This review paper aims to explore the diverse applications and impacts of green technology on environmental

protection. Green technologies, encompassing renewable energy, waste management, water conservation, and

sustainable agriculture, signify crucial advancements in minimizing ecological footprints and mitigating climate

change impacts. The key findings highlight significant progress in solar and wind energy efficiency, innovative

waste recycling methods, and sustainable water management practices. However, challenges such as high initial

Agriculture.

The industrial growth of recent centuries has undeniably improved human living conditions while putting

enormous strain on the environment (Weis, T. 2013). Destructive effects such as climate change, deforestation,

and pollution have increased the need for sustainable practices (Nobre et al., 2016).

Objective: In these circumstances, green technology appears as critical to tackling environmental concerns. This

review study investigates the vital role that green technology plays in alleviating negative ecological

consequences by concentrating on lowering carbon emissions, conserving essential resources, and encouraging

sustainable practices.

Scope: The study examines a number of important green technologies that contribute to environmental

turning waste into reusable resources (Sahajwalla, V. 2018). Water management strategies are also essential as

water scarcity becomes a major global issue; technologies like rainwater harvesting and desalination provide

solutions for ensuring a sustainable water supply by capturing rainwater for use and converting seawater to

freshwater, respectively (Alawad et al., 2023). These technologies are becoming more and more important as

the demand for clean water increases in many parts of the world.

According to Gomiero et al. (2011), this review also explores sustainable agricultural practices that aim to lessen

environmental impacts, such as precision farming and organic inputs. Precision farming uses data and

technology to optimize field-level management regarding crop farming, while organic inputs use fewer

chemicals, which helps maintain ecological balance. Taken together, these technologies provide a multifaceted

approach to creating a more sustainable society, with each technology making a unique contribution to lowering

mechanisms (Behera, D. K. 2023; Islam, H. 2025). By embracing these innovations, societies can transition

towards sustainability, ensuring environmental, economic, and social benefits for future generations.

The term "green technology," often referred to as "environmental" or "clean" technology, refers to inventions

that try to lessen or even reverse the negative environmental impacts of human activities. These technologies are

intended to lower carbon emissions, encourage sustainability, and be energy efficient. They include procedures,

goods, or techniques that lessen pollution, preserve the environment, or make better use of natural resources

(Kolstad, C. D., & Krautkraemer, J. A. 1993).

The Evolution and Historical Development of Green Technologies: Green technology has its roots in the larger

environmental movement that became more popular in the latter half of the 20th century. The following

result of the oil crisis of the 1970s. As viable substitutes for fossil fuels, solar and wind power paved the way for

further developments in renewable energy technologies.

Technological Developments and Environmental Regulations (1980s-1990s): In the 1980s and 1990s,

environmental regulations became more stringent due to concerns about ozone depletion and climate change,

and cleaner technologies were developed. Innovations in energy efficiency and waste management gained

momentum, and the introduction of catalytic converters in automobiles and the 1987 Montreal Protocol were

crucial in lowering vehicle emissions and regulating substances that were detrimental to the ozone layer,

respectively (Clairotte, M. 2014). 21st Century Expansion and Innovation: The early 21st century has witnessed

rapid advancements in green technology, driven by the pressing need to combat climate change.

The integration and reliability of renewable energy sources have been further improved by innovations in smart

Green technologies' historical development shows a persistent dedication to using innovation to address

environmental issues. The creation and use of green technologies are anticipated to remain essential in

accomplishing global sustainability objectives as worries about resource depletion and climate change grow.

Solar Power: Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in solar power technology, chiefly in the

efficiency and affordability of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. With advances in materials and design, solar panel

and the switch from conventional silicon-based PV cells to advanced materials like perovskite has the potential

to further improve efficiency and lower costs (Machín, A., & Márquez, F. 2024).

commercial usage.

Wind Energy: Wind energy technology has also made remarkable strides, particularly in turbine design and

energy storage solutions. Increasing rotor size and improving blade aerodynamics have been the main goals of

energy, recent technological advancements have focused on minimizing its ecological impacts. Innovative

approaches, such as run-of-the-river hydropower and small-scale hydro systems, aim to reduce environmental

disruption by removing the need for large reservoirs and dams (Kuriqi, ET. AL., 2021). Ocean energy, which

includes tidal and wave power, is an emerging field with significant potential.

New opportunities for sustainably using marine resources have been made possible by advancements in tidal

turbine technology, which can capture electricity from ocean currents with little harm to the environment

(Thennakoon et al., 2023). Nonetheless, research and deployment tactics in these areas are still guided by

ecological concerns including the disruption of marine life and the effects on the shore.

The global shift to sustainable energy systems depends heavily on developments in renewable energy technology

taken together. These technologies provide encouraging avenues to lessen dependency on fossil fuels and lessen

that improves the precision of detecting and separating recyclable materials. For instance, plastics may now be

sorted by color or polymer type using machine learning algorithms, increasing the cleanliness of recycled outputs

and lowering contamination in recycling streams (Dokl et al., 2024). Chemical recycling, which separates

polymers into their monomers for reuse, is also becoming more popular because it makes it possible to recycle

materials that are challenging to process using conventional mechanical techniques (Liu et al., 2024).

Technologies like 3D printing and creative design approaches are also supporting upcycling, which is the

creative recycling of waste materials into higher-value goods. These technologies provide new methods to

recycle and change materials that would otherwise be thrown away.

Biodegradable Materials: Waste reduction and sustainable materials are changing as a result of recent

advancements in the development of biodegradable materials. New developments in bioplastics, which come

research is being done to create biodegradable materials for a variety of uses outside of packaging, like

number of different industries. Building a sustainable circular economy depends heavily on the ongoing

advancement of waste management technology, such as the use of effective recycling and the creation of

biodegradable materials. These technologies support international initiatives for resource conservation and waste

reduction by lowering dependency on non-renewable resources and limiting environmental effect.

Desalination and Filtration: Recent advances in desalination and filtration technologies are critical to assuring

freshwater supply, particularly in dry and water-scarce areas. Desalination advances include the creation of

energy-efficient reverse osmosis membranes as well as hybrid systems that combine desalination with renewable

energy sources like solar or wind power (Ghazi et al., 2022). These advances lower the energy and operating

costs of desalination processes, making them more sustainable and accessible. Furthermore, nanofiltration and

advanced membrane materials have enhanced the effectiveness of removing pollutants from water sources,

therefore improving the quality and safety of drinkable water (Mohammad et al., 2008).

systems, can be prohibitive for individuals and small businesses without access to financial incentives or

or need more research and (Yeatts et al., 2017).

alternatives in the absence of encouraging laws, incentives, or infrastructure development (Lorek, S., &

Green Hydrogen Mission by producing carbon-free fuel for refineries. This is in line with worldwide patterns

investments due to aggressive government initiatives and declining solar prices.

Graviky Labs' "Air Ink" project, which was started in India and turns carbon soot from generators and vehicle

exhaust into safe, high-quality ink. In densely crowded urban areas like Delhi or Mumbai, new developments

Reiterating the Potential and Impact: The green technologies under evaluation have a major influence on