{"id":55047,"date":"2024-12-14T17:41:41","date_gmt":"2024-12-14T17:41:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=55047"},"modified":"2024-12-14T17:56:22","modified_gmt":"2024-12-14T17:56:22","slug":"volume-iii-issue-x","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-iii-issue-x\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume III Issue X"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"55047\" class=\"elementor elementor-55047\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2305c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d2305c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728af7aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"728af7aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13a11cdd elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"13a11cdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/01-09.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"The Effectiveness of Low Cost Adsorbents (Onion and Garlic Skins) In The Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/01-09.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Effectiveness of Low Cost Adsorbents (Onion and Garlic Skins) In The Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715ca09e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715ca09e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Evbuomwan, B.O and Opute, C &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 01-09<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3b8fb4 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"4a3b8fb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1245417396\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173961\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173961\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173961\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173962\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173962\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173962\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173963\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173963\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173963\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173964\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173964\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173964\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173965\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173965\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173965\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173961\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173961\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-51dc861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51dc861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b14381d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b14381d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab957b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab957b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>In this study, the effectiveness of onion and garlic skins for the removal of Cd(ii) from aqueous solution was investigated. The physical characterization, equilibrium and batch studies were undertaken to examine the kinetic and thermodynamic aspect of Cd(ii) adsorption by these biosorbents. The results showed that pH, surface area, specific gravity, specific gravity, ash content and moisture contents were 7.02 and 6.87, 1021.4m2\/g and 874.2m2\/g, 2.25% and 1.25%, 42.5% and 27% for onion and garlic respectively. The macro elements contained in onion and garlic skins were Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, and Fe. The FTIR analysis showed that the major functional groups on the biosorbent surface took part in the metal ion uptake process.The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be suitable for the adsorption of Cd(ii) for both biosorbents. The kinetic study of the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order. The thermodynamic process was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. In general, onion and garlic skins exhibit effective sorption potentials for the removal of Cd(ii) from aqueous solution.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 01-09<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 12 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173962\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173962\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-56007b7b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56007b7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f47ab0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f47ab0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-142133b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"142133b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evbuomwan, B.O<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering,<br \/>University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Opute, C<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemical Engineering,<br \/>University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173963\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173963\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-851d125 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"851d125\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1d5ed5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e1d5ed5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3383a509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3383a509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Devendra Yadav(2007):. Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metals From Urban Storm Water Run-off<br \/>[2]. Antunes. W.M. Luna, S.A.(2003). An Evaluation of Copper biosorption by a Brown Sea weed under Optimized conditions. Electronic Journals of Biotechnology 6(3): 174-184.<br \/>[3]. EPA. Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria(1985)<br \/>[4]. Pirrone and Others (1996). Mercury Fate and Transport in the global atmosphere.<br \/>[5]. Mahvi, A.H. Naghipour, .D. Vaezi, .F and Nazmara, S (2005): Teawaste as an Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Wastewaters, Am. J. Appl. Sci., 2(1), 372-375.<br \/>[6]. Elinder und T, L., Friberg, C.G: Cadmium. environmental Health Criteria 134. 280 Seiten. 9 Abb., 20 Tab. World Health Organization. Geneva (1992).<br \/>[7]. ALPHA (1998): Standard Methods for Examination of water and Wastewater. 19th edition, American Public Health Association<br \/>[8]. Igbokwe, P.K, Nwabanne, J.T (2012): Comparative study of Lead (ii) removal from aqueous solution using different adsorbents, International joirnal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2, 1830-1838<br \/>[9]. Langmuir, I. (1916). Adsorption. J. Americ. Chem. Soc. 38: 2221<br \/>[10]. Aki, M.A and Ahlam, M.F (2012): Equilibrium, kinetic and Thermodynamics of Biosorption of Lead (II) Copper (II) and cadmium (II) Ions from aqueous Solutions onto Olive Leaves Powder. American Journal of Chemistry 2(4): 238-244 Dol: 10.5923\/j.chemistry.20120204.09<br \/>[11]. Chiou M.S, and Li, H.Y (2002):Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of reactive dye on cross- linked Chitosan beads. Journal of Hazardous materials, B93, 233-248<br \/>[12]. Atuka, M.M, Evbuomwan, B.O(2014): Kinetics and thermodynamics studies of biosorption of Cadmium(ii) from aqueous solution onto garden grass(GAG). Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research, vol. 1 (1), 12-22<br \/>[13]. Al-Dujaili, A.H Awwad, A.M and Salem, N.M (2012): Biosorption of Cadmium (II) onto loquat leaves (Eriobotya japonica) and their ash from aqueous solution, equilibrium kinetics, and thermodynamic studies International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 3:22.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173964\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173964\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6af376e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6af376e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766d9411 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"766d9411\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff6c299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff6c299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Evbuomwan, B.O and Opute, C &#8220;The Effectiveness of Low Cost Adsorbents (Onion and Garlic Skins) In The Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.01-09 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/01-09.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-12454173965\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-12454173965\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ca34951 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca34951\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3048f873 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3048f873\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d353b8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d353b8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"The Effectiveness of Low Cost Adsorbents (Onion and Garlic Skins) In The Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/01-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22dda5ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22dda5ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4175175e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4175175e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67db6a63 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"67db6a63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/10-12.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Dissociative Identity Disorder\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/10-12.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDissociative Identity Disorder\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c932d86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c932d86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Purnima. S, Kalaiyarasi. K, Kirthika. S &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 10-12<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77cc57 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"77cc57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"7851095\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510951\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510951\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-78510951\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510952\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510952\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-78510952\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510953\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510953\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-78510953\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510954\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510954\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-78510954\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510955\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-78510955\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-78510955\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-78510951\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-78510951\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7333bb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7333bb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8b0c2b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8b0c2b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21d285b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21d285b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Dissociative identity disorder previously known as multiple personality disorder is thought to be a complex psychological condition that is likely caused by many factors including severe trauma during early childhood usually extreme , repetitive physical , sexual, or emotional abuse. Our aim is to diagnosis the DID\/MPD authentically by using the bio signals. The analyzed bio signal acquired from MPD patients is referred with normal bio values. A bio signal acquire from the LIE DETECTOR using p300 for authentically proving DID. Bio signal such as EEG, ECG are taken for DID diagnosis. Till now treatment for DID requires many stages of counselling and end of the treatment solely depend on behaviour changes. Though there may be similarity between DID patient and malinger patient, the differences are proved by our phenomena<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 10-12<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 12 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-78510952\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-78510952\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3d9bc0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d9bc0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2287732d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2287732d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cc9f307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cc9f307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Purnima. S<\/strong><br \/>Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering<br \/>Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kalaiyarasi. K<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering<br \/>Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kirthika. S<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering<br \/>Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-78510953\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-78510953\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-64ac4257 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ac4257\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37c7a206 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37c7a206\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e7e7c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e7e7c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Paul. Dell, John A.O Neil: Dissociation and the dissociative disorders.<br \/>[2]. Richard P. Kluft: Treatment of dissociation.<br \/>[3]. Philip M. Bromberg: Multiple self-states, the relational mind and dissociation, A Psychoanalytic perspective.<br \/>[4]. Otto F. Kernberg: Aggressively, Narcissism and Self-destructives in the Psychotherapeutic relationship.<br \/>[5]. Christopher p. cannon: The ECG a two-step approach to diagnosis.<br \/>[6]. Galen S. Wagner: Practical ECG.<br \/>[7]. Bruce sheele: practicing ECG.<br \/>[8]. Saroch Y. krakauer: Treating dissociative identity disorder.<br \/>[9]. R.S. Khandpur : Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation<br \/>[10]. Leslie Cromwell, Fred J. weibell, Erich A. Pfeiffer.<br \/>[11]. Samaneh valipour, A.D. Shaligram, G.R. Kulkarni \u2013 Department of Electronic science, Pune University, Maharastra, India \u2013\u201cDetection of Alpha rhythm of EEG signal based on EEG LAB\u201d.<br \/>[12]. Artha Ivontia Simbolon, Arjon Turnip \u2013 Technical Implementation Unit for Instrumentation Development \u2013 \u201cAn Experiment of Lie Detection based EEG-P300 classified by SVM Algorithm\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-78510954\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-78510954\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-42f4676e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42f4676e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59552f7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59552f7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-434a9a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"434a9a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Purnima. S, Kalaiyarasi. K, Kirthika. S &#8220;Dissociative Identity Disorder&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.10-12 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/10-12.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-78510955\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-78510955\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4d9a114 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d9a114\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f905f61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f905f61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-654d6f1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"654d6f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Dissociative Identity Disorder\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/10-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4400d0c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4400d0c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b873bcd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b873bcd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c7be7dd elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4c7be7dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/13-14.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\" Review on to Increase Sustainable Capacity of Fuse Holder\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/13-14.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Review on to Increase Sustainable Capacity of Fuse Holder\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc9a40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc9a40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gunjan S Chaudhari, Ashwini D Jagtap, Pratiksha S Deore, Poonam S Malgave, Prof. Rahul J Nikam &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 13-14<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e5544d e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"11e5544d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"300241997\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419971\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419971\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419971\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419972\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419972\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419972\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419973\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419973\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419973\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419974\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419974\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419974\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419975\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419975\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419975\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419971\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419971\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7092a148 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7092a148\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ed125a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74ed125a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e92b9af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e92b9af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>In substation if any fault occurs, the system voltage may rise beyond the certain level due to which the fuse holder may damage and it happens due to low quality of insulation or dielectric material. Nowadays ring main unitare their which consists of number of switchgear equipment one of them is fuse which is having fuse holder. The project deals with the increase in the sustainable capacity of fuse holder. And to check the capacity we analyse the results with the help of simulation which helps to reduce time of remanufacturing and retesting. And here different test are carried out on the fuse holder to check the performance the test are partial discharge test and high voltage test.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 13-14<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 13 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419972\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419972\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-73e581f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73e581f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e7bfdb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e7bfdb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-471d55fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"471d55fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gunjan S Chaudhari<\/strong><br \/>Dept of Electrical Engineering,<br \/>MET\u2019S IOE, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashwini D Jagtap<\/strong><br \/>Dept of Electrical Engineering,<br \/>MET\u2019S IOE, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pratiksha S Deore<\/strong><br \/>Dept of Electrical Engineering,<br \/>MET\u2019S IOE, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Poonam S Malgave<\/strong><br \/>Dept of Electrical Engineering,<br \/>MET\u2019S IOE, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Rahul J Nikam<\/strong><br \/>Dept of Electrical Engineering,<br \/>MET\u2019S IOE, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419973\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419973\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4489165f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4489165f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5996e286 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5996e286\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41843bf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41843bf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. G. C. Crichton, P. W. Karlsson and A. Pedersen, \u201cPartial Discharges in Ellipsoidal and Spherical Voids\u201d, IEEE Trans. on Dielectric and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 335-342, April 1989.<br \/>[2]. R. J. Van Brunt, \u201cPhysics and Chemistry of partial discharges and corona\u201d, IEEE Trans. on dielectric and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 761-784, October 1994.<br \/>[3]. M. G. Danikas, \u201cSome New Relationships and a Scaling Law Regarding Partial Discharges in Spherical Cavities Enclosed in Solid Insulation\u201d, Acta Electrotechnica Napocensis, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 5-9, 1998.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419974\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419974\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3cf7d249 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3cf7d249\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ff2281f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ff2281f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d5c981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31d5c981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gunjan S Chaudhari, Ashwini D Jagtap, Pratiksha S Deore, Poonam S Malgave, Prof. Rahul J Nikam &#8220;Review on to Increase Sustainable Capacity of Fuse Holder&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.13-14 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/13-14.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3002419975\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3002419975\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f259753 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f259753\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73bb6c5f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73bb6c5f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c789346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c789346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Review on to Increase Sustainable Capacity of Fuse Holder\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/13-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-337b96cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"337b96cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ff67772 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ff67772\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bff14a3 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3bff14a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/15-20.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Comparison between Use of Hammer Bits and Roller Cone Bits on Conventional Land Rigs, a Case Study of the Menengai Field\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/15-20.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparison between Use of Hammer Bits and Roller Cone Bits on Conventional Land Rigs, a Case Study of the Menengai Field\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53752f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53752f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dominic Mutai and Stephen M. Nato &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 15-20<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5ff79f e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3a5ff79f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"979367839\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678391\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678391\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678391\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678392\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678392\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678392\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678393\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678393\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678393\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678394\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678394\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678394\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678395\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678395\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678395\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678391\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678391\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3d98c60c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d98c60c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b48cc15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b48cc15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d04b134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d04b134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Drilling speed of the top section (26\u201d hole to a depth of 80m and 171\/2\u201d from a depth of 80m-400m) has been a challenge in the Menengai geothermal field with low rate of penetration as per intended target. This section is generally hard formation with frequent drilling fluids losses. Use of the standard roller cone bits on these sections causes a lot of vibrations on the rig leading to frequent breakdowns of the equipment (rotary table and top drive system) leading to downtime; hence, longer drilling periods and high maintenance cost. Loss of circulations while drilling the top section leads to cement plugs to heal the losses, use of more loss circulation material (LCM) and drilling mud. This increases the time taken to drill these sections due to wait on cement to cure and overall well costs. Introduction of the hammer bit on the conventional land rigs in the Menengai geothermal field was viewed as potential solutions to the challenges experienced with the standard roller cone bits. This study sought to compare the performance of two-bits across four wells in order to establish whether the hammer bit has any advantage over the roller cone. Results shows that the hammer bit had a high average rate of penetration (ROP) of 2.2019 meters per hour on the 26\u201d hole and 171\/2\u201d hole section as compared to an average ROP of 0.376 meters per hour for the roller cone bit. The hammer bit presented other advantages including low\/minimum vibrations transmitted to the rig equipment, less drilling fluids used and minimum downtime hence minimum maintenance costs. The study recommends that the hammer bit be adopted for drilling all wells\u2019 top sections in Menengai geothermal field.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 15-20<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 16 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678392\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678392\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-57798d2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"57798d2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1464bcd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1464bcd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6b2c92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a6b2c92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dominic Mutai<\/strong><br \/>Geothermal Development Company Limited, Kenya.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen M. Nato<\/strong><br \/>Geothermal Development Company Limited, Kenya.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678393\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678393\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7da46de8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7da46de8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d5e070d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d5e070d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bacc437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2bacc437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Antony, N.: Drilling Engineer, Drilling program and completion report for Menengai Well 10A, (2014).<br \/>[2]. Bates, R. J., and Jackson, J. A., ed. Dictionary of Geological Terms (3 Ed.). American Geological Institute. (1984), p. 299. ISBN 0-385-18101-9.<br \/>[3]. Daniel, M.: Drilling Engineer, Drilling program and completion report for Menengai Well MW-21, (2014).<br \/>[4]. Daniel, M.: Drilling Engineer, Drilling program and completion report for Menengai Well MW-1, (2014).<br \/>[5]. David, M.: Geology Well Report for Menengai Geothermal Project, Well MW-13, (2013)<br \/>[6]. David, O.: Geology Well Report for Menengai Geothermal Project, Well MW-10, (2013)<br \/>[7]. Finger, J.T. \u201cInvestigation of percussion drills for geothermal application,\u201d Journal of Petroleum Technology (1989), p. 2128-320.<br \/>[8]. Hung, N., Hao, L., Gerbaud, L., Souchal, R., Urbabczyk, C., &amp; Fouchard, C. \u201cPenetration rate of rotary-percussive drilling,\u201d Petrovietnam Journal, (2015), vol. 6, p. 14- 21.<br \/>[9]. Lyons, W. C. Air and Gas Drilling Manual: Applications for Oil and Gas Recovery Wells and Geothermal Fluids Recovery Wells. Gulf Professional Publishing; Houston, TX (2009).<br \/>[10]. Okuchaba, J.B. \u201cDevelopment of a model to calculate mechanical specific energy for air hammer drilling systems,\u201d A Master\u2019s Thesis submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&amp;M University, Texas, TX (2008).<br \/>[11]. Omondi, C. \u201cBorehole geology and hydothermal mineralization of wells MW-01 and MW-02, Menengai Geothermal Field, Central Kenya Rift Valley,\u201d Paper presented at the Geothermal Training Programme, Reykjavik, Iceland (2011), no. 30, p. 737- 773.<br \/>[12]. R. D. Grace, J. L. Shursen, R. S. Carden, Drilling Practices. PetroSkills. (2012)<br \/>[13]. Sliwa, A., Wisniowski, R., Korzec, M., Gajdosz, A., &amp; Sliwa, T. \u201cRotary- percussion drilling method- historical review and current possibilities of applications,\u201d AGH Drilling, Oil, and Gas, (2015), vol. 32, no. 2, p. 313-324.<br \/>[14]. Stephen, N.: Drilling Engineer, Drilling program and completion report for Menengai Well MW-13, (2013).<br \/>[15]. White, D.B., Curry, D.A., &amp; Gavignet, A.G. \u201cEffects of nozzle configuration on roller cone bit performance, Paper presented at SPE\/IADC Drilling Conference, Dallas, TX (1988).<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678394\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678394\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1f307d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f307d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d02bf0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72d02bf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35ac8921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35ac8921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dominic Mutai and Stephen M. Nato &#8220;Comparison between Use of Hammer Bits and Roller Cone Bits on Conventional Land Rigs, a Case Study of the Menengai Field&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.15-20 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/15-20.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9793678395\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9793678395\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-768e8607 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"768e8607\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dcac375 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1dcac375\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1889994a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1889994a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Comparison between Use of Hammer Bits and Roller Cone Bits on Conventional Land Rigs, a Case Study of the Menengai Field\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/15-20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aadedc9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aadedc9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b006155 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b006155\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35324da2 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"35324da2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/26-31.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Accident Analysis using Microscopic Simulation and Surrogate Safety Assessment Model\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/26-31.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAccident Analysis using Microscopic Simulation and Surrogate Safety Assessment Model\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-371d93a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"371d93a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sowjanya, G. Praveen Kumar &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 26-31<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2264d7ca e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"2264d7ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"577034186\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341861\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341861\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341861\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341862\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341862\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341862\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341863\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341863\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341863\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341864\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341864\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341864\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341865\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341865\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341865\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341861\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341861\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7651c888 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7651c888\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e6fc54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e6fc54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cfddb14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cfddb14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Safe movement of vehicle through the various roads is an issue of National concern. Every year the density of vehicles is increasing and so the flow of vehicles on the roads and previously designed road network may not be able to cope with it due to the increasing demand of traffic across the country. Assessment of traffic safety is generally based on the use of historical accidental data records, which are reactive in nature it is like waiting for the accidents to occur and then applying their countermeasures. With this background, systematic approach is made for most dangerous unsignalised intersections using VISSIM and SSAM softwares. The traffic data is collected through video cameras from which field PET values are measured and the same road network is given as input in VISSIM to calculate simulated PET values using SSAM software. These values were then compared for the assessment of traffic safety. The primary objective of this study is to assess the level of traffic safety at an uncontrolled intersection using micro simulation modeling under mixed traffic condition by devising a unique strategy of measuring proximal safety indicator, Post Encroachment Time (PET).<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 26-31<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 24 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341862\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341862\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7541cb54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7541cb54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c4f1580 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c4f1580\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b25ebd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b25ebd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sowjanya<\/strong><br \/>Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,<br \/>G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G. Praveen Kumar<\/strong><br \/>Student, Civil Engineering Department,<br \/>G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341863\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341863\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5ca86234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ca86234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d3ea5d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10d3ea5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2465293f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2465293f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Pratik Raj and Dr. B.V.Khode, \u201cForecasting of Traffic Simulation Model Under Heterogeneous Traffic Condition\u201d, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp 2739-2749, April 2016.<br \/>[2]. Anand Samir, Sanket Throat and Buddharatna Godboley, \u201cAssessment of Traffic Safety Performance at Unsignalised T-intersection under Mixed Traffic Condition\u201d, Vol. 04, Issue 04, pp 127-132, April 2015<br \/>[3]. V. Deepak Killi and P. Vedagiri, \u201cProactive Evaluation of Traffic Safety at An Unsignalized Intersection Using Micro- Simulation\u201d, Journal of Traffic and Logistics Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2,pp 140-145, June 2014.<br \/>[4]. Arkatkar S et.al., (2012), \u201cMethodology for simulating heterogeneous traffic on expressways in developing countries: A Case Study in India.\u201d Transportation Research Board (2014).<br \/>[5]. Nicolas Saunier, Introduction to Surrogate Analysis in Non-Motorized Safety, June 2013.<br \/>[6]. Mohamed and Saunier , (2013)- Motion prediction methods for Surrogate Safety Analysis. Journal of Transportation Research Board.<br \/>[7]. Kanwal Yousaf, Arta Iftikhar, Ali Javed \u201cComparative Analysis of Automatic Vehicle Classification Techniques: A Survey\u201d, I.J. image, Graphics and signal processing, 2012.<br \/>[8]. Sharma H. K., Swami M. (2011), \u201cSpeed-Flow Analysis for Interrupted Oversaturated Traffic Flow with Heterogeneous Structure for Urban Roads.\u201d International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2012, 2(2): 142- 152.<br \/>[9]. Hanki, D., and Patel A. K. (2012), \u201cUrban Road Network Simulation using VISSIM.\u201d National Conference and Workshop on Recent Advances in Traffic Engineering, SVNIT, Surat, India.<br \/>[10]. Sayed, T., Estimating the safety of unsignalized Intersections using Traffic Conflicts, Federal Highway Administration,2011.<br \/>[11]. Oswald R.K.et.al., \u201cTraffic Flow Forecasting using approximate nearest neighbor non-parametric Regression Research Report\u201d, center for Transportation studies at University of Virginia, USA, 2011.<br \/>[12]. Prajapati V. N., and Gundaliya P. J., (2010), \u201cSimulation of heterogeneous traffic intersection using VISSIM.\u201d |<br \/>[13]. Mathew T.V., and Radhakrishnan K. (2010). \u201cCalibration of microsimulation models for non lane-based heterogeneous traffic at signalized intersections.\u201d Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2010.136:59-66.<br \/>[14]. S. Rokade, K. Singh, S.K. Katiyar, S.Gupta (2010), \u201cDevelopment of Accident Prediction Model\u201d, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology.<br \/>[15]. Lili Pu and Rahul Joshi- SSAM user manual.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341864\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341864\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3e6faeb7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e6faeb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c6e5eba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c6e5eba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e89c1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e89c1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sowjanya, G. Praveen Kumar &#8220;Accident Analysis using Microscopic Simulation and Surrogate Safety Assessment Model&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.26-31 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/26-31.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5770341865\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5770341865\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6f33457d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f33457d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e33ca1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42e33ca1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ede5c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ede5c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Accident Analysis using Microscopic Simulation and Surrogate Safety Assessment Model\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/26-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1afb9fe8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1afb9fe8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1740d252 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1740d252\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b7e2461 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"2b7e2461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/32-35.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Management and Disposal of Used Oil - A Case Study of Menengai Geothermal Field\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/32-35.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tManagement and Disposal of Used Oil - A Case Study of Menengai Geothermal Field\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d9e4cd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d9e4cd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Collins Changole, and Dominic Mutai &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 32-35<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58f1d7ee e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"58f1d7ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1492244462\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444621\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444621\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444621\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444622\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444622\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444622\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444623\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444623\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444623\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444624\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444624\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444624\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444625\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444625\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444625\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444621\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444621\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-17f71bad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17f71bad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-497bfc75 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"497bfc75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2345386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2345386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>For a long time, used oil has been reused or disposed in methods that contaminated the environment or not recycled to maintain its resource value. In Kenya, it is estimated that 200 million gallons annually are poorly disposed by pouring on the ground, taken to dumpsites or discharged down sewers and storm drains. One gallon of used oil can contaminate up to one million gallons of clean water. Used oil also end up in lakes, rivers and streams where they threaten the aquatic life. This is a case study undertaken at Menengai Geothermal Field to explore the handling, management and disposal of used oil. The study sought to identify the current uses and disposal methods of used oils and make recommendation that could help other entities to effectively manage used oil. Data was obtained from well costing\/completion reports and company disposal records. Findings reveal that proper management of used oil not only prevents environmental degradation, but can also results in significant economic benefits. In Menengai case, used oil is transported to cement factories where it is used for heating. Used oil can be processed into fuel oil, re-refined into lubricants or used as raw materials for refining and petrochemical industries.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 32-35<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 27 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444622\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444622\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-21d3f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21d3f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386eabdf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"386eabdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747ec654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"747ec654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins Changole<\/strong><br \/>Geothermal Development Company Limited, Kenya<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dominic Mutai<\/strong><br \/>Geothermal Development Company Limited, Kenya<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444623\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444623\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2eb84748 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eb84748\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33df62f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33df62f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13724f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13724f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Abro, R., Chen, X., Harijan, K., Dhakan, Z., &amp; Ammar, M. (2013). A comparative study of recycling of used engine oil using extraction by composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. ISRN Chemical Engineering, 13. Article ID 952589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/952589.<br \/>[2]. Chartziaras, N., Psomopoulos, C., &amp; Themelis, N. (2015). Use of waste derived fuels in cement industry: A review. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 27(2), 178- 193.<br \/>[3]. EPA (2017). Managing used oil: Answers to frequent questions for businesses. Retrieved https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/hw\/managing-used-oil-answers-frequent-questions-businesses.<br \/>[4]. Kamau, M. (2016). Report warns on handling of crude oil waste. Standard Digital. Retrieved https:\/\/www.standardmedia.co.ke\/business\/article\/2000226647\/report-warns-on-handling-of-crude-oil-waste.<br \/>[5]. Muia, M. (2004). A study of used oil management: A case study of Nairobi City- Kenya (Unpublished thesis). University of Nairobi; Kenya.<br \/>[6]. Mutegi, M. (2016). KenolKobil to build Sh 1.5 billion lubricants plant in Mombasa. Business Daily. Retrieved https:\/\/www.businessdailyafrica.com\/news\/KenolKobil-to-build-Sh1-5bn-lubes-plant-in-Mombasa\/539546-3338636-qsah66\/index.html.<br \/>[7]. National Environment Management Authority (2014). Technical guidelines on handling, management and disposal of used oil\/sludge in Kenya. Nairobi, KE: Government Printer.<br \/>[8]. Ogbeide, S. (2010). An investigation of the recycling of spent engine oil. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 3(1), 32- 35.<br \/>[9]. Republic of Kenya (1999). Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999. Nairobi, KE: Government Printer.<br \/>[10]. Republic of Kenya (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi, KE: Government Printer.<br \/>[11]. Zitte, L., Waadu, A., &amp; Okorodike, C. (2016). Used-oil generation and its disposal along East-West Road, Port Harcourt Nigeria. International Journal of Waste Resources, 6(1), 194- 199<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444624\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444624\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3ee747ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ee747ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-140b0f35 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"140b0f35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542329df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"542329df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Collins Changole, and Dominic Mutai &#8220;Management and Disposal of Used Oil &#8211; A Case Study of Menengai Geothermal Field&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.32-35 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/32-35.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14922444625\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14922444625\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6785980c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6785980c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-679edcda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"679edcda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210efbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210efbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Management and Disposal of Used Oil - A Case Study of Menengai Geothermal Field\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/32-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4669eda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4669eda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acd27f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acd27f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eda8b40 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"eda8b40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/36-38.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Ultrasonic Motor with Ring Type Stator\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/36-38.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUltrasonic Motor with Ring Type Stator\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c99445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c99445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Shejole Jagruti Rajendra, Dhatrak Aishwarya Pandurang, Chavan Archana Bapusaheb, Sonawane Gaurisanjay &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 36-38<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dd691d e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"6dd691d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"115173661\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736611\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736611\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736611\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736612\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736612\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736612\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736613\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736613\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736613\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736614\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736614\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736614\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736615\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736615\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736615\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736611\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736611\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-71d7c6e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"71d7c6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cdada2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0cdada2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-348bb89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"348bb89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>All of us know that motor is machine which produces rotary motion or it is an arrangement of coils and magnet that convert electric energy into mechanical energy. Ultrasonic motors are next generation motors. Ultrasonic motors use the piezoelectric effect in ultrasonic frequency range to provide its motive force resulting in a motor with usually high torque and power to weight characteristics, low speed. The stator of ultrasonic motor contains two driving feet, sixteen pieces of piezoelectric ceramic plates and three rings inner ring, middle ring, outer ring. The ultrasonic motor forms elliptical movements on the driving feet by the superposition of stretching and bending vibration of metal rings by using finite element method. The ultrasonic motor is analyzed and designed by adjusting structure parameters of two working modes were turn to be close.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 36-38<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 02 November 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736612\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736612\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f7de759 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7de759\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e69553 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e69553\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2faf63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2faf63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li>\u00a0<strong>Shejole Jagruti Rajendra<\/strong><br \/>Electrical, MET Institute of Engineering, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dhatrak Aishwarya Pandurang<\/strong><br \/>Electrical, MET Institute of Engineering, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chavan Archana Bapusaheb<\/strong><br \/>Electrical, MET Institute of Engineering, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sonawane Gaurisanjay<\/strong><br \/>Electrical, MET Institute of Engineering, Nashik, Maharashtra, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736613\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736613\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f2b52a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2b52a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eed203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5eed203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dfd55e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dfd55e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Ueha S. Ultrasonic Motors Theory and Applications. pp.120, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.<br \/>[2]. Zhao CS. Recent progress in ultrasonic motor techniques. Journal of Vibration, Measurement &amp; Diagnosis. 23: 1-5, 2004. (in Chinese)<br \/>[3]. Xing ZP, He B, Xu K, Wang J, et al. A Miniature Cylindrical Piezoelectric Motor with an Asymmetric Vibrator. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonic Ferro electronics and Frequency Control. 60: 1498-1054, 2013.<br \/>[4]. Li X, Chen WS, Xie T, et al. Novel high torque bearing less two-sided rotary ultrasonic motor. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A. 8: 786-792, 2007.<br \/>[5]. Jiang CR, Hu MQ, Jin L, et al. Finite element contact model of a hollow ring type traveling wave ultrasonic motor. Journal of Southeast University. 44: 99-103, 2014.<br \/>[6]. Peng TJ, Shi HY, Liang X, et al. Experimental investigation on sandwich structure ring-type ultrasonic motor. Ultrasonic. 56:303\u2013307, 2015<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736614\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736614\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ae51db5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae51db5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01cbfbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"01cbfbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1544377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1544377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Shejole Jagruti Rajendra, Dhatrak Aishwarya Pandurang, Chavan Archana Bapusaheb, Sonawane Gaurisanjay &#8220;Ultrasonic Motor with Ring Type Stator&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.36-38 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/36-38.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1151736615\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1151736615\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2103f86 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2103f86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d69219c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d69219c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d51bfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d51bfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Ultrasonic Motor with Ring Type Stator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/36-38.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50521b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"50521b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ab2a02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ab2a02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e5e89 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"26e5e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/39-46.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Bioactive Compound Analysis by Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Elemental as Well Proximate Composition of Leaf Terminaliacatappa\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&#038;Issue10\/39-46.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBioactive Compound Analysis by Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Elemental as Well Proximate Composition of Leaf Terminaliacatappa\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e08e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05e08e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tijjani M. A, Mohammed G. T., U. D. Azumi, F. I. Abdulrahman &#8211; <\/strong><strong>October 2018 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 39-46<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-539002e e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"539002e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"87621678\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216781\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216781\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-876216781\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216782\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216782\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-876216782\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216783\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216783\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-876216783\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216784\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216784\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-876216784\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216785\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-876216785\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-876216785\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-876216781\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-876216781\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-e80fa57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80fa57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff3d0a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ff3d0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b3a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7b3a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history to treat aliment and diseases. Plants have ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compound. Many of which are efficacious and contain substances that are potential drugs that require further examinations.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effects on the human body by binding to receptor molecules present in the body; Also, many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food yield useful medicinal compounds.\u00a0<i>Terminaliacatappa<\/i>\u00a0Linn (Indian almond) is a Combretaceae plant (tropical almond family), Usually a small to medium-sized tree 30\u201350 ft (9\u201315 m) high and 1 ft (0.3 m) in trunk diameter, but sometimes much larger in diameter and with slight buttresses, evergreen except in areas with a marked dry season. This study was designed to evaluate proximate content, elemental contentsas well as Gas-chromatography analysis of\u00a0<i>Terminaliacatappa leaf<\/i>. One thousand grammes (1000g) of the powdered leaf of\u00a0<i>Terminaliacatappa<\/i>\u00a0was extracted with methanol using cold infusion (maceration) method. Fresh leaf of\u00a0<i>Terminaliacatappa<\/i>\u00a0was collected from Bolori ward Maiduguri Borno state and it was identified by Professor S. S. Sunusi of Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri. Eighty three point eight two grammes (83.82g) of the dark green in colour gummy in texture of methanol crude extract was obtained, which was further partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water to give n-hexane portion (1.638% W\/W), dark green in colour, oily in texture, ethyl acetate portion (0.075% W\/W), black in colour, gummy in texture, n-butanol portion (0.777% W\/W), brown in colour, oily in texture and finally aqueous portion (2.997% W\/W), dark brown in colour, powdered in texture. The concentration levels of macro-elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and micro-elements (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and the anions (Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>, NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup>, PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>3-<\/sup>, and SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>) were estimated using smart spectrophotometer. The leaf of\u00a0<i>Terminaliacatappa<\/i>\u00a0indicated the presence of calcium (19.68\u00b5g\/ml), cadmium (0.12\u00b5g\/ml), copper (6.84\u00b5g\/ml), iron (10.67\u00b5g\/ml), potassium (18.90\u00b5g\/ml), magnesium (10.27\u00b5g\/ml), manganese (1.27\u00b5g\/ml), sodium (15.30\u00b5g\/ml) nikkel (1.00\u00b5g\/ml), zinc (4.17\u00b5g\/ml), chloride (0.72\u00b5g\/ml), nitrate (46.00\u00b5g\/ml), phosphate (70.00\u00b5g\/ml) and sulphate (227.33\u00b5g\/ml). However, only phosphate and sulphate exceeded the permissible limit of world health organization (WHO) standard. The results of proximate content evaluation showed that moisture, was 7%, crude protein, 10.37%, fat, 1%, crude fibre, 21%, ash, 10% and carbohydrate, 51%. Purification of compound was done by using column and thin layer chromatography method. After pooling and recombination with different solvent system of the n-butanol extract, three compounds T<sub>CA<\/sub>, T<sub>CB<\/sub>\u00a0and T<sub>CC<\/sub>\u00a0were obtained with melting points T<sub>CA<\/sub>(286.00-287.00), T<sub>CB<\/sub>\u00a0(278.00-279.00) and T<sub>CC<\/sub>\u00a0(260.00-262.33). All the melting points were shape and uncorrected. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of the compound T<sub>CA<\/sub>\u00a0revealed the presence of fatty acid derivaties such as octadecanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester, tetradecanoic acid 2-hydroxyl, pentanoic acid, 2,2 4-trimethyl-3-carboxy isopropyl, isobutyl ester, octadecanoic acid (2-phenyl 1-3-dioxolan -4-yl) methyl ester cis.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 39-46<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 24 October 2018<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-876216782\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-876216782\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f34c6cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f34c6cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11124a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11124a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1398bfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1398bfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tijjani M. A<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry,<br \/>Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammed G. T.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,<br \/>Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>U. D. Azumi<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry,<br \/>Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>F. I. Abdulrahman<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry,<br \/>Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-876216783\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-876216783\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b719296 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b719296\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ad8ed7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ad8ed7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-524207f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"524207f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Lai, P. K. and Roy, J.Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Curr.Med. Chem., 11(11). 2004, 1451-1450<br \/>[2]. Abdulrahman, F. I., Ogugbuaja, V. O., Onyeyili, P. A. Phytochemical screening and elemental content of the root bark extract of Vitexdoniana Sweet. Bulletin of Pure and App. Sci., 26C (1), 2007, 55.<br \/>[3]. Neelavathi, P., Venkatalakshmi, P. andBrindha, P. Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of Terminaliacatappa Leaves and Bark Against some Pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (5). 2013, 114-120<br \/>[4]. Neelavathi, P., Venkatalakshmi, P. and Brindha, P. Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of Terminaliacatappa Leaves and Bark Against some Pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (5). 2013, 114-120.<br \/>[5]. Tapsell, L. C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., Sullivan, D. R., Clifton, P. M., Williams, P. G., et al. The health benefit of herbs and spices: the past, the present and the future. Med. J. Aust. Suppl., 185(4). 2006, 4-24<br \/>[6]. Liu, T. Y., L, Ho, L. K., Tsai, Y. C., Chiang, S. H., Chao, T. W., Li, J. H. and Chi, C. W. Modification of mitomycin C-induced clastogenicity by Terminaliacatappa L. in vitro and in vivo.Cancer Letters, (105). 1996, 113-118.<br \/>[7]. Kinoshita, S., Inoue, Y., Nakama, S., Ichiba, T. and Aniya, Y. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of medicinal herb, TerminaliacatappaL. from Okinawa Island and its tannin corilagin.Phytomedicine, (14). 2007, 755-62<br \/>[8]. Lin, C. C. and Khan, W. S. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of hepatitis in Taiwan. American Journal of Chinese Medicine: 18. 1990, 35\u201343.<br \/>[9]. Lin, T. C. Study on the tannins and related compounds in the fruit of TerminaliacatappaL..Journal of Chinese Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, (14).1992, 165\u2013 174.<br \/>[10]. Association of Official Analytical Chemists [AOAC]. Analytic Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Chemists (15th ed.). Washington DC. 1990, 626-627.<br \/>[11]. Association of Official Analytical Chemists [AOAC]. Analytic Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Chemists (15th ed.). Washington DC. 1990, 626-627.<br \/>[12]. Silva, L. G. Lee, I. S. and Afkinnghorn, D. A. Special Problem with Extraction of Plant In Natural Products Isolation (cannel R. JD). Human Press Inc. 999, Review Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey, USA 072512. 1998, 343-364<br \/>[13]. Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. Textbook of Pharmacogonosy, 14th Edition. W.B Saundors Company LTD. 24-25 Oval, London. NW7DX, UK and printed by Harcourt Brace and Company. 2002, 13-53, 117-139,227,293-334,471-551.<br \/>[14]. Brain, K. R and Turner. The Practical Evaluation of Mophormaceutical.J.WrightScientechnica. 1995, 190-191.<br \/>[15]. Odukoya, O. A., Jenkins, M. O., Ilori, O. O. and Sofidiya, O. M. European Journal of Scientific Research. 10. 2005, 27-33.<br \/>[16]. Abdulrahman, F. I., Tijjani, M. A. and Sandabe, U. K. . Antipyretic and anti- inflammatory properties of the methanol leaf extract of Vitexdoniana Sweet (Black Plum). Bulletin Pure and App. Sci. 29C (2), 2010, 153-160.<br \/>[17]. Masoko, P. and Elof, J. N. Screening of Twenty-Four South African Combretum and Six Terminalia Species (Combretaceae) for Antioxidant Activities. Afri.J. ofTrad.Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4(2). 2007, 231\u2013239.<br \/>[18]. Singh, S. K., Saroj, K., Tirupathi, U. J., Singh, A. K. and Singh, R. H. (2012). An antimicrobial principle from Speranhtusindicus. Int. J. Crude Drug, 26:235-239.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-876216784\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-876216784\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-59f1842 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59f1842\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64fadf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64fadf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9507247 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9507247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tijjani M. A, Mohammed G. T., U. D. Azumi, F. I. Abdulrahman &#8220;Bioactive Compound Analysis by Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Elemental as Well Proximate Composition of Leaf\u00a0<i>Terminaliacatappa<\/i>&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.3 issue 10 October 2018, pp.39-46 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/39-46.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-876216785\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-876216785\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-0282aec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0282aec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1447050 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1447050\" data-element_type=\"container\" 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Proximate Composition of Leaf &lt;i&gt;Terminaliacatappa&lt;\/i&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.3&amp;Issue10\/39-46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Effectiveness of Low Cost Adsorbents (Onion and Garlic Skins) In The Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution Evbuomwan, B.O 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