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Physicochemical Properties of Moringa Oleifera Seeds: Promising
Potential for Applications Across Nutrition and Health Sector.
Oyewusi, P.A and Apata, D.A
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.1010000012
Received: 01 Sep 2025; Accepted: 07 Sep 2025; Published: 28 October 2025
ABSTRACT
The physicochemical attributes of defatted Moringa oleifera seeds renowned for their versatile health
applications have been the focal point of substantial research. This study extensively investigated the
nutritional profile of Moringa oleifera seeds to further inform their medicinal use. The defatted seed meal of
Moringa oleifera was subjected to proximate, mineral, vitamin and amino acids analyses with the fatty acid
composition. The results of the proximate composition show moisture content (9.81 %), ash (3.79 %), crude
fibre (4.95 %), protein (23.97 %), crude fat (5.88 %) and carbohydrate (51.60 %). Mineral composition shows
that the seed is rich in potassium, phosphorus, calcium and sodium with 271 mg/100g, 180 mg/100g, 118
mg/100g and 62 mg/100g respectively. The seed has vitamins A and C with 38.12 mg/100g and 45..42
mg/100g respectively. The seed also contains both essential and non-essential amino acids which are present in
appreciable concentrations in the defatted seed meal. The seed oil which was extracted with n-hexane gave
34.38 %. The extracted oil revealed iodine value of 61.32 gI2/100g, saponification value, 231 mgKOH/g and
acid value of 1.15 mg/g. The oil also contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids with oleic acids
(monounsaturated) having up to 75.7 % but linolenic (polyunsaturated) with 2.12 % while the saturated fatty
acids gave a total of 16.39 %. These reveal medicinal composition and emphasizing the promising potentials
for application across nutrition and health sectors. This contributes to the expanding body of knowledge
concerning the versatility of this medicinal plant to help in times of health challenge.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera; physicochemical properties; nutrition; healthcare, fatty acids and amino acids.
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants have been an integral part of human health and well-being for millennia, providing natural
remedies for a wide range of ailments. With the resurgence of interest in natural and holistic health, these
plants continue to be relevant in modern medicine. Medicinal plants have played a vital role in healthcare for
centuries, offering natural remedies for a wide range of ailments. From ancient civilizations to modern
medicine, these botanical treasures continue to be a source of nutrition, healing and well-being.
Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree, miracle tree, horseradish tree, or simply Moringa, is
a fast-growing, mainly found in the Middle East, African and Asian countries, but, due to its adaptability, it is
spreading to other areas, especially tropical and subtropical lands affected by drought (Boopathi and Abubakar,
2021; Maryam and Manzoor, 2023). It is also cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world
for its nutritional, medicinal, and industrial uses. It grows and reaches 15 m in height, with a diameter of 20–40
cm at chest height. The Moringa genus comprises 14 species belonging to the Moringaceae family
(Madrigales-Reátiga et al., 2021). Among these, M. oleifera is most widely recognized species. M. oleifera,
being known to thrive in extreme arid conditions, and all parts of the plant, including the leaf, seed, root, bark,
flower, seedpod, gum, oil, and fruits, are utilized due to their various environmental applications and multiple
health benefits both to humans and animals.
Moringa oleifera is celebrated for its remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties. Rich in vitamins,
minerals, antioxidants, and protein, its leaves, pods, seeds, and flowers offer extensive health benefits. With a
history deeply rooted in traditional medicine, Moringa is used to address a spectrum of conditions like
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inflammation, diabetes, and digestive disorders (Chiș et al., 2023). Its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
qualities combat oxidative stress and inflammatory ailments. Moreover, Moringa shows promise in regulating
blood sugar levels and managing cholesterol, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Ma et
al., 2020; Patil et al., 2022). Beyond its medicinal value, Moringa's eco-friendly nature, thriving in arid
climates while aiding soil conservation, underscores its significance in sustainable agriculture.
This present work aims to explore the various physicochemical properties such as their proximate, vitamin,
mineral and fatty acid compositions of Moringa oleifera seeds to highlight their potential applications in
addressing nutritional deficiencies, promoting health, and combating diseases.
Experimental
Materials collection and treatment
Fresh Moringa oleifera seeds were obtained from different farms in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria and
transported to the Research Laboratory, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The fresh seeds were washed
thoroughly, sun dried for 10 days, crushed to powder, sieved and stored in a plastic container for further use.
All chemicals are of analytical grades and were used with no prior treatments.
Sample analysis and characterization
Proximate, mineral and vitamins analyses of defatted Morigea oleifera were carried out using standard
analytical method. The proximate analysis was carried out by a method reported by Sodamade et al 2017.
Mineral analysis of the seed was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) method while the
vitamins in the seed were quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) A.O,A.C (1990).
The amino acid analysis was determined according to Adeyeye et al. (2022); Adeyeye and Olaleye (2012). The
physicochemical parameters of the seed oil were determined using the methods obtained by Cervera-Chiner et
al., 2024; Anwar and Rashid, 2007 while the fatty acid profile was cariied out according to Cervera-Chiner et
al., 2024; International olive council, 2017.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Proximate Composition Of Defatted Moringa Olafera Seed
Parameters Composition (%)
Moisture 9.81
Ash 3.79
Crude fat 5.88
Crude fibre 4.49
Protein 23.97
Carbohydrate 51.60
The results of the proximate composition of defatted Moringa oleifera seed are present in Table1. The results
show the seed contains 9.81 % moisture content, 3.79 % ash content, 4.49 % crude fibre content, 23.97 %
protein content, 5.88 % fat content, and 51.60 % carbohydrate content. This nutritional profile indicates the
seeds' significant potential contributions to both dietary nutrition and health care.
The protein content (23.97%) M. oleifera seed shows the seed has potential for growth, repair, and
maintenance of body tissues, serving as building blocks for muscles, enzymes, hormones, and immune
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molecules (Islam et al., 2023). The high protein content of the seeds positions them as an excellent source of
plant-based protein. Adequate protein intake supports muscle development, enhances immune function, and
contributes to overall physiological maintenance (Shao et al., 2021). Carbohydrates are the primary source of
energy for the body, vital for brain function, physical activity and metabolic processes. The substantial
carbohydrate content of 51.60 % obtained from the defatted seeds is an indicative that seeds can provide both
immediate and sustained energy. This is beneficial for individuals requiring energy replenishment, such as
athletes or those engaged in strenuous physical activities.
Fats are crucial for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), providing essential fatty acids and
serving as a significant energy source. The defatted seed shows a moderate fat content of 5.88 %. The
moderate fat content of Moringa seeds includes beneficial fatty acids that support cardiovascular health,
improve lipid profiles, and contribute to cellular function, ensuring a balanced dietary intake (Mehwish et al.,
2022). Lower calorie consumption supports weight management, reducing the risk of obesity-related
conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases (Jiang et al., 2022). A diet low in
fat, particularly saturated and trans fats, can lower blood cholesterol levels. Reduced cholesterol levels can
decrease the risk of developing atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. Seeds low in fat but high in fibre can
enhance digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. A fibre-rich diet
can reduce the risk of developing digestive disorders, such as diverticulitis and irritable bowel syndrome.
Consuming low-fat seeds can provide a balanced intake of nutrients necessary for overall health and well-
being (Jiang et al. 2022).
Fibre is important for maintaining digestive health, aiding in bowel regularity, controlling blood glucose
levels, and reducing cholesterol. The levels of fibre content available in defatted Moringa seeds (4.49 %) can
help to prevent constipation, supports a healthy gut microbiome, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such
as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, dietary fibre promotes satiety, assisting in weight
management.
Ash content is indicative of the total mineral content in the seeds. Minerals are essential for various bodily
functions, including bone health, nerve function, and enzymatic activity. The mineral contents in ash provide
good supply of essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are crucial for
maintaining bone density, muscle function, and metabolic health (Godswill et al., 2020).
Moderate moisture content (9.81 %) of the seed elongates the shelf life and preservation. Low or moderate
moisture content is advantageous for storage stability. This could also reduce the risk of microbial growth,
ensuring the seeds remain safe for consumption over extended periods.
Table 2 presents the results of mineral composition of defatted Moringa oleifera seeds. The analysis reveals
significant levels of Potassium, Phosphorus, Calcium with 271.90, 180.32 and 118.55 mg/100g, respectively.
Potassium is vital for many physiological processes, including maintaining proper fluid balance in cells and
tissues, regulating heartbeat and blood pressure to reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases,
supporting muscle contractions to prevent weakness, and aiding in nerve signal transmission for overall
nervous system health (Fenn 1940).
Table 2: Mineral Composition Of Defatted Moringa Olaifera Seeds
Mineral Composition (mg/100g)
Sodium 62.65
Magnessium 30.66
Calcium 118.55
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Potassium
Iron
271.90
10.23
Zinc 0.15
Phosphorus 180.32
Copper 0.05
Mangarese 0.08
Cobalt N.D
N.D = Not Detected
Phosphorus is an important minerals in the body which helps in many functions. It helps in the maintenance
and building strong bones and teeth. It is not left out in energy production especially in the production of
adenosine triphosphate which acts as energy currency of the cell, cell repairs in building block of DNA and
RNA and proper kidney function by helping filter waste product from the blood (Olagbemide and Alikwe,
2014).
Calcium is crucial for several bodily functions, including maintaining bone density and preventing
osteoporosis, facilitate muscle contraction to prevent cramps and spasms, transmit nerve impulses for effective
brain-body communication, and support the blood clotting process to prevent excessive bleeding (Godswill et
al., 2022).
Sodium plays important roles in maintaining fluid balance in and around cells, ensuring proper nerve impulse
transmission and muscle contraction, and regulating blood pressure (Bernal et al., 2023), where an appropriate
amount is necessary for maintaining normal levels.
Defatted Moringa oleifera seeds, based on the results of the present work, offer a balanced source of essential
nutrients that support overall health by contributing to strong bones and teeth through calcium, maintaining
heart health and reducing hypertension risk with potassium, ensuring proper muscle function and nerve
transmission with a mixture of calcium, potassium, and sodium, and maintaining proper hydration and
electrolyte balance (Olagbemide and Alikwe, 2014 ).
Magnessium is present in appreciable amount in defatted Moringa oleifera seeds with 30.66 mg/100g. Its
importance in the human body cannot be overemphasized in the maintenance of nerve and body function and
helps in immune system by keeping the heartbeat steady.
Table 3 presents the results of vitamins in Moringa oleifera seeds. The analysis of M. oleifera seeds revealed
the presence of Vitamin A and C with 38.12 and 45.42 mg/100g respectively.
Vitamin A is essential for several critical for maintaining good vision by aiding in the formation of rhodopsin
for low-light and colour vision, support a healthy immune system by promoting white blood cell function,
contribute to cell growth and differentiation for healthy skin and mucous membranes, and play a vital role in
reproductive health and embryonic development (Murkey et al., 2023).
Table 3: Vitamin Composition Of Defatted Moringa Oleifera Seeds
Vitamins Composition (mg/100g)
Vitamin C 45.42
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Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
38.12
0.35
Vitamin B1 0.05
Vitamin B2 0.01
Vitamin B3 0.10
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a crucial nutrient with multiple benefits. It acts as a powerful
antioxidant to protect cells from free radical damage and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, enhances the
immune system by promoting white blood cell function, improves skin defense, and aids antibody production
(Pehlivan, 2017). It is essential for collagen synthesis, which supports the health and repair of skin, cartilage,
bones, and blood vessels, and it improves the absorption of non-heme iron, helping to prevent iron deficiency
anemia.
Moringa oleifera seeds contribute to overall health in several ways, including enhanced vision and skin health
supported by vitamin A, boosted immune system function due to the presence of both vitamins, antioxidant
protection against oxidative stress and chronic diseases provided by vitamin C, and improved iron absorption
and collagen formation, supporting tissue health and repair (Pehlivan, 2017).
Vitamins B12, B1, B2 and B3 are present in small quantities. Their importance in the body is not left out as they
are important for various bodily functions, including energy production, nerve function and cell growth.
Table 4: Essential Amino Acid Profile of Defatted Moringa Olaifera
Essential amino Composition (%)
Leucine 1.05
Lysine 0.92
Threonine 5.21
Valine 2.57
Histidine 1.09
Isoleucine 0.95
Methionine 0.85
Phenylalanine 1.32
Total essentials amino acids 13.96 %
Table 5: Non-Essential Amino Acids of Defatted Moringa Oleifera Seed
Non-essential A.A Composition (%)
Glutamic acid 11.80
Arginine 4.95
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Tyrosine
Cystine
5.21
2.11
Alanine 6.28
Aspartic acid 2.98
Serine 3.22
The results of essentials and non essentials amino acids composition (%) of defatted Moringa oleifera seeds are
presented in Tables 4 and 5 respectively. Among the essentials amino acid profiles, Threonine has the highest
concentration with 5.21 %, followed by valine and phenylalanine with 2.57% and 1.32% respectively.
However, methionine has the least value in the defatted seeds. The Total Essential Amino Acids in this study
is 13.96%. They are called essential amino acids because the human body cannot synthesize them and they
must be made available through diet. They have been reported to be vital for various bodily functions which
includes protein synthesis, tissue repair and overall maintenance of health (Fuglie, 2005). A deficiency in
essentials amino acids can lead to series of health issues which include decreased immunity, digestive
challenges and slow growth in children.
Out of all the non-essentials amino acid determined, glutamic acid had the highest concentration in the defatted
sample. This was followed by alanine, tyrosine arginine and serine with 6.28 %, 5.21 %, 4.95 % and 3.22 %
respectively. Non-essential amino acids are very important for bodily functions despite the ability of the body
to produce them. They play a very important roles in protein synthesis, digestion and production of some
essential molecules (Fuglie, 2005). Though the body can synthesize them, it is still very important that
adequate intake of non-essential amino acids through diet for maintaining overall health and proper bodily
functions.
Table 6: Physico Chemical Parameters of Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil
Physiochemical parameter Composition
Moisture content 2.05 %
pH 6.01
Conductivity 988
Saponification value 231 (mg KOH/g)
Unsaponifiable matter 0.93 %
Iodine value 61.32 (gI2 /100g)
Peroxide value 9.40 meq/kg
Acid value (as oleic acid %) 1.15 %
Specific gravity 0.855
Table 6 depicts the physicochemical parameters of Moringa oleifera seed oil. The oil which was extracted with
n-hexane was found to be 34.38 %. The percentage oil content detected was not so different from those
reported by Anwar and Rashid, (2007), 34.80%; Tsaknis et al., (1999), 35.7 %; Lalas and Tsaknis, (2002),
38.3%. The result of the present study however is lower than the one obtained by Anhwange et al, (2004) with
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41.58% as obtained in Nigeria. Though the present result was similarly obtained in Nigeria, the difference
could probably be as a result of different geographical locations.
The result of the pH of the oil was 6.01 which shows that the oil was slightly acidic and a little bit below the
neutral level. The moisture content obtained was with 2.01% was very low. The acid value of the oil was 1.15
% was generally very low. Acid value in fats and oils is very important as it measures free fatty acids which
comes as a result of triglyceride hydrolysis and this indicates the quality of the oil, freshness and its stability.
High values of acid values in oil could lead to rancidity, oil degradation and potentially making the oil unfit for
consumption. It has been reported that oils with lower values of acidity can be more useful for edible
applications (Anwar and Rashid, 2007).
The saponification value of the seed oil of the present study gave 231 (mg KOH/g) and this is higher than the
one obtained by Anwar and Rashid, (2007). The saponication value helps in assessing the oil components that
make up a nutritional sample or a product within the body. It helps to quantify the amount of fatty acids in a
substance by determining the amount of alkali needed to break down one gram of oil or fat. High values of
saponification value suggests easy breaking down to short chain fatty acids (Anwar and Rashid, 2007).
The Iodine value of the present study gave 61.32 (gI2 /100g) and this relates the level of degree of unsaturation.
The value obtained was in close agreement with Anwar et al., (2007). This reveals its nutritional benefits
which may be essential for the body but mus be consumed through diet. Oils with high iodine values have been
reported to contain more essential fatty acids which are helpful to body function such as cellular processes and
overall health but are more prone to oxidation which could lead to rancidity (Anwar et al., 2007) .
Table 7: Fatty acids composition of Moringa oleifera seed oil
Fatty acid Composition (%)
Myristic 0.11
Palmitic 7.01
Stearic 6.44
Capric 2.64
Oleic 75.7
Palmitoleic 2.05
Linoleic 0.36
Linolenic 2.12
Arachidic 0.19
The fatty acid profiles of the Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted, expressed as percentage value of each fatty
acid with respect to total fat content are presented in Table 7. Nine fatty acids were detected and identified
with the carbons and number of bonds as shown below: Myristic (C14:0), Palmitic (C16:0), Stearic (C18:0)
Capric (C10:0), Oleic (C18:1), Palmitoleic (C16:1), Linoleic (C18:2), Linolenic (C18:3) and Arachidic
(C20:0). The results obtained suggest that the total monounsaturated fatty acid which contains both oleic and
palmitoleic gave 75.7 % and 2.05 % respectively. The importance of oleic acid in the body cannot be
overemphasized as it has favourable nutritional implications and may substantially contribute to the prevention
of both cadiovascular disease and cancer (Oomah et al., 2000). It further helps in regulating cholesterol levels
in the body, enhancing the immune responcse, promoting satiety for weight management and supporting the
health of the brain (Pravst, 2014).
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The main polyunsaturated fatty acid which contained linoleic and linolenic gave 0.36 % and 2.12 %
respectively. Their presence in the body contribute to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels
(Cervera-Chiner et al., 2024 and Moreira et al., 2017). It helps in reducing cadiovascular disease risk and
supporting bone integrity.
With regard to total saturated fatty acids which include myristic (0.11 %), palmitic (7.01 %), stearic (6.44 %),
capric (2.64 %) and arachidic (0.19 %). All the saturated fatty acids detected constituted about 16.39 % in
which palmitic acid has the highest concentration value. Generally saturated fatty acids from plant based ones
have been reported to be vital for structural integrity of cell membranes, hormone system and energy storage.
When consumed on daily needs, the body stores saturated fatty acids as triglycerides and provide an essential
energy reserves during high energy demand (Pravst, 2014 and Arishima et al., 2009).
CONCLUSION
Moringa oleifera seeds offer a rich nutritional profile, containing proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins (such
as A and C), minerals (including calcium, potassium, and sodium), presence of both essentials and non-
essentials amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients confer various health benefits, supporting vision, skin
health, immune function, bone strength, muscle function, and cardiovascular health. Incorporating these seeds
into the diet can provide a convenient way to access essential nutrients and promote overall well-being.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to appreciate Tertiary Education Trust Fund (tetfund) for providing financial assistance for
making this paper a reality.
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