{"id":55362,"date":"2024-12-17T12:34:29","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T12:34:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=55362"},"modified":"2024-12-17T18:29:36","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T18:29:36","slug":"volume-iv-issue-ix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-iv-issue-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume IV Issue IX"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"55362\" class=\"elementor elementor-55362\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bd55b3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6bd55b3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04c434 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e04c434\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-497c78a3 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"497c78a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/01-07.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Effect of Etymology on Early Growth Performance of Dialium guineense. Wild and Biomass Accumulation\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/01-07.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEffect of Etymology on Early Growth Performance of Dialium guineense. Wild and Biomass Accumulation\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a68690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55a68690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Haastrup N.O, Oladipo A.D, Agbajie O.J &#8211; <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 01-07<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c90225b e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3c90225b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1016078939\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789391\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789391\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789391\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789392\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789392\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789392\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789393\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789393\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789393\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789394\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789394\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789394\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789395\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789395\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789395\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789391\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789391\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3e77d3f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e77d3f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b17c15d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b17c15d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6777a63b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6777a63b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The development of seed and its biomass accumulations is subject to a highly complex and particular regulation mechanism, which brings into play both the yield and biological expectancy to each species. Effect of etymology on early growth performance and biomass accumulation of Dialium\u00a0<i>guineense<\/i>\u00a0was established in this study. The seeds were collected across four different locations viz: Lagos, Ogun, Anambra and Abuja. Their seeds were raised into seedlings and data was collected on growth performance and biomass accumulation. The results were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The result of the leaf count indicated no significant differences (P\u22640.05) throughout the 12 weeks of observation. There are significant differences in collar diameter for week 2, 4 and 8 while treatment four (T4) proved best. For leaf area there is significant difference on week 4, 6 and 8 while Treatment 1 (T1) had the highest value for week 4, 6 and 8 respectively. Wet root weight obtained shows significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in week 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 while week 2 shows no significant difference respectively. Total dry root weight shows significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The relationship between wet and dry biomass of D.\u00a0<i>guineense<\/i>\u00a0is an indication that there is positive linear relationship between the wet and dry biomass.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 01-07<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 14 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789392\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789392\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4f03ece1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f03ece1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77d89fb9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77d89fb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56e41932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56e41932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Haastrup N.O<\/strong><br \/>Ecologist, Department of Forest Conservation and Protection, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oladipo A.D<\/strong><br \/>Plant pathologist, Department of Forest Conservation and Protection, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agbajie O.J<\/strong><br \/>Forestry Department, Federal College of Forestry, Jos. Plateau State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789393\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789393\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-57683f0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"57683f0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1834255d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1834255d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd1f085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5bd1f085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Abugre and Oti- boating (2011). Seed source variation and Polybag size on early growth of Jatropha curcas. Journal of Agricultural and biology science vol 6(4) 39-45<br \/>[2]. Ginwal, H. Gera, S M and Vishwanath, S. (1995). Fertilizer effects on growth and nodulation of Albizia procera seedlings. Nitrogen Fixing Research Reports 13, 32-35<br \/>[3]. Guantilleke CVS, Guantilleke GAD, Perera DFRP, Burslem PMS, Ashton PS (1997). Responses to nutrient addition among seedlings of eight closely related species of Shorea in Sri Lanka. J. Ecol., 85: 301-311.<br \/>[4]. Jimoh, S. O. and Okali, D. U. (1999). Variations in Fruit and Seed Characteristics and Germination of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum &amp; Thonn) Taub. from Different Sources in South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources, 15, 10-21<br \/>[5]. Lars, S. (2000). Guide to handling of tropical and subtropical forest seed (eds) Kersten, O. Danida Forest Seed Centre 511.<br \/>[6]. Mng\u2019omba, S. A. (2007). Development of clonal propagation protocols for Uapaca kirkiana and Pappea capensis, two southern African trees with economic potential. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa, 195.<br \/>[7]. Nwaoguala, C.N.C. and Osaigbovo, A.U. (2009). Enhancing seedling production of Black Velvet Tamarind (Dialium guineense ). Journal of Applied and Natural Science,1(1), 36-40.<br \/>[8]. Ogbe, O.F. and Egharevba, R.K.A (1992). Indigenous food plant. Field survey of indigenous and useful plants, their preparation for food and home garden,<br \/>[9]. Edo\/Delta States of Nigeria. University programme on National Research in Africa, 1, 132-134.<br \/>[10]. Nwoboshi, L C. (1982). Tropical Siliviculture: Principles and Techniques. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, 333.<br \/>[11]. Okafor, J. C. (1980). Edible Indigenous Woody Plants in the Rural Economy of the Nigerian Forest Zone. Forest Ecology and Management, 3, 45-55.<br \/>[12]. Oni, O. and Bada, S. O. (1991) Effect of Seed Size on Seedling Vigour in Idigbo (Terminalia ivorensis). Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 4, 215-229.<br \/>[13]. Oni, O and Caspa (2002). Effect of soil sources and pot sizes on early growth of seedlings of an indigenous multipurpose tree species ( Parkia biglobosa. (Jacq) Benth Niger. Jour of Eco 4(1), 50-58.<br \/>[14]. Pooter HC (1990). Leaf area ratio net assimilation rate of 24 wild species deferring in relative growth rate. J. Ecol., 18: 553-559.<br \/>[15]. Xiao-Xia, Q. U., Zhen-Ying, H., Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (2008). Effect of Temperature, Light and Salinity on Seed Germination and Radicle growth of the geographically widespread Halophyte shrub Halocnemum strobilaceum. Ann Bot (Lond) 101(2), 293-299.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789394\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789394\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-70c7b5d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70c7b5d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30c4cd72 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30c4cd72\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f336a37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f336a37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Haastrup N.O, Oladipo A.D, Agbajie O.J &#8220;Effect of Etymology on Early Growth Performance of Dialium\u00a0<i>guineense<\/i>. Wild and Biomass Accumulation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.01-07 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/01-07.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10160789395\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10160789395\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-120b8562 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"120b8562\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6af5eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6af5eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6caaeedd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6caaeedd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Effect of Etymology on Early Growth Performance of Dialium &lt;i&gt;guineense&lt;\/i&gt;. Wild and Biomass Accumulation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/01-07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c08c087 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c08c087\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2471d138 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2471d138\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7642ee8a elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"7642ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/08-11.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"\u201cEmpirical Study on Human Resource &amp; Spiritual Practice\u201d\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/08-11.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u201cEmpirical Study on Human Resource &amp; Spiritual Practice\u201d\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69f60ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69f60ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dr. (Prof) Madhuri Sanap\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 08-11<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36cd379b e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"36cd379b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"919418779\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187791\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187791\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187791\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187792\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187792\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187792\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187793\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187793\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187793\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187794\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187794\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187794\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187795\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187795\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187795\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187791\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187791\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4c1c6f49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c1c6f49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d12c03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10d12c03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faa877a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"faa877a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Human Resource the board (HRM or HR) is the key way to deal with the viable administration of individuals in an organization or association to such an extent that they help their business increase an upper hand. It is intended to boost representative execution in administration of a business&#8217; key goals. Human Resource the executives is principally worried about the administration of individuals inside associations, concentrating on approaches and frameworks. HR divisions are in charge of regulating worker advantages structure, representative enlistment, preparing and improvement, execution examination, and reward the executives, for example, overseeing pay and advantage frameworks. HR likewise worries about authoritative change and mechanical relations, or the offsetting of hierarchical practices with prerequisites emerging from aggregate bartering and legislative laws. One can without much of a stretch contend that setting up HR rehearses that treat individuals with pride, helping them develop in their insight, aptitudes and capacities (KSAs), and repaying them in a manner that gives security is a profound articulation of the elegance and love of God. This is high and sacred work, regardless of whether the chief isn&#8217;t an adherent of Jesus and does not have this otherworldly understanding. Through basic beauty God&#8217;s standards work notwithstanding when those included don&#8217;t have any acquaintance with him.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 08-11<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 14 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187792\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187792\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-52ae25a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52ae25a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d166c35 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d166c35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ef58a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ef58a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. (Prof) Madhuri Sanap<\/strong><br \/>Assistant Professor (OB &amp; HRM), Sasmira\u2019s Institute of Management Studies &amp; Research, Worli, Mumbai, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187793\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187793\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2851a342 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2851a342\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b979934 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b979934\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea8057 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cea8057\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Benefiel, M. (2005). Soul at work: Spiritual leadership in organizations. New York: Seabury Books. ISBN 1596270136<br \/>[2]. Biberman, J. (Ed.).(2000). Work and spirit: A reader of new spiritual paradigms for organizations. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0940866897<br \/>[3]. Bowman, T.J. (2004). Spirituality at Work: An Exploratory Sociological Investigation of the Ford Motor Company. London School of Economics and Political Science<br \/>[4]. Fairholm, G.W. (1997). Capturing the heart of leadership: Spirituality and community in the new American workplace. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0275957438<br \/>[5]. Fry, L.W. (2005). Toward a paradigm of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 619-722.<br \/>[6]. Giacalone, R.A., &amp;Jurkiewicz, C.L. (2003). Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance. New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765608448<br \/>[7]. Jue, A.L. (2006). Practicing spirit-centered leadership: Lessons from a corporate layoff. In Gerus, C. (Ed.). Leadership Moments: Turning points that changed lives and organizations. Victoria, BC: Trafford. ISBN 1412099641<br \/>[8]. Miller, D.W. (2006). God at work: The history and promise of the faith at work movement. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195314808<br \/>[9]. Chan, R., &amp; Joseph, S. (2000). Dimensions of personality, domains of aspiration, and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(2), 347-354. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00103-8<br \/>[10]. Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is Spirituality an Intelligence? Motivation, Cognition, and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26. doi:10.1207\/s15327582ijpr1001_2<br \/>[11]. Griffiths, R., Johnson, M., Richards, W., Richards, B., McCann, U., &amp; Jesse, R. (2011). Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology, 218(4), 649-665. doi:10.1007\/s00213-011-2358-5<br \/>[12]. Krems, J. A., Kenrick, D. T., &amp; Neel, R. (2017). Individual Perceptions of Self-Actualization: What Functional Motives Are Linked to Fulfilling One\u2019s Full Potential? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 0146167217713191. doi:10.1177\/0146167217713191<br \/>[13]. Wuthnow, R. (1978). Peak Experiences: Some Empirical Tests. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 18(3), 59-76. doi:10.1177\/002216787801800307<br \/>[14]. Waaijman, Kees (2000), Spiritualiteit. Vormen, grondslagen, methoden, Kampen\/Gent: Kok\/Carmelitana<br \/>[15]. Waaijman, Kees (2002), Spirituality: Forms, Foundations, Methods, Peeters Publishers<br \/>[16]. Wong, Yuk-Lin Renita; Vinsky, Jana (2009), &#8220;Speaking from the Margins: A Critical Reflection on the &#8216;Spiritual-but-not-Religious&#8217; Discourse in Social Work&#8221;, British Journal of Social Work, 39 (7): 1343\u201359, doi:10.1093\/bjsw\/bcn032<br \/>Webliography<br \/>[17]. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com \u203a doi \u203a full<br \/>[18]. journals.sagepub.com \u203a doi \u203a pdf<br \/>[19]. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com \u203a doi \u203a abs<br \/>[20]. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com \u203a blog \u203a unique-everybody-else \u203a what<br \/>[21]. https:\/\/www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu \u203a what-spirituality<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187794\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187794\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b50f04f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b50f04f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-260a69b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"260a69b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-116a9195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"116a9195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dr. (Prof) Madhuri Sanap, &#8220;\u201cEmpirical Study on Human Resource &amp; Spiritual Practice\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.08-11 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/08-11.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9194187795\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9194187795\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-640f146 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"640f146\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e94c513 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e94c513\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15b90c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15b90c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"\u201cEmpirical Study on Human Resource &amp; Spiritual Practice\u201d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/08-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-336fef95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"336fef95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbd3248 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2dbd3248\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b77b728 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1b77b728\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/12-16.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Comparative Studies with Selected Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Single Factor Analysis of Variance of Locally Produced and Industrial Processed Sugar Products in Aqueous Medium\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/12-16.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparative Studies with Selected Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Single Factor Analysis of Variance of Locally Produced and Industrial Processed Sugar Products in Aqueous Medium\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31365a8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31365a8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Olabimtan Olabode .H, Adesina Olalekan.B, Batari Musa.L, Ashade Noah .O, Musa Omale.P, Yahaya Yakubu, Opeyemi Adegboyo .O, Mshelia Suleman. S, Dahiru Ibrahim <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 12-16<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bd26981 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"6bd26981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1808951681\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516811\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516811\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516811\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516812\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516812\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516812\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516813\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516813\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516813\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516814\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516814\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516814\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516815\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516815\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516815\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516811\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516811\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3fda1735 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fda1735\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53da86ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53da86ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47fd38b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47fd38b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Brown sugar as a product of sucrose crystals and molasses has presented some specific characteristics that significantly deviated from the refined white sugar. Identified physicochemical properties [Turbidity (T), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and electrical conductivity (EC)] were adopted in comparing and assessing the properties of these two products in water. The statistical mean values of pH, EC, TDS, and T of the brown sugar (BS) serial solutions as supported by single-factor ANOVA are 7.72 (slightly alkaline), 0.672uS\/cm, 431.8ppm and 167.8NTU respectively and for refined white sugar (WS), the mean values for pH, EC, TDS, and T are 6.98(Slightly acidic), 0.002uS\/cm, 17.4ppm and 7.6NTU respectively. The significant differences between the brown sugar (BS) and the white refined sugar (WS) were directly estimated by the magnitudes of the statistical F values (F<sub>stat<\/sub>), which has to be greater than the critical F values (F<sub>crit<\/sub>) with respect to these four parameters. Fstat for pH, EC, TDS, and T are all greater than their respective F<sub>crit<\/sub>\u00a0as thus; pH [( F<sub>stat<\/sub>\u00a0&gt; F<sub>crit<\/sub>)=12.79439 &gt; 5.317655], EC [( F<sub>stat<\/sub>\u00a0&gt; F<sub>crit<\/sub>)=21.40881 &gt; 5.317655] , TDS [( F<sub>stat<\/sub>\u00a0&gt; F<sub>crit<\/sub>)=26.77300 &gt; 5.317655] and T [( F<sub>stat<\/sub>\u00a0&gt; F<sub>crit<\/sub>)=21.31919 &gt; 5.317655]. These outcomes explicitly revealed and confirmed the dissimilarities between these two sugar products. Hence, with recommendations to support the production, consumption, and applications of brown sugar against the white type.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 12-16<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 16 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516812\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516812\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-74c551a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74c551a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-274f8aa2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"274f8aa2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483f6869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483f6869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olabimtan Olabode .H<\/strong><br \/>Industrial and Environmental Pollution Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adesina Olalekan.B<\/strong><br \/>Industrial and Environmental Pollution Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Batari Musa.L<\/strong><br \/>Scientific and Industrial Research Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashade Noah .O<\/strong><br \/>Research and Development, Outstation Coordination Department, National Research for Chemical Technology, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Musa Omale.P<\/strong><br \/>Department of Internal Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Shika, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yahaya Yakubu<\/strong><br \/>Department of Applied Chemistry, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Opeyemi Adegboyo .O<\/strong><br \/>Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mshelia Suleman. S<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Army University Biu Borno state, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dahiru Ibrahim<\/strong><br \/>Scientific and Industrial Research Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516813\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516813\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3b3f2f2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b3f2f2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff23bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cff23bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c212351 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c212351\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Corliss, J. (2019). Eating too much-added sugar increases the risk of dying with heart disease \u2013 Harvard..Health.Blog.[Online]Harvard..Health..Blog.Available.at:https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-201402067021 [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[2]. Msn.com. (2019). Brown Sugar vs. White Sugar: Which Is Better? [Online]Available..at: https:\/\/www.msn.com\/enza\/health\/medical\/brown-sugar-vs-white-sugar-which-is-better\/ar-AACF2Xj[Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[3]. En.wikipedia.org.(2019). Brown..sugar.[Online]Availabl..at:https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brown_sugar [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[4]. Ryan T. Hurt, S. (2019). The Obesity Epidemic: Challenges, Health Initiatives, and Implications.. for&#8230;Gastroenterologists.[Online].PubMed.Central..(PMC).Available..at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3033553\/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[5]. Archive.org. (2019). Full text of &#8220;Proceedings of the.Sugar Processing Research Conference&#8221;. [Online]Available..at:https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/CAT10399044002\/CAT10399044002_djvu.tt [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[6]. Archive.org. (2019). Full text of &#8220;Proceedings of the Sugar Processing. Research Conference&#8221;. [Online]Available..at:https:\/\/archive.og\/stream\/CAT10399044006\/ AT10399044006_djvu.txt [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[7]. Grains,C.andSugar,B. (2019). Brown Sugar in Delhi, Latest Price &amp; Mandi Rates from Dealers in Delhi. [Online] Dir.indiamart.com. vailable.at: https:\/\/dir.indiamart.com\/delhi\/Brown-sugar.html[Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[8] The Claim: Brown.sugar is healthier than..white..Sugar &#8211; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com 2007\/06\/12 \u203a health \u203a nutrition<br \/>[9]. Anon, (2019). [Online] Available at: https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Which-is-better-between-brown-sugar-and-white-sugar [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[10]. Anon,(2019).[Online]Available..at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/229503721_Sugar [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[11]. MADIKE,I&#8230;and..MADIKE,I.(2019). Maltdrinks:.Sweet..Silent..killers.[Online]New.telegraph..Available.at:https:\/\/www.newtelegraphng.com\/2019\/02\/malt-drinks-sweet-silent-killers\/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[12]. Quizlet. (2019). chapter 4 added sugars Flashcards.Quizlet. [Online]Available.at:https:\/\/quizlet.com\/91792160\/chapter-4-added-sugars-flash-cards [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<br \/>[13]. Fao.org.(2019).[online]Available.at:http:\/\/www.fao.org\/livestock\/agap\/frg\/ECONF95\/PDF\/MOLASSES.PDF [Accessed 25 Aug. 2019].<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516814\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516814\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-366d9df1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"366d9df1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-320ce956 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"320ce956\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9ee832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d9ee832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Olabimtan Olabode .H, Adesina Olalekan.B, Batari Musa.L, Ashade Noah .O, Musa Omale.P, Yahaya Yakubu, Opeyemi Adegboyo .O, Mshelia Suleman. S, Dahiru Ibrahim &#8220;Comparative Studies with Selected Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Single Factor Analysis of Variance of Locally Produced and Industrial Processed Sugar Products in Aqueous Medium&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.12-16 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/12-16.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18089516815\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18089516815\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-78be0239 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78be0239\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fd9a1d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2fd9a1d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29062766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29062766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Comparative Studies with Selected Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Single Factor Analysis of Variance of Locally Produced and Industrial Processed Sugar Products in Aqueous Medium\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/12-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72af628a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"72af628a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6126ea66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6126ea66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-205541e8 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"205541e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/17-23.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"In Vitro Susceptibility Study of Salmonella Spp. and Vibrio Cholerae to Crude Extracts of Euphorbia Kamerunica and Cola Gigantea\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/17-23.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn Vitro Susceptibility Study of Salmonella Spp. and Vibrio Cholerae to Crude Extracts of Euphorbia Kamerunica and Cola Gigantea\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a58d51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a58d51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ezema, James Nnabuike, Imanyikwa, Olaedo E. I., Dibua, Maria Esther and Kanife, Gerald O. <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 17-23<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fc49943 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"4fc49943\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1338284355\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843551\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843551\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843551\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843552\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843552\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843552\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843553\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843553\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843553\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843554\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843554\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843554\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843555\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843555\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843555\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843551\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843551\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-128a760b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"128a760b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24afc99e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24afc99e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5660ca98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5660ca98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Treatment of<em>\u00a0Salmonella\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>Vibro\u00a0<\/em>spp with synthetic antibiotics have progressively declining efficacy due to resistances posed by the target organisms. This study seeks to investigate the susceptibility of these organisms to two age-long anti-diarrhea herbs:\u00a0<em>Euphorbia kamerunica\u00a0 and Cola gigantean.<\/em>\u00a0<em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em>\u00a0and type cultures of\u00a0<em>Salmonella typhi, Salmonella arizona\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>Salmonella enterica\u00a0<\/em>were collected from the Microbiology Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\u00a0<em>Euphorbia kamerunica<\/em>\u00a0succulents and\u00a0<em>Cola gigantea\u00a0<\/em>bark were collected from Neke-Oghe in Ezeagu L.G.A of Enugu State. The herbs were identified in the herbarium at the Botany Department of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Crude extracts of the herbs were made using n-hexane and hot water. Known concentrations of the extracts were used to test the sensitivity of the organisms. Gram-negative antibiotic discs were also used for comparison. Higher sensitivities of the organisms were observed with n-hexane extract of\u00a0<em>E. kamerunica\u00a0<\/em>(75%) and\u00a0<em>C. gigantea\u00a0<\/em>(54.2%) but lower sensitivity with their hot water equivalents: 0% and 25% for\u00a0<em>E. kamerunica\u00a0<\/em>and<em>\u00a0C. gigantea<\/em>\u00a0respectively.\u00a0<em>E. kamerunica\u00a0<\/em>was generally more inhibitive to the organisms than\u00a0<em>C. gigantea.<\/em>\u00a0The bactericidal effects were also more pronounced with the n-hexane extracts of the herbs. The organisms showed varied sensitivity to the antibiotics. Statistical analysis using t-test carried out to compare the herbal\u00a0 and antibiotic treatments\u00a0 indicated a significant difference with the hot water extracts of\u00a0<em>E. kamerunica\u00a0<\/em>and<em>\u00a0C. gigantea;\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0t\u00a0<sub>cal<\/sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0 t\u00a0<sub>tab\u00ad<\/sub>\u00a0but no significant difference with the n-hexane extract of\u00a0<em>E. kamerunica;\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0t\u00a0<sub>tab\u00ad\u00a0<\/sub>&gt;\u00a0 t\u00a0<sub>cal.<\/sub><\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 17-23<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 16 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843552\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843552\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6f05badb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f05badb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9e3a6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9e3a6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ced6768 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ced6768\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezema, James Nnabuike<\/strong><br \/>Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Imanyikwa, Olaedo E. I.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dibua, Maria Esther<\/strong><br \/>Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kanife, Gerald O.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843553\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843553\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-11153c82 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11153c82\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b6a2519 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b6a2519\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d12f026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d12f026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Ashour, H.M. and Amany, E. (2004). Species Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Gram Negative Aerobic Bacteria in Hospitalized Cancer Patients. Journal of Translational Medicine. 7: 14.<br \/>[2]. Doel, M.A and Segrott, J (2004). Materializing Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Geoforum, 35 (6): 727-738.<br \/>[3]. Finkelstein, Q.W (1996). Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspective, Second Edition. Plus Publishers, Stockholm, Sweden. P. 345.<br \/>[4]. Giannella, R. A. (1996). Baron&#8217;s Medical Microbiology, Fourth Edition. University of Texas Medical Branch, USA. P. 1929.<br \/>[5]. Heidelberg, R., Schultz, M. N., Goetz, F and Bertrand, R.F (2000). Impact of Clinical and Environmental Factors on the Epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in Aquatic Ecosystems. Nova Science Publishers, Hamburg, Germany. 221-224.<br \/>[6]. Janda, J.M and Abbott, S.L (2006). &#8220;The Enterobacteria&#8221;. ASM Press, Texas, USA. 34.<br \/>[7]. Kaper, D., Plerm, I.O., Briggs, D.E., Queen, T.S, Troy, E.A and Froth, T (1995). In vitro Activityof Genifloxacin (SB-265805) Compared to Eleven Other Antimicrobial Agents Against Vibrio cholerae Isolates. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 20 (4), P. 2001.<br \/>[8]. Ndour, A.D., Watanmal, V.B and Polsscin, J.O (2006). \u201cA Lion in Our Village\u201d- The Unconscionable Tragedy of Cholera in Africa. New England Journal of Medicine, 360 (11): 1060-1063.<br \/>[9]. Nweze, E.I. and Eze, E.E (2009). Justification for the Use of Ocimium gratissimum L in Herbal Medicine and Its Interaction with Disc Antibiotics. Complementary Alternative Medicine, 9: 37.<br \/>[10]. Pazzani, E.T., Brecci, N and Finkelstein, T (2006). Genomics and the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae Bacterial Genomes and Infectious Diseases. Humana Press, Texas, USA. 270.<br \/>[11]. Ryan, K.J and Ray, C.G (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill, 362\u2013368.<br \/>[12]. Shi, Q., Su, X and Kiyota, H (2008). Chemical and Pharmacological Research of the Plants in the Genus Euphorbia. Chemical Reviews, 108 (10): 4295-4327.<br \/>[13]. Sonibare, M.A., Soladoye, M.O., Esan, O., Sonibara, O.O (2009). Phytochemical Studies of Four Species of Cola. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6 (4): 24-25.<br \/>[14]. Strohl, A.A., Harrow, B.C and Serps, P.C (2001). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology, Fourth Edition. Horizon Scientific Press, London, United Kingdom. 2118.<br \/>[15]. Taghreed, T.A (2001). http:\/\/faculty.ksu.edu.sa\/Dr. Taghreed. Retrieved 27th January, 2010.<br \/>[16]. Thompson, A.J and Swings, T (2006). Epidemic of Vibrio cholerae 0139 With Specific Reference to Intrafamilial Transmission in Calcutta. Journal of Infections, 31 (1): 45-47.<br \/>[17]. Agbebi O. T., Oyeleke G.O. and Agbon O.A.(2012). Use of Euphorbia Kamerunica (Spurge) Extract in the Control of Saprolegnia Species Growth in Incubated Eggs of Clarias Gariepinus. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 12 (8): 2249-4626.<br \/>[18]. Ogunnusi T. A. and Oso B. A. (2014). Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts ofEuphorbia Kamerunica Pax. Int. J. Pharm. Med. &amp; Bio. Sc., 3 (2): 2278 \u2013 5221.<br \/>[19]. Agyare, C., Koffuor, G. A., Boamah, V. E., Adu, F., Mensah, E. B. and Adu-Amoah, L. (2012). Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pterygota macrocarpa and Cola gigantea (Sterculiaceae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012.<br \/>[20]. Aduol, O. M., Ogila, K. O. and John, K. (2014). Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 6 (5): 88-93.<br \/>[21]. Tarh J. E. and Iroegbu C. U. In- vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Effects of Euphorbia abyssinica (Desert Candle) Extract (2017) Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1): 1-10.<br \/>[22]. Ogunnusi, T.A (2015). Auntifungal Activity of Extracts of Euphorbia Kamerunica PAX. Journal of Applied Physics. 7(3): 63-68<br \/>[23]. Adindu, C. S., Odili L. C., Nwagu, E. E., Agu, K. C., Awah, N. S., Okeke, B. C. and Orjionwe, R. N. (2016). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Cola gigantea Leaves, Stem and Bark Universal Journal of Microbiology Research 4(2): 49-54<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843554\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843554\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6d3c058d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d3c058d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f3607a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12f3607a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e446842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e446842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ezema, James Nnabuike, Imanyikwa, Olaedo E. I., Dibua, Maria Esther and Kanife, Gerald O. &#8220;<i>In Vitro<\/i>\u00a0Susceptibility Study of\u00a0<i>Salmonella Spp.<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Vibrio Cholerae<\/i>\u00a0to Crude Extracts of\u00a0<i>Euphorbia Kamerunica<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Cola Gigantea<\/i>\u00a0&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.17-23 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/17-23.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-13382843555\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-13382843555\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3a1a2c89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a1a2c89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2627c77 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2627c77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f769e4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f769e4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"&lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;\/i&gt; Susceptibility Study of &lt;i&gt;Salmonella Spp.&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Vibrio Cholerae&lt;\/i&gt; to Crude Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Euphorbia Kamerunica&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Cola Gigantea&lt;\/i&gt; \" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/17-23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57103235 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"57103235\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6122a0d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6122a0d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15d60d33 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"15d60d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/24-29.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Co(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Ciprofloxacin Imine: Physicochemical and In-Vitro Biological Evaluation\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/24-29.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCo(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Ciprofloxacin Imine: Physicochemical and In-Vitro Biological Evaluation\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c5687f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39c5687f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>T. I. Uzoigwe, A. A. Osunlaja, P. N. Ndahi, O.A.Wafudu, I. Dauda\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 24-29<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a912f55 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"7a912f55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"2056335189\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351891\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351891\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351891\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351892\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351892\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351892\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351893\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351893\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351893\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351894\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351894\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351894\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351895\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351895\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351895\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351891\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351891\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7111902d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7111902d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e66966c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e66966c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30bc2ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30bc2ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Schiff base ligand (HL) derived from ciprofloxacin and 2-aminopyridine was successfully synthesized and complexed with cobalt(II) chloride and zinc(II) acetate. The characterization was done base on molar conductance, infrared and electronic spectra.\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>H NMR was also used for the ligands. The complexes were formed in moderate yields.\u00a0 The ligand and complexes are stable at room temperature. They are soluble in polar solvents (distilled water, ethanol and methanol) but slightly soluble in non-polar solvents (acetone, chloroform and n-hexane).\u00a0 The ligand has sharp melting point of 150\u00a0<sup>0<\/sup>C while the range of those of the complexes indicate their purity. The molar conductivity measurements are in the range of 0.006-0.193 Scm<sup>2<\/sup>mol<sup>-1\u00a0<\/sup>indicating that the complexes are non-electrolytes. The percentage of the metals determined in the complexes are in close agreement with the theoretical values. Infrared spectra of the complexes agree with the coordination to the central metal atom through the nitrogen of the azomethine (C=N), pyridinium (azine) nitrogen hence the ligands are tridentate. The electronic spectra reveals the \u03c0-\u03c0* and n-\u03c0* transitions of the ligand while the\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>H-NMR spectra of the ligand suggests the formation of the azomethine bond. The\u00a0<em>in vitro<\/em>\u00a0antimicrobial activity of all the compounds at different concentrations was screened against four bacterial pathogens, namely,\u00a0<em>Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli<\/em>\u00a0and also on fungal strain;\u00a0<em>Aspergillusniger and Aspergillusfumigatus.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0The complexes showed better activity of antibacterial strain compared to the parent and control drug but no activity on fungal strain. This is an indication that the synthesized compounds have broad spectrum activity.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 24-29<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 22 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351892\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351892\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-759d7aa8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"759d7aa8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de1f92 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1de1f92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d1a4588 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d1a4588\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>T. I. Uzoigwe<\/strong><br \/>University of Maiduguri, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Borno State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A. A. Osunlaja<\/strong><br \/>Federal University Gashua, Department of Chemistry, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>P. N. Ndahi<\/strong><br \/>University of Maiduguri, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Borno State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.A. Wafudu<\/strong><br \/>UniversitiTeknologi, 81310, Johor Bahru , Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Malaysia<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I. Dauda<\/strong><br \/>University of Maiduguri, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Borno State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351893\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351893\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4732062c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4732062c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-205f36ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"205f36ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15cec6a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15cec6a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. 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Shinkichi, S., Nanao W., Toshiaki, K., Takayuki, S., Nobuyuki, A., Sinji, M. and Hisao, I. (2000). \u201cPyridine and Pyridine Derivatives&#8221;. Ullmann&#8217;s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.Weinheim:WileyVCH.doi:10.1002\/14356007.a22_399.<br \/>[8]. Sharma, B., Kothari, R., Sahawal, S, Kumari, N., Sunanda, K., Mandal, Shruti, B. and Shivhare, V. (2015). Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Copper(II) Complex with Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.4(6): 696-707.<br \/>[9]. Al-Amiery, A. A., Mohammed, A., Ibrahim, H. and Abbas, A., (2009). Study of the Biological Activities of TribulusTerrestris Extracts. World Academic Science Engineering Technology.57:433-435.<br \/>[10]. Al-Bayati, R. I. H., Mahdi, F. R. and Ahmed, A. H. A. (2010). Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Antimicrobial Studies of Transition metal Complexes of N-amino Quinolone Derivatives. 14th International Electronic Conference of Synthetic Organic Chemistry letters. 2(4) 1-7.<br \/>[11]. Senthil, K., Priya, S., Jayachandramani, N. and Mahalakshmi, S. (2013). Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Activities of Transition Metal Complexes Derived from a Tridentate Schiff Base. AsianJournal of Chemistry.24(8):1- 10.<br \/>[12]. Tantaru, G., Popescu, M.C., Bild, V., Poiata, A., Lisa, G., and Vasile, C. (2012). Spectroscopic, Thermal and Antimicrobial Properties of the Copper(II) Complex of Schiff Base Derived from 2-(Salicylidene) Aminopyridine. Applied Organometallic Chemistry. (wileyonlinelibrary.com)DOI10.1002\/aoc.2872.<br \/>[13]. Sindhu, Y., Athira, C. J., Sujamol, M. S., Selwin, J. R, and Mohanan, K. (2013). Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Cleavage, and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Transition Metal Complexes with a Novel Schiff Base Derived from 2-Aminopyrimidine. Journal of Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry. 43 (3): 226-236.<br \/>[14]. Sikarwar, P., Tomar, S. and Singh, A. P. (2016). Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Transition Metal(II) Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from 2-Aminophenol and Vanillin. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research.2(2): 221-229.<br \/>[15]. Hossain, M. S., Zakaria, C. M. andZahan M. K. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization with Antimicrobial Activity Studies on some Transition Metal Complexes of N, O Donor Novel Schiff Base Ligand. Journal of Scientific Research. 9 (2): 209-218.<br \/>[16]. Dnyaneshwar, P. G. and Arvind, K. A. (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base Ligands derived from 2-Aminopyridine and 3-Aminophenol by Using Green Approach. Der ChemicaSinica,6(10): 34-37.<br \/>[17]. Abdullahi, O. S., Gareth, M. W. and Bernadus, V. B. (2018). Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Study of Cu(II) Complexes of Aminopyridine and (Aminomethyl)Pyridine Schiff Bases. Journal of Serbian Chemical Society. 83(7\u20138): 809\u2013819.<br \/>[18]. Ndahi, N. P., Pindah, Y.P. and Sandabe, U. K. (2012). Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Schiff Base Complexes of Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Zinc(II). Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research.1(2):<br \/>[19]. Padma, S., Sapna, T. and Singh, A. P. (2016). Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases and their Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II). American Journal of Chemistry. 6(5): 119-125.<br \/>[20]. Sadeek, S. A., El-Attar, M. S and El-Hamid, S.M. (2015). Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Some New Transition Metal Complexes with Ciprofloxacin- Imine. Bulletin ofChemical Society Ethiopia,29(2): 259-274.<br \/>[21]. Gueye, A., Tamboura, F. B., Planeix, J. M., Gruber, N. and Gaye, M. (2018). Synthesis and Spectroscopic Study of Transition Metal Complexes of Tridentate Ligand Formed by Direct Condensation of o-Vanillin and 2-Aminophenol: X-Ray Structural Characterization of the Zinc(II) Complex. European Journal of Chemistry.9(4): 281- 286.<br \/>[22]. Narendra, K. C and Parashuram M. (2017). Metal Complexes of a Novel Schiff base Based on Menicillin: Characterization, Molecular Modelling and Antibacterial Activity Study. Hindawi Bioinorganic Chemistry and Application. (10): 1-13.<br \/>[23]. Osowole, A. A., Kolawole, G. A and Fagade, O. J. (2008). Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies on Unsymmetrical Schiff base Complexes of Nickel(II), Copper(II) and Zinc(II) and Adducts with 2,2\u2019-dipyridine and 1, 10 phenanthroline. Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 61: 1046-1049.<br \/>[24]. Obaleye, J. A., Akinrenmi, C. A., Balogun, E. A. and Adebayo, J. O. (2011). Toxicological Studies and Antimicrobial Properties of some Iron(III) Complexes of Ciprofloxacin. African Journal of Biotechnology. 6(24): 2826-2832.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351894\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351894\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-58327390 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58327390\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c12f29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c12f29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31c602a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31c602a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>T. I. Uzoigwe, A. A. Osunlaja, P. N. Ndahi, O.A.Wafudu, I. Dauda &#8220;Co(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Ciprofloxacin Imine: Physicochemical and\u00a0<i>In-Vitro<\/i>\u00a0Biological Evaluation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.24-29 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/24-29.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20563351895\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20563351895\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-cc9f757 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cc9f757\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-289f8f97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"289f8f97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-225b6ccc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"225b6ccc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Co(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Ciprofloxacin Imine:  Physicochemical and In-Vitro Biological Evaluation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/24-29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92dd9ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"92dd9ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c955813 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c955813\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a71dddf elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"a71dddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/30-35.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Modelling Chicken Production in Nigeria Using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Time Series Model\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/30-35.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tModelling Chicken Production in Nigeria Using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Time Series Model\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08c5d0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08c5d0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lanrewaju Olumide Adekola, Opeyemi Olalekan Olatayo <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 30-35<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e421c09 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"e421c09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"239213577\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135771\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135771\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135771\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135772\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135772\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135772\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135773\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135773\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135773\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135774\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135774\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135774\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135775\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135775\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135775\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135771\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135771\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-76513b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76513b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3caf335 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3caf335\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916791b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"916791b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This research work modeled chicken production in Nigeria using the least square approach as well as the univariate Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) model method. The objective is to investigate the production trend and make logical forecast for poultry farmers to meet up with any future challenges that may arise due to the increase in demand for poultry meat. The maximum likelihood method of estimation was used to obtain the parameters of the fitted Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. Yearly chicken production data for the period of 1961 to 2017 obtained from Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) was used to investigate the performance of the model. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test carried out to check for stationarity of the series shows that the original data was nonstationary and stationarity was attained after the first differencing. ARIMA (2, 1, 2) emerged as the best among other fitted models with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value of 1168.42 and log likelihood 579.21. The optimum model is given by: X<sub>t<\/sub>= \u03d5<sub>1<\/sub>X<sub>t-1<\/sub>\u00a0+ \u03d5<sub>2<\/sub>X<sub>t-2<\/sub>\u00a0+ \u03b8<sub>1<\/sub>e<sub>t-1<\/sub>\u00a0+ \u03b8<sub>2<\/sub>X<sub>t-2<\/sub>\u00a0with estimated parameters \u03d5<sub>1<\/sub>= 0.3169, \u03d5<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0= &#8211; 0.5005, \u03b8<sub>1<\/sub>= &#8211; 0.3948, \u03b8<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0= 0.9377. Diagnostic checks via standardised residuals, ACF of residuals and p-values revealed that the model captures the data well enough. Forecast values for the year 2018 to 2023 were then obtained which show a considerable variation over the years. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model clearly performed excellently in studying the behavior of chicken production data and forecasting its future values.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 30-35<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 22 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135772\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135772\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4c8571c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c8571c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0173c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0173c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3903a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3903a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lanrewaju Olumide Adekola<\/strong><br \/>Department of Physical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Opeyemi Olalekan Olatayo<\/strong><br \/>Department of Physical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135773\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135773\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-fa1c113 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fa1c113\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97d377b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97d377b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d233337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d233337\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Akaike, H. (1970). Statistical predictor identification. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. 22: 203\u201317<br \/>[2]. Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE transactions on automatic control. 6: 716-723.<br \/>[3]. Alaejos, M. S., Gonzalez, V., &amp; Afonso, A. M. (2008). Exposure to heterocyclic aromatic amines from the consumption of cooked red meat and its effect on human cancer risk: A review. Food Additives and Contaminants, 25 (1), 2\u201324.<br \/>[4]. Alison, J. M., Emeir, M. M., Geraldine, J. C., Bruce, W. M., Julie, M.W., Wallace, M. P. Bonham and Anna M. Fearon (2010). Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits. Meat Science 84 (2010) 1\u201313. www.elsevier.com\/locate\/meatsci.<br \/>[5]. Azadbakht, L., and Esmaillzadeh, A. (2008). Red meat intake is associated with metabolic<br \/>[6]. Box, G. E. P. and Jenkins, G. M. 1976. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Revised Edition, Holden-Day, San Francisco.<br \/>[7]. Cosgrove, M., Flynn, A., &amp; Kiely, M. (2004). Impact of disaggregation of composite foods on estimates of intakes of meat and meat products in Irish adults. Public Health Nutrition. 8 (3), 327\u2013337.<br \/>[8]. Henderson, L., and Gregory, J. (2002). The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19-64 years. Volume 1: Types and quantities of foods consumed. London: The Stationery Office.<br \/>[9]. Makridakis, S., Chatfield, C., Hibon, M., Lawrence, M., Mills, T., Ord, K., &amp; Simmons, L. F. (1993). &#8220;The M2-Competition: &#8220;A Real-Time Judgmentally-Based Forecasting Study&#8221;, International Journal of Forecasting, 9(1): 5-23.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135774\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135774\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-034c5a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"034c5a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd7446d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd7446d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2948a92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2948a92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lanrewaju Olumide Adekola, Opeyemi Olalekan Olatayo &#8220;Modelling Chicken Production in Nigeria Using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Time Series Model&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.30-35 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/30-35.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2392135775\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2392135775\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-47c265a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47c265a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef52a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ef52a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34dce63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34dce63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Modelling Chicken Production in Nigeria Using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Time Series Model\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/30-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63b731 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d63b731\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38ba0723 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38ba0723\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24c67884 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"24c67884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/36-40.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\" Variation of Plant Macronutrients in Sisal (agavesisalana) Leaves Biomass\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/36-40.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Variation of Plant Macronutrients in Sisal (agavesisalana) Leaves Biomass\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21ea0068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21ea0068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Peter A.C. Echessa\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 36-40<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c80b0cf e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3c80b0cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1015066831\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668311\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668311\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668311\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668312\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668312\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668312\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668313\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668313\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668313\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668314\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668314\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668314\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668315\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668315\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668315\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668311\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668311\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-2b1d9f64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b1d9f64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da9de65 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4da9de65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3bc977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a3bc977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Sisal growing is one of the key agricultural activities in Kenya. Sisal is a high waste generating plant as 97% of its leaves are a waste. Disposal of the waste generated has remained a challenge and are burned to ashes or used as landfills. They are hardly used in promoting plant growth despite their potential. Discarding the biomass arises from the fact that they are acidic and when used would burn crops! When composted however acidity reduces and so is a potential fertilizer. The study set out to determine levels of N, P, K and Ca in relatively young, old, smooth and thorn edged sisal leaf biomass. Sisal leaf samples were collected from farms in Lugari, western Kenya and used to generate sample wastes that were used in the laboratory analysis. Digested samples were subjected to standard procedures and methods: Kjeldhal (N), Spectrophotometry (P) and Photometry (K and Ca) to establish the levels. It was established that sisal leaf wastes analyzed had 1719.00\u00b1516.86 mg\/100 g of nitrogen, 257.19\u00b1131.41 mg\/100 g of phosphorous, 2154.94\u00b1471.45 mg\/100 g potassium and 3419.20\u00b11234.39 mg\/100 g calcium. It was further noted that apart from nitrogen all other macronutrients were significantly higher in relatively young leaves compared to correspondingly older leaves. Both potassium and calcium were also significantly high in thorn edged leaf varieties compared to the smooth edged ones. It is hoped that results of this study will influence the disposal mechanism shifting it from the present methods to composting or otherwise that would enable their utilization in promoting plant growth.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 36-40<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 26 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668312\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668312\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-457d8f08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"457d8f08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46f5d399 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46f5d399\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e549787 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e549787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter A.C. Echessa<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 00100 GPO NAIROBI, KENYA<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668313\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668313\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-57d20f45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"57d20f45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514d4061 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"514d4061\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ccc470f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ccc470f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Besford, R.T., G.A Maw, 1974. Uptake and distribution of potassium in tomatoe plants.Journal of plant and soil science41: 601-618.<br \/>[2]. Breimer, T. 1982: Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the nitrate content in spinach. Journal of Agronomy3:191-192.<br \/>[3]. Cunningham, R.S., 2002. Effects of nutritional status.American journal of clinical nutrition Immunological function76: 1409-1415.<br \/>[4]. FAO, 2008. Fibers.Statistical Bulletin.URL 22.<br \/>[5]. Gabelman, W.H. and Loughman, B.C. 1993. Genetic variations in the uptake and utilization of potassium in wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) varieties grown under potassium stress. In: Leiden (ed) Genetic Aspects of plant mineral nutrition. MartinusNijhoff publishers page 323-330.<br \/>[6]. Garrow, J.S., James, W.P. and Raph, A., 1998. Human nutrition and dietics. China churchillivingstone paper back jan15\/856.<br \/>[7]. Grubben, G.J.H., 2004. Vegetables.Volume 2 of plant resources of tropical African page 523.<br \/>[8]. Ha, S.H. and Chung G.C., 1995. Integrated analysis of nitrogen status on cucumber plants grown in the solutions of different ionic strength. Journal of international society for horticultural science396:153-160.<br \/>[9]. Machin, D. H., 1991. Report on the integration of livestock systems into sisal production. Report of a visit carried out to Kenya and Tanzania. GCP\/RAF\/258\/SWE FAO.<br \/>[10]. Marschmer, H., 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants.2nd edition.Land Academic press.<br \/>[11]. Mckenzie, R.H. and A. Middleton, 2013. Phosphorous fertilizer application in crop production, Alberta Agriculture and Rural development guide.<br \/>[12]. Mclaughlin, S.B. and wimmer, R., 1999: Calcium physiology and terrestrial ecosystem process. Journal of New phytologist142:373-417.<br \/>[13]. Mohammed, S., 2007. Dar esSalaam Plans Power From Sisal Waste, East African Business Week, Kampala.<br \/>[14]. Mshandate A. M. and A.K Kivaisi, 2012. Comparative study on cultivar and yield performance of Coprinuscinerus (schaeff) Gray on sisal wastes supplemented cow dung. International Journal of research in pure and applied microbiology2:25-31.<br \/>[15]. Mshandate, A.M., Kibozohi, O. and Kivaisi, A.K., 2013. Tanzanian sisal industry: Auditing and characterization of sisal post-harvest wastes as a bio resource for bio refining. International Journal of pure and applied science and Technology14:84-94.<br \/>[16]. Mshandate, A.M., L. Bjornsson, A.K. Kivaisi, M.S.T. Rubindamayugi, B. Mattiasson 2006. Effect of Particle size on biogas yield from sisal fibre waste.Journal of Renewable Energy 31:2385-2392.<br \/>[17]. Mshandate, A.M., L. Bjornsson, A.K. Kivaisi, M.S.T. Rubindamayugi, B. Mattiasson, 2008. Performance of Biofilm Careers in Anaerobic Digestions of Sisal Leaf waste Leachate. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 11:0717-3458.<br \/>[18]. Muthangya M., A.M. Mshandate and A.K. Kivaisi, 2009. Two stage fungal pretreatment for improved Biogas production from sisal leaf decortications Residues: International Journal of molecular sciences 10: 4805-4815.<br \/>[19]. Muthangya, M., S.D. Stashini, J.M. Amena A.M. Mshandate and A.K. Kivaisi, 2013. Optimization of pleurotusmushrooms cultivation on sisal solid wastes. Journal of applied sciences23: 1146-1150.<br \/>[20]. Plank, C.O. and D.E. Kissel, 2008. Plant analysis handbook for Georgia Agricultural and environmental services laboratories.UNGA extension.<br \/>[21]. Raymond, P., Mshandate, A.M and Kivaisi, A. K., 2012. Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of Copious cinereous (schaeff) Grey on sisal wastes supplemented with cow dung manure. International journal of research in pure and applied microbiology2:25-31.<br \/>[22]. Rehm, S. and Esping, G., 1991. The Cultivated Plant of the Tropics and Subtropics.Velag Josef Margraf Scientific Books.ISBN3-8236-1169-0.Bangor SB111.R4313.<br \/>[23]. Scoh, P., 2006. Bio economy at Work, oil Crisis Boosts African Sisal Industry. UNIDO.<br \/>[24]. SQM, 2006. Roles of nitrogen and potassium in plant nutrition.Potassium nitrogen Association.<br \/>[25]. Taiwo,A. (2011). Composting as a sustainable waste management technique in developing countries.Journal of environmental science and Technology.4.<br \/>[26]. Torelm, I. and Damubon, R., 1998. Variation in major nutrients and minerals in Swedish foods, multivariate, multifactorial approach to the effect of season, region and chain.Journal of food composition and analysis11:11-31.<br \/>[27]. UNESP, 2010. Development of Research with Waste of Sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine).Pharmacological Properties.<br \/>[28]. White, P.J. and M.R. Broadley, 2003. Calcium in plants.Ann. Bot., 92: 487\u2013511.<br \/>[29]. Yayock, J.Y., Lombin, G., Owonubi, J.J., 1988. Crop Science and Production in Warm Climates.Macmillan publishers Ltd, London.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668314\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668314\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5d1267c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d1267c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ea4f091 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ea4f091\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69702555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69702555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Peter A.C. Echessa &#8220;Variation of Plant Macronutrients in Sisal (<i>agavesisalana<\/i>) Leaves Biomass&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.36-40 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/36-40.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10150668315\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10150668315\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2d0c503e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d0c503e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-174d1da0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"174d1da0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74be4a31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74be4a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Variation of Plant Macronutrients in Sisal (&lt;i&gt;agavesisalana&lt;\/i&gt;) Leaves Biomass\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/36-40.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ecae7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c2ecae7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480d46a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"480d46a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-510493b elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"510493b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/41-43.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Evaluation of Special Integrals with Differential Transform Method\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/41-43.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEvaluation of Special Integrals with Differential Transform Method\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b55a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b55a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abayomi Samuel Oke, Folakemi M. Okafor, Victoria Adodo <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 41-43<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ecf5a e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"88ecf5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"143576922\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769221\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769221\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769221\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769222\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769222\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769222\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769223\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769223\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769223\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769224\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769224\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769224\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769225\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769225\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769225\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769221\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769221\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-baa58d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"baa58d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d945af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d945af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a28033 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a28033\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Differential transform method (DTM) is established to be useful in evaluating some certain class of special integrals (Fresnel sine integral, Fresnel cosine integrals and error function). DTM is also employed in solving variable coefficient Airy equation. The Error function and Fresnel sine and cosine integrals were converted to recursive relations using differential transform method and then solved. The results converge to the exact solution. The DTM solution of Airy equation also converges to the solution obtained from Power series method.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 41-43<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 26 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769222\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769222\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3b435e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b435e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8254b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8254b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6380ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6380ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abayomi Samuel Oke<\/strong><br \/>Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Folakemi M. Okafor<\/strong><br \/>National Mathematical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Victoria Adodo<\/strong><br \/>Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769223\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769223\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6d2a806 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d2a806\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f54d247 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f54d247\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96e56c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96e56c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] A. Arikoglu and I. Ozkol. Solution of boundary value problems for integro-differential equations by using transform method. Appl. Math. Comput., 168:1145 \u2013 1158, 2005.<br \/>[2] F. Ayaz. On two-dimensional differential transform method. Appl. Math. Comput., 143:361 \u2013 374, 2003.<br \/>[3] J. Biazar and H. Ghazvini Hes. Variational iteration method for solving linear and nonlinear and system of ordinary differential equations. Appl. Math. Comput., 191:287 \u2013 297, 2007.<br \/>[4] C. K. Chen and S. H. Ho. Solving partial differential equations by two-dimensional differential transform method. Appl. Math. Comput., 106:171 \u2013 179, 1999.<br \/>[5] C. L. Chen, S. H. Lin, and C.K. Chen. Application of taylor transformation to nonlinear predictive control problem. Appl. Math. Model, 20:699 \u2013 710, 1996.<br \/>[6] S. El-Sayed. The decomposition method for studying the klein-gordon equation. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 18:1025 \u2013 1030, 2003.<br \/>[7] O. Adbel-Halim Hassan. Comparison differential transform technique with adomian decomposition method for linear and nonlinear initial value problems. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 36:53 \u2013 65, 2008.<br \/>[8] H. Jafari and V. Daftardar Gejji. Revised adomian decomposition method for solving system of ordinary and fractional differential equations. Appl. Math. Comput., 181:598 \u2013 608, 2006.<br \/>[9] M. J. Jang, C. L. Chen, and Y. C. Liu. On solving the initial value problems using the differential transformation method. Appl. Math. Comput., 115:145 \u2013 160, 2000.<br \/>[10] M. J. Jang, C. L. Chen, and Y.C. Liu. Two-dimensional differential transform for partial differential equations. Appl. Math. Comput., 121:261 \u2013 270, 2001.<br \/>[11] M. Javidi and A. Golbabai. Modified homotopy perturbation method for solving non-linear fredholm integral equations. Chaos, Solutions and Fractals, 2007. doi: 10. 1016\/j. chaos. 2007. 09. 026.<br \/>[12] A. S. V. Ravi Kanth and K. Aruna. Differential transform method for solving the linear and nonlinear klein-gordon equation. Computer Physics Communications, 180:708 \u2013 711, 2009.<br \/>[13] Farshid Mirzaee. Differential transform method for solving linear and nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 5(70):3465 \u2013 3472, 2011.<br \/>[14] M. Mohseni Moghadam and H. Saeedi. Application of differential transforms for solving the volterra integro-partial differential equations. Iranian Journal of Science &amp; Technology, Transaction A, 34(A1), 2010.<br \/>[15] Z. Odibat. Differential transform method for solving volterra integral equation with separable kernels. Math. Comput. Model, 48:1144 \u2013 1146, 2008.<br \/>[16] A. S. Oke. Convergence of differential transform method for ordinary differential equations. Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 24(6):1\u201317, 2017.<br \/>[17] A. Tari. The differential transform method for solving the model describing biological species living together. Iranian Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Informatics, 7(2):63\u201374, 2012.<br \/>[18] J.K. Zhou. Differential transformation and application for electrical circuits. Huazhong University Press, Wuhan, China, 1986.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769224\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769224\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-c817fb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c817fb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a873c1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a873c1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6bc612 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6bc612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abayomi Samuel Oke, Folakemi M. Okafor, Victoria Adodo &#8220;Evaluation of Special Integrals with Differential Transform Method&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.41-43 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/41-43.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1435769225\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1435769225\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ebdd376 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ebdd376\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b605e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b605e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a1aa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9a1aa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Evaluation of Special Integrals with Differential Transform Method\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/41-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-936c6a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"936c6a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b422088 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b422088\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b7b34 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"84b7b34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/44-51.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Price Fluctuation of Cowpea in Taraba State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/44-51.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrice Fluctuation of Cowpea in Taraba State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cdf129 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cdf129\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Joyce D. Moses, Jimjel Zalkuwi, Titus Joshua and Bashir H. Gabdo <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 44-51<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5366315 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"5366315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"87450389\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503891\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503891\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-874503891\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503892\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503892\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-874503892\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503893\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503893\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-874503893\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503894\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503894\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-874503894\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503895\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-874503895\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-874503895\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-874503891\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-874503891\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-29762e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29762e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7c874 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db7c874\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae72e0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae72e0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study was conducted to forecast future prices of cowpea in Taraba State, Nigeria. Secondary data were collected from the Agricultural Development Project (ADP) of Taraba State for a period of 5 years (2013-2017). Multistage and Purposive sampling techniques were used for selection of the study area. Dicky Fuller Test and Simple Exponential Smoothing Model were used to analyze the data. The unit root test analysis revealed that all the markets price series were non-stationary at level at 5% significant level, but became stationary after first difference at 5% significant level. The result of exponential smoothing revealed that the cowpea prices in Taraba State will be higher from September to November in the year 2018. It is recommended that an attempts should be made by governments, trade unions and non-Governmental organization to reduce excessive externality costs associated with the cowpea marketing in the states. This attempt will help to minimize the total variable cost and bring about insignificant price differential among cowpea markets in the states.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 44-51<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 26 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-874503892\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-874503892\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-e920c13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e920c13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74caf26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74caf26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8137223 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8137223\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyce D. Moses<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jimjel Zalkuwi<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Titus Joshua<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashir H. Gabdo<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-874503893\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-874503893\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6912c13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6912c13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-792df92 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"792df92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0524cc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0524cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Adebusuyi, B.S., 2009. Stabilization of Commodity Market of Interest to Africa. Paper presented at the workshop on constraints to growth in sub-Saharan Africa, held in Pretoria South Africa.<br \/>[2]. Adesola, A.I., and Rahji, M. A.Y., 2015. Integration among Spatial Onion Markets in Nigeria. A Cointegration Analysis. Journal of human-social science; 15 (3):4-8.<br \/>[3]. Akpan, S.B., 2007. Relative Price Variability and Inflation: A case study of Grain subsector in Nigeria. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis. University of Uyo, Nigeria. Pp 54-57.<br \/>[4]. Akpan, S.B., Udoh E.J. and Udo U.J., 2014.Monthly Price Analysis of Cowpea (beans) and Maize in Akwa Ibom state, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Food and Agricultural; 2(2):65-86.<br \/>[5]. Akpan, S.B., and Udoh, E.J., 2009. Estimating grain relative price variability and inflation rate movement in different agricultural regimes in Nigeria. Humanity and Social Sciences Journal; 4(2):107-113.<br \/>[6]. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association; 74:427\u201331.<br \/>[7]. Gilbert, C., 1999.Commodity risk management for developing countries:paper prepared for the third meeting of the international task force (ITF)held in Geneva 23rd -24th June 1999.<br \/>[8]. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 2010. IITA Annual Report. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan.<br \/>[9]. Ibrahim, F.D., Nmadu, J.N., Baba, K.M. Gana, A.S., Danbaba, N., andIbrahim, P.A.,2013. Demand analysis for consumer preference of cowpea attributes in Niger State, Nigeria: A Hedonic Approach. Journal of Agriculture and Vertinary Science (IOSR-JAVS), 5 (5):67-72.<br \/>[10]. International Monetary Fund 2010 in Taru, B., 2014. Price Fluctuation and Market Integration of selected cereal grains in North- Eastern, Nigeria. (Published Doctorate Dissertation), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Pp 33-45.<br \/>[11]. Mathew, E., 2014. Analysis of price fluctuation in Mubi North Local Government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Unpublished project summited to the department of agricultural economics and extension, Adamawa State Unuversity Mubi. Pp. 26-28.<br \/>[12]. Polaski, S., 2008.Rising Food Prices, Poverty and Doha Round. Carnegie endowmentfor international Peace. Principles and Application.Living Books Series G.M Publications, Abuja. Pp.15-20.<br \/>[13]. Udoh, E.J., and Akpan, S.B., 2007. Estimating Exportable Tree Crop Relative Price Variability and Inflation Movement under Different Policy Regimes in Nigeria. European Journal of Social Science; 5(2): 17-26.<br \/>[14]. Zalkuwi, Z., Rakesh, S., Deepika, J., Arpita, G., Rehka, R., 2015. Spatial Market Integration between Two Markets of Sorghum in Karnataka and Maharashtra State of India. International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology; 2(10): 13-25<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-874503894\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-874503894\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-884503e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"884503e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e3989e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e3989e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2df8c3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2df8c3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Joyce D. Moses, Jimjel Zalkuwi, Titus Joshua and Bashir H. Gabdo &#8220;Price Fluctuation of Cowpea in Taraba State, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.44-51 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/44-51.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-874503895\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-874503895\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ec75677 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec75677\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31b593e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31b593e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-353ca7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"353ca7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Price Fluctuation of Cowpea in Taraba State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/44-51.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebaa14e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ebaa14e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e298618 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e298618\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a0d3c8 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4a0d3c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/52-59.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Characterization and Evaluation of Antifungal and Phytochemical Activities of Senna Didymobotrya Leave Extracts\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/52-59.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCharacterization and Evaluation of Antifungal and Phytochemical Activities of Senna Didymobotrya Leave Extracts\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-936f227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"936f227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>John Muiru, Aloys Osano, Linda Mesoppirr and Bakari Chaka\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 52-59<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cc295 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"71cc295\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"119325333\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253331\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253331\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253331\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253332\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253332\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253332\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253333\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253333\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253333\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253334\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253334\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253334\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253335\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253335\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253335\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253331\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253331\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-258a558 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"258a558\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6e015c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6e015c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3836d35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3836d35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Conventional antifungal agents are expensive with numerous side effects.\u00a0<i>Senna didymobotrya<\/i>\u00a0plants are known to possess antifungal potential as extensively used by the people of central Kenya in the treatment of ringworm (<i>Tinea capitis<\/i>)The main aim of this study was to analyze the most expound bioactive compounds present in this plant\u2019s leaves crude extracts and determine its antifungal potency. Solvent extraction was done using water, methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were characterized for physical-chemical parameters, bio-metals, functional groups, phytochemicals and antifungal properties. Both water and methanol extracts were neutral while the rest of the extracts were slightly acidic. The extracts showed appreciable conductivities with methanol (123.05\u00b12.88mS), water (73.43\u00b134.85mS) and more solubility values at 25<sup>0<\/sup>C. The infrared spectra of the compounds indicated presence of carbonyl groups, alcohols, organometallic compounds and halides. All the\u00a0<i>S. didymobotrya<\/i>\u00a0leaves extracts contained essential bio-metals in considerable concentrations. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids were the most pronounced phytochemicals present, especially in methanol and water extracts. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts had the highest of mycelial growth inhibitions in the leaves extracts, (16mm and 15mm respectively). In conclusion, water, methanol and chloroform extracts were found to be more suitable for medicinal applications.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 52-59<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 27 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253332\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253332\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4d66bf8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d66bf8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97787fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97787fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a06ef2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a06ef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Muiru<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Kenya. P.O Box 861-20500, Narok, Kenya.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aloys Osano<\/strong><br \/>The Centre for Innovation, New and Renewable Energy (CINRE) Department, Maasai mara university, Kenya. P.O Box 861-20500, Narok, Kenya<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Linda Mesoppirr<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Kenya. P.O Box 861-20500, Narok, Kenya.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bakari Chaka<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Kenya. P.O Box 861-20500, Narok, Kenya.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253333\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253333\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-cbc25a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbc25a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6333afc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6333afc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff5c82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bff5c82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Johnson, J. (2017). What you need you need to know about fungal infections. Medical News Today. Medilexicon, InH., 17.<br \/>[2]. Aly R. Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 98. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8301\/<br \/>[3]. Hawksworth, D. (2001). The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 1.5 million species estimated revisited. Mycol Res(105), 1422-1432.<br \/>[4]. Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M., Polme, S., Koljalg, U., Yorou, N., &amp; Wijesundera, R. (2014). Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science(346), 6213.<br \/>[5]. Eggimann, P., Garbino, J., &amp; Pittet, D. (2003). Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3, 685-702.<br \/>[6]. Rojas, J. J., Ochoa, V. J., Ocampo, S. A., &amp; Munoz, J. F. (2006). Screening of antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine; A possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections. Biomedical Central Complementary and Alternative Medicine (6), 2.<br \/>[7]. Doughar, J. H., El-mahmood, A. M., &amp; Tyoyina, I. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Senna obtusifolia (L). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1(2), 007-013.<br \/>[8]. Mukherjee, P. K. (2002). An Approach to Evaluation of Botanical. In Mukherjee, Alternative System of Medicine. In; Quality Control Herbal Drugs, Business Horizons. New Delhi, India. (pp. 223-231).<br \/>[9]. Rischer, H., Oresec, M., &amp; Seppanen-Loakso, T. (2006). Gene-to-metabolite networks for terpenoids indole alkaloids biosynthesis in Catheranthus roseus cells. Proc NaH. Acad. Sci, 103, 5614-5619.<br \/>[10]. Nyamwamu, L. B., Ngeiywa, M., Mulaa, M., Lelo, E. A., Ingonga, J., &amp; Kimutai, A. (2015). Phytochemical constituents of Senna didymobotrya Fresen irwin roots used as a traditional Medicinal plant in Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research, 2, 435-436.<br \/>[11]. Hirasawa, M., &amp; Takada, K. (2004). Multiple effects of green tea catechins on the antifungal activity of antimycotics against Candida albicans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53, 225-229.<br \/>[12]. Selvig, K., &amp; Alspaugh, J. A. (2011). pH Response Pathways in Fungi: Adapting to Host-derived and Environmental Signals. Mycobiology, 39(4), 249\u2013256. doi:10.5941\/MYCO.2011.39.4.249<br \/>[13]. Mukherjee, P. K., Venkatesh, P., &amp; Ponnusankar, S. (2010). Ethnopharmacology and integrative medicine &#8211; Let the history tell the future. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 1(2), 100\u2013109. doi:10.4103\/0975-9476.65077<br \/>[14]. Cornet, M., &amp; Gaillardin, C. (2014). pH signaling in human fungal pathogens: a new target for antifungal strategies. Eukaryotic cell, 13(3), 342\u2013352. doi:10.1128\/EC.00313-13<br \/>[15]. Hay R. J. (2017). Tinea Capitis: Current Status. Mycopathologia, 182(1-2), 87\u201393. doi:10.1007\/s11046-016-0058-8<br \/>[16]. Amy K. (2018). Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Acral Lick Dermatitis, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.08.010, 49, 1, 105-123.<br \/>[17]. Saiba, S., Babar, A., Muhammad, A., Fahad A., Firox A. (2014). Antifungal effect of Gatifloxacin and copper ions combination. The Journal of Antibiotics, 67. 499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ja.2014.35<br \/>[18]. Turecka, K., Chylewska, A., Kawiak, A., &amp; Waleron, K. F. (2018). Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Co(III) Coordination Complexes With Diamine Chelate Ligands Against Reference and Clinical Strains of Candida spp. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 1594. doi:10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01594<br \/>[19]. Arias, L. S., Pessan, J. 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Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of Ricinus communis against selected pathogens. BMC research notes, 10(1), 660. doi:10.1186\/s13104-017-3001-2<br \/>[23]. Gundel, P., Seal, C., Biganzoli, F., Molina-Montenegro, M., V\u00e1zquez-de-Aldana, B., Zabalgogeazcoa, I., Bush, L., Mart\u00ednez-Ghersa, M. and Ghersa, C. (2018). Occurrence of Alkaloids in Grass Seeds Symbiotic With Vertically-Transmitted Epichlo\u00eb Fungal Endophytes and Its Relationship With Antioxidants. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6. 211. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fevo.2018.00211<br \/>[24]. Jose, M., Mar\u00eda, A., Rosa, E., Horst, V., Juan, A. and Alicia, G. (2005). Flavonoids exhibit fungal species and genus specific effects on the presymbiotic growth of Gigaspora and Glomus. Mycol Res. 2005 Jul; 109(Pt 7): 789\u2013794.<br \/>[25]. Kitonde, C. K., Fidahusein, D. L., &amp; Jumba, M. M. (2014). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Senna didymobotrya used to treat bacterial and fungal infections in Kenya. Int J Educ Res, 2, 1-12.<br \/>[26]. Korir, R. K., Mutai, C., Kiiyukia, C., &amp; Bii, C. (2012). Antimicrobial Activity and Safety of two Medininal Plants Traditionally used in Bomet District of Kenya. Res J Med Plant., 6:370-382.<br \/>[27]. Tahiya, H. A., Amira, H. S., Mohammab, A. H., Afaf, M. W., &amp; Al-Riyami, Q. (2014). Comparative study of phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of fresh and dry leaves crude plant extracts of Datura metel L. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 26, 237-243.<br \/>[28]. Hirasawa, M., &amp; Takada, K. (2004). Multiple effects of green tea catechins on the antifungal activity of antimycotics against Candida albicans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53, 225-229.<br \/>[29]. Bhat, S. V., Paterson, D. L., Rinaldi, M. G., &amp; Veldkamp, P. J. (2007). Scedosporium prolificans brain abscess in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: Successful combination therapy with Voroconazole and terbinafine. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 39, 87-90.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253334\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253334\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b106aad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b106aad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1125123 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1125123\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8a7a23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8a7a23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>John Muiru, Aloys Osano, Linda Mesoppirr and Bakari Chaka &#8220;Characterization and Evaluation of Antifungal and Phytochemical Activities of\u00a0<i>Senna Didymobotrya<\/i>\u00a0Leave Extracts &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.52-59 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/52-59.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1193253335\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1193253335\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6a36d58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a36d58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a79746e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a79746e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5239513 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5239513\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; 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Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124611\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124611\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124611\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124612\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124612\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124612\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124613\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124613\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124613\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124614\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124614\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124614\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124615\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124615\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124615\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124611\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124611\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-13538d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13538d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16bb4d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c16bb4d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118dd98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"118dd98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Biogas production at low temperature regimes is annoyingly slow and yields low biogas volumes. Most biogas supplements are expensive and substrate-specific. The effects of two bio-catalysts\u00a0<i>Saccharomyeces spp.<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Acanthaceae spp.<\/i>\u00a0and an inorganic catalyst ferric oxide on biogas production using cow dung slurry was investigated. 1.5L batch anaerobic digester operating in unstirred cryo-mesophilic temperature regime of 20.0 -24.5 0C were utilized. The substrate underwent mild synergistic pre-treatment by steaming with 1% sodium hydroxide solution. The alkalinity and volatile acids of the substrates were insignificantly perturbed by inclusion of the additives. Additives\u00a0<i>Saccharomyeces spp.<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Acanthaceae spp.<\/i>\u00a0stabilized digestion temperature while ferric oxide stabilized pH drifts. The overall biogas yields produced in the 100-day retention period were in the order of 4615ml (990.34ml\/g-Volatile solids) for ferric oxide, 2335ml (494.08ml\/g-Volatile solids) for\u00a0<i>Saccharomyeces spp.<\/i>, 1750ml (328.94ml\/g-Volatile solids) for\u00a0<i>Acanthaceae spp.<\/i>\u00a0and 1030ml (212.37ml\/g-Volatile solids) for the control sample. Use of these additives would thus optimize biogas production in cold countries.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 60-67<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 27 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124612\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124612\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-be031ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be031ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-126e8d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"126e8d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-266a371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"266a371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Osano Aloys<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Kenya<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bakari Chaka<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Maasai Mara University, Kenya<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124613\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124613\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-530050c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"530050c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac530bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac530bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d57f9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d57f9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. P. Anastas, N. Eghbali, Green Chemistry: Principles and Practice. Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, (2010),301\u2013312.<br \/>[2]. M.R. Cave, J. Wragg, I. Harrison, C.H. Vane, T.V. Wiele, E. Groeve, C. Nathanail, \u201cComparison of Batch Mode and Dynamic Physiologically Based Bio-accessibility Tests for PAHs in Soil Samples&#8221;. Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 44 (7),(2010),2657\u20132659.<br \/>[3]. J. Kim, G. Baek, J. Kim, &amp;C. Lee, Energy production from different organic wastes by anaerobic co-digestion: Maximizing methane yield versus maximizing synergistic effect. Renewable Energy, 136, (2019), 683-690.<br \/>[4]. Q. Xu, J. Qin, &amp;J.H. Ko, Municipal solid waste landfill performance with different biogas collection practices: Biogas and leachate generations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 222, (2019), 446-454.<br \/>[5]. D. Deublein,&amp;A. Steinhauser,Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources. 2ndedition ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA. 2011, ISBN: 978-3-527-32798-0. 34-35.<br \/>[6]. Z. Li, A.D.G Wright, H. Liu, K. Bao, T. Zhang, K. Wang, X. Cui, G. Li, Bacterial Community Composition and Fermentation Patterns in the Rumen of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Fed Three Different Diets. Microbial Ecology, 69, 2, (2015),307-318.<br \/>[7]. H. Li, E. Larsson, E. Thorin, E. Dahlquist, &amp;X. Yu, Feasibility study on combining anaerobic digestion and biomass gasification to increase the production of biomethane. Energy Conversion and Management, 100, (2015), 212-219.<br \/>[8]. D. Ferna\u0301ndez-Gutie\u0301rrez, M. Veillette, A. Giroir-Fendler, A.A. Ramirez, N. Faucheux, &amp;M. Heitz, Bio-valorization of saccharides derived from industrial wastes such as whey: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio\/technology, 16, 1, (2017),147-174.<br \/>[9]. R. Luc, Biomass Gasification and Upgrading to Biomethane, Energy Delta Gas Research,1, Arhnem. (2013),Pg. 10.<br \/>[10]. J. 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Buffiere, Development of a kineticmodel for anaerobic dry digestion processes: Focus on acetate degradation and moisture<br \/>content. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 56(3), (2011),207-218.<br \/>[16]. K. Svensson, O. Kj\u00f8rlaug, M.J. Higgins, R. Linjordet, &amp;S.J. Horn, Post-anaerobic digestion thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge and food waste: Effect on methane yields, dewaterability and solids reduction. Water Research, 132, (2018), 158-166.<br \/>[17]. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, &amp;L. Tang, Effect of PEG4000 on cellulase catalysis in the lignocellulose saccharification processes. Journal of Chemical Technology &amp; Biotechnology, 86, 1, (2011),115-120.<br \/>[18]. I. Ho\u0308fer, &amp;M. Kaltschmitt, Effect of additives on particulate matter formation of solid biofuel blends from wood and straw. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery: Processing of Biogenic Material for Energy and Chemistry,7, 1, (2017),101-116.<br \/>[19]. D. Gallegos, H. Wedwitschka, L. Moeller, A. Zehnsdorf, &amp;W. Stinner, Effect of particle size reduction and ensiling fermentation on biogas formation and silage quality of wheat straw. Bioresource Technology: Part A, 245, (2017), 216-224.<br \/>[20]. V. Yilmaz, E. Ince-Yilmaz, Y.D. Yilmazel, &amp;M. Duran, Is aceticlastic methanogen composition in full-scale anaerobic processes related to acetate utilization capacity? Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98, 11, (2014),5217-5226.<br \/>[21]. G. Capson-Tojo, M. Rouez, M. Crest, J.P. Steyer, J.P. Delgene\u0300s, &amp;R. Escudie\u0301, Food waste valorization via anaerobic processes: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio\/technology, 15, 3, (2016),499-547.<br \/>[22]. Z. Cetecioglu, B. Ince, M. Gros, S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, D. Barcel\u00f3, O. Ince, &amp;D. Orhon, Biodegradation and reversible inhibitory impact of sulfamethoxazole on the utilization of volatile fatty acids during anaerobic treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater. Science of the Total Environment,536, (2015), 667-674.<br \/>[23]. H.J. Prabhu N. Stalin Performance evaluation of partial mixing anaerobic digester ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol.2, (2007),12-16.<br \/>[24]. Y.S. Shakeri, R.M. Ziels, A. Bj\u00f6rn, U. Skyllberg, J. Ejlertsson, A. Karlsson, M. Svedlund, B.H. Svensson, Importance of sulfide interaction with iron as regulator of the microbial community in biogas reactors and its effect on methanogenesis, volatile fatty acids turnover, and syntrophic long-chain fatty acids degradation. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 123, 5, (2017),597-605.<br \/>[25]. Y. Chen, J. Cheng, &amp;K. Creamer, Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: a review.Bioresource technology, 99(10), (2008), 3839\u20133864.<br \/>[26]. M. Goberna, M. Gadermaier, I.H. Franke-Whittle, C. Garci\u0301a, B. Wett, &amp;H. Insam,Start-up strategies in manure-fed biogas reactors: Process parameters and methanogenic communities. Biomass &amp; Bioenergy, 75, (2015), 46-56.<br \/>[27]. K. Chen, Q. Mo, H. Liu, F. Yuan, H. Chai, F. Lu, &amp;H. Zhang, Identification and characterization of a novel cold-tolerant extracellular protease from Planococcus sp. CGMCC 8088. Extremophiles: Microbial Life Under Extreme Conditions, 22, 3,(2018),473-484.<br \/>[28]. E. Kim, J. Lee, G. Han, &amp;S. Hwang, Comprehensive analysis of microbial communities in full-scale mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters treating food waste-recycling wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 259, (2018), 442-450.<br \/>[29]. C.M. Liu, A.C. Wachemo, H. Tong, S.H. Shi, L. Zhang, H.R. Yuan, &amp;X.J. Li, Biogas production and microbial community properties during anaerobic digestion of corn stover at different temperatures. Bioresource Technology, 261, (2018), 93-103.<br \/>[30]. N. U\u0308lgu\u0308du\u0308r, &amp;G.N. Demirer, Anaerobic treatability and residual biogas potential of the effluent stream of anaerobic digestion processes. Water Environment Research, 91, 3, (2019), 259-268.<br \/>[31]. D. Maurya, A. Singla, &amp;S. Negi, An overview of key pretreatment processes for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. 3 Biotech, 5, (2015), 597-609.<br \/>[32]. I. Ahmed, R. Tia, &amp;E. Adei, A quantum chemical study of the mechanisms of olefin addition to group 9 transition metal dioxo compounds. Springerplus, 5,1, (2016), 1-14.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124614\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124614\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-fdf9149 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fdf9149\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80f8227 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"80f8227\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a888fda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a888fda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Osano Aloys, Bakari Chaka &#8220;Effects of Green Bio-Catalysts and Ferric Oxide in Cryo-Mesophillic Temperature Biogas Production&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.60-67 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/60-67.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1949124615\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1949124615\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-bc8b0d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc8b0d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3830 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3830\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce3d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ce3d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Effects of Green Bio-Catalysts and Ferric Oxide in Cryo-Mesophillic Temperature Biogas Production\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/60-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2da862 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c2da862\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b1872e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9b1872e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8f56d4 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"f8f56d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/68-71.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Numerical Studies for Solving Third Order Ordinary Differential Equation\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/68-71.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNumerical Studies for Solving Third Order Ordinary Differential Equation\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d59bad6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d59bad6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ilejimi David O., I Mohammed, Raheem R.L and Uduak Obot G.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 68-71<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de7fe6 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"1de7fe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"31358950\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589501\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589501\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-313589501\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589502\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589502\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-313589502\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589503\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589503\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-313589503\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589504\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589504\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-313589504\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589505\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-313589505\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-313589505\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-313589501\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-313589501\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-c66dee1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c66dee1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e9853c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e9853c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c855146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c855146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>In this paper, the concept of Variational Iteration method(VIM) in solving third-order ordinary differential equations is considered. Some test problems were considered and a comparative study were carried with existing methodsbut a case study was the Modified Adomian Decomposition method (MADM). The third example is represented with on a graph and Error analysis was also plotted.From the chart, the convergence of the VIM was so rapid and involved only a few terms of the series and by far better than the MADM, Seven-Step Block method, Differential Transform method and Picard Iteration method.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 68-71<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 29 September 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-313589502\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-313589502\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f22f9a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f22f9a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c86894 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c86894\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7923442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7923442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ilejimi David O.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Mohammed<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematical Sciences, AbubakarTafawaBalewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raheem R.L<\/strong><br \/>African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Ghana<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uduak Obot G.<\/strong><br \/>Inspire Paradigm Academy Yola, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-313589503\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-313589503\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-a105068 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a105068\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c194303 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c194303\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e0c17f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e0c17f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Wazwaz, A.M. (2011). \u201cLinear and Nonlinear Integral Equations\u201d: Methods and Applications. Springer Saint Xavier University Chicago, USA.<br \/>[2]. Okai J.O, Manjak N.H and Swem S.T., 2018, \u201cThe Modified Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Third Order Ordinary Differential Equations,\u201d IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM), PP 61-64.<br \/>[3]. A.M. Wazwaz, \u201cThe variational iteration method for solving linear and nonlinear ODEsandscienti\ufb01cmodelswithvariable coe\ufb03cients\u201d, Cent. Eur. J.Eng.\u20224(1)\u20222014\u202264-71.<br \/>[4]. J.H. He, &#8220;Variational iteration method \u2013 Some recent results and interpretations\u201d, J. Comput.Appl. Math., 207(1)(2007) 3-17.<br \/>[5]. H.T. Davis, &#8220; Introduction to Nonlinear Di\ufb00erential and Integral Equations\u201d, Dover Publications, New York, (1962).<br \/>[6]. H. Carslaw and J. Jaeger, \u201cConduction of Heat in Solids\u201d, Oxford, London (1947).<br \/>[7]. R. C. Roberts, \u201cUnsteady \ufb02ow of gas through a porous medium\u201d, Proceedings of the \ufb01rst U.S National Congress of Applied Mechanics, Ann Arbor, Mich., 773 \u2013 776 (1952).<br \/>[8]. R. E. Kidder, \u201cUnsteady \ufb02ow of gas through a semi-in\ufb01nite porous medium\u201d, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 27 (1067) 329 \u2013 332.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-313589504\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-313589504\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-41494c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41494c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc6e144 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc6e144\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-694e15a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"694e15a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ilejimi David O., I Mohammed, Raheem R.L and Uduak Obot G. &#8220;Numerical Studies for Solving Third Order Ordinary Differential Equation &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.68-71 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/68-71.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-313589505\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-313589505\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-464223a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"464223a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35b9383 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35b9383\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c53ecd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c53ecd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Numerical Studies for Solving Third Order Ordinary Differential Equation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/68-71.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ceef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"72ceef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86eb96d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86eb96d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bb4ab7 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4bb4ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/72-77.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Impact of Agricultural Sector on Nigeria\u2019s Economic Growth Using Regression and Percentage Ratio Measure\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/72-77.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImpact of Agricultural Sector on Nigeria\u2019s Economic Growth Using Regression and Percentage Ratio Measure\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a78d24d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a78d24d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Amaefula C. G <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 72-77<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c6ad3 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"72c6ad3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"120351443\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514431\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514431\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514431\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514432\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514432\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514432\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514433\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514433\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514433\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514434\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514434\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514434\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514435\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514435\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514435\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514431\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514431\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-386349d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"386349d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c3b87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74c3b87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e030c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e030c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study underscores the impact of agricultural sector on the economic growth of Nigeria. The yearly data sets on real gross domestic product (RGDP) and agricultural variables such as crop production (CP), livestock (LS), forestry (FO) and fishing (FI).covered the period of 1981to 2017. Applying multiple linear regression model and trend pattern of percentage ratio measure, the results showed that all the agricultural variable except CP have insignificant positive impact on RGDP and CP effect is significant under 1% level. And the trend pattern of percentage ratio measure showed that agricultural sector contributes positively to economic growth in Nigeria. Therefore, government and stake holders in the agricultural sector should put more effort towards improving some sub-sectors such as fishery, forestry and livestock for a robust agricultural sector contribution to economic growth in Nigeria.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 72-77<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 04 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514432\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514432\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-86489c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86489c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53eed46 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53eed46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3630 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc3630\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amaefula C. G<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514433\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514433\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4cebecd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4cebecd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b96d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38b96d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-858061e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"858061e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Ahmad, S., and Martini, R. P.,(2000). Agricultural Policy Analysis in Pakistan: Illustrations in the use of the Policy Analysis Matrix, Centre for Management and Economic Research, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Working Paper No. 27, pp.1-28.<br \/>[2]. Anyanwu, S., Ibekwe U. &amp; Adesope, O.,(2010). Agriculture Share of the Gross Domestic Product and its Implications for Rural Development. Report and Opinion , 2(8), 26-30.<br \/>[3]. Awokuse, O. T.,( 2009). Does Agriculture Really Matter for Economic Growth in Developing Countries? Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting.<br \/>[4]. Chien, L., Sukprasert, P., Thaipakdee, S. and Jatuporn, C.,( 2011). Does A Long-Run Relationship Exist between Agriculture and Economic Growth in Thailand? International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(3), pp. 227-233.<br \/>[5]. Dickey, D.A. and W.A. Fuller (1979). \u201cDistribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a unit root,\u201d Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427\u2013431.<br \/>[6]. Ekperiware M. C and Olomu M O,(2015). Effect of Oil And Agriculture on Economic Growth in Nigeria Journal of Global Economics, Management And Business Research 3(2): 75-86. Available at https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282322787_EFFECT_OF_OIL_AND_AGRICULTURE_ON_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_IN_NIGERIA [accessed Sep 03 2018].<br \/>[7]. [7] Emeka O.M.,( 2007). Improving the agricultural sector toward economic development and poverty reduction in Nigeria. CBN Bullion. 2007;4:23-56. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301797066_The_Impact_of_Agricultural_Output_on_Economic_Development_in_Nigeria_1986-2014 [accessed Sep 01 2018].<br \/>[8]. Iganiga, B. &amp; Unemhilin, D. (2011). The Impact of Federal Government Agricultural Expenditure on Agricultural Output in Nigeria. Journal of Economics , 2 (2), 81-88.<br \/>[9]. Jarque, C.M.,&amp; Bera, A.K.(1987). A test for Normality Observation and Regression Residual. International Statistics Review, 55, 163-172.<br \/>[10]. Matahir. H.,( 2012). The Empirical Investigation of the Nexus between Agricultural and Industrial Sectors in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol3, no 8, pp.225-231.<br \/>[11]. Oji-Okoro, I. (2011). Analysis of the Contribution of Agricultural Sector on the Nigerian Economic Development. World Review of Business Research, 1(1), 191 \u2013200<br \/>[12]. Olajide, O., Akinlabi, B. &amp; Tijani, A. (2012). Agricultural Resource and Economic Growth in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8(22), 103-115.<br \/>[13]. Oluwafemi Z. O, Adedokun Mathew A, Ogunleye,A.A and Oladokun, Y.O.M.(2015), An Empirical Analysis of the Contribution of Agricultural Sector to Nigerian Gross Domestic Product: Implications for Economic Development. Developing Country Studies, Vol.5, No.21, pp. 36-42.<br \/>[14]. Rahman Z and Hossain Md. E.,(2015).Role of Agriculture in Economic Growth of Bangladesh: A VAR Approach. Journal of Business Studies, Volume-7, Pp 163-185.<br \/>[15]. Raza, S.A., Ali, Y and Mehboob, F.,(2012). Role of Agriculture in Economic Growth of Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 83,pp.179-186.<br \/>[16]. Seka, P.R. 2009. Integrating Agrarian Economies: The case of ECOWAS. African Integration Review. 3(2), pp. 1-42.<br \/>[17]. Srikanth, P., and Sathyanarayana, K., (2011). Co-integration and Causal Relationship between GDP and Agriculture Sector. International journal of Research in Commerce and Management. 2(11), pp.6-8.<br \/>[18]. Tiffin, R., and Irz, X. (2006). Is agriculture the engine of growth? Agricultural Economics, 35(1), 79-89.<br \/>[19]. Ukeje R.O (2003). Macroeconomics: An Introduction.Port Harcourt: Davidson Publication;<br \/>[20]. UNDP (2008). MGDs in Nigeria: Current progress. Retrieved Aug 6, 2018, from http:\/\/www.ng.undp.org\/mdgsngprogress.shtml<br \/>[21]. Usman M (2016) Contribution of Agriculture Sector in the GDP Growth Rate of Pakistan. J Glob Econ 4:184. doi:10.4172\/2375-4389.1000184<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514434\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514434\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2bb92d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2bb92d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39596d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39596d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21af726 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21af726\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Amaefula C. G &#8220;SImpact of Agricultural Sector on Nigeria\u2019s Economic Growth Using Regression and Percentage Ratio Measure&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.72-77 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/72-77.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1203514435\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1203514435\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-320fbe5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"320fbe5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca4edfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca4edfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e66e4c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e66e4c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Impact of Agricultural Sector on Nigeria\u2019s Economic Growth Using Regression and Percentage Ratio Measure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/72-77.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-384677a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"384677a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa17f3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fa17f3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1f5b4c elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"a1f5b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/78-85.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Effect of Profitability on Cash Holdings of Quoted Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/78-85.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEffect of Profitability on Cash Holdings of Quoted Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-286b5ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"286b5ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka, Ofoegbu, Grace N.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 78-85<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758d99f e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"758d99f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"123263391\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633911\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633911\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633911\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633912\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633912\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633912\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633913\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633913\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633913\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633914\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633914\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633914\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633915\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633915\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633915\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633911\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633911\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-8a77e5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8a77e5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3d5265 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3d5265\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2de9e6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2de9e6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study examined the effect of profitability on cash holdings of quoted consumer goods companies in Nigeria. Sample of 20 Nigerian consumer goods firms listed on Nigerian Stock Exchange for a period of 14 years (from 2004-2017) was selected. The main type of data used in this study is secondary; sourced from the Nigerian stock exchange fact book. This study applied ex post facto research design. The data collected were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square Method. The results revealed that that return on assets positively influence consumer goods companies\u2019 cash holdings, whereas earnings per share were found to have an insignificant impact on the cash holdings of consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The study, therefore recommends among others that, the Nigerian consumer goods firms should develop a good strategy for earning high returns from their assets since this has positive significant effect on cash holdings. The study also contributes to the literature on the factors that affect the corporate cash holdings.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 78-85<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 05 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633912\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633912\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-eaaa062 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eaaa062\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e4e55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69e4e55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eecd3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5eecd3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka<\/strong><br \/>Department of Accountancy, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ofoegbu, Grace N.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Accountancy, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633913\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633913\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b8537d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8537d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d1666 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0d1666\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d0869c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d0869c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. 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Innovation Management and Education Excellence Vision 2020: Regional Development to Global Economic Growth, 3032-3039.<br \/>[47]. Tehrani, R., Darabi, R. &amp; Izy, S. (2014). The Relation between Stock Liquidity &amp; Cash Holdings in Tehran Stock Exchange. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(2), 227-284.<br \/>[48]. Wai, W. &amp; Zhu, Y., (2013). The Effect of Corporate Governance on Cash Holdings: Evidence from Hong Kong (Doctoral dissertation, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong).<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633914\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633914\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-cc4b8b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cc4b8b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5e1012 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5e1012\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b933354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b933354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka, Ofoegbu, Grace N. &#8220;Effect of Profitability on Cash Holdings of Quoted Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.78-85 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/78-85.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1232633915\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1232633915\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b44c5fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b44c5fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88d1110 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88d1110\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e323a7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e323a7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Effect of Profitability on Cash Holdings of Quoted Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/78-85.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2035c2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2035c2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e89d6c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e89d6c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7d688 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"8b7d688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/86-89.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Analysis of Poverty and Income Inequality among Women Farmers in Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/86-89.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnalysis of Poverty and Income Inequality among Women Farmers in Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c86e795 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c86e795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Madugu, A. J., Tiddy, S.A., Ali, F.M., T. Jashua and J. Luka &#8211; <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 86-89<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-972b8ba e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"972b8ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"158513338\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133381\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133381\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133381\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133382\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133382\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133382\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133383\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133383\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133383\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133384\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133384\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133384\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133385\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133385\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133385\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133381\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133381\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-f62fc55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f62fc55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407f344 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"407f344\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10777cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10777cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study examines the poverty status and income inequality among women farmers in Song Local Government area Adamawa State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 80 respondents using multi-stage, purposive and simple random sampling procedure. The Gini Coefficient and five point likert type rating scale were used as analytical tools.The results revealed that each household from lowest 2% do not owned any farm income annually on the other hand every household from upper 42.5% maintained an average of N 6,400 farm income yearly. This means that the uppermost 43.7% annual farm income is higher than equivalent value of the lowest. All descriptive results show existence of inequality in farm income distribution in the study area. The Lorenz curve shows a deviation from the line of perfect equality and the Gini-coefficient value of 0.622 also indicates the presence of high income inequality among the surveyed households in the area. Furthermore, the result of farmer\u2019s perception towards poverty status and income inequality amongst rural women shows that farmers in the study area have positive and favourable attitude on income inequality. The study thus concluded that there is high percentage of inequality among rural women farmers in the study area and hence recommended that design of poverty reduction programmes should focus more on improving food production for the growing population through increased funding of agriculture and controlled food prices. It further emphasized that private- public partnership should be encouraged to promote growth in agriculture especially the production of food crops, and ensure their availability at cheaper market prices.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 86-89<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 05 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133382\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133382\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-c8ebce9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8ebce9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-185ceb8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"185ceb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e5ddbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e5ddbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madugu, A. J.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tiddy, S.A.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University, Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali, F.M.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Extension Services, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>T. Jashua<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali, F.M.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133383\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133383\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-c1c26fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1c26fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4876e76 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4876e76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d72a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1d72a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Addison, T., and Cornia, G.A., (2001).Income Distribution Policies for Faster Poverty Reduction.World Institute for Development Economic Research, Helsinki.UNU \u2013 WIDER Discussion Paper, 2001:9.<br \/>[2]. Aigbokhan, B.E., (2008). Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Nigeria.A CGS\/MPAMS Discussion Paper No. 3, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<br \/>[3]. British Council (2012).Gender in Nigeria Report: Improving the Lives of Girls and Women in Nigeria, 2nd Edition, British Council, Nigeria. Website: http:\/\/www.britishcouncil.org.ng\/gender<br \/>[4]. Byerlee, D., A. de Janvry and E. Sadoulet. 2009. Agriculture for development: Toward a New Paradigm. Annual Review of Resource Economies,1:15-18.<br \/>[5]. Clarke, G., Colin, L. and Zou, X.H., (2003). Finance and Income Inequality: Test of Alternative Theories, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2984, Washington D.C., World Bank.<br \/>[6]. Dercon, S., (2009). Rural poverty: old challenges in new contexts. The World Bank Research Observer 24(1), 1-28.<br \/>[7]. Idowu, A.O., T.T. Awoyemi, B.T., Omonona, and Falusi, A.O., (2011). Non-farm Income Diversification and Poverty among Rural Farm Households in Southwest Nigeria, European Journal of Social Sciences, 21 (1): 163 \u2013 176.<br \/>[8]. Jude, A.M., Ifeanyi, N. N., Nnanna, M. A., Maria-Stella, E. N., and Joe, O., (2011). Analysis of income inequality and poverty dynamics among rural farm households in Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 1(2): 99- 106.<br \/>[9]. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2006).Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire Survey &#8211; Abia State Report.A Publication of National Bureau of Statistics, Abuja.<br \/>[10]. Nwachukwu, I.N., and Ezeh, C.I., (2007). Impact of Selected Rural Development Programmes on Poverty Alleviation in Ikwuano LGA, Abia State, Nigeria.African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 7(5): 1 \u2013 17.<br \/>[11]. World bank 2013.Global Monitoring Report (2013).Monitoring the MDGs. Washington, D.C.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133384\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133384\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-669ba1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"669ba1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1aa9ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1aa9ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5e93c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5e93c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Madugu, A. J., Tiddy, S.A., Ali, F.M., T. Jashua and J. Luka &#8220;Analysis of Poverty and Income Inequality among Women Farmers in Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.86-89 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/86-89.pdfNnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka, Ofoegbu, Grace N. &#8220;Effect of Profitability on Cash Holdings of Quoted Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.78-85 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/78-85.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1585133385\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1585133385\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-0d89109 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d89109\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed3f34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ed3f34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744c9ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744c9ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Analysis of Poverty and Income Inequality among Women Farmers in Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/86-89.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28a612 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b28a612\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e61a440 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e61a440\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56c8ce0 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"56c8ce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/90-94.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Factors Affecting Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic Performance, Kenya\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/90-94.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFactors Affecting Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic Performance, Kenya\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a6210 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30a6210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Obadiah Matolo Musau, Kelvin Omieno, Raphael Angulu\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 90-94<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d5565f e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"9d5565f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"164976223\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762231\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762231\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762231\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762232\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762232\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762232\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762233\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762233\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762233\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762234\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762234\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762234\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762235\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762235\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762235\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762231\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762231\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-b2d3be3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2d3be3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbfe7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccbfe7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22a722b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22a722b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Student\u2019s academic performance in learning environments is linked to several factors that include student demographics, educational background and other environmental variables. The purpose of this study was to identify the most influential factors that affect secondary school students\u2019 KCSE performance in Kenya. The research is based on reviewed existing literature on students\u2019 academic performance andsecondary school student\u2019sdata collectedin Kenya through use of questionnaires.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 90-94<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 07 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762232\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762232\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4819674 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4819674\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee98630 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee98630\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a21d920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a21d920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obadiah Matolo Musau<\/strong><br \/>School of Computing and Informatics, Technical University of Mombasa, Kenya<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kelvin Omieno<\/strong><br \/>Department of Information Technology and Informatics, Kaimosi Friends University College, Kenya<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raphael Angulu<\/strong><br \/>Department of Computer Science, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762233\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762233\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f9fb296 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f9fb296\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82a35c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"82a35c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d67b956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d67b956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Agrawal, H., &amp; Mavani, H. (March 2015). Student Performance Prediction using Machine Learning. International Journal of Engineering Research &amp; Technology (IJERT) , 4(03), 111-113.<br \/>[2] Asif, R., Merceron, A., &amp; Pathan, M. K. (December 2014). Predicting Student Academic Performance at Degree Level: A Case Study. International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, 01, 49-61.<br \/>[3] Baradwaj, B. K., &amp; Pal, S. (2011). Mining Educational Data to Analyze Students\u201f Performance. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2(6), 63-69.<br \/>[4] Dey, A. (2016). Machine Learning Algorithms: A Review. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 7(3), 1174-1179.<br \/>[5] Khan, B., Hayat, M. S., &amp; Daud, M. (2015). Final Grade Prediction of Secondary School Student using Decision Tree. International Journal of Computer Applications, 115(21), 32-36.<br \/>[6] Khasanah, A. U., &amp; Harwati. (2017). A Comparative Study to Predict Student\u2019s Performance Using Educational Data Mining Techniques. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 215(1).<br \/>[7] Oladokun, V. O., Adebanjo, A. T., &amp; Charles-Owaba, O. E. (2008). Predicting students academic performance using artificial neural network: A case study of an engineering course. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 8(1), 72-79.<br \/>[8] Osmanbegovi\u0107, E., &amp; Sulji\u0107 , M. (2012). Data mining approach for predicting student performance. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 10(1), 3-12.<br \/>[9] Paulo, C., &amp; Silva, A. (2008). Using data mining to predict secondary school student performance. 5-12.<br \/>[10] Ramaswami, M., &amp; Bhaskaran, R. (2009). A Study on Feature Selection Techniques in Educational Data Mining. Journal of Computing, 1(1), 7-11.<br \/>[11] Sundar, P. P. (2013). A Comparative Study for Predicting Student\u2019s Academic Performance Using Bayesian Network Classifiers. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) e-ISSN, 2250-3021.<br \/>[12] UNICEF, W. (2009). Abolishing School Fees in Africa: Lessons from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi and Mozambique. Development Practice in Education.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762234\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762234\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-e22dbd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e22dbd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1a8c90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b1a8c90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff743d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bff743d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Obadiah Matolo Musau, Kelvin Omieno, Raphael Angulu &#8220;Factors Affecting Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic Performance, Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.90-94 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/90-94.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1649762235\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1649762235\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1d39742 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d39742\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ff082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7ff082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61270f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61270f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Factors Affecting Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic Performance, Kenya\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/90-94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ee99d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b3ee99d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768440d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"768440d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e035864 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"e035864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/95-99.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Comparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Rectangular Notch\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/95-99.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Rectangular Notch\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97aa0a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97aa0a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bal Gopal Guru, Durga Prasad Nayak, Dileswar Meher, Deepak Kumar Panda <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 95-99<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5927245 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"5927245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"93483589\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835891\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835891\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-934835891\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835892\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835892\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-934835892\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835893\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835893\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-934835893\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835894\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835894\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-934835894\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835895\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-934835895\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-934835895\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-934835891\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-934835891\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-fae17a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fae17a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfc0ba3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfc0ba3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3075c8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3075c8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This paper represents the hydraulic experiment performed on \u201cnotch apparatus\u201d to determine the effect of notch shape on notch flow characteristics. In the recent time, flood control has been a major concern, thus, it is necessary to design a head of notch. In this paper it is the comparative analysis of V-notch and rectangular notch. A water collecting tank was constructed and calibrated at the upstream so as to determine the head, H of water flowing over the notch. There was a slot in which a flat plate is inserted the upstream from the downstream. It was discovered experimentally that shape and water height over the notch has effect on coefficient of discharge and volume discharged. The coefficient of discharge obtained is: 0.469 for v-notch and 0.3252 for rectangular notch. Thus, rectangular notch has lower discharge than the triangular notch.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 95-99<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 08 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-934835892\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-934835892\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ede4d2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ede4d2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4d9943 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4d9943\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e486319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e486319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bal Gopal Guru<\/strong><br \/>Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh, Odisha, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Durga Prasad Nayak<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh , Odisha, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dileswar Meher<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh, Odisha, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deepak Kumar Panda<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh, Odisha, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-934835893\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-934835893\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-932d1f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"932d1f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efe6306 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efe6306\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96553a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96553a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Ghare AD, Mhaisalkar VA, Porey PD. An approach to optimal Design of Trapezoidal Labyrinth weirs. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2008;3(6):934\u2013938.<br \/>[2]. Daugherty RL, Franzini JB. Fluid mechanics (6th edition). New York: McGraw Hill Ltd. 1965;338- 349.<br \/>[3]. Davis CV. Hand book of applied hydraulics. (First edition); 1973.<br \/>[4]. Douglas JF, Gasiorek JM, Swaffield JA. Fluid mechanics (fourth edition). India: Pearson Education Publisher; 2005.<br \/>[5]. Hot Dikiss RH. Flow over a killer. Weir Design Project. 1999;212-235.<br \/>[6]. Martinez J, Raca J, Morillas MT, Lopez JG. Discussion of design and calibration of a compound sharp-crested weir. 2006;3(2):19-22<br \/>[7]. Brater EF, King. Hand book of Hydraulics (6th edition). 1999;450-456.<br \/>[8]. Chalong, Kirdpitugsa. Open channel flow: Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University. 1982;653.<br \/>[9]. Caroline Nasser Afshar R. Effect of types of weir on discharge. UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering. 2014;35-40.<br \/>[10]. El-Hady, R. M. A., \u201c2D-3D modeling of flow over sharp-crested weirs\u201d, J. Appl. Sci. Res., Vol. 7, no.12, P.P 2495\u20132505, 2011.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-934835894\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-934835894\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-78234c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78234c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64c0af1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64c0af1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48ab39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48ab39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bal Gopal Guru, Durga Prasad Nayak, Dileswar Meher, Deepak Kumar Panda &#8220;Comparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Rectangular Notch&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.95-99 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/95-99.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-934835895\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-934835895\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-18c6475 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"18c6475\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ab03f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ab03f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81d0a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"81d0a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Comparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Rectangular Notch\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/95-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5dbe15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a5dbe15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899e292 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"899e292\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bc0780 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"2bc0780\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/100-104.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Comparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Trapezoidal Notch\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/100-104.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Trapezoidal Notch\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-372f9d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"372f9d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bal Gopal Guru, Asha Padhan, Sawan Kumar Meher, Preeti Usha Barik\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 100-104<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3639b45 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3639b45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"56859461\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594611\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594611\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-568594611\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594612\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594612\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-568594612\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594613\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594613\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-568594613\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594614\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594614\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-568594614\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594615\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-568594615\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-568594615\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-568594611\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-568594611\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-9654a32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9654a32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf91cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbf91cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-194c248 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"194c248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This paper represents the hydraulic experiment performed on \u201cnotch apparatus\u201d to determine the effect of notch shape on notch flow characteristics. In the recent time, flood control has been a major concern, thus, it is necessary to design a head of notch. In this paper it is the comparative analysis of V-notch and trapezoidal notch. A water collecting tank was constructed and calibrated at the upstream so as to determine the head, H of water flowing over the notch. There was a slot in which a flat plate is inserted the upstream from the downstream. It was discovered experimentally that shape and water height over the notch has effect on coefficient of discharge and volume discharged. The coefficient of discharge obtained is: 0.469 for v-notch and 0.2332 for trapezoidal notch. Thus, trapezoidal notch has lower discharge than the triangular notch.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 100-104<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 08 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-568594612\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-568594612\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4c9c3b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c9c3b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ccbe2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ccbe2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eb31e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1eb31e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bal Gopal Guru<\/strong><br \/>Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh, Odisha, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asha Padhan<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh Odisha, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sawan Kumar Meher<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh Odisha, India<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Preeti Usha Barik<\/strong><br \/>Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Vikash Institute of Technology, Bargarh Odisha, India<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-568594613\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-568594613\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-e2ead77 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2ead77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9daefac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9daefac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da96174 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da96174\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Brater EF, King. Hand book of Hydraulics (6th edition) 1999;450-456.<br \/>[2]. Chalong, Kirdpitugsa. Open channel flow Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University 1982;653.<br \/>[3]. Caroline Nasser Afshar R. Effect of types of weir on discharge. UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering. 2014;35-40.<br \/>[4]. Azimi, A. H., Rajaratnam, N., Zhu, D. Z., \u201cA Note on Sharp-crested Weirs and Weirs of Finite Crest Length.\u201d Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, CSCE, Vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1234-1237, 2012.<br \/>[5]. Hubert, C. and Hang, W., Unsteady Discharge Calibration of A Large V-Notch Wei\u201d, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, AUSTRALIA, Report No. CH88\/12, 51P, 2012.<br \/>[6]. RangaRaju, K. G., and Asawa, G. L.,\u201cViscosity and surface tension effects on weir flow.\u201d, J.Hydr. Div., vol. 103, no. 10, P.p 1227\u20131231, 1977.<br \/>[7]. Kandaswamy, P. K., and Rouse, H.,\u201cCharacteristics of flow over terminal weirs and sills\u201d, J. Hydr. Div., vol. 83, no. 4, P.P 1\u201313, 1957.<br \/>[8]. PrakashShesha M. N., andShivapur A. V., \u201cGeneralized Head-Discharge Equation for Flow over Sharp-Crested Inclined Inverted V-Notch Weir\u201d, J. Irrig. Drain Eng., vol. 130, no. 4, P.P 325-330, 2004.<br \/>[9]. Bagheri, S., and Heidarpour, M., \u201cFlow over rectangular sharpcrested weirs.\u201dIrrig. Sci., vol. 28, no.2, P.P 173\u2013179, 2010<br \/>[10]. Jan, C. D., Chang, C. J., and Lee, M. H., \u201cDiscussion of \u201eDesign and calibration of compound sharp-crested weir\u201f by J. Martinez et al.\u201d, J. Hydraul. Eng., vol. 132 no.8, P.P 868\u2013871, 2006.<br \/>[11]. G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs, M., Define, Z., and \u00d6zkandemir, V., \u201cBroad-crested weirs with rectangular compound cross sections\u201d, J. Irrig. and Drain. Eng., vol. 132, no.3,P.P 272\u2013280, 2006.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-568594614\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-568594614\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-0d764c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d764c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670d356 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"670d356\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d6b59c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d6b59c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bal Gopal Guru, Asha Padhan, Sawan Kumar Meher, Preeti Usha Barik &#8220;Comparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Trapezoidal Notch&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.100-104 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/100-104.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-568594615\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-568594615\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-75854d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75854d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0c264 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df0c264\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e13204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e13204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Comparative Analysis of the Discharge coefficient by using V-Notch and Trapezoidal Notch\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/100-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4248f42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4248f42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b82858b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b82858b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4afb87 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"c4afb87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/105-110.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Effects of Crude Methanol Extracts of the Leaf, Root and Bark of Combretum Molle against Selected Test Organisms\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/105-110.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEffects of Crude Methanol Extracts of the Leaf, Root and Bark of Combretum Molle against Selected Test Organisms\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3c924 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3c924\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D. Kulawe, J. S. Hena\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>September 2019 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 105-110<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca3298 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"5ca3298\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"97137304\" aria-label=\"Tabs. 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This work was carried out with the aim of determining the phytochemical compounds present in the methanol extracts of the leaves; stem-bark and roots of\u00a0<em>C. molle<\/em>\u00a0and their biological activities in some selected microorganisms. Phytochemical screening also revealed the presence of Tannins, Flavonoids, Glycosides (in leaves only), Terpenes and Saponins, whereas Alkaloids, Anthraquinones and Steroids were absent in both extracts. In a qualitative antimicrobial study, six microorganisms were tested (<em>Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella\u00a0<\/em>Typhi<em>, Escherichia coli<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Candida krusei<\/em>) using Ciprofloxacin and Fulcin as positive controls. \u00a0<em>B. subtilis, S. dysenteriae<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>S. typhi<\/em>\u00a0proved to be the most sensitive bacterial species with MIC values of as low as 1.5mg\/ml, 3.125mg\/ml and 6.25mg\/ml respectively, whereas\u00a0<em>S. aureus, E. coli<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>C. krusei<\/em>\u00a0were resistant to the plant extract.\u00a0 The minimum bactericidal concentration also had low values such as 1.5mg\/ml of the stem methanolic extract against\u00a0<em>S. dysenteriae,<\/em>\u00a0and 1.5mg\/ml of the leaf methanolic extract against\u00a0<em>B. subtilis.<\/em>\u00a0There was no inhibition of the extract on<em>\u00a0S. aureus, E. coli<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>C. krusei<\/em>\u00a0for the MIC and MBC.\u00a0 The analysis of variance at p &lt; 0.05 indicated\u00a0 that there was significant difference in the performance of the extracts (stem methanol, root methanol and leaf methanol) on the microorganisms (<em>B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. dysenteriae, S. typhi, E. coli<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>C. krusei<\/em>).\u00a0 Therefore the study above indicates that\u00a0<em>C. molle<\/em>\u00a0contains phytochemical compounds which makes it a good inhibitor of microbial growth and could be exploited through in-depth studies to determine the active compounds that could be utilized in the treatment of common ailments.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 105-110<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 11 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-971373042\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-971373042\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-8f8a1f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f8a1f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f183f2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f183f2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77ae1e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77ae1e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D. Kulawe<\/strong><br \/>Department of Biological Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>J. S. Hena<\/strong><br \/>Nigeria. Marine Environment Management Unit, Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency, Abuja Office, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-971373043\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-971373043\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-dc4c04b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc4c04b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e300b09 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e300b09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ad07f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ad07f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Arses, K., Bucar, F., Edelsbrunner, S., Kartnig, T., H\u00f6ger, G. and Thiel, W. (2001). Investigations on Antimycobacterial Activity of Some Ethiopian Medicinal Plants. Phytotherapy Research, 15: 323-326.<br \/>[2]. Bajaj, Y. P. S. (1988). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. 24. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.<br \/>[3]. Barry, A. L. and Thornsberry, C. (1991). Susceptibility tests: diffusion test procedures. In Balows, A. (ed.): Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 40: 213-219.<br \/>[4]. Bauer, A.W., Kirby, M.D.K., Sherras, J.C. and Trick, M. (2003). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standard single disc diffusion method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45:490-496.<br \/>[5]. Cordell, J. (2002). Natural products drugs discovery \u2013 creating a new wisdom. Phychemistry Reviews, 1: 261 \u2013 273<br \/>[6]. Cowan, S. T., and Steel, K. J. (1974). Manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press, New York. PP. 45 \u2013 63<br \/>[7]. Farnsworth, N. R. (1991). Global importance of plants. In: Akerele, O., Heywood V., Synge, H. (Eds), Conservation of Medical Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp 45 \u2013 55<br \/>[8]. Fyhrquist, P., Mwasumbi, L., H\u00e6ggstr\u00f6m, C.A., Vuorela, H., Hiltunen, R. and Vuorela, P. (2002). Ethnobotanical and antimicrobial investigation on some species of Terminalia and Combretum (Combretaceae) growing in Tanzania. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79: 169-177.<br \/>[9]. Gurib, F. A. (2006). Medical plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 27:1 \u2013 93<br \/>[10]. Haerdi, F. (2001). Die Eingeborenen-Heilpflanzen des Ulanga-Distrikes Tanganjikas (Ostafrika) Acta Tropica Supplement, 8: 173 \u2013 178.<br \/>[11]. Harbone, J. B. (1999). Phytochemical methods. Chapman and hall limited, London. PP. 149 \u2013 188<br \/>[12]. Kokwaro, O. (2000). Medical Plants of East African Literature, Nairobi. PP 49 &#8211; 97<br \/>[13]. Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. and Snader, K.M. (2003). National Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Period 1981 \u2013 2002. Journal of Natural Products, 66: 1022 \u2013 1037.<br \/>[14]. Rotimi, V. O., Laughon, B. E., Bartlett, J. G. and Mosadami, H. A. (1988). Activities of Nigerian chewing stick extracts against Bacterioides melaninogeniucus. Antimicrobial Agents of Chemotherapy, 32: 598-600.<br \/>[15]. Sofowora, A. (2006). Medical Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. (2nd edn). Spectrum books Ltd, Ibadan. Nigeria. PP. 150 \u2013153.<br \/>[16]. Verpoorte, R. (2000). Pharmacognosy in the New Millenium: Leadfinding and Biotechnology. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 52: 253-262.<br \/>[17]. Wood, S. J., Balick, M. J. and Laird, S. A. (1997). Medical Plants: Can Utilization and Conservation Coexist? The New York botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-971373044\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-971373044\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-cffc77d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cffc77d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a258ab5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a258ab5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3778acb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3778acb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D. Kulawe, J. S. Hena &#8220;Effects of Crude Methanol Extracts of the Leaf, Root and Bark of\u00a0<i>Combretum Molle<\/i>\u00a0against Selected Test Organisms&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.105-110 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/105-110.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-971373045\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-971373045\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b8c89e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8c89e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a39752 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a39752\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa6f841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa6f841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Effects of Crude Methanol Extracts of the Leaf, Root and Bark of &lt;i&gt;Combretum Molle&lt;\/i&gt; against Selected Test Organisms\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/105-110.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a7a50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e3a7a50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7256c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee7256c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50037eb elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"50037eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/111-117.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Genome Editing and Frontiers in Bio-Engineering\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&#038;Issue9\/111-117.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGenome Editing and Frontiers in Bio-Engineering\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7db7398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7db7398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Odongo.J <\/strong><strong>September 2019\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Page No.: 111-117<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d95d8de e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"d95d8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"227924190\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241901\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241901\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241901\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241902\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241902\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241902\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241903\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241903\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241903\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241904\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241904\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241904\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241905\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241905\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241905\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241901\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241901\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-a47a0e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a47a0e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c121c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c121c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cd7ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cd7ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The advances in genetic analysis and manipulation innovations in high- throughput DNA sequencing and editing have been felt broadly and globally, starting from the work on model organisms, evolutionary studies, agriculture to medical applications. Genome editing has become a very important tool in research, this technique can specifically modify individual nucleotides in the genome of living cells, monitor and reduce off target effects, and this actually brings new opportunities within range. The genome editing has a general applicability in microbes, plants, human cells and animals; this makes it have a very wide range of potential uses in tackling societal problems. The potential applications of genome editing include, but are not limited to gene and cell based therapies to control diseases and in reproduction, preventions of inheritance of disease traits, control of vector borne diseases, improved crop and livestock breeding techniques, improved animal welfare, modification of animal donors foe xenotransplantation, industrial microbial biotechnology to generate biofuels and efficient production of pharmaceutical drugs and other high value chemicals. The advent of genome editing technology has evoked many enthusiasm and controversy in the contrary. Many concerns have been expressed especially in the African context for example, the technology is not natural and there is gaps in our technical knowhow that the impacts are uncertain and may be inequitable, the current regulations cannot keep pace with the rate of technological innovations. The current knowledge gaps and uncertainties emphasize the need for more research with the expectations that the research advances will fill many of the current knowledge gaps and the progressive refinement of the genome editing tools to ensure efficiency and specificity, thereby reducing off-target effects. And addressing aspect of further mutations. The genome editing technocrats and regulators should ensure research applications is evidence-based, takes into account likely benefits as well as hypothetical risk and is proportionate and sufficiently flexible to cope with future advances. Going forward it\u2019s worth noting that the latest genome editing technologies has resolved many issues making direct and precise genetic manipulations possible in essentially types of cells and organisms. It is key to mention that progress in science depends on new techniques, novel discoveries and ideas. This review paper aim to examine the origin of genome editing platforms and speculate about where we are headed through the application of these new technology of genome editing.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 111-117<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 13 October 2019<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241902\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241902\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7f96747 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f96747\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f7908 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11f7908\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d28a577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d28a577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Odongo.J<\/strong><br \/>Scientific Innovations Consortium Ltd, Kenya<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241903\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241903\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4b59871 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b59871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-197dad0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"197dad0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d361670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d361670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Barrangou, R., Fremaux, C., Deveau, H., Richards, M., Boyaval, P., Moineau, S., Romero, D.A., and Horvath, P. 2007. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science 315 (5819): 1709\u20131712.<br \/>[2]. Horizon Discovery. 2016. CRISPR\/CRISPR Cas9.<br \/>[3]. Bolotin, A., Quinquis, B., Sorokin, A.,and Ehrlich, S.D. 2005. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Microbiology 151 (8): 2551\u20132561.<br \/>[4]. Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J.A., and Charpentier, E. 2012. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337 (6096): 816\u2013821.<br \/>[5]. Harvard University. 2015. CRISPR: A game-changing genetic engineering technique.<br \/>[6]. Cong, L., Ran, F.A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P.D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L.A., Zhang F. 2013. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR\/Cas systems. Science 339 (6121): 819\u2013823.<br \/>[7]. Wang, Y., Geng, L., Yuan, M., Wei, J., Jin C., Li, M., Yu K., Zhang Y., Jin, H., Wang, E., Chai, Z., Fu, X., Li, X. 2017. Deletion of a target gene in Indica rice via CRISPR\/Cas9. Plant Cell Reports 36 (8): 1333\u20131343.<br \/>[8]. Cai, Y., Chen, L., Liu, X., Guo, C., Sun, S., Wu, C., Jiang, B., Han, T. and Hou, W. 2017. CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of GmFT2a delays flowering time in soya bean. Plant Biotechnology Journal.<br \/>[9]. Tian, S., Jiang, L., Gao, Q., Zhang, J., Zong, M., Zhang, H., Ren, Y., Guo, S., Gong, G., Liu, F., Xu, Y. 2016. Efficient CRISPR\/Cas9-based gene knockout in watermelon. Plant Cell Reports 36 (3): 399\u2013406.<br \/>[10]. Peng, A., Chen, S., Lei, T., Xu, L., He, Y., Wu, L., Yao, L. and Zou, X. 2017. Engineering canker-resistant plants through CRISPR\/Cas9-targeted editing of the susceptibility gene CsLOB1 promoter in citrus. Plant Biotechnology Journal.<br \/>[11]. Niu Y., Shen B., Cui Y., Chen Y., Wang J., Wang L., Kang Y., Zhao X., Si W., Li W., Xiang AP., Zhou J., Guo X., Bi Y., Si C., Hu B., Dong G., Wang H., Zhou Z., Li T., Tan T., Pu X., Wang F., Ji S., Zhou Q., Huang X., Ji W., Sha J. 2014. Generation of gene-modified cynomolgus monkey via Cas9\/RNA-mediated gene targeting in one-cell embryos. Cell 156 (4): 836-843.<br \/>[12]. Xie F., Ye L., Chang J.C., Beyer A.I., Wang J., Muench M.O. and Kan Y.W. 2014. Seamless gene correction of beta-thalassemia mutations in patient-specific iPSCs using CRISPR\/Cas9 and piggyBac. Genome Research 24 (9): 1526\u20131533.<br \/>[13]. Seeman, N. C. &amp; Belcher, A. M. Emulating biology: building nanostructures from the bottom up. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 6451\u20136455 (2002).<br \/>[14]. Chen, J. H. &amp; Seeman, N. C. Synthesis from DNA of a molecule with the connectivity of a cube. Nature 350, 631\u2013633 (1991).<br \/>[15]. Li, X., Yang, X., Qi, J. &amp; Seeman, N. C. Antiparallel DNA double crossover molecules as components for nanoconstruction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 6131\u20136140 (1996).<br \/>[16]. Winfree, E., Liu, F. R., Wenzler, L. A. &amp; Seeman, N. C. Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals. Nature 394, 539\u2013544 (1998).<br \/>[17]. Mao, C. D., Sun, W. Q., Shen, Z. Y. &amp; Seeman, N. C. A nanomechanical device based on the B\u2013Z transition of DNA. Nature397, 144\u2013146 (1999).<br \/>[18]. Lin, C., Liu, Y., Rinker, S. &amp; Yan, H. DNA tile based self-assembly: building complex nanoarchitectures. ChemPhysChem 7, 1641\u20131647 (2006).<br \/>[19]. McBride, L. J. &amp; Caruthers, M. H. An investigation of several deoxynucleosidephosphoramidites useful for synthesizing deoxyoligonucleotides. Tetrahedron Lett. 24, 245\u2013248 (1983).<br \/>[20]. Hughes, R. A. &amp; Ellington, A. D. DNA synthesis and assembly: putting the synthetic in synthetic biology. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 9, a023812 (2017).<br \/>[21]. He, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Ribbe, A. E. &amp; Mao, C. Self-assembly of hexagonal DNA two-dimensional (2D) arrays J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 12202\u201312203 (2005).<br \/>[22]. He, Y. Tian, Y., Ribbe, A. E. &amp; Mao, C. Highly connected two-dimensional crystals of DNA six-point-stars. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 15978\u201315979 (2006).<br \/>[23]. Kallenbach, N. R., Ma, R. I. &amp; Seeman, N. C. An immobile nucleic-acid junction constructed from oligonucleotides. Nature 305, 829\u2013831 (1983)<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241904\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241904\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-c7b8d81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c7b8d81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b28ec5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b28ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c62f92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c62f92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Odongo.J &#8220;Genome Editing and Frontiers in Bio-Engineering&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 9 September 2019, pp.111-117 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/111-117.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-2279241905\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-2279241905\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b90f3bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b90f3bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fade605 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fade605\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-433b2e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"433b2e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Genome Editing and Frontiers in Bio-Engineering\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.4&amp;Issue9\/111-117.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Effect of Etymology on Early Growth Performance of Dialium guineense. 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