The use of seismic attributes derived from seismic data has received considerable attention in reservoir

characterization, especially in defining reservoir properties, and offers reliable solutions to the perceived

reservoir problems within an old producing field (Ahaneku et al., 2016; Nwaezeapu et al., 2017; Obiadi et al.,

2019). The seismic data also presents information related to stratigraphic features, rock property changes, and

hydrocarbon accumulations. Seismic amplitudes which represent primarily contrast in elastic properties

between individual layers contain information about lithology, porosity, pore fluid type, and saturation –

stratigraphy, and is crucial for identifying subtle features and heterogeneities within the reservoir. 4D seismic,

Various interpretation techniques have been released on the use of seismic amplitude in characterizing

1970s, large reflection amplitudes such as “bright spots” were known as potential hydrocarbon indicators.

Adding hydrocarbons to a porous sand unit generally influences the reservoir’s acoustic impedance relative to

the surrounding formations, thus causing bright spots or any kind of amplitude anomalies. However, as

efficient as these techniques were, they have accounted for numerous abandoned wells. Recent studies have

their petrophysical properties, build a robust structural and tectonostratigraphic framework of the NKO Field

The study area is located onshore within the southeastern Central Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin,

Nigeria. It lies between Longitudes 5° 50’ E and 6° 13’ E, and Latitudes 5° 54’ N and 6° 04’ N. The field was

The Niger Delta is situated on the continental margin of the South Atlantic within the Gulf of Guinea in West

Africa, between Latitudes 3º and 6º N and longitudes 5º and 8º E (Reijer et al., 1997). It ranks amongst the

reserves (Aniefiok et al., 2013). The Benin Flank marks the western limit of the basin. Cretaceous sediments

of the Anambra and the Abakaliki Basins define the northern boundary, while the Calabar Hingeline marks the

eastern limits (Reijers et al., 1997). The basin stretches for about 300 km from the apex to the mouth and

Seismic attributes play a crucial role in reservoir characterization, aiding in identifying key geological features.

Attributes such as reflection intensity, sweetness, variance, envelope, instantaneous frequency, time gain, trace

AGC, local structural dip, gradient magnitude, and RMS amplitude are commonly used to extract valuable

information from seismic data for reservoir evaluation (Amit et al., 2023; Sofolabo & Nwakanma, 2022).

These attributes help in mapping out faults, fractures, lithology changes, and potential hydrocarbon zones

within the reservoir, enhancing the understanding of subsurface geological features and fluid distribution

(Sofolabo & Nwakanma, 2022). Additionally, attributes like intercept and gradient in AVO analysis are utilized

to map reservoir properties such as lithology, porosity, and fluid saturation, contributing to quantitative

Organizing Maps (SOM) further refines the interpretation of seismic attributes, enabling the delineation of

statistics as well as the use of machine learning techniques to formulate relationships between seismic

attributes and reservoir characteristics, providing practical case studies that illustrate their effectiveness in

Anderson & Pedro (2021) presented an integrated approach for characterizing reservoirs, focusing on a case

study from the Barreirinhas basin in Maranhão, Brazil. It emphasizes the usefulness of combining various

geological and geophysical data, for instance seismic attributes, used to improve the understanding of reservoir

properties and enhance gas detection. The study demonstrates how this integrated methodology can lead to

A literature review regarding the use of seismic attributes in the characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs has

been presented by Oumarou et al. (2021). The research aims to identify and classify various seismic attributes,

using petrel interpretation software. The packages used include all available seismic fig 1 and well data

data interpretation, generate synthetic seismogram, and construct maps. The data set were quality checked

to generate the acoustic impedance and reflectivity series. The reflectivity series is then convolved using a

Proper interpretation of faults and horizons is very important in seismic interpretation for the purpose of

modelling the structure and stratigraphy of hydrocarbon reservoirs and field development (Ahaneku et al.,

bright spots within the study area. These attributes objectively translate the seismic data into a geologically

Seismic attributes have nowadays become an important tool in seismic interpretation techniques. The

interpretation of structural and stratigraphic features has thereby improved. For delineating subtle features like

faults and stratigraphic features like channels and analyzing the amplitude spectra of the seismic data, spectral

decomposition tool proves to be a better technique within the seismic data. The output of this decomposition is

referred to as a tuning cube which is thoroughly investigated for identifying the tuning frequency that best

resolves these geological features. After analysis of the amplitude spectrum of the seismic data, spectral

decomposition technique is applied. This spectrum (Fig 3) helps to identify different frequency zones like low

frequency zone (10Hz to 20Hz), mid frequency zone (25Hz to 40 Hz) and high frequency zone (45Hz to 60

faults have been observed dipping both basinward and landward, however a predominant trend of dipping

basinward has been identifies as shown in (Figure 13) below. The major bounding faults with listric geometries