INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

, UB Hossain

, Abu Saleh Ahmed

Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh,

The utilization of waste cooking oil from rice bran and fish byproducts including their wastes can contribute to

mitigate the environmental burden like global warming what already being faced by our society. Converting

waste oils /fat bearing materials to biodiesel fuel for recycling and reusing material, and reducing Co

emission equivalent to the amount that is produced when petroleum derived diesel fuel is used. Waste cooking

oil ( rice bran oil) and fish oil have emerged as the most promising sources for biodiesel production. This study

was investigated to understand the proper transesterification, amount of biodiesel production (ester) and

physical properties of biodiesel. Biodiesel production was higher in rice bran waste oil than in fish byproducts

One of the most crucial elements in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and replacing fossil fuels is bioenergy

[1, 2]. Due to population growth and industrialization, the requirement for energy is always rising. Petroleum,

natural gas, coal, hydropower, and nuclear energy are the main sources of this energy [3,4]. The main

drawback of using fuels derived from petroleum is the pollution that petroleum diesel produces into the

atmosphere. One of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions is the burning of petroleum fuel. In addition

to these emissions, NOx, SOx, CO, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds are among the

numerous air pollutants that petroleum diesel is a significant source of [5].

Biomass is one of the superior energy sources [5]. The widespread use of biomass energy has the potential to

support sustainable development in a number of ways, including social, economic, and environmental [6]. One

such alternative fuel is biodiesel (monoalkyl esters), which is made by transesterifying triglyceride oil with

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

atmospheric concentration of CO2. Since biomass is a renewable resource and fixes CO2 in the atmosphere

through photosynthesis, it has drawn attention as a potential alternative energy source. Because the CO2 fixed

by photosynthesis balances the CO2 released by burning biomass, burning biomass has no effect on the

atmospheric CO2 balance if it is grown sustainably [11]. The photosynthetic efficiency of algae, including

macro and microalgae, is often higher than that of other biomass [12].

According to Shay [13], one of the best sources of biodiesel is algae. Actually, the most productive feedstock

for biodiesel is algae. Compared to soybeans, it can yield up to 250 times as much oil per acre. Actually, the

only option to generate enough vehicle fuel to replace the current gasoline consumption is to make biodiesel

from algae. Compared to palm oil, algae produce 7–31 times as much oil. The process of extracting oil from

algae is fairly easy. Microalgae are the best algae to use for biodiesel. Microalgae are organisms smaller than 2

source is used cooking oil [14]. Investors in biodiesel production plants will keep looking for financially viable

supplies of vegetable oil and animal fats that may be utilized to make biodiesel [13], as biodiesel is becoming a

more significant fuel source globally [15].

Among these animal fats like fish oil and chicken fat oil which is a feedstock that is reasonably priced in

comparison to other sources of oil and fat, including waste cooking oil [16]. However, base-catalyzed

transesterification combined with the high free-fatty acid (FFA) content of poultry fat results in by-products

such glycerin and soaps. One of the more effective and cost-effective methods to use it is to turn leftover

cooking oil into biodiesel. However, waste cooking oil, such as rice bran oil and waste fish oil, can be used as

objectives: to make a significant amount of biodiesel fuel, reducing the need for fuel derived from petroleum

and to investigate its proper qualities by identifying different properties.

Kuala Lumpur, Malysia and Hail University, Saudi Arabia. Fish wastes were collected from the local fish

processing market and was heated up using incubator at 100°C for 6 hours to melt down. Applying filtration

technique, the melted fish fat was extracted which had been transesterified later on using alcohol and catalyst.

Transesterification: 0.5 g KOH was mixed with methanol and oil as the ratio of 4:1 and stirred properly for

20 min. The mixture of catalyst and methanol was poured into the filtered and extracted oil or fats in a conical

flask. The following reaction and steps were followed:

conical flask containing solution was shaken for 3 h by electric shaker at 300rpm.

Fig 1. Transesterification Process

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

Sample analysis: Produced biodiesel or FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) were analysed and viscosity, FAME

yield (%), Glycerine byproduct yield (%) and elements concentration (Fe, Pb, Cu, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Si and

P) by multi-element analyzer were measured.

Biodiesel production (methyl ester) was found maximum in waste rice bran oil and then in fish oil. (Table 1).

Biodiesel production (methyl ester) was lower in rice bran oil than fish oil. However, glycerine yield (%) was

lower in rice bran and higher in fish oil. There was is a significant difference between them (Table 1). The

viscosity (mm²/s) value was lower in rice bran biodiesel than in fish biodiesel (Table 2). Acid value was lower

in rice bran oil than in fish oil bed biodiesel (Table 2).

Table 1. FAME analysis of biodiesel. Mean ± SE (n=5).

Phosphorus, calcium and Magnesium were higher in both biodiesel compared to other elements in FAMEs

[Table 3]. However, the lower concentration was of Zn, Na, Cu, Al and Fe in both biodiesel FAMEs.

Table 3: Multi-element (chemical) content analysis in different FAME. Mean ± SE (n=5).

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

Although there was a less significant difference in FAME production (%) from fish and rice bran biodiesel.

Fig 1 shows the correlation between the biodiesel yield and glycerin yield in waste rice bran and fish

byproduct. In both biodiesel, increasing and decreasing trends were found in biodiesel and glycerin. When

biodiesel yield increases the glycerin yield decreases. So there was a strong relationship between them. Fig 2

shows biodiesel production from rice bran and fish byproducts (FAME after separation) biofuel (biodiesel).

Biodiesel Yield (%)

Fig. 1. Correlation between the biodiesel yield and glycerin yield in waste rice bran and fish byproduct.

Photographs show different sources (fish byproducts and rice bran oil biodiesel) of biodiesel production and

ester yield (Fig. 2).

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

Glycerine production was significantly higher in fish biodiesel than in rice bran oil. Sijtsma and Swaaf

stated that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was a polyunsaturated fatty acid composed of 22 carbon atoms and

six double bonds that belonged to the so-called -3 group. They also reported that fish oil was the major source

of DHA, but alternatively it might be produced by using of microorganisms. Marine microorganisms might

contain large quantities of DHA and were considered a potential source of this important fatty acid. Some of

The majority of the commercial biodiesel from sunflower oil is manufactured using homogenous base catalysts

such as NaOH or KOH. The transesterification of used oil collected from the cafeterias at the University of

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue X October 2025

production from waste cooking oil as environmental benefits and recycling process. A Review. Asia

Biofuel Conference Book. Dec. 11-13. Singapore.

11. Hall, D.O., H.E. Mynick and R.H. Williams, 1991. Cooling the greenhouse with bioenergy. Nature,

353: 11.

12. Macedo, I.D.C., 1990. Energy from biomass and wastes. Biomass Bioenergy, 3: 77-80.