INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6194 | DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS |Volume X Issue XI November 2025  
Replaced Hypothesis of Light Quanta  
Prof. Dr. Susai Raja, Dr. Saravanakumar Thayuman* and Levin Toni Raja  
Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirapalli, 620002 Tamilnadu, India,  
*Corresponding author  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.101100079  
Received: 04 December 2025; Accepted: 11 December 2025; Published: 18 December 2025  
ABSTRACT:  
Einstein, in his later years, expressed deep dissatisfaction with the concept of ‘light quanta’, questioning whether  
the wave-particle duality, could be more fundamentally understood. In response to this fundamental legacy, we  
propose “Einsmax Theory of Light Quanta and Massless Particles”, which treats light as comprising two  
separable, yet interdependent components each component fulfilling separate roles in physical interaction: a light  
wave is responsible for carrying energy, while massless glittering particles (corpuscles) responsible only for  
intensity of brightness. ‘Einsmax theory ’retains all Maxwellian and quantum mechanical formalism. This theory  
adds an additional highlight to the amplitude of the light wave of the photon to be vested with the quantum levels  
as 1,2,3,4… n, acting as energy storage tanks for emission and absorption of light energy. The implications span  
quantum optics, photodetection and foundational interpretations of light matter interaction. We present, thought  
experiments and observational set ups, inspired by macroscopic imaging phenomena, such as long-distance  
photography in darkness (as well as ‘Camera Obscura’) to illustrate this conceptual separation. The clarity of  
images formed in dark regions, despite an apparent absence of visual corpuscular brightness, suggests the  
independent role of the wave component in transmission of the image to the camera, while the object being  
glittered by the corpuscular component, affirming the Truth: “The Light shines in the darkness and the darkness  
has never put it out”.  
INTRODUCTION  
The nature of light has long inspired foundational debates in Physics. Classical Electrodynamics describes light  
as a transverse electromagnetic wave, while quantum mechanics introduces photons-quantized energy packets,  
that exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behaviour. Anyhow, the recent work on the separation of the light  
wave and the massless particles of a single photon1,2 by Jia Kun Li and Ding et al, and the experiments conducted  
by Dimitrova3 using ‘Mach-Zehnder interferometer ’and by Ma Hai-Qiang4 through the ‘50,150 beam splitter’,  
demonstrated and confirmed the existence of the light wave and the light particles separately in two forms in the  
light. Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect provided compelling evidence for the quantum view, yet  
he remained dissatisfied with the ambiguity inherent in wave-particle duality. In a 1954 letter to Michael Besso5,  
Einstein wrote:  
“All these fifty years of conscious brooding, have brought me no nearer to the answer to the question, 'What are  
light quanta?' ’Normally, scientists do not look from the facts to the theory, but from the theory to the facts...!  
Would it not be possible to replace the hypothesis of 'light quanta' by another assumption, that would also fit the  
known phenomena? If it is necessary to modify the elements of the theory, would it not be possible to retain at  
least the equations for the propagation of radiation, and conceive only ‘the elementary process of emission and  
absorption differently ’than they have been until now?"  
Theoretical Concept  
Inspired by this open question, we revisit the dual character of “Light Photon” and propose a framework, that  
offers a spatially and functionally distinct interpretation of its two components, ‘Light Wave ’and ‘Massless  
Particles’, a novel conceptual model, that preserves the core equations of light propagation, but modifies the  
understanding of its emission and interaction processes. The electromagnetic radiation is the propagation of  
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continuous chain of cycles, each cycle can be called a ‘flexible container’, 휐number of which in one second is  
called a ‘photon’, whose energy E is equal to h휐. The power or the rate of propagation of light energy is d(E)/dT.  
Glittering massless corpuscles, the entirely distinct component from light wave plays a critical role in  
contributing visible brightness to the target object: The intensity of brightness of the light is the rate of streaming  
of the glittering massless particles falling on the unit area of the target body. The massless particles take up the  
role, just as that of the photo flash of the flash photo camera, and also like the continuous stream of extra bright  
sparkle, that rush out from the LED lamp. The massless particles moving with a very high velocity of light, C,  
gain linear momentum as demanded in Compton effect6-8 with the Einsmax energy quantum level 1  
Quantum Energy associated with the photon: In the following experiments of light, it is inferred that, while  
photons of fixed frequency absorb energy, the amplitude of the light waves of the photons is found to increase  
and also while photons of fixed frequency emit energy, the amplitude of the light waves of the photons alone is  
found to decrease. It is true that two light waves of equal frequency but of different amplitudes do not have the  
same energy. When the energy possessed by one photon is h휐 Joule in its ground state, its Einsmax energy  
quantum level is 1. When another  
h휐 joule is absorbed by the photon, the energy increase is bagged by the  
photon while its amplitude jumps to its higher ‘Einsmax ’quantum level to 2. If the constructive interference is  
the result of the two light waves of the same frequency휐, 푒푎푐ℎ푤푖푡ℎ푡ℎ푒퐸푖푛푠푚푎푥푒푛푒푟푔푦푞푢푎푛푡푢푚푙푒푣푒푙1then  
the energy of each photon of the new light wave is 2 h휐 joule in the bright fringe. This is very well supported by  
Kuhn's report9 on Planck's third edition of the monograph of accepting theory that both emission and absorption  
of light are quantal.  
I. The basic value of energy (Ground Einsmax quantum level, n= 1)  
possessed by one photon of light wave  
= h휐푗표푢푙푒  
II. Energy possessed by each photon of the electromagnetic radiation  
when each photon is vested with double the basic value of the energy  
at the first higher level of the Einsmax energy quantum level, n=2  
III. Energy possessed by each photon of the electromagnetic radiation  
when each photon is vested with triple the basic value of the energy, n=3  
IV. Energy possessed by each photon of the electromagnetic radiation  
When each photon is vested with n times the basic value of the energy  
Where the Einsmax quantum level = n  
= 2 h휐 joule  
= 3 h휐 joule  
= n h휐 joule  
V. The basic value of energy transferred in one second duration by the  
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electromagnetic radiation. (At the ground quantum level, n =1)  
= h휐 joule  
VI. When the energy is transferred from the cycle of the light wave  
from state 4 (E = 4 h휐 joule) to state 2 (E = 2 h휐 joule), then the energy is  
thrown out in two chunks or in two quanta i.e., in 2 seconds as under:  
In the 1st second:  
Each photon is moving from its energy state of 4 h휐 to state 3 h휐  
When one photon is moving (1st second) (4 ℎ휐 - 3 ℎ휐)  
During the 1st second, the light energy transferred is only  
In the 2nd second:  
= h휐 joule  
= h휐 joule  
Each photon is moving from its energy state of 3 h휐 to state 2 h휐  
When one photon is moving (2nd second) (3ℎ휐 - 2ℎ휐)  
Similarly, the energy released in the 2nd second is again the same  
Thus, the energy released in 2 seconds  
= ℎ휐 joule  
= ℎ휐 joule  
= 2 ℎ휐 joule  
Unlike traditional interpretations of duality, that suggests that ‘wave or particle behaviour arises conditionally  
upon observation’, the Einsmax theory asserts that light always coexists simultaneously as both a wave and a  
corpuscular stream and they do exist as separate entities, each component fulfilling separate roles in physical  
interaction, for they have been recently separated one from the other1-2, as also predicted by the Einsmax  
theory.  
Optical and quantum phenomena from the advanced processes like, spectroscopy, interference, circular  
dichroism, black body radiation, photoelectric and Compton effects, photosynthesis and photochemistry– down  
to the classical scattering, reflection and refraction are all found fitting with the ‘Einsmax theory ’illustrating  
how this separation of the light components resolves long standing interpretational challenges. Through all  
conceptual experiments, observational analysis and also reinterpretation of classical and quantum optical  
phenomena, we demonstrate that the Einsmax theory offers a consistent and extendable view of light’s dual  
nature in perfectly separate forms, each with its separate functions. This interpretation not only aligns with  
historical appeals by Einstein and Max Planck, but also compliments recent quantum optics findings on the  
spatial separation of quantum properties and hence designated ‘Einsmax ’theory.  
Energy Quantum Level and Amplitude & the Role of Glittering Massless Particles  
Table 1: List of experiments to support quantum energy level and amplitude in the form os glittering massless  
particles.  
S.No  
Experiment  
Light Phenomena  
Einsmax Outcome  
1
Light energy is absorbed by a Infrared Spectroscopy  
Carbonyl group (Fig.2.)  
Light energy absorbed is utilized to increase  
Amp. of the carbonyl group  
2
Two light waves involved in Constructive  
a) Both the energy and the Amp. of the new  
light wave are doubled.  
constructive interference  
Interference  
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(Fig.2)  
b) Intensity of the brightness of the bright  
fringe is doubled.  
3
R-CPL & L-CPL of plane Circular Dichroism  
polarised light waves enter an  
optically active solution.  
a) Energy of both waves are differently  
absorbed as a result their Amp. differently  
decreased.  
(Fig.2)  
b) As path length increases, glittering massless  
particles are scattered more. So, intensity of  
transmitted light decreases.  
4
5
Energy(E) is supplied to the Mechanical Waves in Amp. of the waves is increased10.  
waves during storm in the Ocean  
ocean.  
Energy of  
wave is proportional to Amp2.  
In Black body radiation, heat Black Body Radiation  
energy emitted at λ 510 to 1100  
nm is n times more than the  
expected h휐 [h c/λ].  
Reason: The base width of the cycle or the  
wave length of the above given range provides  
stability for erection of wave of higher Amp.  
that is vested with higher quantum value.  
(Fig.3)  
Emits heat n times h c/λ instead  
of simply h c/λ. (Fig.3)  
6
7
The current depends on the rate Photoelectric Effect & The massless particles gain momentum  
of impingement of the massless Compton Effect  
particles on unit area of the  
metal.  
because they are carried along with a very high  
velocity, C of light  
(Fig.4)  
Plants kept both under the sun Photosynthesis  
and under the shade receive the (Fig.4)  
same light energy20.  
Plants that need high kick start are kept under  
the sun while that opt low kick start are kept  
under the shade.  
A 1) Infrared Spectroscopy: A particular carbonyl group absorbs the electromagnetic radiation at 1760 cm-1.  
Absorption of energy continues as long as the frequency of both the carbonyl group and that of the  
electromagnetic wave continue to be equal. As the energy is being absorbed, the frequency of that carbonyl group  
is not increased, or not even changed, but it is only the amplitude of the carbonyl bond what is being increased  
and it is also quite convincing that, the energy absorbed by the bond is being utilised to increase the travel  
distance of the carbonyl bond. Also, the extent to which there is a decrease in amplitude of the energy donor, in  
every photon in turn every cycle of the light wave, is reflected exactly in an equal increase in the amplitude of  
the energy of the acceptor, the vibrating bond.  
A 2) Constructive Interference: The principle of superposition of waves states that, when two or more  
propagating waves of the same type are incident on the same point, if a crest of a wave meets the crests of all  
other waves of the same frequency at the same point, then the resultant amplitude at that point is equal to the  
vector sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves11. If so, then why is it in constructive interference involving  
two waves, according to the law of conservation of energy, that the frequency is not doubled, if frequency alone  
be deciding the energy of light? Then, should the law of conservation of energy not come true? On the other  
hand, it is only the amplitude of every photon in turn the amplitude of every cycle of the light wave is only found  
doubled! The same is observed in the experiment conducted by Thomas Young in 1803, demonstrating  
interference from two closely spaced slits12, and also in the more definitive studies and calculations made public  
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in 181513 and 181814 by Augustin–Jean Fresnel, who gave great support to the wave theory of light, that had  
been advanced by Christian Huygens15.  
In the constructive interference pattern, the bright fringe must be doubly flooded with the density of the glittering  
massless particles of light, compensating the absence of the massless particles of the light in the dark fringe. The  
(intensity of) massless particles of the light is just only the tool to identify and differentiate the dark and the  
bright fringes. The bright fringes can be identified by the eyes, only when the light wave scattered from the  
bright fringes (which is continuously being clothed by double the intensity of the glittering corpuscles) falls in  
the eyes.  
A 3) Circular Dichroism: When a plane polarised light is allowed to pass through an optically active solution,  
the mere rotation of the plane of the plane polarised light clearly indicates that, energy from both the R-CPL (the  
right circularly polarised light wave) and the L-CPL (the left circularly polarised light wave) of the plane  
polarised light are unequally absorbed by both the solution, leading both R-CPL and L-CPL to be with two  
different energies, in turn into that of two different amplitudes. Hence the light comes out as elliptically polarised.  
Also, as the light moves into the layer after the layer inside the solution, the massless particles get scattered by  
each layer, thus resulting in the steep falling off of the intensity of the transmitted light. Thus, the energy of the  
light wave gets reduced due to absorption while the density of the glittering massless particles of the transmitted  
light gets reduced due to scattering. Hence the intensity of brightness of the transmitted light is reduced.  
A 4) Mechanical waves in ocean: While energy is supplied to the waves during storm in the ocean, the effect is  
felt at the amplitude of the wave, that is notably increased, but there is no effect on the frequency of the wave.  
Also, the energy (E) of the wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude (A) of the wave10.  
E ∞ A2  
(proportionality symbol). Also, the energy and amplitude of every cycle are very much related and tied up  
together. Indeed, any two electromagnetic radiations of equal frequency but of different amplitudes cannot have  
the same energy.  
A 5) Black Body Radiation: The experimental results of the black body radiation were the key to revolution.  
The first successful theoretical analysis of the data was made by Max Planck in 1900. He concentrated on  
modelling the oscillating charges, that must exist in the oven walls, radiating heat inwards and in thermodynamic  
equilibrium-themselves being driven by the radiation field. Referring to the Planck’s constant h, Planck supposed  
that, in the several oscillators of each of the many finite characteristic frequencies, the total energy was  
distributed to each, in an integer multiple of, a definite physical unit of energy E (being equal to h휐) of the  
respective characteristic frequency16. [Fig.3]  
Planck found that he could account for the observed black body radiation curve, if he required these oscillators  
not to radiate energy continuously as the classical theory would demand, but they could lose or gain energy in  
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chunks, called quanta, of size h휐. [Fig.3]. Also in the black body radiation curve, there has been a strong fall off,  
of the radiation energy, when the wave length was shorter, than when the wavelength was longer, at which there  
was a peak value for the radiation [Fig.3].  
Planck could just propose only hypothetical oscillators, purely imaginary, theoretical investigate. He said of them  
that such oscillators do not need to really exist somewhere in nature17. Planck did not attribute any physical  
significance to his hypothesis of resonant oscillators, but rather proposed it, as a mathematical device, that  
enabled him to derive a single expression for the black body spectrum, that matched the empirical data at all  
wavelengths18. Planck's original theoretical justification of the equation, for spectral energy density is rather  
abstract, because it involves arguments based on entropy, statistical mechanics and several theorems proved  
earlier by Planck, concerning matter and radiation in equilibrium19.  
Part of the problem was that, Planck's route to the formula was long, difficult and implausible. He even made  
contrary assumptions at different stages even though the result was correct as Einstein pointed out later. In the  
black body radiation curve, the radiation emitted at a particular wavelength, 휆 ’is not found to be equal to h c/  
휆 ’[ 휐′ = c/ 휆’; ℎ휐′ = h c/ 휆’]. On the other hand, there may also be waves of varying energy quantum level (n',  
n'', n''', etc.) but of the same wavelength, 휆 ’of the corresponding energy values as follows: n' h c /휆’, n" h c/ 휆’,  
n''' h c/ 휆 ’etc., especially for the radiations having low wavelengths (of wave length ranger of 510 nm) [Fig.3]  
having cycles of very low base width.  
When Planck was not able to give reason for this, Maxwellian theory supported Max Planck. According to  
Maxwellian theory, an oscillator of frequency 휐′, could have any energy value other than h c/ 휆 ’and could change  
its amplitude continuously as it is radiating any fraction of its energy. This Maxwellian theory, even though did  
not have any base, did help Planck to make his revolutionary proposal to be accepted hundred years before. But  
the very same Maxwellian theory, which alone helped the beautiful and precise experimental results of the black  
body radiation, only by adding a clause ‘the oscillator of frequency 휐, could have any value of energy, other than  
even h휐, and could change its amplitude continuously as it radiated any fraction of its energy’, the concept which  
is very well supported and is provided with a strong ground by the 'Einsmax theory of the light photon and  
massless particles' as under:  
The width of the cycle of its light wave is its wave length, which is the base for its amplitude to stand on firmly  
with a high stability to be loaded with a high quantum level to bag high heat content. Radiations of higher energy  
like X-ray have very low 휆,having very low base width, hence cannot have amplitude of high quantum level.  
The light waves, whose 푤푎푣푒푙푒푛푔푡ℎ푠 vary from 510 nm to 1100 nm gain stability, of which the nature helps  
that of around 510 nm to be loaded with maximum amount of heat at its high quantum values of the amplitude  
because of the base width being conducive to build higher quantum level at the amplitude. But, the range of 휆,  
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above and below may not be accommodating amplitude of high quantum level and so can bag only a low quantity  
of heat, as noted from the black radiation curves [Fig.3].  
To secure agreement with experiment of the black body radiation, Planck had to assume that the total energy of  
a resonator with mathematical frequency 휐, could be an integer multiple of h휐 as theoretically arrived by  
Einsmax theory:  
E resonator = n h휐 joule  
Where n = 1,2,3…to n =∞  
E
n
4h휐  
3 h휐  
2 h휐  
h휐  
4
3
2
1
0
0
In addition, Planck concluded that emission of radiation of frequency, 휐 occurred when a resonator dropped to  
the next lower energy state. Thus the resonator can change its energy only by the difference ∆E, according to ∆E  
= h휐.  
That is, it cannot lose any  
h휐  
1
amount of its total energy, but only a finite amount allowed energy levels according to h휐, the so called quantum  
of energy. The above Planck’s original hypothesis, fornfigure shows the quantised energy levels and allowed an  
oscillator with frequency 휐. transitions proposed by Planck Allowed transitions are indicated by double headed  
arrows.  
A 6) Photoelectric Effect: According to the prediction of electromagnetism20, the frequency (as well as the  
wavelength) is the property of the electromagnetic wave and hence cannot be altered by the change of direction  
implied by scattering. The light wave carries every second E joule of energy distributed among 휐 number of  
cycles and the rate of propagation of light energy or power is d(E)/dT, which alone helps to dislodge the electrons  
that are tied up to the metals, but is independent of the intensity of the incident light21.  
Though the light particles are only massless, they move with a very high velocity of light C. Hence, they do gain  
momentum in line with De Broglie, which is essential to provide a kick start to the metal electrons. The number  
of electrons in the metal, having received the momentum or the kick start is proportional to the rate of  
transmission of the massless particles impinging on unit area of the metal, what is known as the intensity of  
brightness. Hence it is only this intensity, that decides the number of electrons ejected per second (the current).  
The energy of the photon is j. Part of the energy is used to redeem the electron from the metal, to meet the  
threshold energy Ф, while the rest contributes to electron’s kinetic energy, Ek to be carried by the photoelectron22.  
Ek  
j - Ф. [Fig.4]  
=
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A7) Compton Effect: The photon used here is normally either X-ray or γ-ray, both are of high energy radiations.  
Hence, the binding energy of the atomic electron, could be treated as comparatively being free. Part of the energy  
of the photon is transferred to the recoiling electrons. The X-ray photon results in a decrease of energy, after  
lending part of its energy to the electron in the metal plate. The very essential momentum, demanded by the  
Compton effect, towards the kick start to be given to the electron, is met by the rate of propagation of the stream  
of massless particles of the electromagnetic radiation of velocity C that impinges on unit area of the metal  
surface, the intensity [Fig.4].  
A 8) Photosynthesis: When the light from its source (sun) attacks the primary target (the plant or the open  
ground), the rate of massless particles impinging on unit area of the plant may be high (high intensity). The  
requirement of intensity of massless particles differs from plant to plant and accordingly some plants can grow  
well, only when they receive high intensity of massless particles and they need a higher momentum of kick start  
(which would opt to be primary targets). The intensity of the massless particles on the secondary target is  
comparatively less. Some plants may need for the kick start the massless particles of low intensity from the  
scattered light and so they may be kept under shade.  
As per the prediction of the electromagnetism20, the frequency of the incoming electromagnetic wave cannot be  
altered by the changed direction implied by scattering. It means that the rate of transmission light energy, d(E)/dT  
in other words the frequency also is the same on the primary or the secondary targets and so on. Plants kept in  
shades also avail the same frequency of the light wave. The sun light first acts on ‘Chlorophyll a’, by giving a  
‘kick start ’by the same massless particles to the bonding electron, following which the electron avails the light  
energy from every photon of the wave part. Thus, photo ionisation of the ‘Chlorophyll a’, transfers the excited  
electron to an electron acceptor. As light intensity increases, the rate of the light dependent reaction, and therefore  
the photosynthesis generally increases proportionately. Light with a high proportion of energy (high frequency  
‘photon’), will produce a high rate of photosynthesis [Fig.4].  
Thus, the wave component of the scattered light retains its frequency, and the scattered light wave can even  
travel in darkness. Hence, such a scattered light cannot bring about photochemistry or photosynthesis in absolute  
darkness, because in absolute darkness, the massless particles of electromagnetic radiation is completely absent  
(and hence no chance of kick start to produce excited electron)  
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B Different role of the light wave from that of the massless particles in image formation  
Table 2: List of experiments supporting role of massless particles in image formation in the role of the light  
wave form  
S.No  
Experiment  
Light Phenomena  
Einsmax Outcome  
1A & A camera in the absolute Scattering  
Object that is made bright by glittering massless  
particles falling on the object is linked to the  
camera by the light wave that travels into absolute  
darkness.  
1B  
2
darkness, photographing a (Photography)  
faroff  
object  
kept  
in  
brightness  
[Fig.5]  
Obstruction  
caused  
by Scattering  
The light wave from the object to the camera is  
obstructed resulting in the loss of 50% of clarity  
of the object in the image.  
light waves and massless (Photography)  
particles  
light  
from  
another  
[Fig.5]  
3
Dark Optical camera  
Scattering (Camera The light wave links the object to the camera  
Obscura)  
formation)  
(Image because the Light wave travels into absolute  
darkness.  
4
5
6
7
Learning from the Shadow Scattering (Shadow Light wave and the glittering massless particles  
Formation)  
quit the primary target momentarily.  
Image  
Radiations  
formed  
by IR Scattering  
(Photography)  
Entirely different function of the massless  
particles from that of the light wave part.  
Image by reflection using Reflection  
a mirror  
Entirely different function of the massless  
particles from that of the light wave part.  
Reflection of an object in Reflection (In dark The shining image is being carried to the  
a mirror from the image of region)  
bright object from (Photography)  
photographic plate in absolute darkness by the  
light wave alone which is not glittering by itself.  
a
another mirror both kept  
in absolute darkness.  
8
Scattered light wave alone Scattering  
falling on the object in (Photography)  
darkness  
Light wave alone from the object that is not  
clothed by the massless particles cannot produce  
image in the camera.  
9 to Effect of the image of a Refraction  
The scattered light wave from the object being  
clothed with the massless particles, must reach the  
camera to form the image.  
11  
slanting pencil or a coin (Photography)  
inside the water  
The necessary and sufficient condition to form an image in the eyes is that, the scattered light wave from the  
object being clothed with the massless particles, must reach the eyes, either straight after simple scattering or  
after getting reflected or even refracted.  
B I. Scattering and Photography  
a) Visible Radiation  
Experiment 1 A: (open system) A film shooting of a dance program was made inside a forest in a very dark  
night. A very bright focus light F1 was focusing its light, from above, west to east, down on a dancer, who was  
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standing at east facing the west. Here the dancer was the primary target of the light. Aman-X with a photographic  
film camera, was standing at west, facing east at the dancer, at about 200 m away from the dancer. When the  
light ray was falling on the dancer, minimum of the light corpuscles alone was scattered, only to a very short  
distance in all other directions, because they are only the massless particles unlike the light wave.  
According to the prediction of the electromagnetism, the frequency (as well as the wavelength) is the property  
of the electromagnetic wave, and hence cannot be altered by the change of direction, as implied by scattering20.  
It must be noted that out of the journey of 200 m distance made by the scattered light wave from the dancer to  
the camera, nearly at least the final 50 m distance of the region, in front of the camera, was absolutely dark in  
the very dark night in the forest. Normally any object is visible to our eyes, only when the light wave that got  
scattered from that object, falls on our eyes, and this is what the primary mechanism of physical observation23.  
The fact that the image of the dancer was formed in the camera as well as in the eyes of the man-X, in spite of  
both the camera and the man-X being only in the absolute darkness, indicates that the light wave alone, even  
though not accompanied by its glittering corpuscles, does travel even through the region of absolute darkness,  
and also, that it is only the light wave alone, scattered from the dancer that enters the eyes of the man-X and the  
camera to form the image of the dancer. The region deprived of the light corpuscles only is dark.  
In addition to this, the clarity and brightness of the image of the dancer, was found to be depending only on the  
brightness on the dancer, which was decided by the intensity of the light focused on her face, on the density of  
the massless glittering particles that were continuously falling on the dancer, which depended on the number of  
watts of the focus light F1. Hence, it is a very clear inference that the process of photography is assisted by both  
the two components of the light, the light wave part (the reach of which on the photographic plate) and then the  
massless particles of the light (the function of which is to make the object be glittering) that can cause the image  
to gain brightness and clarity on the photographic plate. The interaction being caused by the light wave on every  
peripheral part of the dancer's face, is made very bright by the corpuscles, and is being carried along as the  
picture to the photographic plate, only by the light wave, which is continuously linking both the dancer and the  
camera.  
Experiment 1 B: (closed system) A similar observation was also made by repeating the experiment 1 at present  
in a closed system, while the same man-X and the camera were in a very dark room-1 in a very dark night. A  
Focus Light was switched on to fall on a statue of 2m height in a bright room-2, which was about 200 m away  
from room-1. The image of the statue was formed in the camera, and also in the eyes of the man-X in the very  
dark room-1. Of course, there was a perfect darkness at least 50 m around room-1. In addition to this, the density  
of the corpuscles on the statue, which was decided by the number of watts of the bulb in room-2, did decide the  
brightness of the image of the statue. Thus, the inference of these experiments is that, during scattering, the light  
wave alone (without the light corpuscles) could travel even in the darkness to room-1. Also, at the moment the  
statue being photographed in the dark room-1, it is inferred that there must be a clean link by means of the light  
wave between the statue that is made glittering by means of the light corpuscles in the bright room-2 and the  
photographic plate.  
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Experiment 2: It was an extension of the experiment I. Here an extra focus light 2 was fixed at a distance of 5  
m south to the line joining the dancer at east and the camera man-X at west, and at a distance of 50 m from the  
dancer. This extra focus light 2 was focusing 90 ͦstraight towards the north, but not at all towards the dancer. The  
effect of this extra focus was that, the clarity of the image of the dancer was reduced to 50%. The reason must  
be that the light wave that got scattered from the dancer's face, on its way to reach the man-X was prevented and  
obstructed both by the light wave and corpuscles from the focus light F2, from properly forming a clear and  
bright image of the dancer in the camera (compared to the earlier image in the Experiment 1)  
Dark optical chamber: ‘Camera Obscura ’and the Image: (Camera–room; Obscura-dark):  
Experiment 3: ‘Camera Obscura ’device consists of a box with a small hole in one side. Light from an external  
scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where the scene is reproduced inverted and reversed.  
If a building or a place or a land scape is illuminated by the sun, a small hole is drilled in the wall of a room in  
a building facing this, which is not directly lighted by the sun. Then all objects illuminated by the sun, will send  
their images through this aperture, and will appear upside down on the wall facing the hole. When appropriate  
concave mirrors and convex lenses are used, the images become erect.  
“You will catch these pictures on a piece of white paper, placed vertically in the room, not far from that opening  
but you will see all the above objects, on your paper in their natural shapes or colours24.”  
“It is impossible to express its beauty in words. The art of painting is dead, for this is life itself, or something  
higher, if we could find a word for it.” The dark optical chamber has become the model of the eye ball. It was  
the dark optical camera that led to the important new vision of the eye. So, vision occurs through an image of  
the observed object, formed on the concave surface of the retina. But there’s a problem. There’s to date, no single  
direct evidence to support the idea behind the dark optical camera. What’s not so clear is, exactly how the  
opportunity to manipulate the projections, offered by the ‘camera obscura’, helps to develop the new optical  
concepts of the time. This requires more study. The sources of the dark optical chamber, force the scientists to  
rewrite their understanding the optics and vision”25.  
Inference from the formation of shadow: Maximum of both the light wave and the light corpuscles, that start  
from the light source, after hitting the target, get scattered and go back immediately to the source from the target,  
while the remaining light wave and the corpuscles, get scattered in other different directions and quit the primary  
target immediately. This is very well inferred and confirmed from the formation of shadows by the following  
experiment:  
Experiment 4: At 10 P.M, a man was walking from the south towards the north. To his right, to his east there  
was a focus light. To his left, to his west he could see his shadow falling on the ground. Just before he made  
another step forward toward the north, there was continuously the light wave and the shining corpuscles, together  
falling on the ground, just at the north of his shadow. But when the moment he put forward his next step towards  
his north, he could not see any more the same light wave and the shining corpuscles to his left, which he was  
seeing just before, but he could see only his new dark shadow. Thus, it is very clear that the light wave and the  
shining corpuscles are quitting the target spot then and there, immediately after they strike the target.  
b) Images using IR radiation and X-Rays:  
Experiment 5: The same theory can be extended to the image obtained from the electromagnetic radiations  
such as infrared and X-rays. During the dark night, when the massless particles of these radiations continue to  
fall on the object, which are flooded and get coated on the object to be photographed, then the scattered wave  
from the object, at once simultaneously draws (fixes) the image on the photo film. Of course, the human eyes  
cannot get the image, because these radiations do not belong to the visible region. If the massless particles are  
not residing on the object, the light wave that would have got scattered from the object, even though enters the  
camera, it would not have formed the image on the photo film because the brightness or glittering caused by the  
corpuscles on the object alone provides brightness and clarity to the image. Thus, the entirely different function  
of the massless particles (corpuscles) of the light part, from that of the wave part of the light in photography  
confirms that the light exists in two different forms, both as wave and massless particles.  
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B 2. Reflection (in comparison with scattering)  
When the primary target of the light ray is a polished glass mirror, then the components of the light, both the  
light wave and the light corpuscles, together get 100% reflected in a specified direction (following the law of  
reflection), depending on the angle of incidence.  
Experiment 6: A plane mirror was held against the sun light and when the reflected light was allowed to fall on  
the eyes of the man-X, immediately his eyes were dazed, because the soft muscles of the eye balls were irritated  
and pinched by the light corpuscles. Now the experiment 1 A discussed above, can be compared with the  
experiment 5. In the experiment 1 A, the light fell on the dancer and only the light wave alone was fully scattered,  
reached the camera and also the eyes of the man-X, but the scattered massless particles of the light could not  
travel beyond the distance of 150 m from the dancer and as a result beyond that distance there was perfect and  
absolute darkness. The light wave had reached the man-X to produce the image of the dancer but his eyes were  
never dazed in the experiment 1 A. This clearly indicates the very indisputable fact that it was only the corpuscles  
free light wave alone, that fell on the eyes of the man-X in the experiment 1 A, and so the eyes were never  
irritated. Thus, it is clear that the light has only two components. So, they get completely separated as the light  
wave and the light corpuscles1,2. From the observations of the above experiments, it is also inferred that the  
function of the light corpuscles is entirely different from that of the light wave.  
Experiment 7: The experiment -1A was again repeated exactly with the same situation, but with a only  
difference of keeping a big plane mirror A in the place of the photographic camera. The position of the camera  
was shifted and was so adjusted to be in front of the mirror A, to photograph the image of the dancer already  
formed (and reflected) by the plane mirror A. Another new plane mirror B, was then placed at the new position  
of the photographic film camera, such that the image of the dancer in the mirror A could fall in the mirror B.  
Again, the photographic film camera was shifted to yet another position, and its position was so adjusted to be  
in front of the mirror B, to photograph the image of the dancer reflected from the mirror B (which got the image  
of the dancer from the mirror A). It is thus very clear, that only the light wave alone got reflected, that too in that  
very dark region. Also, it was only the scattered light wave having travelled in a very dark region, that too got  
reflected in the very same dark region, consequently in two plane mirrors, that formed the image in the  
photograph. Hence it is very true that the image alone shines in the darkness and the darkness has never put it  
out. At the same time, it is the sure fact that the shining image is being carried to the photographic plate by the  
light wave alone which is not by itself glittering, and also at the same time the light wave has been travelling in  
the region of absolute darkness.  
Experiment 8:  
The experiment 1 A was still again repeated exactly with the same situation, only with a  
difference of keeping a big statue of just 2 m height at a distance of just 1 m from the man-X in the area of  
darkness. The wave part alone of the light, scattered from the dancer, travelled 50 m through the utter darkness  
could fix the image of the dancer in the eyes of the man-X. Thus, the light wave alone, that was scattered from  
the dancer, after again got scattered from the statue, would also have fallen on the eyes of the man-X. But, the  
eyes of the man-X, could not get the image of the big statue, which was standing only very close to him, but his  
eyes could very well get the image of the dancer alone. The reason is that the light wave, after getting scattered  
from the primary target, the dancer, could straight fall on the eyes and the camera (the secondary targets),  
producing the image of the dancer. But, the light wave in the utter darkness, after falling on the statue (the  
secondary target, which was not clothed by the corpuscles) and got further scattered and then fell on the eyes  
and the camera (the tertiary targets) but, could not produce the image of the statue. Hence it is very clearly  
inferred that the absence of the image of the statue, is only because of the statue not being clothed by the massless  
particles of the light. Later, only when the man-X sent light to the statue by switching on a torch light, the eyes  
of the man-X, as well as the camera could get the image of the statue.  
Image in Periscope: In periscope the scattered light wave from the object gets reflected consecutively by two  
plane mirrors. The light wave can draw (form) the image in the eyes of the observer. The scattered light wave  
from the object does not even reach the eyes of the observer straight, but reaches only after being reflected by  
two consecutive plane mirrors. The light wave scattered from the object, forms the first image in the first mirror.  
Now the first image becomes the object, which with the help of the light wave forms an image in the second  
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mirror. The image in the second mirror now becomes the object, whose image is formed in the eyes of the  
observer.  
B 3. Refraction When the target of a light is a transparent one, such as either a transparent liquid or a super  
cooled liquid (like a transparent glass), the light together as both wave and particles is refracted in addition to  
partly reflecting. It is only the refraction of light, along with its light wave and light massless particles are  
responsible for the image formation in lenses and eyes.  
Experiment 9: A person looked at a pencil, which was placed at a slant partially in the water. In general, the sun  
light along with the light wave and the light corpuscles from above, fell on the free surface of the water, and got  
refracted down to the water. Since the light met on its way inside the water the object pencil, the light wave and  
the corpuscles got scattered at the pencil in all possible directions, and also got refracted back towards the free  
surface the light wave alone reaching the Man-X. The pencil appeared bending at water’s surface. This is due to  
bending of light rays, as they move from water to the air. Once the waves reached the eyes, the eyes traced them  
back as straight lines (lines of sight). The lines of sight intersected at a higher position than where the actual  
waves originated (than at the tip of the pencil, clothed by the massless particles of the light). Hence the necessary  
and sufficient condition to form an image in the eyes is that, the scattered light wave from the object being  
clothed with the massless particles, must reach the eyes, either straight or after getting reflected or even refracted.  
Experiment 10: A coin was kept inside the water at different depths and the coin was visible to the eyes, but  
beyond a particular depth, the coin was not seen by the eyes. The general condition for the coin to be seen by  
the eyes is that, the light wave must reach the eyes after being scattered from the coin, that has to be being clothed  
by the glittering massless particles. When the depth of the coin still increases, the massless particles are getting  
slowly lost on their way downward, due to the scattering by water molecules, as they go on meeting many more  
layers of water. Hence no more sufficient glittering corpuscles are available to clothe the coin at the depth and  
hence the light wave scattered from such a coin and refracted back to our eyes, cannot help the eye forming the  
image.  
Experiment 11: In the photic zone, at the depth of 15 m of the sea, the man-X went with a safety kit along with  
the oxygen cylinder and also with a cage of glass covering his face. The scattered sun light from the corals  
reached the eyes of the man-X who was close to the corals at that depth of 15 m. He could also photograph the  
corals. On the next day, when the man was sitting on a boat, the bottom of which was fixed with the glass through  
which he could also see with his eyes the same beautiful corals.  
This work introduces the “Einsmax Theory of Light Quanta and Massless Particles”, a unified framework  
asserting that, light is inherently transmitted as both as an oscillating wave and a stream of massless particles.  
The experiments show that the emission and the absorption of energy by photon result respectively in decrease  
and increase of the amplitude of the light wave of the photon. Also in the Black body radiation curve, the energy  
emitted against a particular wavelength 휆 ’is not equal to  
h c/ 휆 ’but is equal to n' h c /휆’, n" h c/ 휆’, n''' h c/ 휆 ’etc., in different quantum levels  
CONCLUTION  
This work introduces the “Einsmax Theory of Light Quanta and Massless Particles”, a unified framework  
asserting that, light is inherently transmitted as both as an oscillating wave and a stream of massless particles.  
The experiments show that the emission and the absorption of energy by photon result respectively in decrease  
and increase of the amplitude of the light wave of the photon. Also in the Black body radiation curve, the energy  
emitted against a particular wavelength 휆 ’is not equal to h c/ 휆 ’but is equal to n' h c /휆’, n" h c/ 휆’, n''' h c/ 휆 ’  
etc., in its different quantum levels. Hence the Einsmax Theory attributes the amplitude of the light wave of the  
photon to be vested with the quantum levels 1,2,3…n, that act as energy storage tank for emission and absorption  
of electromagnetic energy. A distinctly different component from the light wave is the glittering massless  
particles of the light falling on the target body, which plays a critical role in image formation. The intensity that  
is nothing but the rate of impingement of the massless particles of velocity c on unit area of the target metal does  
gain sufficient momentum required for the kick start in Compton effect.  
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This redefinition offers a compelling resolution of Einstein’s long standing dissatisfaction with the concept of  
light quanta and aligns with experimental observations that remain unexplained by conventional quantum theory.  
The theory preserves all classical propagation equations while extending them to account for amplitude - driven  
energy transfer. By reexamining a wide range of light – matter interaction phenomena - including Constructive  
Interference, Circular Dichroism, IR Spectroscopy and the Photoelectric and Compton effects - The Einsmax  
Model provides a coherent and predictive structure that aligns with both classical and quantum results. In  
particular it explains the amplitude - sensitive transitions that are difficult to reconcile within existing frequency  
– based quantization models.  
We assert that amplitude is not a passive parameter but a primary quantization variable governing the energy of  
each cycle of the light wave. This insight opens a new theoretical path in Optical physics and Quantum  
Electrodynamics. To advance this theory, future work must include formal mathematical derivation, comparison  
with quantum field theory and targeted experimental validation. If substantiated, the Einsmax Theory could  
redefine the foundational understanding of electromagnetic energy transmission and its role in light – matter  
interaction.  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  
I am grateful to the Department of Physics of St.Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu  
State, India, which was very much pleased to offer me the laboratory facilities to conduct practical experiments.  
I am very much thankful to Mr.Charlie, the video camera expert for his untiring cooperation. I thank Mr.  
Jesudoss, the typist. This Work is Dedicated to Rev. Bro. Ponnusamy and Rev. Fr. Louie Maria Leveil.  
Conflict of Interest  
Author disclose there is no conflict of interest associated with this article.  
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