study area
Identify and map out locations of the land which is subject of dispute cases within the study area


The location of this study is Oyo township and its environment or simply Oyo metropolis. It is an ancient town
located within southwest of Nigeria and Oyo state was named after this town. It falls on ZONE 31 universal grid
of geographical location between coordinates 576750mE – 621650mE and 844500mN – 953350mN
It comprises of four local governments areas viz: Atiba, Oyo east, Oyo west and Afijio local government areas.
Historically, Oyo town represented a sit of power for Yoruba empire that extend a very vast geographical area
even to the Benin republic. Oyo town has experienced different phases of developments as a foremost
administrative center of Yoruba empire to producing regional center, capital cities and separate states within the
federation of Nigeria Nation and accompany economic and infrastructural growth of these extractions [3].
This development is favoured partly due to geographical nature and extent of the empire as well as culture, belief
and political and administrative structure of the ancient town [8]. This development is predicted to
metamorphous the current Oyo metropolis into city and become ranking city among word cities, therefore any
hinderance or obstacle to the realization of this prediction must be guided jealously and strategically. The
figure1below represents current graphical space of Oyo townships as positioned in Oyo state and Nigeria Nation.

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Fig. 1 Map showing the location of study area within Oyo state and Nigeria Nation (Source: Map online, Oyo
state ministry of survey and Esri web

The study is both quantitative and qualitative in methodology. The data sources were obtained from the state
high court and key informant interview. Twenty cases of land disputes were recorded from the Oyo state high
court, Oyo, across the four local governments. Each case span different period but generally range from within
a year to above ten years of existence. The cases are neither criminal in nature nor experience any violent
tendency. It remained purely civil in nature. Key informants include the chiefs, community leaders and members
of state government boundary committee and selected partiesmembers involved in dispute. The locational map
of entire study area and areas of land in disputes were sourced from the living atlas of the ArcGIS online/Esri

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web, goggle earth pro, Surveyor General office, Oyo state and field coordinates using geographic positioning
system (GPS).

The result of this study will be presented using descriptive method, statistical graphs and maps. The discussion
will be approached qualitatively.

The results of this study found out that the dispute cases on land across the local government in Oyo township is
varied spatially. The number of cases in Afijio, Atiba, Oyo west and Oyo east are 3,4,6 and 7 respectively as
shown in fig 2. This amount to 15%, 20%, 30% and 35% respectively of total number of all cases in Oyo
township, fig. 3. This shows that the Oyo east Local government experience highest number of land dispute cases
while Afijio experienced the least number of land dispute. Oyo west and Atiba local governments come second
and third position in rank base on land dispute cases.
8
DISPUTE CASES
6
4
2
0
O Y O E A S T O Y O W E S T A T I B A A F I J I O
Fig 2 - Number of dispute cases across the local government in Oyo townships
Sources: Author Analysis (2025)
Fig. 3 - Percentages of dispute cases across the local government in Oyo townships
Sources: Author Analysis (2025)
%
30
%
%
15
%
% of Dispute Cases
OYO EAST
OYO WEST
ATIBA
AFIJIO

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There are other form land disputes which this study categorized as both subtle and administrative matter. The
subtle one is within settlement of negotiation between parties involved and community mediation mechanisms.
The administrative dispute matters are those under local administrative boundary which its settlement fall solely
on boundary commission and constitution amendment as opined by one of the members of state boundary dispute
committee.

Land dispute cases have been persistently occurring in different location of all local governments across Oyo
townships. The length of this varies spatially across all the local government within Oyo township. The range of
period as shown in the fig. 4 is classified in to three, between one to five years (1-5 years), between five to ten
years, (5-10) and above ten years. This research study the cases on land dispute base on the length of period and
it was revealed that land dispute cases in Oyo east shows highest number with shortest period between the length
of one to five years (1-5 years). This is follows by Oyo west and Atiba local government. The least number of
cases within this period are found to be in Afijio Local government area.
The study reveals that number of land dispute cases in all the local governments within the town is relatively the
same in term of length of cases between five to ten years (5-10 years). It was however shows that Oyo west local
government has highest number of cases that experience longest period of land dispute cases and this is follow
by Oyo east local government. No land dispute case falls under this category of length of period in both Afijio
and Atiba local government areas of Oyo township.
Fig. 4 - The length of period of cases across the Local government in Oyo township
Source: Author Analysis (2025)

There are various reasons that lead to cases of dispute on land matter. The causes of the land dispute cases in
Oyo township were study in this research. It was reveals that the causes of dispute are similar across all local
governments with slightly difference on the intensity of each cause. From the fig. 5 above it is shown that causes
of dispute are ownership, sales and trespass. The cases of ownership dispute on land were pronounced in Oyo
YEARS(1-5 )
YEARS( 10)
0
5
OYO
EAST
OYO
WEST
ATIBA
AFIJIO
Lenght of dispute
YEARS(1-5 )
YEARS(6-10)
YEARS( 10)

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east local government, this is follows by Oyo west, Atiba and Afijio Local government in that order of intensity.
Similarly, dispute regarding unauthorize sale of land, Oyo east and Oyo west local government rank the same
level while Atiba and Afijio local governments are in the same level. As per the cases base on the trespass Oyo
east and Atiba have no record of dispute but Oyo west and Afijio experience the same level of dispute regarding
trespass.
Fig. 5 - Causes of land dispute cases across the local government in Oyo township
Sources: Authors Analysis (2025)

It is important to identify and know the location of area of land in dispute by the investor or his/her representative
who intend to transact on any land, this form part of search operation under tenet of due diligence [13]. The
awareness of this is solely responsibility of various expert on land matter through the adoption of policy of good
land governance by the appropriate administrator [4]. Therefore, the various locations of land in dispute in the
local governments across Oyo townships are shown in point icon blue colour in figure 6.
In Afijio three location areas were subject of land dispute. These locations are: Adegbenke family land along
Iminni, Farmland at Boseere Ajadi area, Jobele, and Ogbigbi Itosi area, Akinmoorin coded with the text label as
D_GB, D_BS and D_OG respectively on the entire map. In Oyo west there are six different land location that
are subject of dispute. These are: Kajola laagbe land along Ogun River, land at Block 1, plot 12, Gedu scheme,
Old Idi-gedu teak, Soku family land, Soku village, via Fashola farm settlement, land at Block 1, plot 11 and
block iv, plot 22, Gedu scheme, Old Idi-gedu teak plantation. All coded with text label as D-KJ, D_GA, D_SK
and D_IP respectively. There two different locations within D_KJ and D_GA areas which are subject of dispute.
In Atiba local government four different location are in dispute cases, these are: Land at Olugbile Kososi and
Olugbile idi-omi, Land at Igbo-oloyin, baba ibeji village, via Fashola, Bale agbe village land, and Ekefa family
land bounded by Ajambata, Lagbe-Lagbe, Onirebara and Apata oku family land. All were coded with text label
as D_OL, D_IG, D_BA, and D_EK respectively. Finally in Oyo East local government there are seven locations
which are subject of dispute, these include: Alahoro land at Fadesere-Odofin-Ojetoro-Adebimpe area,
ApataAgbaale land, between ona-aka and Akeetan village, Kelebe village land, Elete village land along Oyo
ogbomoso road, land at Abolongo-oriawo-ifeodan road, and Oko-omooba land along ife-odan road coded with
text label as D_OD, D_AP, D_KL, D_EL, D_AO, and D_IP respectively.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
OYO EAST
OYO WEST
ATIBA
AFIJIO
Causes of dispute
sale
ownership
trespass

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Fig. 6 Location of land in dispute in Oyo township
Sources: Authors field work (2025)
From the locational map of land in dispute shown in figure 6, some dispute cases that were addressed to be at
Oyo east local government were actually fall on Afijo local government area in the map. This situation is as a
result of administrative boundary division. This issue is another subject of dispute between Oyo east local
government and Afijio local government which are under both the National boundary commission and state
committee on land dispute for resolution.

This study aimed at spatial analysis of land in dispute in Oyo township with three distinct objectives:
investigation into cases of land in disputes, determine the status of disputes and identification and mapping of
location of land in dispute across the local government of Oyo metropolis.
The study reveals the interplay of various right to land such as right to sale, right to use and right to own with
cases of land dispute. This situation is a sign of land tenure insecurity and poses a serious challenge to financial
investment, economics activities and developmental projects in many of these locations. Although the cases are
still civil as at present it can however be escalated to criminal cases and lead to disruption of social order,
economic activities, loss of property and life, unimaginable social insecurity etc. especially as the town continue
to witness urban growth. Therefore, this study recommend that government intensify effort to implement modern

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strategy for proper land governance. There is the need to develop policy to support security of land tenure that
will not interfere in determining the ownership or stewardship of the land by the state sovereignty [12].
The study however hopes to serve as guide to general populace especially foreign investors or their agents while
engaging in a legitimate land market or transaction. It also recommends that there is need for further effort at
investigating the various causes of land dispute in this area in other to reduce the menace of dispute cases and
improve the security of land holding

L. O. Muhammed: Writing– original draft, Methodology, Data acquisition and analysis, Conceptualization. Ayo
Babalola: Writing– review & editing.

All data used were officially acquired and the purpose was openly disclosed to be research. Approval was equally
granted.

The authors declared that no known financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Data used for the research described in the article were source from appropriate quarters e.g., State High Court,
State Ministry of Land.

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