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Mapping out the Potential of Chinese Cultural Tourism in Makassar:

An Interesting to Visit

Fakhriawan Fathu Rahman

, Rosmawati

, Fadhillah Duli

, Fakhreny Fathu Rahman

Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100900067

Received: 18 Sep 2025; Accepted: 25 Sep 2025; Published: 17 October 2025

ABSTRACT

Chinese culture has contributed significantly to cultural diversity in Makassar, especially in the business spot

area. The cultural contact between Chinese and Makassar also complements the unique cultural diversity, seen

in various aspects of life. As a city that encourages tourism growth, Makassar presents various interesting

tourist attractions to visit. The purpose of this study is to 1) map the potential of tourist attractions related to

Chinese ethnicity in Makassar, and 2) analyze the potential for developing Makassar tourism related to China

to strengthen cultural diversity and tolerance. The study was conducted using an exploratory survey method by

utilizing the 5A theory (Attraction, Accessibility, Amenities, Accommodation, and Activities). With a

descriptive qualitative method, analyzing the potential of tourist attractions related to China that has the

opportunity to be developed. Chinese tourist attractions in Makassar are growing and developing in line with

the number of tourist visits from China. Tourist attractions can be divided into several parts; a) culinary, b)

performances, c) historical sites, d) academic and business visits, e) places of worship, and f) visits to

communities and villages. The Chinese settlement in Makassar is called “Paccinang”. Chinese cultural

practices in Makassar contribute to enriching the cultural diversity within the community. The Chinese ethnic

continue to maintain Chinese culture as a unique and compelling form of cultural identity.

Keywords: Chinese Culture, Tourism Destination, Makassar, Attraction, business spot area

INTRODUCTION

The Chinese ethnic group, another term for the Chinese people, is one of the many ethnic groups in Indonesia.

The Chinese arrived as migrants who have long lived in Indonesia, originally coming to trade. Ancient

Chinese history records that the Chinese began migrating to Indonesia at the end of the Tang Dynasty, around

907 CE (Christian, 2017; Kurniawan, 2020). According to Oey Tjin (1996), one of the destinations they

visited was Palembang, which at the time was the trade center of the Sriwijaya kingdom. The Chinese also

came to the island of Java to seek spices. Among those who arrived, many settled in port areas along Java’s

northern coast such as Tuban, Surabaya, Gresik, Banten, and the Tangerang or Jakarta areas. The Chinese

have been present in Jakarta since the 17th century, living in residential areas known as Chinatown

(perkampungan Tionghoa).

Most Chinese Indonesians originated from the Hokkien subgroup and worked as entrepreneurs or traders. The

term “Tiongkok” refers to both people of Chinese descent and their ancestral country; however, today the

term “Tionghoa” is more commonly used to refer to people of Chinese heritage because it is considered more

polite (Ricklefs, 2008; Tan, 2008; Amalia J et al., 2024).

One region where Chinese cultural traditions are still preserved is the city of Makassar, the largest city in

South Sulawesi Province. Makassar has a sizable Chinese community—by 2025 it is estimated to number

about 25,000 people. According to data from the Makassar Statistics Office, around 60% of this population

are peranakan (locally born of mixed Chinese–Indonesian ancestry). In Makassar, Chinese descendants are

generally divided into two groups: totok, referring to Chinese who settled in Indonesia but were born in

China, and peranakan, referring to those whose ancestors came from China and who have intermarried and

integrated with the indigenous population (Burhan et al., 2025; Rahman et al., 2023).

The Chinese community is distinct from other local communities and is a living example of cultural

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acculturation in Indonesia (Karman et al., 2024; Nursaadah et al., 2025; Sahib et al., 2019). The cultural

blending between the Chinese and the local population has produced a new culture while each side maintains

its original identity (Rahman, 2019; Youngsun et al., 2024; Duli & Mulyadi, 2019). Naturally, the

preservation of their traditions remains closely tied to their ancestral heritage and Chinese cultural history.

Chinese residents of Makassar continue to uphold ancestral traditions. This is evident in historic Chinese-style

architecture and cultural performances that attract visitors and cultural tourists to the city. The Chinese

community in Makassar was born and resides in Makassar itself. Some Chinese Makassar residents no longer

speak Mandarin; in daily conversation, they use Indonesian mixed with a Makassar accent. Even so, they

continue to preserve centuries-old ancestral customs and honor traditional Chinese culture.

Based on the background of this research, the study aims to map potential tourist attractions related to the

Chinese ethnic community in Makassar and to analyze the potential development of Makassar tourism

connected to Chinese culture in order to strengthen cultural diversity and tolerance. Specifically, it seeks to

examine Chinese-related tourist attractions that have opportunities for further development. Chinese tourism

sites in Makassar have expanded in line with the increasing number of visitors from China. The findings of

this research are expected to provide readers with comprehensive information about the potential of Chinese

ethnic–related tourist attractions in Makassar. Moreover, the study is intended to offer input and

encouragement for stakeholders to preserve and develop Chinese-related tourism in Makassar as a means of

reinforcing cultural diversity and tolerance, thereby fostering strong potential for cultural tourism attractions

that appeal to both domestic and international visitors.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Several previous studies relate to this research topic: Anindya Novita Sari & Istijabatul Aliyah (2024) – The

Appeal of Ketandan Village in Yogyakarta as Cultural Tourism for Millennials. This study discusses the

unique acculturation of Chinese and Javanese culture, reflected in Instagram-worthy architecture, authentic

culinary centers, as well as festivals and traditional shops. The area offers an authentic and distinctive cultural

tourism experience and is popular for photography and souvenir shopping.

Jenny & Rianto (2024) – The Potential Development of the Glodok Petak Sembilan Chinatown Area as

Chinese Cultural Tourism in Jakarta. This research highlights the strong potential of the Glodok area as a

Chinese cultural tourism destination because it serves as a center of Chinese history, culture, cuisine, and

shopping. Festivals such as Chinese New Year and Cap Go Meh are frequently held there, and the area is

characterized by ancient buildings, places of worship, and various art performances. Tourist facilities

emphasize distinctive Chinese cultural elements.

Rizki Amelia & Sri Fajar Ayuningsih (2024) – Analysis of Cultural Tourism Attractions in the Cina Benteng

Area of Tangerang City. This study illustrates how cultural tourism in Cina Benteng showcases the unique

acculturation of Chinese and local cultures, as seen in traditional arts like Gambang Kromong music and

Cokek dance. The Old Market area retains a strong Chinese ambiance, and local community celebrations such

as the Arak-Arakan Toapekong parade add to the charm. Historic architecture, distinctive culinary offerings,

and temples further enhance its appeal.

Sefiani et al. (2024) – Analysis of the Cultural Tourism Potential of Besani Tourism Village, the Gateway of

Javanese–Chinese Acculturation in Batang Regency. This report finds that Besani Tourism Village has unique

and attractive Javanese–Chinese cultural acculturation, offering attractions such as traditional dances (lengger,

kuntulan, and tea dances), local cuisine (such as opak, teh sangan, and cobek dishes), and religious sites like

the Tomb of Sheikh Maulana Maghribi Wonobodro, along with various nature-based attractions. Skilled local

human resources and recognition through awards demonstrate the village’s strong potential to become a

sustainable tourism destination that benefits the local economy.

METHODS

This research employs a qualitative method focused on understanding the phenomena of tourist attractions

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN APPLIED SCIENCE (IJRIAS)

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associated with the Chinese ethnic community and their cultural practices through in-depth data interpretation.

The study utilizes several techniques: observation, which involves direct examination of tourist attractions and

visitor interactions; interviews, conducted to gather information from managers, tourists, and local residents;

and case studies, which provide a detailed analysis of the management of specific tourist attractions. These

combined methods allow for a comprehensive exploration of how Chinese cultural heritage is preserved and

presented as a tourism asset in Makassar. The approach also helps identify challenges and opportunities that

can inform future strategies for sustainable cultural tourism development.

RESULTS

With cultural heritage that has been preserved and maintained across generations, the potential of Chinese

cultural tourism in Makassar can be realized. This cultural richness has become one of the city’s attractions

for tourists. Chinese cultural heritage that falls under the category of tourist attractions in Makassar includes,

among others:

Table 1. Names and Key Attractions of Chinese Cultural Tourism Sites in Makassar

Name of Attraction

Main Highlights

Location

Cheng Hoo Mosque

Cheng Hoo Mosque in Makassar features

architectural designs blending Chinese,

Middle Eastern, and Bugis-Makassar

cultures. The dominant red color,

pagoda-shaped dome, and ornaments and

symbols such as the Pat Kwa create a

unique and iconic appearance, making it

both a meaningful religious tourism

destination and a place of worship rich in

cultural acculturation.

Jalan Tun Abdul Razak,

Makassar

Xian Ma Temple

The main appeal of Xian Ma Temple lies

in its historical and cultural value, its

Chinese architecture rich with dragon

motifs and carvings, and its role as one of

the most complete places of worship

displaying statues of various deities. It is

among the oldest temples in Makassar

and serves as a center for the social and

cultural activities of the Chinese

community.

Jalan Sulawesi, Makassar

Kwan Kong Temple

Visit Kwan Kong Temple, one of the

oldest in Makassar, to discover its beauty

and history. This temple, also known as

Kwan Sing Bio, serves as a place of

worship for followers of Tri Dharma—

Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism—

with the main deity honored being Kwan

Kong.

Jalan Sulawesi, Makassar

Chinatown

(Kampung China)

The main attraction of Makassar’s

Chinatown lies in its authentic Chinese

cultural ambiance and strong oriental

atmosphere, surrounded by historic

buildings, including Makassar’s oldest

Jalan Jampea, Makassar

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temple (Xian Ma Temple). The area is

also a hub for diverse Chinese cuisine,

lively Lunar New Year celebrations, and

specialty Chinese souvenir shopping.

Barongsai (Lion

Dance) Performance

The Barongsai performances in Makassar

feature energetic acrobatic displays,

symbolism of good fortune and the

expulsion of evil spirits, and a blend of

cultural acculturation with martial arts

and entertainment that enlivens Lunar

New Year celebrations and other events.

Jalan Sulawesi, Makassar

Chinese Cemetery

The main attraction of the Chinese

Cemetery (known as “Bong Pay”) in

Makassar is its archaeological and

historical significance, with ancient

tombstones providing insights into the

migration and lives of the Chinese

community in Makassar since the 14th

century. It also holds cultural and

spiritual value for those observing

traditions such as the Qing Ming ritual.

Additionally, the complex offers an

interesting educational tourism

experience.

Antang Area and Bolangi

Area

In addition to the distinctive Chinese tourist attractions in Makassar mentioned above, there are several types

of traditional Chinese foods and snacks that enhance the appeal of these attractions and provide a unique draw

for visitors. Some of the notable Chinese culinary specialties include the following:

Table 2. Traditional Chinese Culinary Delicacies in Makassar

No.

Name

Description

Lumpia Cake

Makassar’s Lumpia Cake is a traditional Chinese savory

pastry filled with flavorful ingredients such as chicken,

shrimp, and bamboo shoots, served with a signature sauce

made with tauco (fermented soybean paste) that creates a

delicious blend of spicy, sweet, and savory tastes.

Mie Titi

Mie Titi is a dish featuring crispy noodles with a thick,

savory broth and a unique spice-rich flavor, topped with a

variety of ingredients such as chicken, shrimp, and

vegetables. Its distinctiveness lies in its special preparation

process and its history as a Chinese-influenced culinary

adaptation in Makassar.

Wonton Noodles(Mie Pangsit)

Wonton noodles served in a rich broth with a chewy texture

and generous pieces of chicken, making it an iconic dish that

remains popular amid modern Chinese culinary trends.

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Rori Pawa

Rori Pawa is a soft and fluffy traditional Chinese bread with

a sweet-salty filling of mung beans mixed with palm sugar

and white sugar. Its unique flat, round shape and presentation

on banana leaves make it a beloved snack.

Mantou

A traditional Chinese steamed or fried bun often enjoyed

with a cup of hot coffee.

Cakwe (Chinese Cruller)

A classic Chinese fried snack that is easy to find throughout

Makassar.

Bakpao (Steamed Bun)

Steamed buns with chicken or beef fillings available in

several places across the city.

Several attractions that draw visitors and tourists to the city of Makassar include Cheng Hoo Mosque, Xianma

Temple, Kwan Kong Temple, and the Chinese Village or Chinatown, all of which showcase traditional

Chinese architectural styles. For Chinese cuisine in Makassar, popular dishes include noodles, steamed buns

(bakpao), lumpia, and more. These tourist sites create a distinct Chinese atmosphere that serves as a unique

cultural attraction. Traditional arts that remain popular among the community include the Barongsai (lion

dance), Wushu, and Shaolin martial arts.

The mapping of cultural tourism potential in this study was conducted using an exploratory survey method

based on the 5A theory: Attraction, Accessibility, Amenities, Accommodation, and Activities.

Table 3. Mapping Survey Results

Aspect

Mapping Results

Not yet sufficient

Needs improvement

Satisfactory

Attraction,

√

Accessibility,

√

Amenities,

√

Accommodation,

√

Activities

√

In recent years, Chinese-themed tourist attractions in Makassar have increasingly drawn the interest of

international travelers, as evidenced by a steadily rising number of visits over time. Among these international

tourists, a significant portion comes from China. See the table below:

Table 4. Makassar Tourist Visits in the Last Five Years

Year

Number of Tourists

Remarks

Domestic

International

2020

1,841

311

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2021

4,247

353

2022

3,741,026

1,530

2023

4,414,465

1,535

2024

5,524,000

1,532

Processed from source: https://sulsel.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2025/02/03/864/pada-bulan-desember-2024

Based on data from the Makassar City Tourism Office, tourist visits to Makassar in 2024 showed a positive

trend. This reflects a significant increase in both domestic and international tourist arrivals. The table shows

that the number of domestic tourists visiting Makassar reached 5,524,000 people, an increase of about 25.13%

compared to the previous year’s total of 4,414,465. Meanwhile, international tourist visits also rose by

10.44%, reaching 95,596 visitors compared to only 85,614 in 2023. This visitor survey was conducted by the

Makassar City Tourism Office in collaboration with Kokek Consulting, using data from Angkasa Pura,

Pelindo, the Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Association (PHRI), and PD Terminal (Mas’ud Edwin, 2025).

The increase in visits occurred for various reasons, including improved tourist facilities such as the Kayu

Bangkoa Pier and the Phinisi Pier at Losari Beach Pavilion. Specifically, for the Phinisi Pier, continuous

promotional programs—such as the Makassar Travel Fair and Makassar Direct Sale—remain a priority.

Likewise, efforts to improve the competence of tourism and creative economy entrepreneurs continue to

strengthen human resources in the industry sector (Mas’ud Edwin, 2025).

CONCLUSION

The Chinese community in Makassar largely descends from the Hokkien ethnic group and is primarily

engaged in business or trade. The term “Tiongkok” is still often used to refer to people of Chinese descent and

their ancestral homeland. However, today people generally prefer the term “Tionghoa” to refer to Chinese

people, as it is considered more polite. In daily life, the Chinese community differs from other local

communities. Chinese culture represents a tangible form of cultural acculturation in Indonesia. This cultural

blending between the Chinese and local people has created a new culture while each group maintains its

authenticity. Naturally, the preservation of their culture remains closely tied to the ancestral history of Chinese

traditions.

From a sociological perspective, the Chinese community also stands apart in its everyday cultural practices.

The present-day Chinese culture in Makassar continues to embody this acculturation process, creating a

unique hybrid culture while maintaining its original roots. Cultural preservation among the Chinese

community remains inseparable from their ancestral heritage, which continues to hold deep historical

significance.

Based on the discussion above, this article concludes that the potential of Chinese cultural tourism in

Makassar is highly promising for development because of the community’s success in preserving its cultural

heritage for generations, making it an attractive tourist asset. The improvement of tourism facilities, such as

the Kayu Bangkoa Pier and the Phinisi Pier at Losari Beach Pavilion, along with promotional programs like

the Makassar Travel Fair and Makassar Direct Sale, continues to play an important role in supporting this

potential. Sustainable tourism services and continuous promotion can be strengthened through the use of

information technology and collaboration with tourism promotion agencies at both national and international

levels, particularly in China. Furthermore, tourism boards are encouraged to design cultural heritage tours that

highlight Chinese temples, traditional architecture, and historical sites, while the local government can support

heritage conservation programs to protect cultural landmarks and artifacts. Culinary festivals showcasing

Chinese-Indonesian dishes would enrich the cultural tourism experience and support local entrepreneurs,

while cross-cultural promotional campaigns in the form of exchange programs, art exhibitions, and joint

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performances would help foster inclusivity and tolerance in society.

The results of this research are expected to provide readers with deeper insights into the potential tourist

attractions related to the Chinese ethnic community in Makassar. Moreover, this study can serve as motivation

for stakeholders to continue preserving and developing Chinese-related tourism in Makassar. The

development of Chinese-themed tourism not only has the potential to strengthen cultural diversity and

promote social harmony but also to serve as a sustainable driver of local economic growth.

Financing

The authors did not receive financing for the development of this research.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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