{"id":55991,"date":"2024-12-19T19:29:53","date_gmt":"2024-12-19T19:29:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=55991"},"modified":"2024-12-22T18:20:07","modified_gmt":"2024-12-22T18:20:07","slug":"volume-v-issue-ix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-v-issue-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume V Issue IX"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"55991\" class=\"elementor elementor-55991\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6479fd8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6479fd8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e7b236 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e7b236\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44d18d3a elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"44d18d3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/01-06.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Impact of Improvised Injection Moulding on Students\u2019 Psychomotor Achievement In General Metalwork In Technical Colleges In Niger State\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/01-06.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImpact of Improvised Injection Moulding on Students\u2019 Psychomotor Achievement In General Metalwork In Technical Colleges In Niger State\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-783955d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"783955d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kabir, B., Abdullahi S.M, Alhassan, Y.A September 2020 Page No.: 01-06<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23c70140 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"23c70140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"600244544\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445441\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445441\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445441\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445442\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445442\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445442\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445443\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445443\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445443\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445444\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445444\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445444\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445445\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445445\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445445\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445441\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445441\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-f2e4a90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e4a90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26982574 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26982574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e29bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59e29bcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study was designed to determine the impact of improvised injection molding on students\u2019 psychomotor achievement in general metalwork in technical colleges in Niger State. A pre-test, post-test, non-equivalent control group, quasi-experimental research design was adopted. The study constituted a total number of 122 subjects, 63 for the experimental group, while 59 for the control group. The instruments used for data collection was Metalwork Psychomotor Achievement Test (MPAT). The instruments were also subjected to face validation by three experts from Department of Industrial and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology Minna. The MPAT was trial-tested to determine its psychometric indices and reliability coefficient. The trial test for determining the coefficient of stability of the MPAT was carried out using test re-test reliability method. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient of WCAT was found to be .78. Mean was used to answer the research questions; while ANCOVA was employed to test the hypotheses. The study revealed that students taught metalwork using improvised injection molding had a higher mean score than students taught using the lecture method in psychomotor achievement test. In each mean score of males taught metalwork using improvised injection molding was higher than the mean score of females taught using the same improvised injection molding in the psychomotor achievement test The differences in the mean scores of male and female in the psychomotor achievement test was found to be insignificant. Consequently, the research recommended among others that; Teachers should endeavour to make use of improvised injection molding for teaching relevant area in the curriculum technical colleges with a view to ascertain its usefulness and The private enterprises as such based industries should make available to technical colleges in Niger State spare parts as well as consumable materials needed for teaching Foundry..<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 01-06<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 21 September 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445442\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445442\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4e661873 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e661873\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-404d8976 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"404d8976\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25540dff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25540dff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kabir, B.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Metalwork, School of Technical Education Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullahi S.M<\/strong><br \/>Scientific Equipment Development Institute, Minna, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alhassan, Y.A<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mechanical, Minna Institute of Technology and Innovation, Niger State<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445443\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445443\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7a7444c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a7444c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5bf26f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5bf26f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37815b1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37815b1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Afolabi &amp; Akinbobola (2012) Constructivist problem-based learning technique and the academic achievement of physics students with low ability level in Nigerian Technical Colleges. Minna Journal of Education Studies 6(3) 16-23<br \/>[2] Aremu, A. (2013). Preparation of Primary Teachers in Pupil-Centred Activity-Based Mathematics Instructions and Its Model. Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, Azores, Portugal. Retrieved on 2nd May, 2014, From: eujournal.org\/index.php\/esj\/article\/download\/1348\/1357<br \/>[3] Atherson, J.S. (2013). Learning and teaching intelligence. Retrieved on 30th January, 2010 from www.dmu.ac.uk\/-Jamesa\/Learningintelling.htm<br \/>[4] Becker, K. H, &amp;Maunaiyat.S. (2015). A comparison of students\u2019 achievement and attitudes between constructivist and traditional classroom environments in Thailand vocational electronics Programs. from http:\/\/www.scholar.lib.vt.edu\/ejournals\/JVER\/v29n2\/becker.html.<br \/>[5] Burries, J. (2014) Investigating the effect of problems based learning on critical thinking ability and content knowledge acquisition of secondary agriculture students. Eurasia Journal of Education, Science and Technology Education, 4(3), 122-129.<br \/>[6] Eze, P. N. (2009). Effects of Peer Assessment on Students\u2019 Achievement and Interest in French. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.<br \/>[7] Iwendi, B.C. and Oyedum N.A. (2012).Effects of Gender and Age on the Mathematics Achievement of secondary School Students in Minna metropolis, Niger State. Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED) Minna.kezzyproductions.com<br \/>[8] Joshua, B. (2012). Conflict management skills in high demand. Retrieved June 25, 2012 from http:\/\/www.ehow.com\/facts_6944249_definition_computer_aided_drafting.html.<br \/>[9] Mbata, A. (2010). Towards a more effective Manpower Training and Development in the Field of Technical Education. Nigeria Journal of Technical Education Review.Nsukka, Nigerian Vocational Association (NVA). 2 (1); 18-20<br \/>[10] Merher, J.R. (2010). Overview of metal injection moulding. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0026065710802425<br \/>[11] Myers, David G., (2012). Social Psychology.7th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.<br \/>[12] NABTEB, (2017). Grade Distribution Sheet. Benin-City: N.A.B.T.E.B Office.<br \/>[13] National Board for Technical Education (2019). Report of the Accreditation Exercise on Technical Colleges in Nigeria. NBTE Kaduna.<br \/>[14] Ndukwe, D. (2016). Principles and Methods in Vocational and Technical Education. Nsukka: University Trust Publishers.<br \/>[15] Ogundu, I. (2015). Effect of an improvised furnace on students\u2019 performance in heat treatment in Technical Colleges in Rivers State. Unpublished M.Ed Thesis. Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt.<br \/>[16] Okoro, O.M. (2009). Principles and methods in vocational and technical education. Nsukka: university trust publishers<br \/>[17] Onaga, P. O. (2014). Instructional Materials Utilization Strategies for the Study of Introductory Technology in NsukkaL.G.A&#8230; Vocational Technical Education and Technological Growth.Nsukka: Nigeria Vocational Journal Association (NVA). 2 (1); 15 \u2013 20.<br \/>[18] Oviawe, J.I. (2010). Differential effects of three instructional methods on students\u2019 performance in building technology in polytechniques in Nigeria. University of Nigeria Abstracts of theses 2005-2010, Vol. 2.<br \/>[19] Owoso, J. O. (2010). Effects of constructivist Instructional Approach on Achievement and Retention of Automechanics students in Technical Colleges in Lagos State. University of Nigeria Abstracts of theses 2005-2010, Vol. 2.<br \/>[20] Udofia, A.G. (2008). Effects of Edutainment on Achievement and interest of students in introductory technology in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria. University of Nigeria Abstracts of theses 2005-2010, Vol. 2.<br \/>[21] Uwaifo, V. O. (2009), \u201cTechnical Education and its Challenges in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International NGO Journal 5(2), 40-44.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445444\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445444\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-181ce9db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"181ce9db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d04ad3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d04ad3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e4e043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26e4e043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kabir, B., Abdullahi S.M, Alhassan, Y.A &#8220;Impact of Improvised Injection Moulding on Students\u2019 Psychomotor Achievement In General Metalwork In Technical Colleges In Niger State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.01-06 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/01-06.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6002445445\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6002445445\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7ebaeef6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ebaeef6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-440552f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"440552f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-512ff0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"512ff0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Impact of Improvised Injection Moulding on Students\u2019 Psychomotor Achievement In General Metalwork In Technical Colleges In Niger State\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/01-06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f334846 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f334846\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1965e47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1965e47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a99e67 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"2a99e67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/07-12.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Comparative Study the Effect of Color Image Enhancement in Image Segmentation\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/07-12.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparative Study the Effect of Color Image Enhancement in Image Segmentation\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2e27bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b2e27bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Thida Soe, Khin Kyu Kyu, Thin Thin Htwe September 2020 Page No.: 07-12<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4148777e e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"4148777e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1095268222\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682221\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682221\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682221\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682222\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682222\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682222\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682223\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682223\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682223\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682224\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682224\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682224\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682225\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682225\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682225\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682221\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682221\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3ebe1a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ebe1a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31dc5ff4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31dc5ff4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52430936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52430936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Segmentation the image is a very important area of study in color image processing. Many algorithms have been developed for this purpose. However, the segmentation algorithms results suffer from miss-classification and over- segmentation. This is due to the degradation of image quality, during transmission, acquisition and color space conversion. That is why the need of an efficient image enhancement technique that removes the noises or redundant pixels from the color image prior to process of final segmentation arises. In this paper, an effort has been made to analyze and study image enhancement techniques by histogram equalization and adaptive histogram equalization on HSV and L*a*b color spaces separately to search for the better way for color image segmentation. Then, morphological based marker-controlled watershed segmentation technique is used to segment the enhanced images. Lastly, the comparative study is done with the entropy values to measure the performance of image enhancing. Also, compare the minima watershed region for quality of image segmentation with respect to visual perspective. Then, determine the most suitable color space that provides segmentation results more powerfully with respect to those enhancement techniques.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 07-12<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 22 September 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682222\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682222\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7c0a98a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c0a98a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479734b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"479734b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d97c1c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d97c1c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Thida Soe<\/strong><br \/>Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies, University of Computer Studies, Pathein<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khin Kyu Kyu<\/strong><br \/>Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies, University of Computer Studies, Pathein<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Thin Thin Htwe<\/strong><br \/>Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies, University of Computer Studies, Pathein<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682223\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682223\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-468db987 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"468db987\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-474081ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"474081ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da879f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5da879f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] R.C. Gonzalez, R.E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,2002<br \/>[2] Anju Bala, \u201cAn Improved Watershed Image Segmentation Technique using MATLAB\u201d, International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 6, June-2012.<br \/>[3] Dibya Jyoti Bora, Anil Kumar Gupta, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, \u201cComparing the Performance of L*A*B* and HSV Color Spaces with Respect to Color Image Segmentation\u201d, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2015.<br \/>[4] Anish Kumar Vishwakarma, Agya Mishra, \u201cColor Image Enhancement Techniques: A Critical Review\u201d, Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE), Vol. 3 No. 1 Feb -Mar 2012<br \/>[5] Md. Shakowat Zaman Sarker, Tan Wooi Haw, Rajasvaran Logeswaran \u201dMorphological based technique for image segmentation\u201d, International Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 14 No. 1.<br \/>[6] Dibya Jyoti Bora, \u201cImportance of Image Enhancement Techniques in Color Image Segmentation: A Comprehensive and Comparative Study\u201d, Indian J.Sci.Res. 15 (1): 115-131, 2017.<br \/>[7] Diya Chudasama, Tanvi Patel, Shubham Joshi, Ghanshyam I. Prajapati ,\u201cImage Segmentation using Morphological Operations\u201d, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 \u2013 8887) Volume 117 \u2013 No. 18, May 2015.<br \/>[8] Ravi S, A M Khan , \u201cMorphological Operations for Image Processing\u201d, Conference Paper \u2022 December 2013<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682224\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682224\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-41fd5601 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41fd5601\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b060208 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b060208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7edb6bd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7edb6bd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Thida Soe, Khin Kyu Kyu, Thin Thin Htwe, &#8220;Comparative Study the Effect of Color Image Enhancement in Image Segmentation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.07-12 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/07-12.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10952682225\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10952682225\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-409a13fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"409a13fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f3900cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f3900cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17701ef8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17701ef8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Comparative Study the Effect of Color Image Enhancement in Image Segmentation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/07-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6da0af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4d6da0af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85c0f48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"85c0f48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f5d023c elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3f5d023c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/13-17.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Climate Change Anomalies and its Prospects on Agriculture in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/13-17.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClimate Change Anomalies and its Prospects on Agriculture in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73df9b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73df9b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dr. Ajiere, Susan; Dr. Nwaerema, Peace; Dr. Bridget Edewede Diagi September 2020 Page No.: 13-17<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35f14823 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"35f14823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"905005091\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050911\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050911\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050911\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050912\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050912\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050912\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050913\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050913\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050913\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050914\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050914\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050914\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050915\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050915\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050915\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050911\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050911\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-75c52a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75c52a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1958c6cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1958c6cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22f4674b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22f4674b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The changes that occurred in the climate systems have become a global challenge. Climate change has impacted on different sectors including agriculture and this calls for urgent attention as food security is of great importance to the economy of a nation and its challenges and prospects differ from different geographical locations. Therefore, this work examined the monthly, annual and decadal distribution, pattern, trends, anomalies of rainfall and temperature in Cross River State, Nigeria. The rainfall and temperature data were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for a period of 30 years (1997-2016). The measure of dispersion, trend, anomalies was used to analyze the work and results showed the highest monthly mean rainfall was in July with 491.97mm and lowest rainfall was in December with 33.84mm and no august-break was recorded while mean temperature is 28.7oC, the anomalies for rainfall and temperature trend fluctuated greatly with a positive trend. Findings in this study showed that temperature and rainfall are on the increase and such rise in rainfall can result to flooding which can affect agriculture. The study recommends a proper climate monitoring system for farmers to practice early dry season planting to ensure a profitable agricultural practice for food sustainability.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 13-17<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 28 September 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050912\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050912\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-405aa2ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"405aa2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3728e464 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3728e464\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-753ba330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"753ba330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ajiere, Susan<\/strong><br \/>Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nwaerema, Peace<\/strong><br \/>Department of Geography, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Bridget Edewede Diagi<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Management, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050913\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050913\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6d365222 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d365222\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba624b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ba624b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a721ae7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a721ae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Chikezie, C1, Ibekwe, U. C, Ohajianya, D. O, Orebiyi, J. S, Ehirim N. C, Henri-Ukoha, A, Nwaiwu, I.U.O, Ajah, E. A, Essien, U. A, Anthony, G and Oshaji, I.O. (2015). Effect of climate change on food crop production in southeast, Nigeria: a co-integration model approach International Journal of Weather, Climate Change and Conservation Research, 2(1): 47-56. Available from: www.eajournals.org.<br \/>[2] Igwenagu, C. M. (2015). Trend Analysis Of Rainfall Pattern In Enugu State, Nigeria. European Journal of Statistics and Probability. 3(3): 12-18. Available from: www.eajournals.org.<br \/>[3] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2007). Impact, Adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group 1 of the intergovernmental panel on climate change to the Third Assessment Report of IPCC. London: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>[4] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2007). Climate change 2007: synthesis report. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Geneva, Switzerland.<br \/>[5] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] Climate Change (2014). Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, Pp 151.<br \/>[6] National Research Council [NRC] (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. TheNational Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA.<br \/>[7] Nigeria Meteorological Agency [NIMET] (2016). Nigeria Climate Review Bulletin. Nigeria Meteorological Agency Abuja Nigeria.<br \/>[8] Odekunle, T.O. (2004). Rainfall and length of the growing season in Nigeria. International Journal of Climatology, 24: 467-479.<br \/>[9] Umar, A.T. (2010). Recent Trends and Variability in the Length of the Growing Season in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Meteorology &amp; Climate Science, 8(1): 40-52.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050914\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050914\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-771087d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"771087d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d2b31f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10d2b31f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6257856f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6257856f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dr. Ajiere, Susan; Dr. Nwaerema, Peace; Dr. Bridget Edewede Diagi &#8220;Climate Change Anomalies and its Prospects on Agriculture in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.13-17 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/13-17.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9050050915\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9050050915\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4feaedae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4feaedae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cfb13cc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cfb13cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-566a3812 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"566a3812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Climate Change Anomalies and its Prospects on Agriculture in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/13-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e3b0751 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5e3b0751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bde2c5d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7bde2c5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1bc9b elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1d1bc9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/18-23.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Studies on the Properties of an Oil Sorbent Material Produced from Hyphaene thebaica\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/18-23.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStudies on the Properties of an Oil Sorbent Material Produced from Hyphaene thebaica\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-133f8ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"133f8ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dimas,B. J, Osemeahon, S. A September 2020 Page No.: 18-23<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fd43599 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"2fd43599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"802436505\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365051\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365051\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365051\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365052\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365052\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365052\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365053\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365053\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365053\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365054\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365054\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365054\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365055\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365055\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365055\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365051\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365051\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3cb05df1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3cb05df1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b54420d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b54420d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a7c45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"253a7c45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study investigated the use of Hyphaene thebaica as a sorbent for remediation of crude oil polluted water. The crude Hyphaene thebaica (CHT), retted Hyphaene thebaica (RHT) and bleached Hyphaene thebaica (PFHT) were subjected to sorption studies to optimize their sorption capacity. The results revealed that the efficiency of sorbent to remove crude oil from water is related to the sorbent weight, contact time, initial oil concentration and temperature of sorption. It was found out that increase in sorbent weight led to increase in sorption capacity from 3.71-4.87g\/g, 4.30-5.77g\/g, and 4.56-6.23g\/g in CHT, RHT and PFHT respectively. Increased in Initial oil concentration also increased the oil sorption capacity by 18-24% until it reach equilibrium. Sorption time was varied from 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and70 minutes and the highest sorption capacity was recorded at 30 minutes before a gradual decreased was observed. Sorption capacity decreased with increased in temperature above 400C. The sorbent exhibited good reusability after 8 cycles, with less than 50 % reduction in sorption capacity. These properties introduce Hyphaene thebaica as a potential sorbent for oil cleanup.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 18-23<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 29 September 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365052\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365052\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-10fcae80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10fcae80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bc55afc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2bc55afc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75ef44d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75ef44d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dimas,B. J<\/strong><br \/>Department of Science Education, Taraba State University, Jalingo,Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Osemeahon, S. A<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry Modibbo Adama University of Technology,Yola, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365053\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365053\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-646c9edd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"646c9edd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d64b78f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d64b78f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22f6f115 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22f6f115\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Nwadiogbua, O.J., Ajiweb, E.V., Okoyeba, A.C. (2016). Removal of crude oil from aqueous medium by sorption on hydrophobic corncobs: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10: 56\u201363.<br \/>[2] Sulyman, M., Sienkiewicz, M., Haponiuk, J., &amp; Zalewski, S. (2018). New Approach for Adsorptive Removal of Oil in Wastewater using Textile Fibers as Alternative Adsorbent. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.6 (2018): 32-37.<br \/>[3] The United Nations World water development report (2017). Waste water: An untapped resource.<br \/>[4] Rahman, S.N., Yhaya, F.M., Azahari, B., &amp; Ismail, R.W. (2018). Utilisation of natural cellulose fibers in wastewater treatment. Cellulose (2018) 25:4887\u20134903.<br \/>[5] Lv, W., Xia, M.T., &amp; Yuewu, P. (2017). Preparation of an Efficient Oil-Spill Adsorbent Based on Wheat StrawErmeng. BioResources 12(1), 296-315.<br \/>[6] Lazzari, K.L., Zampieri, B.V., Neves M.R., Zanini, M., Zattera, J.A., &amp; Baldasso, C. (2019). A study on adsorption isotherm and kinetics of petroleum by cellulose cryogels. Cellulose, 26:1231\u20131246.<br \/>[7] Paulauskiene, T., &amp; Jucike, I. (2015). Aquatic oil spill cleanup using natural sorbents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 14874-14881.<br \/>[8] Younis, S.A., El-Gendy, N.S., Waleed, I.E.A., &amp; Moustaf, Y.M. (2014). Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biosorption from petroleum refinery wastewater using spent waste biomass. Desalin.Water Treat 56 (11), 3013-3023<br \/>[9] Yakout, M.S. and Daifullah, M.A. (2014). Asorption\/desorption of BTEX on activated carbon prepared from rice husk. Desalination and water treatment, 52: 4485-4491.<br \/>[10] Eze, I.S., Akpomie, G.K., Ezeofor, C.C., Mmadubuike, V.N. &amp; Ojo, K.F (2019). Remediation of oil spill polluted water from Niger Delta Nigeria by sorption onto ammonium sulfate modified Dialium guineense seed husk. Petroleum Science and Technology, 37 (15): 1830\u20131838.<br \/>[11] Akpomie, K. G., C. C. Ezeofor, J. U. Ani, S. I. Eze, C. C. Odo, and E. A. Onoabedje (2019). Equilbrium isotherm modeling of crude oil sorption from aqua mixture onto codiaeum variegatum stem powder. Petroleum Science and Technology, 37(3):329\u201336.<br \/>[12] Shehu, B.B., Zanna, H., &amp; Tukur, M.A. (2017). Effect of Methanolic Extract of the Fruit Pulp of Hyphaene thebaica (L) mart on some Heamatological parameters and Organ Histology in Rats. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 20; 203- 207<br \/>[13] Bayad, E.A. (2016). Influences of doum fruit (Hyphaene thebaica) extract on the reproductive parameters, blood picture, lipid profile and hepato-renal functions in rats. Merit Research J. of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 4(8): 384-391.<br \/>[14] Cai, M., Takagi, H., Nakagaito, A.N., Li, Y., Waterhouse, G.N. (2016). Effect of alkali treatment on interfacial bonding in abaca fiber-reinforced composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 90:589\u2013597.<br \/>[15] Nwabueze, H. O., Igbokwe, P.K., Amalu, E. U., &amp; Okoro, S.E. (2015). A study on the equilibrium and kinetics of oil spill cleanup using acetylated corn cobs. Internat. j.environmental sciences, 5:6<br \/>[16] Donatus, R.B., Barminas, J.T., Riki, E.Y. (2016). Sorption Studies of Violet Plant (Securidaca longepedunculata) Root Powder as Sorbent in Oil Spill Treatment. Internat. J. Scientific &amp; Engineering Research, 7 (4): 567-573.<br \/>[17] Al Zubaidy, A.I., Zaffar, U., Chowdhury, N., Mustafa, N., Varughese, V., Ahmed, R., Alharmoudi, A.R., Shahid, A., &amp; Gomes, E.E. (2015). Adsorption Study of Bio-Degradable Natural Sorbents for Remediation of Water from Crude Oil. 6th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, 24:84<br \/>[18] Onwuka, C.J., Agbaji, B.E., Ajibola, O.V., &amp; Okibe, G.F. (2018). Treatment of crude oil\u2011contaminated water with chemically modified natural fiber. Applied Water Science, 8:86.<br \/>[19] Al Zubaidi, A.I., Al Tamimi, K.A., &amp; Ahmed, H. (2016). Remediation of water from crude oil spill using a fibrous sorbent. Environmental Technology &amp; Innovation, 6: 105\u2013114.<br \/>[20] Najaa Syuhada, M.T., Rozidaini, M. G., Norhisyam, I. (2017). Response surface methodology optimization of oil removal using banana peel as biosorbent. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 21 (5): 1101 \u2013 1110.<br \/>[21] Sudhir, K.S., Joyjeet, G., Gaulam, S. (2016). Potentiality of luffa fiber used as reinforcement in polymer composites. (2016). Green Biocomposites, pp 293-310.<br \/>[22] Asadpour, R., Sapari, B.N., Isa, H.M., &amp; Kakooei, S. (2016). Acetylation of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber as an adsorbent for removal of crude oil. Environ sci. pollutres, 23:11740\u201311750.<br \/>[23] Onwuka, J.C., Agbaji, E.B., Ajibola, V.O., &amp; Okibe, F.G. (2016). Kinetic studies of surface modification of lignocellulosic Delonix regia pods as sorbent for crude oil spill in water. J Appl Res Technol. 14:415\u2013424.<br \/>[24] Sidik, S. M., Jalil, A. A., Triwahyono, S., Adam, S. H., Satar, M. A. H., &amp; Hameed, B. H (2012). Modified oil palm leaves adsorbent with enhanced hydrophobicity forcrude oil removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 203, 9\u201318.<br \/>[25] Cheu, C.S., Kong, H., Song, T.S., Saman, N., Joharib, K. &amp; Mat, H. (2013). High Removal Performance of Dissolved Oil from Aqueous Solution by Sorption Process Using Fatty Acid Esterified Pineapple Leaves as Novel Sorbents. RSC Advances 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1 p 1-14.<br \/>[26] Hameed, H.B., Mahmoud, K.D. &amp; A.L. Ahmad, L.A. (2007). Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye by a low-cost adsorbent: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) bunch waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007:158:65-72.<br \/>[27] Sulyman M., et al. \u201cGreener Cleaner: Sheep Wool Fiber as Renewable Sources for Oil Spill Cleanup\u201d. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology 5.2 (2017).<br \/>[28] Hussein, M., Amer, A. &amp; Sawsan, I. I. (2009). Oil spill sorption using carbonized pith bagasse. application of carbonized pith bagasse as loose fiber. Global NEST Journal, 11(4): 440 \u2013 448.<br \/>[29] Ola Abdelwahab (2014). Assessment of raw luffa as a natural hollow oleophilic fibrous sorbent for oil spill cleanup. Alexanria Engineering J., 33, 213-218.<br \/>[30] Singh, V., Kendall, R.J., Hake, K., &amp; Ramkumar, S. (2013). Crude oil sorption by raw cotton. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:6277\u20136281.<br \/>[31] Hussein, M. Amer, A. A. &amp; Sawsan, I. I. (2011). Heavy oil spill cleanup using law grade raw cotton fibers: Trial for practical application, Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Vol. 2(8), pp. 132-140.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365054\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365054\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7fe8ba5d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fe8ba5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bf08ddf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bf08ddf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d37a60b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d37a60b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dimas,B. J, Osemeahon, S. A &#8220;Studies on the Properties of an Oil Sorbent Material Produced from\u00a0<i>Hyphaene thebaica<\/i>&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.18-23 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/18-23.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8024365055\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8024365055\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4592be66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4592be66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c604bc7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c604bc7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2926e384 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2926e384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Studies on the Properties of an Oil Sorbent Material Produced from &lt;i&gt;Hyphaene thebaica&lt;\/i&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/18-23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79e5c8ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"79e5c8ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-174418c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"174418c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d308698 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1d308698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/24-31.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Optimized One Dimensional-Ternary Pattern (1D-TP) for SMS Spam Feature Extraction\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/24-31.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOptimized One Dimensional-Ternary Pattern (1D-TP) for SMS Spam Feature Extraction\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62e63c11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62e63c11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oluwakemi Christiana Abikoye, Fatimoh Abidemi Taofeek-Ibrahim, Taye Oladele Aro September 2020 Page No.: 24-31<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a31482a e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"6a31482a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1781614634\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146341\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146341\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146341\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146342\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146342\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146342\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146343\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146343\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146343\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146344\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146344\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146344\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146345\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146345\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146345\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146341\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146341\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4270f89e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4270f89e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10854302 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10854302\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d760f18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d760f18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Short Message Service (SMS) has become an important form of the mobile communication channel; their popularity is attributed to several conditions including low-cost sending, simple delivery mode and convenient usage. Feature extraction phase has been identified by researchers to be one of the major steps in the Spam SMS detection system. The extraction of features in SMS involves a process of reduction of an initial set of raw features into more manageable forms for processing. This paper employed a new One Dimensional Ternary Pattern (1D-TP) for SMS feature extraction while the simulated annealing was applied to optimize the extracted features. Experimental results showed a better objective function.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 24-31<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 01 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146342\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146342\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2e78fe90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e78fe90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43c17ba4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"43c17ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f048d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0f048d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oluwakemi Christiana Abikoye<\/strong><br \/>Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fatimoh Abidemi Taofeek-Ibrahim<\/strong><br \/>Department of Computer Science, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Taye Oladele Aro<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematical and Computing Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146343\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146343\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4b338d80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b338d80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-312faae6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"312faae6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d43613e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d43613e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Abdulhamid, M., Shafie, M., Latiff, A., Chiroma, H., &amp; Osho, O. (2017). A Review on Mobile SMS Spam Filtering Techniques A Review on Mobile SMS Spam Filtering Techniques. (February). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2666785<br \/>[2] Adewumi, O. A &amp; Akinyelu, A. A. (2016). A Hybrid Firefly and Support Vector Machine Classifier for Phishing Email Detection. Kybernetes, 45(6), 977\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/K-07-2014-0129<br \/>[3] Chaudhari, N., Jayvala, P., &amp; Vinitashah, P. (2016). Survey on Spam SMS filtering using Data mining Techniques. Ijarcce, 5(11), 193\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17148\/IJARCCE.2016.51141<br \/>[4] Downer, S. R., Meara, J. G., Da Costa, A. C., &amp; Sethuraman, K. (2006). SMS text messaging improves outpatient attendance. Australian Health Review\u202f: A Publication of the Australian Hospital Association, 30(3), 389\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AH060389<br \/>[5] Geertsema, S., Hyman, C., &amp; van Deventer, C. (2011). Short message service (SMS) language and written language skills: Educators\u2019 perspectives. South African Journal of Education, 31(4), 475\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15700\/saje.v31n4a370<br \/>[6] Jantan, A., Waheed, A. H., &amp; Ghaleb, S. A. (2017). Using a Modified Bat Algorithm to Train Neural Networks for Spam Detection. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 95(24), 6788\u20136799.<br \/>[7] Kaur, R., &amp; Rajput, R. (2013). Face recognition and its various techniques\u202f: a review. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 2(3), 670\u2013675.<br \/>[8] Kawade, D. R., &amp; Oza, K. S. (2015). SMS Spam Classification using WEKA. International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Technology, 5, 43\u201347.<br \/>[9] Ma, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., &amp; Chen, B. (2018). A new fine-grain SMS corpus and its corresponding classifier using probabilistic topic model. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 12(2), 604\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3837\/tiis.2018.02.004<br \/>[10] Mahmoud, T. M. &amp;, &amp; Mahfouz, A. M. (2012). SMS Spam Filtering Technique Based on Artificial Immune System. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 9(2), 589\u2013597.<br \/>[11] Mizuki, A., Matsumoto, T., Uemura, T., &amp; Kichimi, S. (2013). Improving SMS Processing Power for Increasing Smartphone Demand. NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal, 14(4), 60\u201362.<br \/>[12] Mustapha, A., &amp; Behjat, A. R. (2016). Ensemble Feature Subset Selection Technique in Spam Detection System. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(22), 13135\u201313140.<br \/>[13] Reaves, B., Blue, L., Tian, D., Traynor, P., &amp; Butler, K. R. B. (2016). Detecting SMS spam in the age of legitimate bulk messaging. WiSec 2016 &#8211; Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, 165\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2939918.2939937<br \/>[14] Shaw, R., &amp; Bosworth, H. (2012). Short message service (SMS) text messaging as an intervention medium for weight loss: A literature review. Health Informatics Journal, 18(4), 235\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1460458212442422<br \/>[15] Shuaib, M., Abdulhamid, M., Adebayo, O. S., Osho, O., Idris, I., Alhassan, J. K., &amp; Rana, N. (2019). Whale optimization algorithm \u2011 based email spam feature selection method using rotation forest algorithm for classification. SN Applied Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-019-0394-7<br \/>[16] Subramaniam, T., Jalab, H. A., &amp; Taqa, A. Y. (2010). Overview of textual anti-spam filtering techniques. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(12), 1869\u20131882.<br \/>[17] Telgaonkar, A. H &amp; Deshmukh, S. (2015). Dimensionality Reduction and Classification through PCA and LDA. International Journal of Computer Applications, 122(17), 4\u20138.<br \/>[18] Uysal, A. K., Gunal, S., Ergin, S., &amp; Gunal, E. S. (2013). The impact of feature extraction and selection on SMS spam filtering. Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika, 19(5), 67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5755\/j01.eee.19.5.1829<br \/>[19] Vikas &amp; Kaur, A. (2016). Face Recognition using Local Ternary Pattern. International Journal of Science and Research, 04(12), 2115\u20132120.<br \/>[20] Zainal, K., Sulaiman, N. F., &amp; Jali, M. Z. (2015). An Analysis of Various Algorithms For Text Spam Classification and Clustering Using RapidMiner and Weka. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), 13(3), 66\u201374.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146344\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146344\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2ce96cb6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ce96cb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd3e5b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd3e5b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-356147d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"356147d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oluwakemi Christiana Abikoye, Fatimoh Abidemi Taofeek-Ibrahim, Taye Oladele Aro &#8220;Optimized One Dimensional-Ternary Pattern (1D-TP) for SMS Spam Feature Extraction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.24-31 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/24-31.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17816146345\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17816146345\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1bb14d4d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bb14d4d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-686ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"686ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723b60c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723b60c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Optimized One Dimensional-Ternary Pattern (1D-TP) for SMS Spam Feature Extraction\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/24-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5adc2ffa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5adc2ffa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da274c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1da274c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31fd2bc1 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"31fd2bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/32-37.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"IoT Based Industrial Security Control and Monitoring System Using NodeMCU\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/32-37.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIoT Based Industrial Security Control and Monitoring System Using NodeMCU\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63adc6c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63adc6c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Md. Romzan Ali, Abdullah Al Zubaer, Md. Ariful Islam, Sabrina Ferdous, Md. Habibur Rahman September 2020 Page No.: 32-37<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96315a e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"96315a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"9843034\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430341\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430341\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-98430341\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430342\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430342\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-98430342\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430343\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430343\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-98430343\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430344\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430344\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-98430344\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430345\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-98430345\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-98430345\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-98430341\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-98430341\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-ff8ad53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff8ad53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77b014d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77b014d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2946a742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2946a742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>There are many sudden accident is happened in various industries recently. So now a day\u2019s security has become an important issue in everywhere. Developing this trend a new intelligent smart security system of industry based on various wireless sensor\/actuator, Node MCU microcontroller with IoT network is proposed in current research paper. This innovation namely IoT Based Industrial Security Control and Monitoring System Using NodeMCU detect any Chemical overflow or leakage, Gas leakage, Fire\/Boiler explosion or short circuit and sensing temperature, humidity, undesired sound by various smart sensor. So it can measure any environmental deviation and monitored the update condition of the industries and inform the proprietor by Email &amp;SMS through internet. So it\u2019s not a matter the proprietor stays in far or near. After knowing current condition it can take proper action which protect the industries from accident and saves many lives. A traditional security system gives the signal by alarms. Here Internet of Things is used to communicate with the device for sending and receiving required information and data through internet. So it can be controlled and monitored from anywhere &amp; anytime through computer, mobile or any smart device. Moreover combination of embedded electronics and computer programming is the significant outcome of the work. The more advantages of this device are it is a portable device and it can be driving both mobile &amp; computer by internet.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 32-37<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 01 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-98430342\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-98430342\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4b04b556 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b04b556\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53eaed41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53eaed41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35864d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35864d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Romzan Ali<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullah Al Zubaer<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Ariful Islam<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabrina Ferdous<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Habibur Rahman<\/strong><br \/>Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-98430343\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-98430343\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3c44cd22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c44cd22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23714537 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"23714537\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e93a9c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e93a9c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Pandya, Vandana, and Deepali Shukla. &#8220;GSM Modem based Data acquisition system.&#8221; International Journal of Computational Engineering Research 2.5 (2012): 1662-1667.<br \/>[2] Ramlee, RidzaAzri, et al. &#8220;Bluetooth remote home automation system using android application.&#8221; (2013): 1-5.<br \/>[3] Ramlee, R. A., LEONG, M. H., SARBAN SINGH, R. S. A., ISMAIL, M. M., OTHMAN, M. A., SULAIMAN, H. A., &amp; ALICE, M. (2013). Bluetooth remote home automation system using android application.<br \/>[4] Yusuf, Abdulrahman, and MurtalaAminu Baba. 2014 &#8220;Design and Implementation of a Home Automated System based on Arduino, Zigbee and Android.&#8221; International Journal of Computer Applications, 97(9).<br \/>[5] [5] Gibbs, Samuel. &#8220;Musk, Wozniak and Hawking urge ban on warfare AI and autonomous weapons&#8221;. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-07-28.<br \/>[6] &#8220;Musk, Hawking Warn of Artificial Intelligence Weapons&#8221;. WSJ Blogs &#8211; Digits. 2015-07-27. Retrieved 2015-07-28.<br \/>[7] http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/technology\/soldiers-3-robots-military-bots-get-awards-nicknames-funerals-4B11215746<br \/>[8] D\u2019Ausilio, Alessandro. &#8220;Arduino: low-cost multipurpose lab equipment.&#8221;Behavior research methods 44.2 (2012): 305-313.<br \/>[9] Instruments,Texas.&#8221;L293D,datasheet&#8221; Quadruple Half-H Drives.&#8221; (2010).<br \/>[10] Freaks, E.L.E.C. &#8220;Ultrasonic RangingModule,HCSR04.&#8221; ElekFreaks(2013).[Online].Available:http:\/\/www.micropik.com\/PDF\/HCSR04.pdf.<br \/>[11] HSM-20G_sensor_Datasheet. [Online].Available:http:\/\/www.seeedstudio.com\/depot\/datasheet\/HSM-20G.pdf.<br \/>[12] Relative Humidity indicates how moist the air is. [Online].Available:http:\/\/ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu\/%28Gh%29\/guides\/mtr\/cld\/dvlp\/rh.rxml.<br \/>[13] Pahuja, Ritika, and Narender Kumar. &#8220;Android Mobile Phone Controlled Bluetooth Robot Using 8051Microcontroller,2014,&#8221; Electronics &amp; Communication and Engineering, Department, BRCM College of Engineering &amp; Technology, Bahal, India, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER) www.ijser.in ISSN (Online): 2347-3878.<br \/>[14] Proto Advantage DC geared motor(Data_Sheet),[Online].Available:http:\/\/www.proto_advantage.com\/store\/datasheets\/MOT0011.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-98430344\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-98430344\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-19f85eaa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19f85eaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17d450e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17d450e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e657775 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e657775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Md. Romzan Ali, Abdullah Al Zubaer, Md. Ariful Islam, Sabrina Ferdous, Md. Habibur Rahman &#8220;IoT Based Industrial Security Control and Monitoring System Using NodeMCU &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.32-37 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/32-37.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-98430345\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-98430345\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-403592c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"403592c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e14fef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30e14fef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23603b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23603b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\" IoT Based Industrial Security Control and Monitoring System Using NodeMCU \" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/32-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dfc184c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4dfc184c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e57439a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e57439a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29920e79 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"29920e79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/38-40.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Effectiveness of powder of Tribulus Teristrus in the management of urinary calculi\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/38-40.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEffectiveness of powder of Tribulus Teristrus in the management of urinary calculi\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23a22a9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23a22a9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>N.S.Abegunasekara, K.D.G.Damintha September 2020 Page No.: 38-40<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537aead4 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"537aead4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1400564436\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644361\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644361\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644361\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644362\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644362\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644362\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644363\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644363\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644363\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644364\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644364\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644364\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644365\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644365\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644365\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644361\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644361\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-1b40383f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b40383f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2d7e55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2d7e55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756784d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756784d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Urinary calculi is a common genito-urinary disorder in the modern era. They may cause pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria and possibly chills and fever due to secondary infection. Diagnosis is based on urinalysis and radiological imaging usually non-contrast helical CT imaging. In Ayurveda, urinary calculi are known as Mutr\u0101shmari. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Gokshurabija choorna (GBC) comparatively with Cystone\u00ae in the management of Mutr\u0101shmari. The formula was prescribed in Bhaishajya Rathn\u0101vali under the chapter of Mutr\u0101shmari chikitsa. Twenty patients with urinary calculi were randomly selected from Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda (Teaching) hospital, Yakkala and D. B. Welagedara Ayurveda (Provincial) hospital, Kurunegala. They were divided into two groups (Control and Test) using the simple random sampling method. Test group was treated with 10g of GBC with hot water twice daily for a period of seven days. Two tablets of Cystone\u00ae was recommended twice daily for a period of seven days to the control group. Appropriate paty\u0101patya were instructed to follow during the period. Data was collected before treatment, after treatment and after seven days follow-up period using USG (for objective parameters) and self-prepared questionnaire (for subjective parameters). Results were analyzed by using IBM SPSS v22 statistical software. After fourteen days of treatment, both groups showed a significant effect to some clinical symptoms. But calculated p values of GBC were less significant than Cystone\u00ae comparatively. It was concluded that GBC has got effectiveness as a treatment of Mutr\u0101shmari. No adverse reaction was observed during treatment, proving the formulation is safe and effective.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 38-40<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 02 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644362\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644362\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-45239d68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45239d68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3689f6c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3689f6c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14a566be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14a566be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Urinary calculi is a common genito-urinary disorder in the modern era. They may cause pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria and possibly chills and fever due to secondary infection. Diagnosis is based on urinalysis and radiological imaging usually non-contrast helical CT imaging. In Ayurveda, urinary calculi are known as Mutr\u0101shmari. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Gokshurabija choorna (GBC) comparatively with Cystone\u00ae in the management of Mutr\u0101shmari. The formula was prescribed in Bhaishajya Rathn\u0101vali under the chapter of Mutr\u0101shmari chikitsa. Twenty patients with urinary calculi were randomly selected from Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda (Teaching) hospital, Yakkala and D. B. Welagedara Ayurveda (Provincial) hospital, Kurunegala. They were divided into two groups (Control and Test) using the simple random sampling method. Test group was treated with 10g of GBC with hot water twice daily for a period of seven days. Two tablets of Cystone\u00ae was recommended twice daily for a period of seven days to the control group. Appropriate paty\u0101patya were instructed to follow during the period. Data was collected before treatment, after treatment and after seven days follow-up period using USG (for objective parameters) and self-prepared questionnaire (for subjective parameters). Results were analyzed by using IBM SPSS v22 statistical software. After fourteen days of treatment, both groups showed a significant effect to some clinical symptoms. But calculated p values of GBC were less significant than Cystone\u00ae comparatively. It was concluded that GBC has got effectiveness as a treatment of Mutr\u0101shmari. No adverse reaction was observed during treatment, proving the formulation is safe and effective.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 38-40<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 02 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644363\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644363\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3d2c63ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d2c63ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f77b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f77b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b36d80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73b36d80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>[1]. Debabrata Das(2012).Growth of mobile phone subscribers in India.Basic Research Journal of Business Management and Accounts ISSN 2315-6899 Vol. 1(1) pp. 14-20.<br \/>[2]. Dharmesh Motwani, Khushbu Agarwal(2015).Disseminate Knowledge-International Journal of Research in Management Science and Technology (Disseminate Knowledge-IJRMST) Customer Behavior in Mobile Banking: A Study of Udaipur Region. International Journal of Research in Management Science and Technology DK-IJRMST.Volume 3 Issue 1, ISSN No.2321-1245<br \/>[3]. Anabela Botelho, L\u0131gia Costa Pinto (2004).The diffusion of cellular phones in Portugal. Portugal Telecommunications Policy 28 (427\u2013437).<br \/>[4]. Christian M. Dippon 2012,Is Faster Necessarily Better? 3G Take-Up Rates and the Implications for Next Generation Services, Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 2012, 5, 463-480<br \/>[5]. Ahmad, M. I., Alsaadi, M. K, Almamri 2014, Statistical Models for Mobile Telephony Growth in Oman ,Information Management and Business Review Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 121-127, Jun 2014 (ISSN 2220-3796)<br \/>[6]. Christos Michalakelis, Dimitris Varoutas and Thomas Sphicopoulos 2008, Diffusion models of mobile telephony in Greece, Telecommunications Policy 32 (2008) 234\u2013245.<br \/>[7]. Sanjay Kumar Singh(2008). The diffusion of mobile phones in India. Telecommunications Policy 32 (642\u2013651).<br \/>[8]. Ruchita Gupta, Karuna Jain (2012), Diffusion of mobile telephony in India: An empirical study, Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change 79 (709\u2013715).<br \/>[9]. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IT.CEL.SETS.P2\/countries.<br \/>[10]. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL.<br \/>[11]. Press Release No. 28\/2015. TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA. https:\/\/www.trai.gov.in\/WriteReadData\/PressRealease\/Document\/PR-TSD-Feb10042015.pdf.<br \/>[12]. Annual Report 2013-2014. Department of TelecommunicationsMinistry of Communications &amp; Information Technology Government of India New Delhi.<br \/>[13]. Christos Michalakelis, Dimitris Varoutas, Thomas Sphicopoulos(2008). Diffusion models of mobile telephony in Greece. Telecommunications Policy 32 (234\u2013245).<br \/>[14]. Barros, P. P., &amp; Cadima, N. (2000). The impact of mobile phone diffusion on the fixed-link network. C.E.P.R. Discussion Paper No. 2598.<br \/>[15]. R.L. Chaddha, S.S. Chitgopekar(1971). A generalization of the logistic curves and long-range forecasts (1966\u20131991) of residence telephones. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2 (2). pp. 542\u2013560.<br \/>[16]. R. Bewley, D. Fiebig(1988) .Flexible logistic growth model with applications in telecommunications. International Journal of Forecasting, 4 (2) pp. 177\u2013192.<br \/>[17]. Joseph P.Martino.Technology Forecasting for Decision Making.Third Edition.Research Institute University of Dayton,Ohlo.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644364\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644364\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-38189eb0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38189eb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6af486b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6af486b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b14c68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b14c68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dr. Meghna Sharma, Prachi Trivedi &#8220;Increment of Mobile Subscriber in India : Gompertz Curve&#8217; Buying Behaviour for Green Products&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.1 issue 1, pp.01-04 2016<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-14005644365\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-14005644365\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5b026a17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b026a17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c3b0164 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c3b0164\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30bc9ed3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30bc9ed3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<center><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Increment of Mobile Subscriber in India : Gompertz Curve\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.1&amp;Issue1\/01-04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/center><center><\/center>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8d9965 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f8d9965\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-621da958 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"621da958\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cc7d7c9 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5cc7d7c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/41-44.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Evaluation of Two Named Heavy Metal Residue in Tissues of Cattle from Three Selected Slaughter Slabs in Akure Metropolis\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/41-44.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEvaluation of Two Named Heavy Metal Residue in Tissues of Cattle from Three Selected Slaughter Slabs in Akure Metropolis\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a7ce3c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a7ce3c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adekolurejo, O. O., Arogbodo, J. O.and Dada, O. S. September 2020 Page No.: 41-44<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d52df64 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"5d52df64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1565712228\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122281\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122281\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122281\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122282\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122282\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122282\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122283\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122283\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122283\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122284\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122284\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122284\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122285\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122285\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122285\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122281\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122281\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4b157f13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b157f13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f440c79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f440c79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35c8be2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35c8be2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study was carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in the liver, kidney and muscle of cattle slaughtered in three slaughter slabs in Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria. Heavy metals (HM) as well known through scientific knowledge can build up in the soil, leading to severe environmental pollution and contamination of the food chain which is of global public health importance. This study therefore emphasized on the need for continuous monitoring and control of heavy metal residues in cattle slaughtered for human consumption. Five animals each were sampled from Shasha (SH), Onyarugbulem (ON) and Ilara mokin (IM), collecting their liver, kidney and muscle. The samples were assessed for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained showed that lead and cadmium levels in samples from SH were in the order kidney &gt; muscle &gt; liver and liver &gt; muscle &gt; kidney respectively. Levels in IM samples appeared in the order kidney &gt; muscle &gt;liver for lead and kidney &gt; liver &gt; muscle for cadmium. While ON samples presented the order; kidney &gt; liver &gt; muscle and liver &gt; muscle \/kidney for lead and cadmium respectively. However, significant difference was not observed in lead and cadmium concentrations in all the samples (p &gt; 0.05). Summarily, levels of the assessed metals in this study were within the limits adjudged safe by two International Organizations viz; Food and Agriculture Organization together with World Health Organization (FAO \/ WHO).<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 41-44<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 03 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122282\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122282\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-42265dbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42265dbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59060b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59060b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718c0300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718c0300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adekolurejo, O. O.,<\/strong><br \/>School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Department of Animal Production and Health Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arogbodo, J. O.<\/strong><br \/>School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Department of Animal Production and Health Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dada, O. S.<\/strong><br \/>School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Department of Animal Production and Health Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122283\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122283\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7e16d65d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e16d65d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cf947fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cf947fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7125263d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7125263d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Varsha, M., Nidhi, M., Anurag, M., Singh, R. B. and Sanjay, M. (2010). Effect of toxic metals on human health. Open Nutr. J. 3(10): 94 \u2013 99.<br \/>[2] Adetunji, V. O., Popoola, A. F. and Odetokun, I. A. (2012). Heavy metal (lead, cadmium) and antibiotic (tetracycline, chloramphenicol) residues in fresh and frozen fish types (Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus) in Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 15(18): 895 \u2013 899.<br \/>[3] Kennish, M. J. (1992). Ecology of Estuaries Anthropogenic Effects. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 494. 1992.<br \/>[4] Felagha, I., Monanu, M. O. and Amadi, B. A. (2020). Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Three Species of Mollusks (Egeria radiata, Limicolaria flammea and Viviparus contectus) from Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports 10(3): 21-26; Article no. AJARR.56780 ISSN: 2582-3248.<br \/>[5] Sedki, A., Lekouch, N., Gamon, S and Pineau, A. (2003). Toxic and essential trace metals in muscle, liver and kidney of bovines from a polluted area of Morocco. The Science of the Total Environment, 317: 201\u2013205.<br \/>[6] Ugwu, J. N. (2010). Assessment of levels of some heavy metals in the muscles and internal organs of cows consumed in Enugu and Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria\u201d. Unpublished PhD Thesis of the Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka.<br \/>[7] Nawaz, R. and Rehman, S. (2015). Analysis of heavy metals in red meat in District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. 23: 166-71.<br \/>[8] Arogbodo, J. O., Ajayi, O. A. and Adebayo, I. A. (2020). Phytochemical Screening and Analyses of Eight Selected Heavy Metals in an Air-dried and Sun-dried Leaf of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) O Kuntze. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue 2, pp 146-150.<br \/>[9] Demirezen, O. and Uruc, K. (2006). Comparative study of trace elements in certain fish, meat and meat products. Meat Science. 74: 255-60.<br \/>[10] Oluyemi, E. A., Feuyit, G., Oyekunle, J. A. O. and Ogunfowokan, A. O. (2008). Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in soil and some selected crops at a landfill in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2 (5): pp 089-096.<br \/>[11] Jalil, H. (2013). Determination of Heavy Metals in Exposed Corned Beef and Chicken Luncheon That Sold in Sulaymaniah Markets. Afr J Food Sci. 7: 178-825.<br \/>[12] Hillary-Frances, L. G. and Emmanuel, T. T. (2019). Appraisal of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in the muscle and intestinal organs of cattle slaughtered in Ibadan. American Journal of Zoology, 2(1): 1 \u2013 5.<br \/>[13] Nwineewii, J. D., Edori, O. S. and Marcus, A. C. (2019). Heavy metal content of surface water and crab (Potamon fluviatile) from the New Calabar River, Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria. 44(6): 1035 \u2013 1043.<br \/>[14] Umer, Z., Wasif, M., Saif-ur-Rehman, K., Saman, S. and Fariha, A. (2017). Assessment of heavy metal contaminants from protein sources. Short commentary, J Food Technol Pres 2017 Volume 1 Issue 2 pp 7 \u2013 11.<br \/>[15] Onuoha, S. C., Anelo, P. C. and Nkpaa, K. W. (2016). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in snail (Archachatina marginata) from four contaminated regions in Rivers State, Nigeria. Amer. Chem. Sci. J. 11(2): 1 \u2013 8.<br \/>[16] Iwegbue, C. M. A., Nweje, G. E. and Iyoha, E. H. (2008). Heavy metal residues of chicken meat and gizzard and turkey meat consumed in Southern Nigeria. Bulgar J. Veterin. Med., 11: 275 \u2013 280.<br \/>[17] SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (2015). SPSS 23 Statistics Premium for Windows. IBM Corporation computer software package, version 23, 32 and 64 bit, Jordan.<br \/>[18] Onianwa, P. C., Adetola, C., Iwegbue, C. M. and Tella, O. (1999). Trace heavy metal composition of some Nigerian beverages and food drinks. Food Chemistry, 66: 275 \u2013 279.<br \/>[19] Yusuf, A. A., Arowolo, T. A. and Bamgbose, O. (2003). Cadmiun, Copper and nickel levels in vegetable from industrial and residential areas of Lagos city, Nigeria. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 41: 375 \u2013 378.<br \/>[20] Adekunle, I. M. and Akinyemi, M. F. (2004). Lead levels of certain consumer products in Nigeria: a case study of smoked fish foods from Abeokuta. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42: 1463 \u2013 1468.<br \/>[21] Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O. and Ogugua, O. (2007). Trace heavy metal levels of some bouillon cubes and food condiments readily consumed in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(2): 122 \u2013 127.<br \/>[22] Lanre-Iyanda, T. Y. and Adekunle, I. M. (2012). Assessment of heavy metals and their estimated daily intakes from two commonly consumed foods (Kulikuli and Robo) found in Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 12(3): 6156 \u2013 6169.<br \/>[23] Jukna, C., Jukna, V. and Siugzdaite, J. (2006). Determination of heavy metals in viscera and muscles of cattle. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 9: 35-41.<br \/>[24] Alonso, M. L., Benedito, L. J., Miranda, M., Castillo, C., Hernandez, J. and Shore, F. R. (2002). Arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in cattle from Galicia, NW Spain. Science Total Environ., 246(2): 237-248.<br \/>[25] Rahimi, E. and Rokni, N. (2008). Measurement of cadmium residues in muscle, liver and kidney of cattle slaughtered in Isfahan abattoir using grafite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS): A preliminary study. Iran. J. Vet. Res., 9: 174-177.<br \/>[26] Choi, Y. Y. (2011). International\/National Standards for Heavy Metals in Food\u201d. Power Point Presentation by a Chemist in Government Laboratory. Pp 1 \u2013 12.<br \/>[27] FAO\/WHO (2019). Food Standard Programme. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 42nd session, Geneva, Switzerland 8 \u2013 12 July, 2019. Pp 42 \u2013 60.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122284\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122284\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-50c6083 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50c6083\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a2abc49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a2abc49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b2996f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b2996f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adekolurejo, O. O., Arogbodo, J. O.and Dada, O. S. &#8221; Evaluation of Two Named Heavy Metal Residue in Tissues of Cattle from Three Selected Slaughter Slabs in Akure Metropolis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.41-44 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/41-44.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-15657122285\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-15657122285\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-187472a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"187472a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49705f81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49705f81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-440e642f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"440e642f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\" Evaluation of Two Named Heavy Metal Residue in Tissues of Cattle from Three Selected Slaughter Slabs in Akure Metropolis\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/41-44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-373753c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"373753c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1227328d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1227328d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364d0c18 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"364d0c18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/45-47.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Bound for maximal rank hypothesis for p4\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/45-47.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBound for maximal rank hypothesis for p4\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b55d5dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b55d5dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>B. Owino September 2020 Page No.: 45-47<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b557ce2 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"2b557ce2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"727022818\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228181\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228181\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228181\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228182\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228182\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228182\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228183\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228183\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228183\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228184\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228184\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228184\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228185\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228185\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228185\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228181\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228181\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-54cbe55d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54cbe55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659c3f5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"659c3f5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451cd11c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"451cd11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The method of Horace is an inductive method that makes use of elementary transformation of vector bundles. The base step involves proving by hand the cases arising from diagram chasing using appropriate short exact sequences. Proving satisfactorily the maximal rank hypothesis requires proving certain statements for all possible cases. This paper presents a bound that guarantees inclusivity of the base cases arising in the proof of maximal rank hypothesis for P^4 using the method of Horace.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 45-47<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 03 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228182\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228182\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-538ff90c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"538ff90c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a545407 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a545407\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac60617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac60617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>B. Owino<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Kenya<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228183\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228183\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-23c14443 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"23c14443\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50c68969 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50c68969\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743cfcbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"743cfcbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Lorenzini, A. (1993), The Minimal Resolution Conjecture, J. Algebra 156, 5-35.<br \/>[2] Ballico, E. (1987,) Generators for the homogenous ideal of s general points in P3; Journal of Algebra.<br \/>[3] Ballico, e. and Geramita, A. (1986), The minimal free resolution of the ideal of s general points in P3, Amer. Math. Soc. 6 , 1-10.<br \/>[4] Beck, S. and Kreuzer, S. (1996), How to compute the canonical module of a set of points, Algorithms in algebraic geometry and applications, Santander, Spain Prog. Math, Birkhauser, Basel,143, 51- 78:<br \/>[5] Gaeta, F. (1951), Sur la distribution des degr\u00e9s des formes appartenant \u00e0 la matrice de l\u2019ideal homogen\u00e8ne attach\u00e9 \u00e0 in groupe de N points g\u00e9n\u00e9riques du plan. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 233, 912-913.<br \/>[6] Gaeta, F. (1995) A fully explicit resolution of the ideal defining N generic points in the plane. Preprint.<br \/>[7] Hirschowitz, A. and Simpson, C. (1996), La r\u00e9solution minimale de l\u2019id\u00e9al d\u2019un arrangement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019un grand nombre de points dans Pn. Invent. Math. 126, 467-503.<br \/>[8] Ida, M. (1998), General points on a quadric: resolution. Geometry Seminars.<br \/>[9] Lauze, F. (1994), Sur la r\u00e9solution des arrangements g\u00e9n\u00e8riques de points dans les espaces projectifs Th\u00e8se, Universit\u00e9 de Nice-Sophia Antipolis.<br \/>[10] Maingi, D. (2010), Sur la conjecture de la minimale r\u00e9solution de l\u2019ideal d\u2019un arrangement g\u00e9n\u00e8ral d\u2019un grand nombre de points dans un espaces projectif, Th\u00e8se, Universit\u00e9 de Nice-Sophia Antipolis.<br \/>[11] Obiero, B. and Maingi, D. (2017), On the minimal resolution conjecture for the ideal of general points in P4, Journal of Pure Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 6, no. 1, 67 &#8211; 85.<br \/>[12] Owino,B. (2019), On the method of Horace for free resolutions in Pn, International Journal of Novel Research in Physics Chemistry &amp; Mathematics, Vol. 6, no. 2, 8-14.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228184\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228184\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-158dc18d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"158dc18d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39bef3bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39bef3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32b38027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32b38027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>B. Owino &#8220;Bound for maximal rank hypothesis for p<sup>4<\/sup>&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.45-47 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/45-47.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7270228185\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7270228185\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ad922c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ad922c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7847bed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7847bed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bd84cf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bd84cf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Bound for maximal rank hypothesis for p&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;\/sup&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/45-47.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c4a3b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"28c4a3b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6934cc7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6934cc7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-571ee566 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"571ee566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/48-52.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Female Headship and Poverty in Sri Lanka: A Household Level Analysis\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/48-52.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFemale Headship and Poverty in Sri Lanka: A Household Level Analysis\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f2c47e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33f2c47e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Achini Jayathilaka, M.D.J.W Wijesinghe September 2020 Page No.: 48-52<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30105ba5 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"30105ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"806378405\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784051\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784051\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784051\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784052\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784052\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784052\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784053\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784053\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784053\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784054\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784054\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784054\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784055\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784055\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784055\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784051\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784051\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-5ee3070f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ee3070f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4debf2e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4debf2e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34695b4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34695b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between female headed households and poverty. Secondary data were obtained from the Household Income and Expenditure survey (HIES) 2009\/10 conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics to analyze the poverty of female headed households at a national level. The sample size was 20137 households. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for the analysis. The study found that gender of the household head, ethnicity, and employment status of the head, residential sector, marital status and province are significantly affected on poverty among the households. Further, it revealed that Female headed households are poorer up to a percentage of 60 in comparison to male headed households. Poverty is higher among widows and the married group. The findings of the study highlighted that better education, investment in skill training and promotion of social dialogue between industrial partners to create a working environment is critical to encourage women to engage in marketing activities and it will reduce poverty among them.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 48-52<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 03 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784052\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784052\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4afe7adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4afe7adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70af899a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70af899a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54a78ae7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54a78ae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Achini Jayathilaka<\/strong><br \/>Department of Economics and Statisitcs, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M.D.J.W Wijesinghe<\/strong><br \/>Department of Economics and Statisitcs, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784053\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784053\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-53e710de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53e710de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f5a6ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26f5a6ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ab7b53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ab7b53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Aseefa. M (2003) .Female headed households and poverty in urbanEthiopia, Availableat: http:\/\/www.africanchildinfo.net\/documents\/Female_headed_hhs.pdf<br \/>[2] Buvinic. M and Gupta.G.R (1997).Female-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries&#8217;, Chicago Journals, Vol. 45. Available at:http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1154535<br \/>[3] Chant. S. (1997) Women-Headed Households Diversity and Dynamics in the Developing World. Available at http:\/\/www.palgraveconnect.com pc\/doifinder\/view\/10.1057\/9780230378049<br \/>[4] Chant,S.(2003) Female Household headship and the Feminisation of Poverty: Facts, Fictions and Forward Strategies, Available at: http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/574\/femaleHousehold Headship. pdf<br \/>[5] Chant,S. (2008) &#8216;The &#8216;Feminisation of Poverty&#8217; and the &#8216;Feminisation&#8217; of Anti-Poverty Programmes: Room for Revision? &#8216;, Journal of Development Studies , Vol 44(No 2). Available at: http:\/\/www.pesonal.lse.ac.uk\/chant\/chantpublications\/jdsarticle _ content.pdf<br \/>[6] Das .S(2015 )Headed Households And Poverty: Analysis Using Household Level Data , Available at file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/MS0DDB~1.JAY\/AppData\/Local\/Temp\/WorkingPaper133.pdf<br \/>[7] Department of Census and Statistics (2012) Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2012\/13: Department of Census and Statistics.<br \/>[8] Dreze J, Srinivasan PV. 1997. Widowhood and poverty in rural India: some inferences from household survey data. Journal of Development Economics 54(2)<br \/>[9] Gangopadhyay .S and Wadhwa. W. (2003) Are Indian female-headed households more vulnerable to poverty, Available at: http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/&#8230;\/238622873<br \/>[10] Gunathilaka. R (2013) Women&#8217;s Participation in Sri Lanka&#8217;s Labour Force: Trends Drivers and Constraints, Availableat http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/&#8212;asia\/&#8212;ro-bangkok\/&#8212;ilo colombo\/documents\/publication\/wcms_215445.pdf<br \/>[11] Javed,Z.A and Asif,A. (2011) Female Households and Poverty: A Case Study of FaisalabadDistrict, Available at http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/journal\/IJPDS\/article-abstract\/ B61578E41008<br \/>[12] Maclanahan . S, Garfinkel. I and Watson, D (1983) .Family Structure Poverty and Underclass. Available at http:\/\/www.ssc.wisc.edu\/cde\/cdewp\/86-13.pdf<br \/>[13] Meenakshi, J.V. and Ray, R. (2002). Impact of household size and family composition on poverty in rural India, Journal of Policy Modeling.<br \/>[14] Kimenyi.M.S and Mbaku. J.M (1995) &#8216;Female Headship, Feminization of Poverty and Welfare &#8216;, Southern Economic Jornals, Vol 62(No 1), Available at http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1061374?origin=JSTOR-pdf<br \/>[15] Mutavi.T,Kokonya. D,Muliro.M,Obondo,A,Wariua.P and Ocharo.P (2013) The Magnitude of Poverty among Female Headed Households in Yathui and Central Division, Machakos District, Kenya&#8217;, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 4 (No. 6) .Available at http:\/\/ijbssnet.com\/journals\/Vol_4_No_6_June_2013\/25.pdf<br \/>[16] Rajaram, R (2009) Female-headed households and poverty: evidence from the National Family Health Survey, Available at https:\/\/www.frbatlanta.us\/documents\/news\/conferences\/09-3rd_se_international_economics_paper_rajaram.pdf<br \/>[17] Rogan. M (2014) Poverty may have declined, but women and female-headed households still suffer most, Available at http:\/\/www.econ3x3.org\/article\/poverty-may-have-declined-women-and-female-headed-households-still-suffer-most<br \/>[18] Schmitz, C. L. (1995) Reframing the Dialogue on Female-Headed Single-Parent Families, Available at http:\/\/libres.uncg.edu\/ir\/uncg\/f\/c_schmitz_reframing_1995.pdf<br \/>[19] Smith.A (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Available at: http:\/\/www.ifaarchive.com\/pdf\/smith_-an_inquiry_into_the_nature_and_causes_of_the_wealth_of_ nations[1].pdf<br \/>[20] Snyder.A.R ,McLaughlin.D.K and Findeis.F (2006) Household Composition and Poverty among FemaleHeaded Households with Children: Differences by Race and Residence, Available at http:\/\/www.people.uwec.edu\/bonstemj\/GenderWork\/women.bottom.pdf .<br \/>[21] O&#8217;Laughlin.B (1997) Missing men? The debate over rural poverty and women\u2010headed households in Southern Africa, Availableathttp:\/\/www.repub.eur.nl\/pub\/18996\/wp252.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784054\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784054\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4e011639 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e011639\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69597d05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69597d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-476732fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"476732fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Achini Jayathilaka, M.D.J.W Wijesinghe &#8220;Female Headship and Poverty in Sri Lanka: A Household Level Analysis &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.48-52 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/48-52.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8063784055\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8063784055\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-295be9e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"295be9e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c07f5e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c07f5e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18924488 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18924488\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Female Headship and Poverty in Sri Lanka: A Household Level Analysis \" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/48-52.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fc73896 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7fc73896\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b7431fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b7431fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-633ad6a0 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"633ad6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/53-56.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"An Evaluation of the Chemical and Radiological effect of Uranium in Rainwater from Selected Areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/53-56.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAn Evaluation of the Chemical and Radiological effect of Uranium in Rainwater from Selected Areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e114371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e114371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ehiwe Isaac Osadebamwen, Aniesua Akpan Essiett and Edu Inam September 2020 Page No.: 53-56<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b03d669 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"7b03d669\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"2063849065\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490651\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490651\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490651\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490652\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490652\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490652\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490653\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490653\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490653\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490654\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490654\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490654\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490655\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490655\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490655\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490651\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490651\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7dcd313c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7dcd313c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c54f2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51c54f2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-426f438 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"426f438\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The activity concentrations of uranium in rainwater from selected areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were measured by the means of a gamma-ray spectrometry using a sodium Iodide Thallium doped NaI (TI) detector. The results gotten were used to calculate the radiological risk of human over lifetime consumption by the population in the area. The mean activity concentration for Uranium in all the rainwater samples from all the areas was 5.2\u00a0<u>+<\/u>\u00a00.88 Bq.L<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00a0with a range of 1.2\u00a0<u>+<\/u>\u00a00.21 to 15.00\u00a0<u>+<\/u>\u00a02.92 Bq.L<sup>-1<\/sup>. The mass concentration was obtained ranges from 46.74 \u00b1 8.46 to 602.86 \u00b1 117.67 \u00b5g.L<sup>-1<\/sup>. The radiological risks for cancer mortality risk ranged from 4.3 \u00d7 10<sup>-5<\/sup>\u00a0to 5.6 \u00d7 10<sup>-4<\/sup>, while that of the morbidity risk ranged from 6.5 \u00d7 10<sup>-5<\/sup>\u00a0to 8.5 \u00d7 10<sup>-4<\/sup>\u00a0these values were found to be low. The chemical toxicity was found to vary from 1.28 to 16.51 \u00b5g.kg<sup>-1<\/sup>.day<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00a0while the hazard quotient ranges from 2.13 to 27.53 and these values are above the recommended acceptable safe level by various international organizations. Therefore, it is recommended that regular monitoring of rainwater in these areas should be carried out and also, adequate measures such as providing clean and properly treated water to people living in those areas should be taken<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 53-56<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 05 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490652\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490652\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7e72da15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e72da15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70ac48fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70ac48fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca6cbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ca6cbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ehiwe Isaac Osadebamwen<\/strong><br \/>Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aniesua Akpan Essiett<\/strong><br \/>Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edu Inam<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490653\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490653\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-18c8acff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"18c8acff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-306f9f51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"306f9f51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3081af72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3081af72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Awudugba, A.O. and Tchokossa, P. (2008). Assessment of radionuclide concentration in water supply from bore-holes in Ogbomoso land, Western Nigeria: ind and Buil.Environ., 17(2):183-186.<br \/>[2] Best, L., Rodriguez, G. and Velker, V. (2013). Radiation Oncology. Primer and review. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62070-004-4.<br \/>[3] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1999). Cancer risk coefficients for Environmental exposure to radionuclides. United State Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Guidance Report No -13 (EPA. 402 R-99-001).<br \/>[4] Health Canada (1999). Summary of guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: Prepared by federal provincial subcommittee on drinking water of the federal provincial-territorial committee on environmental and occupational health.<br \/>[5] Jibiri, N.N., Mabawonku, O.A., Oridate, A.A. and Ujiagbedion, C.A.(1999). Natural radionuclide Concentration levels in soil and water around a cement factory at Ewekoro, Ogun, Nigeria: Nig. J.phy; 11:12-16.<br \/>[6] Olomo, J.B., Tchokossa, P. and Aborisade, C.A. (2003). \u201cStudy of Radiation Protection guidelines in the use of Building Materials for Urban Dwellings in South- West Nigeria,\u201dNigeria journal of Physics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 7-13.<br \/>[7] Olomo, J.B. (1990). \u201cThe Natural Radioactivity in Some Nigerians Foodstuffs,\u201d Nuclear Instruments methods in Physics Research A, Vol. 299, No. 1-3, pp. 666-669. doi: 10-1016\/0168-9002(90)90866-5.<br \/>[8] Shultis, J. K. and Faw, R. E. (2007). Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering (2nd edition). CRC Pres. P.175. ISBN 978-1-4398-9408-8.<br \/>[9] Stabin, M. G. (2007). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An introduction to Health Physics. Springer. doi: 10-1007\/978-0-387-49983-3. ISBN 978-0-387-49982-6.<br \/>[10] United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), (1988). \u201csources, effects and risks of Ionizing Radiation\u201d, New York.<br \/>[11] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2000). Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly. ISBN 92-1-142238-8, New York<br \/>[12] United States Environmental Protection Agency (2003). Current Drinking Water Standards, Ground water and drinking water protection agency, pp. 1\u201312.<br \/>[13] United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1994). Comparison of Health Risks Arising From the Radiological and Chemical Toxicity of Uranium, Appendix F of Radiation Site Cleanup Regulations: Technical Support Document For The Development Of Radionuclide Cleanup Levels For Soil, Review Draft, EPA 402-R-96- 011 A.<br \/>[14] World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Guidelines for drinking water quality Health criteria and other supporting information, Geneva, 2nd edition., 2: 367\u2013370.<br \/>[15] World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: the urban and rural challenge of the decade. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.<br \/>[16] Ye-shin K., Hoa-sung P., Jin-yong K., Sun-ku P., Byong-wook C., Ig-hwan S and Dong-Chun S (2004). Health risk assessment for uranium in Korean groundwater. J. Environ. Radioactivity, pp. 77-85<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490654\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490654\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-26b7b34e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26b7b34e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4be86b48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4be86b48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d05cbec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d05cbec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ehiwe Isaac Osadebamwen, Aniesua Akpan Essiett and Edu Inam &#8220;An Evaluation of the Chemical and Radiological effect of Uranium in Rainwater from Selected Areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.53-56 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/53-56.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20638490655\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20638490655\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4f6e087c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f6e087c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-494441a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"494441a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b45eaf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b45eaf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"An Evaluation of the Chemical and Radiological effect of Uranium in Rainwater from Selected Areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/53-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cfd5308 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5cfd5308\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e22a68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74e22a68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d48e1a6 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1d48e1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/57-63.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Properties of Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Made With Recycled Concrete Aggregate\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/57-63.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProperties of Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Made With Recycled Concrete Aggregate\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-390cb757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"390cb757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adejo Jacob, E., Ka\u2019ase Ephraim, T &amp; Marafa Muhammad September 2020 Page No.: 57-63<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78cbea69 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"78cbea69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"2026629737\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297371\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297371\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297371\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297372\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297372\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297372\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297373\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297373\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297373\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297374\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297374\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297374\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297375\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297375\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297375\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297371\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297371\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-c5f7f55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5f7f55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359d3325 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"359d3325\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-954f18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"954f18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Construction industry is a major consumer of materials in large quantities and a producer of large quantity of waste which had led to the gradual decrease of natural resources. Many researchers have utilized natural aggregates in the production of geopolymer concrete but few researches have been carried out producing geopolymer concrete using Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). The research evaluates properties of metakaolin based geopolymer concrete (MKGPC) made with RCA. MKGPC was produced and cured at 60<sup>o<\/sup>C in the oven for 24hrs after which they were left to air dry in the laboratory.\u00a0 Conventional Portland cement concrete (PCC) was produced to serve as control. MKGPC and PCC specimens containing RCA at varying percentages of 0%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were produced.\u00a0 Cube moulds of size 100mm x 100mm x100mm was used to cast a total of 96 concrete and properties such as compressive and tensile strength, absorption and abrasion resistance were evaluated after curing ages of 7, 14, 28 and 56days. The average compressive strength obtained at 28 days of curing for PCC specimens with 0%, 20%, 30% and 40% RCA are 24.23N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, 21.09N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, 19.81N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0and 19.37N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, while for MKGPC specimens with same replacement of RCA are 31.54N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, 31.17N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, 28.55\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, 26.40N\/mm<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>respectively. The average split tensile strength of MKGPC specimen was 4.66%, 11.11% and 14.69% while PCC specimen had 15.38%, 23.49% and 25.90% respectively. Water abrasion resistance was found to be higher than the PCC specimens though its absorption capacity was higher than the PCC specimens. This shows that properties of MKGPC containing RCA is higher when compared to that of PCC containing RCA though it has high absorption capacity. The research recommends that metakaolin based geopolymer concete containing RCA up to 40% RCA could be used to produce concrete for structural use.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 57-63<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 05 october 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297372\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297372\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5bbfa50e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bbfa50e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29004f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d29004f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3683a44e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3683a44e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adejo Jacob, E.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ka\u2019ase Ephraim,<\/strong><br \/>Department of Building Technology, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Marafa Muhammad<\/strong><br \/>Department of Building Technology, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297373\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297373\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2816cdad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2816cdad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-580ad386 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"580ad386\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118f4bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"118f4bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Adejo, J. (2012). Comparison of the Properties of Concrete made with Natural Aggregate with Properties of Concrete Made with Recycled Aggregate. Unpublished Undergraduate Project, Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.<br \/>[2] Anuar K. A., Ridzuan, A. R. and Ismail, S. (2011). Strength Characteristic of Geopolymer Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate. International Journal of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, 11(01).<br \/>[3] Anuradha, R., Sreevidya, V., Venkatasubramani, R. and Rangan, B. V. (2011). Modified Guidelines for Geopolymer Concrete Mix Design Using Indian Standard.Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. 354-364.<br \/>[4] Bachhav, S. S. and Dubbey, S. K. (2016). Effect of Geopolymer on Strength of Concrete. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering. 3(1), 34-41.<br \/>[5] Benjamin, G. and Natelie, L. (2011). Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete with Recycled Aggregate. In: Proceeding of Concrete 2011 Conference, Perth, WA. The Concrete Institute of Austrelia.<br \/>[6] Davidovits, J. (1991). Geopolymers. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 1633-1656.<br \/>[7] George, O. (2014). A Solution to the Problem of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(4), 1-6.<br \/>[8] Irfan, K. M., Khairun, A., Suriati, S., Ahmer A. S., Zakaria M, and Hafeez, U. (2014). Sodium Silicate Free Geopolymer As Coating Material: Adhesion To Steel. In: proceedings of 1st international conference on material. Retrieved from http:\/\/sciforum.net\/conference\/ecm-1. 1-8.<br \/>[9] James, S. T. (2009). Recycled Concrete Aggregate\u2014A Viable Aggregate Source For Concrete Pavements. PhD Thesis, University of Waterloo, 1-206.<br \/>[10] Posi, P., Teerschanwit, C., Tanutong, C., Limkamoltip, S., Lertnimoolchai, S., Sata, V. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2013). Lightweight geopolymer concrete containing aggregate from recycled lightweight block. Material Design, 52, 580\u2013586.<br \/>[11] Preethy, K. T., Binu, M. I. and Deepak, J. P. (2015). Assessment of Demolished Concrete as Coarse Aggregate in Geopolymer Concrete. In: 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology and Management. University of Delhi, Conference Center, New Delhi India. 2229-2241.<br \/>[12] Ramujee, K. and Potharaju, V. K. (2014a). Abrasion Resisatnce of Geopolymer and its Composites. In: Proceeding Material Science for 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization (ICMPC), 6, 1961-1966.<br \/>[13] Ramujee, K. and Potharaju, M. (2014b). Development of Low Calcium Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete. LACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 6(1), 1-4.<br \/>[14] Reddy, B. S., Varaprasad, J. and Reddy, K. N. K., (2010). Strength and Workability of Low Lime Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete. The Indian Journal of Science Technology, 3(12), 1188.<br \/>[15] Rangan, V. B. (2010). Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Geopolymer Cement and Concrete. Allied Publishers Private Limited, Mumbai, India. 68-106.<br \/>[16] Roesler, J. R. and Hunley, J. G. (2008). Performance of I-57 Recycled Concrete Pavement. Research Report, Illinois Center for Transportation, 48.<br \/>[17] Sata, V., Wongsa, A. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2013). Properties of pervious geopolymer concrete using recycled aggregates. Constriction Building Material, 42, 33\u201339.<br \/>[18] Sherif, Y., Kareem, H., Annam, A., Amani, Z. and Hiba, I. (2015). Strength and Durability Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 9(2), 291-239.<br \/>[19] Smith, J. T. and Tighe, S. L. (2008). Recycled Concrete Aggregate-A Viable Aggregate Source for Concrete Pavements. In: Report of 87th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting. Washington, D.C.<br \/>[20] Swapna, K., Sarkar, A. k. and Rajamane, N. P. (2011). Nanosilica Improves Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.nbmcw.com\/articles\/admixtursadditives\/20929-nanosilicate-improves-recycled-concrete-aggregate.html. On 20\/03\/2015.<br \/>[21] Valerie, S., and Assia, D. (2013). Improvement of recycled concrete aggregate properties by polymer treatments. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2, 143 \u2013 152.<br \/>[22] Verian, K. P., Whiting, N. M., Olek, J., Jain, J. and Snyder, M. B. (2013). Using Recycled Concrete as Aggregate in Concrete Pavements to Reduce Materials Cost. Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Publication FHWA\/IN\/JTRP-2013\/18<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297374\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297374\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7bd1591b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7bd1591b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-433b22f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"433b22f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-107999b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"107999b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adejo Jacob, E., Ka\u2019ase Ephraim, T &amp; Marafa Muhammad&#8221; Properties of Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Made With Recycled Concrete Aggregate&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.57-63 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/57-63.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20266297375\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20266297375\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4429a611 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4429a611\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-513ec314 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"513ec314\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1760d301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1760d301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\" Properties of Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Made With Recycled Concrete Aggregate\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/57-63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-493c9a2b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"493c9a2b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42cb80bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42cb80bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70554afd elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"70554afd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/64-69.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"The Role of Packaging in Consumer Buying Behavior. A Case of Selected Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in Arusha City\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/64-69.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Role of Packaging in Consumer Buying Behavior. A Case of Selected Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in Arusha City\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f34e550 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f34e550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>James Lomayani, Msafiri Allen, PhD September 2020 Page No.: 64-69<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b1f6707 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3b1f6707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"991913735\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137351\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137351\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137351\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137352\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137352\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137352\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137353\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137353\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137353\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137354\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137354\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137354\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137355\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137355\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137355\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137351\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137351\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-67c70bea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67c70bea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-566281e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"566281e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23bce461 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23bce461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Packaging is a critical factor in the buying decision-making process of the consumers. Therefore, understanding the role of packaging in consumer buying behaviour is necessary for small- scale entrepreneurs\u2019 survivability. In this study descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine the role of packaging in consumer buying behaviour for the small- scale entrepreneurs in Arusha City. The findings revealed that the label of the package is important in the decision buying process, the quality of the packaging material is important during the buying process, and packaging color impacts consumer behavior during the buying process. Society culture, business culture, customer\u2019s family culture, and customer\u2019s lifestyle culture were important factors towards customers buying behavior. Also, the study indicated the existence of the relationship between the small-scale entrepreneurs packaging practices and the buying behavior of consumers in Arusha City were the factor for small-scale entrepreneurs to compete with other products from outside the country. The study recommended that small-scale entrepreneurs in Arusha City should be creative and innovative in terms of packaging. It was also recommended that the Government through the Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO) should train the small-scale entrepreneurs in Arusha City on packaging related matters to promote customer buying behavior.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 64-69<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 05 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137352\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137352\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4e40e099 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e40e099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1065d6da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1065d6da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-382fd9e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"382fd9e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Lomayani<\/strong><br \/>Master of Strategic Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Arusha<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Msafiri Allen, PhD<\/strong><br \/>Ag. Dean, Faculty of Business, University of Arusha<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137353\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137353\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4dc6e10e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4dc6e10e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76e7b204 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76e7b204\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e87abb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e87abb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Agata, A.N. (2017). The influence of Product Packaging on the Millenial consumer\u2019s buying Behaviour \u2013 A case study of the juice, nectar and still drinks category in Kenya. Master\u2019s. Thesis. United States International University \u2013Africa.<br \/>[2] Akhtar, I. (2016). Research Design. Research in Social Science: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308915548_Research_Design\/citation\/download<br \/>[3] Azeem, K. (2015). Role Of Packaging on Consumer Buying Behavior. Master\u2019s Thesis, Superior Group of Colleges College, University Campus, Lahore.<br \/>lunch, N. (2008). Introduction to structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<br \/>[4] Camp, W. G. (2001). Formulating and Evaluating Theoretical Frameworks for Career and Technical Education Research. Journal of Vocational Educational Research, 26 (1), 27-39.<br \/>[5] Chukwu, B.A. and Enugu, T.O. (2018). The impact of product packaging on consumers\u2019 purchasing behavior in Benin Metropolis, Edo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management. Vol. VI (4).pp.708-725.<br \/>[6] Deliya, M. M. and Parmar, B. (2012). Role of Packaging on Consumer Buying Behavior\u2013Patan District. Global. Journal of Management and Business Research. Vol. 12 (10).<br \/>[7] Dudovskiy, J. (2013) Consumer buying behavior definition. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2vzKODy<br \/>[8] Kazimoto, P. (2014). Assessment of Challenges facing Small and Medium Enterprises towards Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences. Vol.4 (2).pp. 303\u2013311. Incomplete citation<br \/>[9] Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Revised Edition). New Delhi: New Age International Publishers Ltd.<br \/>[10] LaMarco, N. (2019). Importance of Product Packaging in Marketing. Retrieved from https:\/\/smallbusiness.chron.com\/importance-product-packaging-marketing-648.html.<br \/>[11] Lymo, S.E.(2014). The Challenges and Prospects of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Accessing Credit Facility: A Case Study of Agricultural Inputs Sellers and Distributors in Arusha City. Master\u2019s Thesis. Open University of Tanzania<br \/>[12] Lundberg, C., &amp; Fredman, P. (2012). Success factors and constraints among nature-based tourism entrepreneurs. Current issues in tourism, 15(7), 649-671.<br \/>[13] Mazhar, M. Sayeda, D. Bhutto, M. and Mubeen, S.A. (2015). Impact of Product Packaging on Consumers Buying Behavior: Evidence from Karachi. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research.Vol.16.<br \/>[14] Mugenda, O.M. &amp;Mugenda, A.G. (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: African Center for Technology Studies.<br \/>[15] Mousavi, S.A and Jahromi, M.M. (2014). Examining the relationship between packaging and consumer buying behavior. A case study: comparison of pasteurized 1.5l milk of brands Roozaneh and Mihan. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences. Vol. 4 (1).<br \/>[16] Nzumile, J.M. and Taifa, I.W. (2019). Assessing the Awareness of Local Consumer\u2019s Product Producers towards Packaging Standards in Tanzania. International Journal of Research in Industrial Engineering. Vol. 8 (1).pp. 40\u201352.<br \/>[17] Oppong, M., Owiredu, A., &amp; Churchill, R. Q. (2014). Micro and small-scale enterprises development in Ghana. European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research, 2(6), 84-97<br \/>[18] Shah, S. Ahmad, A. and Ahmad, N. (2013). Role of Packaging in Consumer Buying Behavior. A study of University Students of Peshawar Region KPK Pakistan. International Review of Basic and Applied Sciences. Vol. 1 (2).<br \/>[19] Silayo, P. and Speece, M. (2004). Packaging and purchase decisions: A focused group study on the impact of involvement level and time pressure. British Food Journal. Vol. 106 (8). Pp. 607-28.<br \/>[20] Sumner, J. (2017). Five benefits of printed cartons for packaging. https:\/\/smallbusiness.co.uk\/five-benefits-printed-cartons-packaging-2540318\/<br \/>[21] Zekir, J. and Hassan, V.V. (2015). The role and impact of the Packaging effect on Consumer buying Behavior. ECOFORUM. Vol. 4 (1).<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137354\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137354\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-277ac33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"277ac33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13fdb2b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13fdb2b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1082f3da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1082f3da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>James Lomayani, Msafiri Allen, PhD &#8220;The Role of Packaging in Consumer Buying Behavior. A Case of Selected Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in Arusha City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.64-69 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/64-69.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-9919137355\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-9919137355\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4ebc5c0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ebc5c0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac07ec9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac07ec9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-303dfc37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"303dfc37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"The Role of Packaging in Consumer Buying Behavior. A Case of Selected Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in Arusha City\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/64-69.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-187f720c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"187f720c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54058ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54058ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10b7d4e6 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"10b7d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/70-83.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Environmental Health Services and Environmental Quality in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/70-83.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmental Health Services and Environmental Quality in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38175fdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38175fdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Collins Ebubedike Onyeri, Ugboaja Ikechukwu Michael, Prisca Adanma Onyeri, Christopher I. Ogunka September 2020 Page No.: 70-83<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da03a4b e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"7da03a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"2107652683\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526831\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526831\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526831\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526832\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526832\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526832\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526833\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526833\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526833\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526834\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526834\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526834\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526835\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526835\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526835\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526831\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526831\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4b7dfb89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b7dfb89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e294153 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e294153\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69db2f8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69db2f8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study is entitled Health Services and Environmental Quality in Ikwerre urban area of Rivers State\u2019. The state which is one of the states in Nigeria endowed with petroleum resources, for a very long period has been exposed to environmental degradation and deterioration due to crude oil exploration and extraction activities. These activities go a long way to causing environmental pollution and its concomitant health problems in the local government areas and the whole state in general. For improved environmental health services to enhance Ikwerre urban environmental quality in the study area method of data collection in the field: random, sample data collection the questionnaires were administered to 400 respondents from eighteen communities in Ikwerre urban area. (y) And independent variables (x) for analysis, spatial presentation and descriptive statistics were used regression analysis were also used for analysis. The study found that there was low level environmental quality because of low level of environmental health services. Against the background of the result, a participatory environmental health management approach is recommended for improvement of environmental quality in Ikwerre local government area.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 70-83<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 06 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526832\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526832\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1e45f6b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e45f6b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b0c000b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b0c000b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5561f05b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5561f05b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins Ebubedike Onyeri,<\/strong><br \/>,Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Ema Dominion International Schools Port Harcourt, University Of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Enugu State College Of Education Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ugboaja Ikechukwu Michael,<\/strong><br \/>Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Ema Dominion International Schools Port Harcourt, University Of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Enugu State College Of Education Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prisca Adanma Onyeri,<\/strong><br \/>Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Ema Dominion International Schools Port Harcourt, University Of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Enugu State College Of Education Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher I. Ogunka<\/strong><br \/>Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Ema Dominion International Schools Port Harcourt, University Of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Enugu State College Of Education Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526833\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526833\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1393e96f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1393e96f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec77782 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec77782\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60df002e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60df002e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Arimah, B.C, (1992) An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Housing Attributes in a Third World city land Journal of Economics 68,366-379.<br \/>[2] Abumere, S.I (1983) City Surface Solid Waste in Nigerian cities. International journal of environmental studies 6(3):138-145.<br \/>[3] Adedibu, A. A (2006)Environmental Sanitation Management in Nigeria. Trend and Issues. Enugu: Growth Dimension. Page 50-59.<br \/>[4] National Population Commission,(2006), \u2018Enumerators manual\u2019, March.<br \/>[5] Mandu, I. A. (2005) Population and settlement constraints to sustainable agricultural land use in southern Nigerian. In okoko E (ed) environmental sustainability and conservation in Nigerian. Akure ECRT FUTA.<br \/>[6] World Health Organisation (2006) Presentments. Geneva: WHO Feb.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526834\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526834\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-55dd12b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55dd12b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-600c93b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"600c93b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e60574b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e60574b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Collins Ebubedike Onyeri, Ugboaja Ikechukwu Michael, Prisca Adanma Onyeri, Christopher I. Ogunka &#8220;Environmental Health Services and Environmental Quality in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.70-83 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/70-83.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-21076526835\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-21076526835\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1eeb1cbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1eeb1cbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35a5b828 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35a5b828\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76cd78e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76cd78e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Environmental Health Services and Environmental Quality in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria \" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/70-83.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29083082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"29083082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39e73602 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39e73602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6a4af3 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4c6a4af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/84-88.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Environmental Influence on the Functional and Pasting Properties of Sun Dried and Oven Dried Bitter Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) Flour\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/84-88.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmental Influence on the Functional and Pasting Properties of Sun Dried and Oven Dried Bitter Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) Flour\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55544c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55544c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Olasoju, S. A, Adesina, B. S, Amosu, A. O, Owoseni, J.A, Oniya O.O September 2020 Page No.: 84-88<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b35c6af e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"2b35c6af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"724944559\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445591\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445591\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445591\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445592\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445592\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445592\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445593\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445593\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445593\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445594\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445594\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445594\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445595\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445595\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445595\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445591\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445591\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-77a8ef23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77a8ef23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23bf1bcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"23bf1bcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1264a08d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1264a08d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This research work was carried out to investigate the effect of drying methods on functional properties and pasting behaviour of bitter yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) flour. Flour processed from bitter yam tubers was subjected to sun drying and oven drying methods at 4% moisture contents level, under the temperature of 32.3 \u00b1 0.20C and 61.8 \u00b1 0.20C at 6% respectively. The results showed that the oven-dried bitter yam flour had higher water absorption capacity (173g\/g) and oil absorption capacity (341g\/g) compare with lower values of 165g\/ g, water absorption and 298g\/g, oil absorption capacity for sun dried bitter yam flour. It was also observed that oven dried flour had lower foaming capacity and foaming stability of 5.3% and 3.5% respectively compared with sun dried flour with the values of 5.9% and3.9% for foaming capacity and foaming stability respectively. Furthermore, Sun-dried bitter yam flour showed greater pasting characteristics for peak viscosity (73.18 RVU) and breakdown (19.63 RVU) compared to that of oven-dried flour of peak viscosity (65.96 RVU) and breakdown (3.71 RVU). On the other hand, it was observed that oven dried flour possessed higher holding strength, final viscosity and setback pasting characteristic compared to sun dried flour. While the sun-dried flour produced higher peak viscosity and breakdown pasting characteristics compared to oven-dried flour, the peak time is insignificantly different. This study showed that a low temperature dry method (sun drying) could be employed for processing bitter yam into flour for considerable application in food formulations especially when flour with high functional characteristics for foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsion capacity and emulsion stability is to be considered. Oven dried bitter yam flour should be considered when high water absorption capacity, high oil absorption capacity and high reconstitution index are of high priority.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 84-88<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 11 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445592\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445592\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-60e6adab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60e6adab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42edd9fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42edd9fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efabc6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efabc6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olasoju, S. A<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational &amp; Technical Education, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, PMB 007 Festac Town, Otto\/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adesina, B. S<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural and Bio &#8211; Environmental Engineering, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amosu, A. O<\/strong><br \/>Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational &amp; Technical Education, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, PMB 007 Festac Town, Otto\/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Owoseni, J.A<\/strong><br \/>Departmental of Agricultural Education, School of Part-time Studies, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto\/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oniya O.O<\/strong><br \/>Departmental of Agricultural Education, School of Part-time Studies, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto\/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445593\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445593\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-45a324c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45a324c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26bc456f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26bc456f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fdbe5df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fdbe5df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Banigo, E.B. and Akpapunam, M.A. (1987): Physio-chemical and Nutritional evaluation of protein -enriched fermented maize flour. Nigerian Food Journal, 5:30-36.<br \/>[2] Coffman, C.W. and V.V. Garcia, (1977). Functional Properties and Amino Acid Content of Protein Isolate from Mung Bean Flour, J. Food Tec., 12: 413<br \/>[3] Delcour, J.A. Vansteland, J. Hythier, M.C. and Abecasis, (2000): fractionation and reconstitution experiments provide insight into the role of starch gelatinization and pasting quality. J. Agric food Chemistry 40: 377 \u2013 378.<br \/>[4] Eke, O.S. and Akobundu, E.N., (1998). Functional Properties of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylisstenocarpa) Seed Flour as Affected by Processing. Food Chemistry, 48: 337-340<br \/>[5] Giami, S.Y. (1993). Effect of Processing on the Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) Flour. Food Chem., 47: 153 \u2013 158.<br \/>[6] Jimoh, K.O., T.O. Olurin and J.O. Aina (2007). Effect of Drying Methods on the Rheological Characteristics and Colour Yam Flour, African Journal of Biotechnology. 8 (10): 2325 \u2013 2328.<br \/>[7] Kin, Y.S., Wiesenborn, D.P., Orr, P.H., Grant, L.A. (1995). Screening Potato Starch for Novel Properties Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. J. Food Sci. 60: 1060 \u2013 1065<br \/>[8] Lin, M.J.Y., E.S. Hambert and F.W. Sosulki (1974).Certain Functional Properties of Sunflower Meal Product. J. Food Sci., 39: 368 &#8211; 370<br \/>[9] Martins, G., Trechel, Noubi, T., Agbore, G., and Gwangwa\u2019a S. (1984). Introduction of Flour from Dioscereadumetorum in a Rural Area. In. Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa. Proceedings of the Second Triennial Symposium at the International Society For Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch held in Douala, Cameroon.<br \/>[10] Maxwell E.O. and Zantoph U. B. (2002).Drying effect on food products 4th edition CBS Publisher, New Delhi.<br \/>[11] Narayana, K. and M.S. NarasingaRao (1982). Functional Properties of Raw and Heat Processed Winged Bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus) Flour. J. Food Sci. 49: 944 &#8211; 947<br \/>[12] Odoemelam S.A. (2005). Functional Properties of Raw and Heat Processed Jackfruit, (Artocarpusheterophyllus) Flour. J. Food Science, 6: 366 \u2013 370<br \/>[13] Oduro, I., Ellis, W.O., Argeetaoy S.K., Ahenkora K., Otoo J.A. (2000). Pasting Characteristics of Starch from New Varieties of Sweet Potato. Trop. Sci. 40(1): 25 &#8211; 28<br \/>[14] Orkwor, G.C. (1998). The Importance of Yams. In. Food Yams: Advances in Research, Edited by Orkwor, G.C., R.A. Asiedu and I.J. Ekanayaka. IITA, Ibadan. Nigeria\/NRCRI, Umudike, Nigeria.<br \/>[15] Sathe, S.K., Desphande, S.S. and Salunkhe, D.K. (1982). Functional Properties of Winged Bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus (L.) D) Proteins. J. Food Science, 47: 503-509<br \/>[16] Zantoph, B. C. and Schuster, U. N. (2004).Effect of solar drying on food products. International Journal of Food Technology 27:323-329<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445594\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445594\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7cf64943 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf64943\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67afa83e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67afa83e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b4f7f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b4f7f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Olasoju, S. A, Adesina, B. S, Amosu, A. O, Owoseni, J.A, Oniya O.O &#8220;Environmental Influence on the Functional and Pasting Properties of Sun Dried and Oven Dried Bitter Yam (<i>Dioscorea dumetorum<\/i>) Flour&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.84-88 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/84-88.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7249445595\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7249445595\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3c31850e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c31850e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-673d2833 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"673d2833\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756067b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756067b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Environmental Influence on the Functional and Pasting Properties of Sun Dried and Oven Dried Bitter Yam (&lt;i&gt;Dioscorea dumetorum&lt;\/i&gt;) Flour\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/84-88.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40f2e411 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"40f2e411\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6369fa5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6369fa5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c81ea9 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"8c81ea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/89-94.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Micro Science Kits Intergration Approach: The Effect on Students\u2019 Acquisition of Process Skills in Kenyan High School Physics\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/89-94.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMicro Science Kits Intergration Approach: The Effect on Students\u2019 Acquisition of Process Skills in Kenyan High School Physics\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22d0fe24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22d0fe24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fanuel Murundi Mukhuyu Wesonga September 2020 Page No.: 89-94<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-778f080e e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"778f080e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"2005862414\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624141\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624141\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624141\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624142\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624142\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624142\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624143\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624143\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624143\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624144\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624144\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624144\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624145\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624145\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624145\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624141\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624141\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-6cddb53e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cddb53e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f371e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49f371e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6551a907 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6551a907\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study investigated the effect of integrated micro science kits on student\u2019s acquisition of practical skills in physics practical work in form two students in Kakamega Central sub-county. Two research objectives guided the study and two null hypotheses were postulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study utilized quasi experimental design; specifically pre-test-post-test non-equivalent control group design. The sample consisted of six hundred and forty one (641) form two physics students. Two groups of the form two physics students from 16 secondary schools were a signed as experimental and control groups who participated in the study. The experimental group consisted of 319 students from 8 schools. They carried out experiments using micro science kits. The control group consisted of 321 students from the other 8 schools. The control group performed experiments using conventional apparatus. A Physics Process Skill Checklist (PPSC) was used for Data Collection. The instrument was validated by experts and the reliability co-efficient obtained was 0.84 using the test-retest method and followed by the Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation as descriptive statistics while t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were the inferential statistics used to test the hypotheses test at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that students\u2019 use of micro science kits had a significant effect on science process skill acquisition in physics practical work. It also revealed that school type was a significant factor in students\u2019 science process skill acquisition in physics. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended among others that teachers\u2019 should update their knowledge on the integration of micro science kits in teaching of practical work for enhancement of students\u2019 acquisition of science process skills in physics<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 89-94<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 12 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624142\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624142\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2059b63a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2059b63a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-213ff361 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"213ff361\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-143953a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"143953a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fanuel Murundi Mukhuyu Wesonga<\/strong><br \/>St. Mary Goretti Shikoti Girls&#8217; High School, Kenya<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624143\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624143\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-63d0d8af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d0d8af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b07a63 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b07a63\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e304b47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e304b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Abdullah M, Ismail Z and Mohamed N, (2005), Microscale experimentation in teaching Chemistry. In M. Ismail, S. Osman and H.Yunus (Eds), Proceeding for seminar Pendidikan JPPG 2005-Education for sustainable development. Penang:UniversitiSains Malaysia. Pp29- 57.<br \/>[2] Akoobhai B and Bradley JD, (2005), Providing practical experiences at home for students studying science at a distance. Proceeding of ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, November 2005, New Delhi<br \/>[3] Bradley JD, (2000), The micro-science project and its impact on pre-service teacher education, Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. Pp 32-73.<br \/>[4] Changeiywo J.M (2000). Students image on science in Kenya; a comparison by gender difference, level of schools and regional disparities: Unpublished PhD dissertation.<br \/>[5] Hanson R, Sakina A, (2014), Enhancing concept understanding through the use of micro chemistry equipment and collaborative activities. Journal of Education and Practice; Vol 5 pp 120-130.<br \/>[6] Hofstein, A. (2004). The laboratory in chemistry education: thirty years of experience with developments, implementation and research. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 5(3), 247-264.<br \/>[7] Kenya National Examination Council reports, (2006-2009). KCSE Examination Candidates Performance Reports, Nairobi- Kenya.<br \/>[8] Kenya National Examinations Council, (2010-2012). KCSE Examination Candidates Performance Reports. Nairobi-Kenya<br \/>[9] Kolobe, L (1998), Introduction of RADMASTE Microchemistry kits in disadvantaged schools in Gauteng: a case study. MSc research report. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science, Johannesburg.pp 75-83<br \/>[10] Madeira, A.C.P., (2005). The influence of practical work on chemistry teaching and learning-an approach using microchemistry kits in Mozambican Junior Secondary Schools, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Pp 62-69<br \/>[11] Mafumiko FMS, (2008).The potential of Micro-scale Chemistry Experimentation in enhancing teaching and learning of secondary chemistry: Experiences from Tanzanian Classrooms. NUE Journal of International Cooperation, Vol 3, pp 63-79.<br \/>[12] Michieka R and Twoli N (2009), The effect of using micro-science kits in teaching primary school science in a developing country, Kenya. A paper presented at the International Conference in Education at Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>[13] Ministry of Education, Science and Technology \u2013 Kakamega Central sub-county KCSE Results analysis, (2012) unpublished.<br \/>[14] Singh, M.M., Szafran, Z. &amp; Pike, R.M. (1999). Microscale chemistry and green chemistry: complementary pedagogies. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(12), 1684-1686.<br \/>[15] SMASSE Project (1998). Baseline studies document. An unpublished paper presented during National INSET at KSTC; Nairobi.<br \/>[16] Ssempala, F, 2005, Gender differences in performance of Chemistry practical skills among senior six students in Kampala District. PhD thesis. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624144\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624144\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5cb757ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5cb757ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76a3c730 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76a3c730\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d3b24a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d3b24a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fanuel Murundi Mukhuyu Wesonga &#8220;Micro Science Kits Intergration Approach: The Effect on Students\u2019 Acquisition of Process Skills in Kenyan High School Physics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.89-94 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/89-94.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20058624145\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20058624145\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6c89a111 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c89a111\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd6ea8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7dd6ea8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5012ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5012ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Micro Science Kits Intergration Approach: The Effect on Students\u2019 Acquisition of Process Skills in Kenyan High School Physics\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/89-94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d043d07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d043d07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f1e1ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60f1e1ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32ff2e3 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"32ff2e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/95-100.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Validation of Egli Model and Estimation of Pathloss Exponent of a Radio Signal at VHF Band in Hilly Terrain\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/95-100.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValidation of Egli Model and Estimation of Pathloss Exponent of a Radio Signal at VHF Band in Hilly Terrain\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29c14c7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29c14c7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni, Anie Nicholas Oliseloke September 2020 Page No.: 95-100<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c7bb93 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"20c7bb93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"549960595\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605951\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605951\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605951\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605952\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605952\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605952\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605953\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605953\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605953\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605954\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605954\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605954\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605955\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605955\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605955\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605951\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605951\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-6c5a6c02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c5a6c02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f8000b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f8000b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66cdc7d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66cdc7d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Pathloss exponent is one of the most important parameter which has been considered widely in wireless communications analysis. It determines the rate at which the signal reduces as the distance (LOS) between the transmitter and the receiver increases and this parameter enhances the effective propagation of radio signal. This paper investigated the radio signal propagation profiles at 88 MHz at various elevation levels. In this work, a Retekess TR501 FM long range instrumentation was used as transmitter. This instrument is capable of transmitting audio signal at VHF band and the signal strength was measured quantitatively across the regions along several routes with the aid of a hand held spectrum analyzer. A global positioning system (GPS) receiver was used to determine the elevation above ground level and the geographic coordinates for four different itinerary in hilly environment. The line of sight (LOS) of the various data points from the transmitter was determined using a digital distance meter. The measured data obtained were compared with existing standard models (Free-space, Egli and Irregular terrain model). The findings revealed that, the average measured values was in good agreement with optimized Egli model having the MAE of 7.10 dB, MAPE of 3.20% and RMSE of 4.80 dB which is within the acceptable international standard range while Free space model underestimated the measured values. The work also shows that the path loss increases with increasing line of sight and the mean path loss exponent obtained in this region is 2.18 which is within the acceptable international standard range for urban environment. Furthermore, it was revealed that, radio signal strength depend directly on elevation regardless of LOS between transmitter and receiver, that is, the signal strength is enhanced at higher elevation point than lower elevation.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 95-100<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 12 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605952\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605952\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-16b42832 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16b42832\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33fed994 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33fed994\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-166416a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"166416a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni<\/strong><br \/>Physics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anie Nicholas Oliseloke<\/strong><br \/>Physics unit, General Studies Department, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo. P.M.B. 1024, Oyo, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605953\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605953\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-36fd1a73 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36fd1a73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293ed061 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"293ed061\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75995634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75995634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Tanenbaum, A. S. (2003). Computer Networks, 3rdEdition, Asoke K. Gosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi<br \/>[2] Castrol, B., Pinheiro, M., Canalcante, G. (2011) \u201cComparison between known comparison models, using least square tuning algorithm on 5.8GHz in Amazon region cities\u201d, Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics application, vol.10,No.1.<br \/>[3] Rakesh. N., Strivasta S.K. (2012)\u201c An Investigation on propagation path loss in Urban Environments for various models transmitter Antenna height 50m and different Receiver Antenna height\u201d International Journal of Receiver and reviews in Computer Science\u201d, vol.3, No.4. pp 1761-1.<br \/>[4] CCIR Report 239-6, Propagation Statistics required for Broadcasting Service using the frequency range 30 1000MHz, Recommendation and Report of the ITU-R, Geneva, 1986, In Hall. M. (Ed); Ibid, 256.<br \/>[5] Rappaport, T. S. (2002) Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.<br \/>[6] The Egli Model is described in \u201cRadio Propagation above 40MC Over Irregular Terrain, (Proceeding of the IRE, vol.45, Oct. 1957, pp1383-1391).<br \/>[7] Theodore, S. Rappaport (1991). \u201cThe Wireless Revolution\u201d, IEEE Commercial Magazine, vol. 29 (11), pp 52-61<br \/>[8] Longley, Anita G and Rice, (1968) \u201cPrediction of tropospheric radio transmission loss over irregular terrain. A computer method-1968,\u201d Institute for telecommunication sciences boulder co, Tech. Rep.<br \/>[9] Longley, Anita G and Rice, \u201cPrediction of tropospheric radio transmission loss over irregular terrain. A computer method-1968,\u201d Institute for telecommunication sciences boulder co, Tech. Rep., 1968.<br \/>[10] Hufford, Longley, and Kissick, (1982) \u201cA Guide to the Use of the ITS Irregular Terrain Model in the Area Prediction Mode,\u201d NTIA Tech. Rep. TR-82-100, no. April, pp. 126.<br \/>[11] \u201cSPLAT! A Terrestrial RF Path Analysis Application For Linux\/Unix.. Available: http:\/\/www.qsl.net\/kd2bd\/splat.html<br \/>[12] Perez-Vega, C. and Garcia, J. L., \u201cA simple approach to a statistical path-loss model for indoor communications\u201d, 27th European Microwave Conf. Proc. Jerusalem, 1997.<br \/>[13] Erceg V. and Greenstein L. J (1999), \u201cAn empirically based path loss model for wireless channels in suburban environments&#8221;, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, no. 7 pp. 1205<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605954\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605954\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3a16034b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a16034b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44eccf8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44eccf8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a26a3c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a26a3c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni, Anie Nicholas Oliseloke &#8220;Validation of Egli Model and Estimation of Pathloss Exponent of a Radio Signal at VHF Band in Hilly Terrain&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.95-100 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/95-100.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5499605955\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5499605955\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2cf9fa3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cf9fa3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-198d8f5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"198d8f5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ecd0069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ecd0069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Validation of Egli Model and Estimation of Pathloss Exponent of a Radio Signal at VHF Band in Hilly Terrain\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/95-100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a481bbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2a481bbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747a1ed9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"747a1ed9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5540b189 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5540b189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/101-118.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Firm\u2019s Characteristics and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/101-118.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFirm\u2019s Characteristics and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6538cff2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6538cff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka, Ofoegbu, Grace N., Nnubia, Juliet Chinelo September 2020 Page No.: 101-118<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba0aa71 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"7ba0aa71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"2074126961\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269611\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269611\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269611\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269612\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269612\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269612\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269613\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269613\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269613\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269614\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269614\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269614\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269615\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269615\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269615\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269611\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269611\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4950bde4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4950bde4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-426dda3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"426dda3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25576d64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25576d64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study examined the relationship between firm\u2019s characteristics and cash holdings of listed consumer and industrial goods firms in Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya. Out of 35, 23 and 15 listed consumer and industrial goods firms in Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya respectively, we sampled fifty-two (33 for Nigeria, 12 for South Africa and 7 for Kenya) firms for a period of 8 years (from 2011-2018). The main type of data used in this study is secondary in nature; sourced from the financial statements of the selected firms via Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE), Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), and Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). This study applied ex-post facto research design. The data collected were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation matrix. The results revealed that in South Africa, firm size (FSIZE) was statistically significant at 5% with its t-value as 2.083134 and p-value as 0.0400; while in both Nigeria and Kenya, it was statistically insignificant at 5% with its t-values as -1.000160 and-1.900007 and p-values as 0.3182 and 0.0631 respectively. In Kenya, leverage (LEVG) was statistically significant at 5% with its t-value as 3.850902 and p-value as 0.0003; while in both Nigeria and South Africa, it was statistically insignificant at 5% with its t-values as 0.985502 and -0.584775 and p-values as 0.3253 and 0.5601 respectively. In Nigeria and Kenya, profitability (PROF) was statistically significant at 5% with its t-values as 5.889308 and 4.249736 and p-values as 0.0000 and 0.0001 respectively; while in South Africa, it was statistically insignificant at 5% with its t-value as 0.435708 and p-value as 0.6641. Finally, dividend policy (DIVP) was statistically insignificant at 5% in Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya with its t-values as -1.098510, 1.691096 and 1.234615 and p-values as 0.2730, 0.0942 and 0.2226 respectively. In view of the discoveries of our investigation, a financial specialist can sensibly reason that an organization with high leverage ought to like to hold more money. The higher leverage recommends higher office costs; this may be because of the potential size of riches move from obligation holder to investors. Thus, insightful supervisors will need to abstain from holding over the top money saves as this would pull in examination from the capital markets.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 101-118<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 14 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269612\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269612\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-65b1d69e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65b1d69e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-226cccdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"226cccdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2da1d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a2da1d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka<\/strong><br \/>Department of Accountancy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ofoegbu, Grace N.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Accountancy, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnubia, Juliet Chinelo<\/strong><br \/>Department of Accountancy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269613\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269613\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-35e67be9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35e67be9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f07e5e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f07e5e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2805f9ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2805f9ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Afza, F. &amp; Adnan, S.M. (2007). Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings: A Cash Study of Pakistan. Proceedings of Singapore Economics Review Conference (SERC) 2007, August 01-04 Singapore: Singapore Economics Review and the University of Manchester (Brooks World Poverty Institute), 164-165.<br \/>[2] Alade, S.O. (2013). Determinants of Intangibles Assets Disclosure in Annual Report: Evidence from Nigerian Quoted Companies. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(5):1152-1165<br \/>[3] Ali, A. &amp; Yousaf, S. (2013). Determinants of Cash Holding in German Market. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 12 (6), 28 \u2013 34.<br \/>[4] Ali S, Ullah M, &amp; Ullah N (2016). Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings \u201cA Case of Textile Sector in Pakistan. Int J Econ Manag Sci 5(3), 1-10. doi:10.4172\/2162-6359.1000334<br \/>[5] Aliet, N. (2012). Cash management and profitability of corporate firms. A case study: MTN Uganda Ltd. Bachelor\u2019s degree \u2013 Business Administration of bishop Stuart University.<br \/>[6] Almeida, H., Campello, M. &amp; Weisbach, M. (2004). The cash flow sensitivity of cash. Journal of finance, 59 (4), 1777 -1804.<br \/>[7] Al-Najjar, B. (2013). The financial determinants of corporate cash holdings: evidence from some emerging markets. International business review, 22 (1), 2194 \u2013 2240.<br \/>[8] Al-Najjar, B., &amp; Belghitar, Y. (2011). Corporate cash holdings and dividend payments: Evidence from simultaneous analysis. Managerial and Decision Economics, 32(4), 231\u2013241.<br \/>[9] Barclay, M.J. &amp; Smith Jr. C.W. (1996). The Maturity Structure of Corporate Debt. Journal of finance, 50, 609-631<br \/>[10] Basher, M. F. (2014). Impact of Corporate Governance on Corporate Cash Holdings: An Empirical Study of Firms in Manufacturing Industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 7 (4), 1371-1383<br \/>[11] Bates, T., Kawe, K &amp; Stalz, R. (2009). Why Do U.S. Firms Hold so Much More Cash than they Used to? The journal of finance LXIV (5), other. www.cobohio-state.edu\/fin\/faculty\/stulz<br \/>[12] Berger, &amp; Udell. (1998). The economics of small business finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle. Journal of Banking and Finance, 613-673.<br \/>[13] Bigelli, M &amp; Sanchez-Vidal, J. (2010). Cash Holdings in Private Firms. Journal of Banking and finance, 36, 26-35.<br \/>[14] Borhanuddin, R. I. &amp; Ching, P. W. (2011). Cash Holdings, Leverage, Ownership Concentration and Board Independence: Evidence from Malaysia. Malaysian Accounting Review, 10 (1), 63-88.<br \/>[15] Brav, A., Graham, J., Harvey, C., &amp; Michaely, R. (2005). Payout policy in the 21st century. Journal of Financial Economics, 77, 483-527.<br \/>[16] Chen, Q., Chen, Z., Schipper, K., Xu, Y. &amp; Xue, J. (2012). The Sensitivity of Corporate Cash Holdings to Corporate Governance. (JEL G32, G34, G35), 1-45. Online publication<br \/>[17] Chireka, T. &amp; Fakoya, M. B. (2017). The determinants of corporate cash holdings levels: evidence from selected South African retail firms. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 14 (2), 7993. doi:10.21511\/imfi. 14(2).2017.08<br \/>[18] Damodaran. (2001). Corporate finance: theory and practice (2nd ed). New York: Jon Wiley &amp; Son Brealey, Myers, and Marcus.<br \/>[19] Dittamar, A; Mahrt-Smith, J &amp; Servaes, H. (2003). International Corporate Governance and Corporate Cash Holdings. Journal of Financial and quantitative Analysis, 38 (1), 111-133.<br \/>[20] D\u2019Mello R; Krishnaswami, S &amp; Larkin, J. (2008). Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings. Evidence from Spin-offs. Journal of banking and finance, 32, 1209-1220.<br \/>[21] Donaldson, C. (1961). Corporate debt capacity: A study of corporate debt policy and determinants of corporate debt capacity. Boston, division of research. Harvard university .<br \/>[22] Drobetz, W. &amp; Gruninger, M. (2007). Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence from Switzerland. Financial Markets Portfolio management, 21, 2930324.<br \/>[23] Drobetz, W. &amp; Gr\u00fcninger, M. C. (2006). Corporate cash holdings: Evidence from Switzerland, WWZ Forschungsbericht, No. 07\/06, University of Basel, Center of Business and Economics (WWZ), Basel<br \/>[24] Fama, E., &amp; K. French, (1998) Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds, Journal of Financial Economics 33, 3-56.<br \/>[25] Fauikender, M. &amp; Wang, R. (2006). Corporate financial policy and the value of cash. Journal of finance 61 (4), 1957-1990<br \/>[26] Fazzari, S. &amp; Peterson, B. (1993). Working Capital and Fixed Investment: New Evidence on Financing Constraints. RAND Journal of Economics, 328-342<br \/>[27] Fernandes, F., Coelho, L. &amp; Peixoto, R. (2017). Determinants of corporate cash holdings: Evidence from portuguese publicly traded firms. Dos Algarves: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 29, 102-118.<br \/>[28] Ferreira, M.A. &amp; Villela, A.S (2004). Why do firms hold cash? Evidence from EMU countries. European Financial Management, 10, 295-319.<br \/>[29] Gill, A &amp; Shah, C. (2012). Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence from Canada. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 13,43-57<br \/>[30] Guney, Y., Ozkan, A. &amp; Ozkan, N. (2007). International evidence on the non-linear impact of leverage on corporate cash holdings. Journal of multinational financial management, 17 (1), 45-60.<br \/>[31] Han, S. &amp; Qui, J. (2007). Corporate precautionary cash holdings. Journal of Corporate Finance 13, 43\u201357<br \/>[32] Hardin, 111, W.G , Highfeild, M.J; Hill, M.D. &amp; Kelly G.W. (2009). The Determinants of REIT Cash Holdings. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 39 (1), 39-57; http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10\/1007\/511146-007-9103-1<br \/>[33] Hofmann, C. (2006). Why New Zealand Companies Hold Cash: An Empirical Analysis Unpublished thesis.<br \/>[34] Jensen, M.C.. (1986). Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and takeovers. American Economic Review, 76 (2), 323-331<br \/>[35] Jensen M. C., &amp; Meckling W. H. (1976) Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. J Financ Econ 3:305\u2013360<br \/>[36] Kariuki, S.N, Namusonge, G.S &amp; Orwa, G.O. (2015). Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings. Evidence from Private Manufacturing Firms in Kenya. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 4 (4): 15-33.<br \/>[37] Kengatharan, L. (2017). Impact of Corporate Governance Practices on Firm&#8217;s Cash Holdings in an Emerging Market: A Panel Data Analysis. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 7(2), 210-224. http:\/\/ijafr.macrothink.org<br \/>[38] Khan, A. &amp; Tanveer, S. (2016). The Impact of Corporate Governance on Cash Holdings: A Comparative Study of the Manufacturing and Service Industry. Financial Studies (3), 40-79.<br \/>[39] Kim, J. Kim, H &amp; Woods, D (2011). Determinants of Corporate Cash-Holdings Levels: An Empirical Examination of the Restaurant Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (3), 568-574; http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhm<br \/>[40] Kim, C.S; Mauer, D.C &amp; Sherman, A.E. (1998). The Determinants of Corporate Liquidity: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Finance and Quantitative Analysis,33,335-359<br \/>[41] Lang, L., Poulsen, A., &amp; Stulz, R., (1995). Asset sales, &#8220;rm performance, and the agency costs of managerial discretion. Journal of Financial Economics 37, 3}37.<br \/>[42] Levasseur, M. (1979) Gestion de tr\u00e9sorerie. Economica.<br \/>[43] Lu, Y.C &amp; Tsaic, D.C. (2010) Discovering Important Factors of Intangible Firm Value by Association Rules. The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 55-85.<br \/>[44] Manuel, David &amp; Markus (2011). Cash Holdings and Corporate Governance around the World. Online publication<br \/>[45] Maximilian, H. (2015). The Determinants of Cash Holdings: Evidence from German Listed Firms. Online published master thesis.<br \/>[46] Megginson, W.L. &amp; Wei, Z. (2010). Determinants and Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence from China\u2019s Privatized Firms. SSRN working paper series, 1-37<br \/>[47] Mesfin, E. A. (2016). The Factors Affecting Cash Holding Decisions of Manufacturing Share Companies in Ethiopia. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 5(3), 48-67.<br \/>[48] Miller, M. H &amp; Orr D. (1966). A Model of the Demand for Money by Firms. Quarterly journal of Economics, 80, 413-435<br \/>[49] Modigliani F, &amp; Miller MH (1963) Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction. Am Econ Rev 53(3):433\u2013443<br \/>[50] Monye-Emina, E.H. &amp; Enofe, O. A. (2015). Corporate Governance Characteristics and Firm Cash Holding in Nigerian Banks. UNIBEN Journal of Accounting, 1 (1), 54 -66.<br \/>[51] Morais, F. &amp; Silva, P. (2013). Determinants of cash holdings in the accommodation industry. Tourism and Hospitality International Journal, 1, 95-136.<br \/>[52] Myers, S. &amp; Majluf N. (1984). Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information those Investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 187-221<br \/>[53] Nasar, K. (2016). Determinants of Corporate Cash Holding: Evidence from Indonesia. Published Thesis, 1-51.<br \/>[54] Nenu, E. A. &amp; Vintil\u0103, G. (2017). An Analysis Regarding Cash Holdings. Empirical Study on the Bucharest Stock Exchange Listed Firms. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 64 (3), 289-306<br \/>[55] Niskanen, M., &amp; Niskanen, J. (2007). Cash Holdings in SMEs; Evidence on Finnish data. Working Paper.<br \/>[56] Nnubia and Ofoegbu (2019). Effect of Profitability on Cash Holdings of Quoted Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS), 4(9), 78-85.<br \/>[57] Nnubia, I. C., Ofor, T. N. and Emeka-Nwokeji, N. A. (2017). Determinants of cash holdings of quoted companies in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration, 2(1), 53-71.<br \/>[58] Ogundipe, O; Ogudipe, E &amp; Ajao, K. (2012). Cash Holding and Firm Characteristics: Evidence from Nigerian Emerging Market. Journal of Business, Economics &amp; Finance, 1 (2): 2146-7943<br \/>[59] Ogundipe, Salawu &amp; Ogundipe (2012). The Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings in Nigeria: Evidence from General Method of Moments (GMM). International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 6 (1), 152 \u2013 158.<br \/>[60] Opler, T. pinkowitz, L, stulz R. &amp; Williamson, R. (1999). The Determinants and Implications of Corporate Cash Holdings. Journal of Financial Economics, 52,3-46.<br \/>[61] Osuala, A.E; Ugwumba, C.E &amp; Osuji, J.I. (2012). Financial Statement Content and Investment Decisions-A Study of Selected Firms. JORIND 10 (2), 1596-8308<br \/>[62] Ozkan, A. &amp; Ozkan, N (2004). Corporate Cash Holdings: An Empirical Investigation of UK Companies. Journal of Banking &amp;Finance, 28,2013-2134<br \/>[63] Pandey, I.M (2006). Financial Management. New Delhivikas publishing house PVT LTD 9th Edition.<br \/>[64] Paskelian A &amp; Nguyen, P. (2005). How Sensitive and Japanese Firms to Earnings Risk? Evidence from Cash Holdings, 1-41 (online) Available: http:\/\/www.musashi.jp\/ortogo\/seminar\/sensitivity-earnings-riskNguyen.pdt.<br \/>[65] Peterson, M., &amp; Rajan, R. (2003). Does distance still matter? The information revolution in small busness lending. Journal of Finance, 57, 2533\u20132570<br \/>[66] Pinkowitz, L. &amp; William Son, R. (2001). Bank Power and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Japan: Review of Financial Studies, 14 (4), 1059-1082<br \/>[67] Rajan, R.G &amp; Zingales, L. (1995). What do We Know About Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data. Journal of Finance, 50 (5), 1421-1460<br \/>[68] Sadour, K. (2006). The Determinants and the Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence from French Firms. Cahier de research, n 6-7<br \/>[69] Subramaniam V, Tang TT, Yue H, &amp; Zhou X (2011) Firm Structure and Corporate Cash Holdings. Journal of Corporate Finance 17:759\u2013773 available at: http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1672692<br \/>[70] Tahir, S. H., Quddus, A., Kahnum, Z. &amp; Usman, M. (2015). Determinants of Cash Holding Decision: Evidence from Food Industry of Pakista. Innovation Management and Education Excellence Vision 2020: Regional Development to Global Economic Growth, 3032-3039.<br \/>[71] Tehrani, R., Darabi, R. &amp; Izy, S. (2014). The Relation between Stock Liquidity &amp; Cash Holdings in Tehran Stock Exchange. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(2), 227-284.<br \/>[72] Thanatawee, Y. (2011). Lifecycle theory and free cash flow hypothesis: Evidence from dividend policy in Thailand. International Journal of Financial Research, 2(2), 52-60.<br \/>[73] Tong, Z. (2006). Risk Reduction as a CEO\u2019s Motive for Corporate Cash Holdings. Published thesis, University of Exeter. Retrieved from Retrieved from SSRN 1031087<br \/>[74] Uyar, A., &amp; Kuzey, C. (2014). Determinants of corporate cash holdings: evidence from the emerging market of Turkey. Applied Economics, 46(9), 1035-1048.<br \/>[75] Wai, W. &amp; Zhu, Y., (2013). The Effect of Corporate Governance on Cash Holdings: Evidence from Hong Kong (Doctoral dissertation, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong).<br \/>[76] Wasiuzzaman, S. (2014). Analysis of corporate cash holdings of firms in Malaysia. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 8(2), 118-135.<br \/>[77] Whited, T. (1992). Debt, liquidity constraints and corporate investments: evidence from panel data. Journal of finance, 47 (4), 1425 -1460.<br \/>[78] Zia-ul-Hannan, R. &amp; Asghar, N. (2013). Impact of Corporate Governance on Corporate Cash Holding: Evidence from non-Financial Firms in Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 8 (1), 122 \u2013 125.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269614\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269614\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4590300 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4590300\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4435ef1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4435ef1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d0c274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31d0c274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka, Ofoegbu, Grace N., Nnubia, Juliet Chinelo &#8220;Firm\u2019s Characteristics and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.101-118 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/101-118.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-20741269615\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-20741269615\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3ee9c807 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ee9c807\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2194a8c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2194a8c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0eded8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0eded8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Firm\u2019s Characteristics and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/101-118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7803515c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7803515c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25405a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25405a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a75752 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1a75752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/119-123.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Perception of Teacher\u2019s on Democratic Leadership Styles of Principal\u2019s in Secondary Schools in Sokoto State\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/119-123.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPerception of Teacher\u2019s on Democratic Leadership Styles of Principal\u2019s in Secondary Schools in Sokoto State\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ed91a97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ed91a97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Shafa\u2019atu Yunusa, Ladi Muhammad Bello, Aliyu Malam Bala &amp; Bashar Ibrahim September 2020 Page No.: 119-123<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-764096bd e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"764096bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1983944381\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443811\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443811\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443811\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443812\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443812\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443812\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443813\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443813\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443813\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443814\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443814\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443814\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443815\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443815\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443815\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443811\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443811\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3d849d2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d849d2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1f7017 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f1f7017\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-672c2d27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"672c2d27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study investigated the perceptions of Teachers on Democratic Leadership Style of Principals in Secondary Schools in Sokoto State. The specific objective that guided the study was; to analyze the extent to which secondary school teachers in Sokoto perceive Principals democratic leadership style, the study was basically based on descriptive survey design that employed quantitative method. The total number of population under study was 500. 217 questionnaires were administered to the respondents. The sampling techniques were Stratify sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires which were based on four likert scale, 1 for strongly Disagree, 2 for Disagree 3 for Agree and 4 Strongly Agree the researchers treating all the research questions one after another using descriptive statistic of a computer program called Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The data was once again presented in simple percentages and frequency. However, mean scores were used by the researcher to find out the extent of teachers\u2019 perception of the principals Democratic leader style. it was found that principals\u2019 democratic leadership style are made of Principal allows teachers to participate in determining school resources allocation and utilization, encourage teachers to participate in decision making, consult teachers before making decisions on academic programs and involves teachers in organizing academic activities in the school. Overall, there is high teachers\u2019 perception of the principals\u2019 democratic leadership style in secondary schools in Sokoto State.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 119-123<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 14 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443812\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443812\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5bf2fe61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bf2fe61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3215e9a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3215e9a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ce99f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41ce99f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shafa\u2019atu Yunusa<\/strong><br \/>Department of General Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Educaion Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ladi Muhammad Bello<\/strong><br \/>Department of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Educaion Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aliyu Malam Bala<\/strong><br \/>Department of Educational Foundation Shehu Shagari College of Educaion Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashar Ibrahim<\/strong><br \/>Department of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Educaion Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443813\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443813\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6f6ddb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f6ddb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa1bee2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fa1bee2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42807bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42807bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Adeyemi T.O. (2010). Principals\u2019 leadership styles and teachers Job performance in senior secondary schools in Ondo state, Nigeria: (Unpublished masters-Dissertation) University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.<br \/>[2] Douglass Mc gregor, (1961) management Style and leadership. Internet publication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(7), 32-45.<br \/>[3] Heenan &amp; Bennis. (1995). Management concepts and practices. London, pitmen publishing company.<br \/>[4] James &amp; Colenny (2000). Leadership skills and influence in schools, Harvard University press.<br \/>[5] Morgan &amp; kreycies (1978) Table for determining sample size from a given population.<br \/>[6] Macibi, N.A (2005). Pertinent issues in management Human Resources and educatio management. Net media publishers Ltd, Kampala Okumbe, J.A. (1999). Educationalmanagement: Theory and practice; Nairobi: Nairobi University press.<br \/>[7] Mba, J. (2004). Strategic management center. Punch Lagos; Punch newspaper, PP.11-24. measure, Review of Educational Research. 68\/2, 202-246.<br \/>[8] Owing, J.A (1988). Educational management; Theory and practice, Nairobi; Nairobi University press.<br \/>[9] Okumbe, J.A (1999). Educational management; Theory and practice, Nairobi; Nairobi University press.<br \/>[10] Sokoto State Ministry of Education Board, SSMEB (2014). Supervision and Inspection Committee report. Five Star Western By Pass Sokoto.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443814\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443814\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6f767bf4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f767bf4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10304867 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10304867\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ef34e15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ef34e15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Shafa\u2019atu Yunusa, Ladi Muhammad Bello, Aliyu Malam Bala &amp; Bashar Ibrahim &#8220;Perception of Teacher\u2019s on Democratic Leadership Styles of Principal\u2019s in Secondary Schools in Sokoto State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.119-123 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/119-123.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19839443815\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19839443815\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-526c5d6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"526c5d6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a396cbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a396cbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204342d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"204342d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Perception of Teacher\u2019s on Democratic Leadership Styles of Principal\u2019s in Secondary Schools in Sokoto State\t\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/119-123.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b4ae2ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b4ae2ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-315eacd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"315eacd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bb30afc elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3bb30afc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/124-132.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Re-evaluating the Factors confronting Quality Education in Secondary Schools in Delta State\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/124-132.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRe-evaluating the Factors confronting Quality Education in Secondary Schools in Delta State\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d9f6518 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d9f6518\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>EMORDI, Promise Jude, Nwamaka, Patricia Ibeme (PhD), NNAMANI, Victus Sunday, AUGUSTA, C.Okonkwo September 2020 Page No.: 124-132<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6935413c e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"6935413c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1765097788\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977881\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977881\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977881\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977882\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977882\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977882\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977883\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977883\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977883\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977884\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977884\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977884\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977885\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977885\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977885\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977881\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977881\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-180eacaf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"180eacaf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a1e5bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27a1e5bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a4bf926 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a4bf926\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Since the return to democracy in 1999, Delta Sate is yet to achieve its grand quest of free quality education for its indigenes. Rather, the war against illiteracy, students drop-out, teachers strike actions and other insecurity challenge that distorts the realization of quality education in public secondary schools remains unabated. The study examined emerging and existing factors that confront the realization of quality education in secondary schools in Delta State. Methodologically, the study strictly utilized the documentary method and data were sourced through the secondary sources and analyzed in content. The study found that insecurity and global health crisis as emerging factors will worsen the existing leaning inequalities among secondary school students in Delta State. Also, if these emerging factors are not tamed, they will solidify with the existing factors to thwart government efforts towards achieving quality education in the State. The study recommended among others: that the ministry of Basic Education in synergy with other stakeholders should fence and provide security personnel to porous schools.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 124-132<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 15 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977882\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977882\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1f6337dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f6337dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65cb4953 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65cb4953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56504b9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56504b9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>EMORDI, Promise Jude<\/strong><br \/>Post-Graduate Students; Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwamaka, Patricia Ibeme (PhD)<\/strong><br \/>Department of Public Administration, National Open University, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>NNAMANI, Victus Sunday<\/strong><br \/>Department of Public Administration,University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AUGUSTA, C.Okonkwo<\/strong><br \/>Post-Graduate Students; Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977883\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977883\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ee97534 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee97534\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6078d078 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6078d078\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63814dcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63814dcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Akanzua, O. (2016. August 22). Delta teachers to dialogue with government over salary, others. The Guardian Newspaper. Source: https:\/\/m.guardian.ng\/news\/delta-teachers-to-dialogue-with-government-over-salary-others\/<br \/>[2] Akepeli, A.O. (2020, July 23). Delta State Education Marshals: the prospects and challenges in influencing compulsory education. Source: https:\/\/www.dutable.com\/2019\/03\/08\/delta-state-education-marshal-the-prospects-and-challenges-in-influencing-compulsory-education\/<br \/>[3] Akhaine, S.O. (2016, October 27). Education in the age of neo-liberalism: local and external contact. Vanguard newspaper<br \/>[4] Akporobaro, K. (2015). Sustenance of education sector reforms in Nigeria through adequate participation by all stakeholders. Int. NGO J. 4(6), 104-108.<br \/>[5] Aluede, R. O. A. (2015). Universal Basic Education in Nigeria: Matters arising. Journal of Human Ecology. 20(2), 97-101<br \/>[6] Asiyai, R.I. (2013). Challenges of Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration. Vol.3, No. 2(pp.159-172).<br \/>[7] Awoh, F. (2018, September 2). Why we stopped Edumarshal Programme in Delta\u2014Ebie. Vanguard Newspaper. Source: https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2018\/09\/why-we-stopped-edumarshal-programme-in-delta-ebie\/<br \/>[8] Azukaego, U. (2013, September 11). Delta EduMarshals: an overview of its first quarter performance. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[9] Azukaego, U. (2020, July 4). Giant strides in Delta\u2019s primary, post-primary education system. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[10] Azukaego, U., Bienose, K. &amp; Iyowu, F. (2020, July 6). Delta spends N22.6Bn. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[11] Bienose, K. (2013, July 7). Enter Education Marshals. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[12] Daily Trust (2019, March 28). Delta says Public Schools Pupil\u2019s shouldn\u2019t Pay Fees. Daily Trust Newspaper<br \/>[13] EduMarshals: Eradicating Street Culture (2015). Retrieved from:https:\/\/edumarshals.com<br \/>[14] Emordi, P.J. (2019). Neo-liberal reforms and poverty reduction in Nigeria, 2015-2019. (An unpublished M.Sc thesis). Submitted to the department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu.<br \/>[15] Emordi, P.J. (2020, August 23). Quality Education in Delta State: Issues Arising. Retrieved from: https:\/\/judeokonji024.wixsite.com\/emordipromisejude\/post\/quality-education-in-delta-state-issues-arising<br \/>[16] Geo-Jaja, M.A. (2010). Social exclusion, poverty and educational inequality in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: which development framework. In, J. Zajda &amp; M.A. Geo-Jaja (Eds.). The Politics of educational reforms (111-136). Australia: Springer<br \/>[17] Habib, Z .&amp; Ahmed, S.H. (2012). Managing development in a globalized world: concepts, processes, institutions. London: CRC Press<br \/>[18] Iduh, B. (2013). Compulsory education for children: Uduaghan inaugurates Education Marshals.<br \/>[19] Igbuzor, O. (2014). The state of education in Nigeria. Being a keynote address delivered at a round table organised by Civil Society Action Coalition on Education for All (CSACEFA) on 3rd July.<br \/>[20] Odu, M. (2013). A systematic review of the Delta State free and compulsory education: Challenges and prospects. Educational Review Bulletin.<br \/>[21] Ogbogu, A. (2020, July 5). Education: harvest of success stories. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[22] Okonjo, C. (2017). Universal tertiary education (UTE) for all Nigerians: on reforming and sustainably financing Nigerians education system. Ibadan: Safari Books LTD<br \/>[23] Okoro, E., Uzeme, Y. &amp; Odu, M. (2015). The prospect of UBE programme in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. International NGO Journal 4(2), 46-49.<br \/>[24] State Ministry of Basic and Primary Education (2015). Education for all: The Delta state perspective. Asaba: State Ministry of Basic and Primary Education<br \/>[25] The Nation (2013, September 27). Delta battles truancy in schools with Edu-Marshals. The Nations Newspaper; Retrieved from: https:\/\/thenationonlineng.net\/delta-battles-truancy-in-schools-with-edu-marshals\/<br \/>[26] The Nation (2019, July 26). Principal to refund N12m in Delta. The Nations Newspaper; retrieved at: https:\/\/thenationonlineng.net\/principal-to-refund-n12m-in-delta\/<br \/>[27] The Nation (2020, March 6). Delta schools where children of the poor learn with tears. The Nations Newspaper<br \/>[28] The Nations (2019, September 12). Delta approves N1.5b for UBEC projects. The Nations Newspaper; retrieved at: https:\/\/thenationonlineng.net\/delta-approves-n1-5b-for-ubec-projects\/<br \/>[29] The Pointer (2013, July 6). Boosting education system in Delta State. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[30] The Pointer (2019, July 6). Insecurity- Attack on teachers at Isele-Azagba. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[31] The Pointer (2020, July 6). Delta blames communities for destruction of schools infrastructure. The Pointer Newspaper. Source: https:\/\/thepointernewsonline.com\/?p=69970<br \/>[32] The Pointer (2020, June 20). Delta reaffirms zero tolerance for illegal levies in schools. The Pointer Newspaper. Source from: https:\/\/thepointernewsonline.com\/?p=68267<br \/>[33] The Pointer (2020, September, 5). Teacher\u2019s welfare remains top priority in Delta &#8212; Okowa. The Pointer Newspaper<br \/>[34] Uleme, M. (2015). Historical analysis of educational policy formulation in Nigeria: Implication for educational planning policy. International Journal of African and African-American Studies: 4(2), 69.<br \/>[35] United Nations Report (2014). Delta State Development Performance: education sector policy brief, 1991-2014. Abuja: United Nations Country Office-Nigeria<br \/>[36] Vanguard (2015. February 28). Uduaghan\u2019s education story: how he changed Delta schools. Vanguard Newspaper. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2015\/02\/uduaghans-education-story-how-he-changed-delta-schools\/amp\/<br \/>[37] Vanguard (2018, April 28). Peaking Delta State educational standard. Vanguard Newspaper. Source: https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2018\/04\/peaking-delta-state-educational-standards\/amp\/<br \/>[38] Vanguard (2020, February 27). Okowa\u2019s efforts at transforming education in Delta. Vanguard Newspaper. Source: https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2020\/02\/okowas-efforts-at-transforming-education-in-delta\/<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977884\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977884\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-34808bc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34808bc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38c0efd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38c0efd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bac1ba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bac1ba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>EMORDI, Promise Jude, Nwamaka, Patricia Ibeme (PhD), NNAMANI, Victus Sunday, AUGUSTA, C.Okonkwo &#8220;Re-evaluating the Factors confronting Quality Education in Secondary Schools in Delta State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.124-132 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/124-132.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-17650977885\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-17650977885\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7378b2a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7378b2a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63691e93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63691e93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b9014 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"631b9014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Re-evaluating the Factors confronting Quality Education in Secondary Schools in Delta State\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/124-132.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2864da97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2864da97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0a130 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ad0a130\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa9e912 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1aa9e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/133-139.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Chemistry by Guided Inquiry and Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/133-139.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChemistry by Guided Inquiry and Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6543cd45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6543cd45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>W. Chinda, B. Ikiroma September 2020 Page No.: 133-139<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3134b2ee e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3134b2ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"825537262\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372621\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372621\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372621\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372622\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372622\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372622\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372623\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372623\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372623\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372624\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372624\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372624\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372625\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372625\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372625\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372621\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372621\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-f1cd9ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1cd9ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518034e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"518034e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74035ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74035ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The study was designed to determine the effect of guided inquiry teaching strategy on students\u2019 academic achievement in Chemistry. To this end three research questions which were transformed into three hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the quasi experimental design of the pre-test post-test nonequivalent control group design. One hundred year two undergraduate students of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education and Rivers State University were randomly selected and assigned into two groups; fifty students for the experimental group (guided inquiry group) and the other fifty students for the control group (discussion group). After four weeks of the teaching of the twelve principles of Green Chemistry such as waste preventions, atom economic, less hazardous chemical synthesis, designing safer chemicals, safe solvent and auxiliaries design for energy efficiency, use of renewable feed stocks, reduce derivatives. catalysis, design for degradation, real-time pollution prevention and safer chemistry for accident prevention, a 36 multiple choice objective questions which was well validated and had a reliability co-efficient of 0.92 were administered to the students in the two groups before and after the application of the teaching strategies on the two groups. Mean, standard deviation and ANCOVA were the statistical tools used for data analysis. The result of the study reveals that students in the experimental group i.e. guided inquiry group did significantly better than their counter part in the control group i.e. discussion method group. It was also found out that student achievement do not significantly differ on the basis of university type. In addition, degree types (B.Sc.\/B.Sc.Ed) has significant influence on student achievement in favour of the B.Sc. students. Consequently, it was recommended among others that guided inquiry as a teaching strategy should be adopted by university lectures in delivery their lesson especially in the teaching of concept such as Green Chemistry.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 133-139<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 15 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372622\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372622\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3f5d86da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f5d86da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b428ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b428ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cfc0f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cfc0f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>W. Chinda<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, P.M.B. 5047, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>B. Ikiroma<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, P.M.B. 5047, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372623\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372623\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4417caeb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4417caeb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e142923 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e142923\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7894b3dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7894b3dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Abraham, T.W. (2011). Challenges of Teaching Chemistry. Open Access and Academic Journal, 2(1), 61-70.<br \/>[2] Achuonye, K.A. &amp; Ajoku, L.I. (2013). Foundations of curriculum development and implementation. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers.<br \/>[3] Ajienka (2019). Blessed are the Teacher. A paper presented at the 10th Anniversary of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria 20th August, 2019.<br \/>[4] Alamina, J.I. (2001). Fundamentals Principles of Science Teaching and Learning. Port Harcourt: Votex publishers.<br \/>[5] Anastas, P.T &amp; Warner, J.C. (1998). Green Chemistry Theory and Practice. Uk: Oxford University Press.<br \/>[6] Bromfield-Lee, D.C. (2019). Re-Casting traditional organic experiments into green, guided- inquiry based experiment; Student Perceptions. Journal of Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 12(2), 1-14.<br \/>[7] Chinda, W. &amp; Ikiroma, B. (2020). An investigation of Undergraduate Chemistry Education Student Mastery and Use of Standard Nomenclature in Rivers State. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(1), 66 -72.<br \/>[8] Chinda, W. (2011). Culture and Motivation as Determinates of Performance in Chemistry. African Journal of Professional Research in Human Development, 7 (3), 60-69.<br \/>[9] Chinda, W. (2011). Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development. Haitan Research Journal on Development Studies, 9(4), 84 \u2013 87.<br \/>[10] Edomwonyi-Ofu, L. &amp; Avaa, A. (2011). The Challenge of Effective Teaching of Chemistry. Leonardo Electronic Journal of practices and Technologies, 10(18), 1- 8.<br \/>[11] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2020). Guided Discovery Learning. Retrieved 25 March 2020 from www.edutech.wiki.unige.chehttp\/\/www.teachingenglish.org.uk\/article-presenting-newlanguage<br \/>[12] Ivankovic, A., Dronjic, A., Bevanda, A.M. &amp; Talic, S. (2017). Review of 12 Principles of Green Chemistry in Practice. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 6(3), 39-48.<br \/>[13] Jegede, S.A. (2012). Nigeria Students\u2019 Perception of Technical words in Senior Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum. Pakistan Journal of Education, 5(3), 205-220.<br \/>[14] Kuhthau, C.C., Manioks, L.K. &amp; Caspari, A.K. (2018). Guided inquiry learning in the 21st century. Retrieved from http:\/\/aes-as-in-ubguides.comk.php?=768531.<br \/>[15] Lancester, M. (2002). Green Chemistry an Introductory Text. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.<br \/>[16] Nwafor, C. L. &amp; Nwanekezi, A.U. (2018). Effects of Guided Inquiry and Test Hierarchy analysis model in Cooperative Learning Strategy on Chemistry Students\u2019 Performance in Imo State. European Scientific Journal, 14(25), 54-62.<br \/>[17] Nwanekezi, A.U. &amp; Arokoyu, A.A. (2014). Teaching Integrated Science Constructively. Port Harcourt: Soteria Publishing House.<br \/>[18] Okoth, R., Keener, J., Laner, M., &amp; Rosado-Flores, P. (2019). A Guided-inquiry experiment: Separation of Five Component Mixture by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Column Chromatograph. Journal of Laboratory Chemical Education, 7(1), 19-21.<br \/>[19] Salah, H.E. &amp; Koller, M. (2018). Principles of Green Chemistry. Open access peer reviewed, dio:10.577\/intechopen.71191. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/book\/greenchemistry\/introductory-chapter-principle-of-green-chemistry.<br \/>[20] Teague (2016). Discovery through guided inquiry. Chemistry. London: Cornel Report Spring.<br \/>[21] Ugwu, S.H. (2015). Impact of Guided Inquiry Instructional Strategy on Chemistry Students\u2019 Performance in Ikwuato Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technical Education, 4(1), 112-125.<br \/>[22] Vlassi, M.S. &amp; Karaliota, A. (2013). The comparison between Guided inquiry and Traditional teaching method. A case study for the teaching of the structure of matter to 8th grade Greek students. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Science, 93, 494-491.<br \/>[23] Wood, H. (2018). Cleaning the cleaning industry: The truth about Green Chemistry. Citizen truth. Retrieved on 30th April 2020 from, https:\/\/www.Cleaning%20the%20Cleaning%20Industry%20%20The%20Truth%20About%20Green%20Chemistry%20-%20Citizen%20Truth.htm<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372624\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372624\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-69072404 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69072404\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4708a855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4708a855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b424cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b424cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>W. Chinda, B. Ikiroma &#8220;Chemistry by Guided Inquiry and Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.133-139 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/133-139.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8255372625\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8255372625\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-113b50de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"113b50de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c291bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52c291bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa44197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa44197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Chemistry by Guided Inquiry and Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/133-139.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bd7522e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4bd7522e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7846293c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7846293c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dc5538a elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5dc5538a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/140-142.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Antibiogram of Salmonella Species Obtained from Environmental Samples in Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/140-142.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAntibiogram of Salmonella Species Obtained from Environmental Samples in Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c02fb4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c02fb4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cajethan Onyebuchi Ezeamagu, Amarachukwu Joyce Anayo September 2020 Page No.: 140-142<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c065e4b e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3c065e4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1007050315\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503151\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503151\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503151\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503152\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503152\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503152\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503153\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503153\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503153\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503154\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503154\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503154\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503155\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503155\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503155\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503151\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503151\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-11d664e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11d664e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff30b0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff30b0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18573606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18573606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Multi-drug resistance in\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species is becoming a great problem in healthcare institutions resulting in high mortality rate due to its infections. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibiogram of\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species obtained from various environmental samples in Ogun state. Samples (150) comprising faecal droppings of cow, goat, bird and pig as well as pond wastewater were obtained and\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species were isolated using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar and identified using analytical profile index. The susceptibility of the species was evaluated and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. Fifty (50) species of\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species were obtained and all (100%) were resistant to ceftazidime, gentamicin, while 92%, 90%, 48%, 46%, and 44% were resistant to amoxicillin\/clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin respectively. Multi-drug resistance was noted in\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species to at least three antibiotic classes. The results revealed high prevalence and multi-drug resistant\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species in our environment. Hence measures should be implemented urgently to curb further spread of multidrug resistant\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0species in our environment.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 140-142<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 15 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503152\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503152\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-50bdcb76 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50bdcb76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-707e2a88 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"707e2a88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-560732b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"560732b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cajethan Onyebuchi Ezeamagu<\/strong><br \/>Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amarachukwu Joyce Anayo<\/strong><br \/>Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503153\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503153\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-278443c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"278443c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e4307c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e4307c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79c26c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c79c26c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Willey, J. M., Sherwood, L. M., &amp; Woolverton, C. J. (2008). Prescott, Harley and Klein\u2019s Microbiology. 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill ISBN 978-0-071-10231 pp 309-311; 332-346; 816-833.<br \/>[2]. Rahman, S. H., &amp; Othman, H. H (2017). Salmonella infection: The common cause of human food poisoning. Progress in Bioscience and Bioengineering. 1(1), 5-10.<br \/>[3]. Brooks, G. F., Carroll, K. C., Butel, J. S., Morse, S. A. &amp; Mietzner, T. A. (2013). Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg\u2019s Medical Microbiology. 26th Edition. New York: McGraw Publishers ISBN 978-0-07-181578-9 pp 150-163.<br \/>[4]. Antunes, P., Mourao, J., Campos J., &amp; Peixe, L. (2016). Salmonellosis: The role of poultry meat. Clin. Microbiol. Infect, 22, 110-121.<br \/>[5]. Hao Van, T., Moutafis, G., Istivan, T., Thuoc, T.L. and Coloe, P.J. (2007). Detection of Salmonella Spp. in retail raw food samples from Vietnam and characterization of their antibiotic resistance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73(21), 6885-6890.<br \/>[6]. Doublet, D., Boyd, D., Mulvey, M.R. and Cloeckaert, A. (2005). The Salmonella genomic island 1 is an integrative mobilizable element, 55(6):1911-1924.<br \/>[7]. Ahmed AKM, Islam MT, Haider MG, Hossain MM (2008) Sero prevalence and pathology of naturally infected Salmonellosis in poultry with isolation and identification of causal agents. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 6:327\u2013334.<br \/>[8]. CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). (2016). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: CLSI M100-S26.<br \/>[9]. Detha, A. I. R. and Datta, F. U. (2016). Antimicrobial activity of traditional wines (sopi and moke) against Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. J. Adv.Vet. Animal Research, 3, 282-285.<br \/>[10]. Khan, M. F., Rahman, M. B., Khan, M. S., Nazir, K. H. and Rahman, M. . (2005). Antibiogram and plasmid profile analysis of isolated poultry Salmonella of Bangladesh. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 1614-1619.<br \/>[11]. Selvaraj, R., Das, R., Ganguly, S., Ganguli, M., Dhanalakshmi, S. and Mukhopadhayay, S. K. (2010). Characterization and antibiogram of Salmonella spp. from poultry specimens. J. Microbiol Antimicrob, 2(9), 123-126.<br \/>[12]. Divek, V. T., Nair, Kumar Venkitanarayanan, and Anup Kollanoor Jonny. (2018). Antibiotic- resistant Salmonella in the food supply and the potential role of antibiotic alternatives for control. Nat. Lib. Med, 7(10), 167.<br \/>[13]. Msemo, O.A., Mbwana, J., Mahende, C., Malabeja, A., Gesase, S., Crump, J.A., Dekker, D. and Lusingu, J.P.A. (2019). Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella enterica Bloodstream Isolates Among Febrile Children in a Rural District in Northeastern Tanzania: A Cross-sectional Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 68 (Suppl 2).<br \/>[14]. Bjelland, A.M., Sandvik, L.M., Skarstein, M.M., Svendal, L. and Debenham, J.J. (2020). Prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from reptiles in Norwegian zoos. Acta Vet. Scand 62, 3.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503154\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503154\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-52b6c025 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52b6c025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77abb079 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77abb079\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50062b41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50062b41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cajethan Onyebuchi Ezeamagu, Amarachukwu Joyce Anayo &#8220;Antibiogram of\u00a0<i>Salmonella<\/i>\u00a0Species Obtained from Environmental Samples in Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.140-142 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/140-142.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10070503155\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10070503155\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-27ae8701 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27ae8701\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1af391d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1af391d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-256dc52d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"256dc52d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #00afd1; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Antibiogram of &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;\/i&gt; Species Obtained from Environmental Samples in Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/140-142.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77f8cd74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77f8cd74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-305946bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"305946bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd8d51d elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"7fd8d51d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/143-146.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Influence of Geoclimatic Factor on Fade Depth for Wireless Link Design using Radiosonde Data\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/143-146.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInfluence of Geoclimatic Factor on Fade Depth for Wireless Link Design using Radiosonde Data\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74aa0991 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74aa0991\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aremu Olaosebikan Akann, Mufutau Jelili Adekunle September 2020 Page No.: 143-146<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e1fb5ad e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3e1fb5ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1042265517\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655171\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655171\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655171\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655172\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655172\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655172\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655173\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655173\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655173\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655174\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655174\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655174\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655175\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655175\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655175\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655171\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655171\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-6a19ad04 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a19ad04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-223f9e08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"223f9e08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aa28886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4aa28886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The concept of fading and signal propagation design remain very vital to a radio Engineer because of the unstable nature of environment the signal traversing. Precise estimation of Geoclimatic factor (K) and effective earth\u2019s radius factor (k) which depends on temperature, relative humidity and pressure are highly essential for radio signal propagation in clear air so as to provide for fade margin. In this work, the Geoclimatic factor has been obtained using Radiosonde data for two different locations (Ibadan and Ilorin), Nigeria. The K-factor obtained was used to determine the multipath fade depth exceeded for 0.01% of time and the result revealed that the k and K have monthly variations and they are locations dependent. Specifically, Ibadan and Ilorin has annual mean geoclimatic factor of 0.000293 and 0.000185 respectively. Also, the annual mean k-factor obtained in the two locations are 1.475 and 1.548 respectively. These values are higher than the standard value of 1.33 as predicted by ITU-R and the implications of the result is that, propagation in this geographic locations are mostly Super-refractive. From the monthly and annual K-factor presented, the percentage of time a given fade depth exceeded for the 20 GHz increases rapidly with increasing link distance in the two locations and the fade depth also increases with increase in frequency at a fixed distance. This is due to the fact that as the path length increased, the multiple reflections leading to multipath also increases and this leads to multipath fading. The overall results can be used for microwave link design in these locations.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 143-146<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 17 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655172\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655172\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-742f63d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"742f63d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b9627dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b9627dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-562bd259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"562bd259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aremu Olaosebikan Akann<\/strong><br \/>Physics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. P.M.B 22, UI Post Office, Oyo state, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mufutau Jelili Adekunle<\/strong><br \/>Physics unit, General Studies Department, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo. P.M.B. 1024, Oyo, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655173\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655173\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-e29d5dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e29d5dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62b7cc21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62b7cc21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-625215b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"625215b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] ITU Radio communication Study Group III: \u201cThe Radio Refractive Index: Its formula and Refractivity Data\u201d, ITU Radio communication Assembly, Document No. ITU-R P.453-7, 11 July 2003.<br \/>[2] ITU Radio communication Assembly \u201cPropagation Data and Prediction Methods Required for the Design of Terrestrial Line of Sight Systems\u201d ITU-R P.530-11 (1982-1986- 1990-1992-1994-1995-1997-1999-2000- 2001, 2005).<br \/>[3] ITU Radio communication Study Group III: \u201cEffects of Tropospheric Refraction on Radio wave Propagation\u201d, ITU Radio communications Assembly, Document No. ITU-R p.834-4 (1992-1994-1997-1999-2003).<br \/>[4] Olsen, R. I., Tjelta T (1999) \u201cWorldwide Techniques for Predicting the Multipath Fading Distribution on Terrestrial LOS Links: Background and Results of Tests\u201d IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 47, No.1. pp.157-170.<br \/>[5] Olsen, R. I (1999) \u201cRadio climatological Modeling of Propagation Effects in Clear-Air and Precipitation Conditions: Recent Advances and Future Directions\u201d Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop on Radio Communications in Africa Radio Africa \u201999, Gaborone Botswana.<br \/>[6] Grabner, M., Kvicera, V., Pechac, P., Mudroch, M. (2010) Multipath fading measurement and prediction on 10 GHz terrestrial link,&#8221; Proceedings of IEEE 15th Conference of Microwave Techniques, 2010.<br \/>[7] Bogucki, J., Wielowieyska, E (2009) \u201cEmpirical season&#8217;s fading&#8217;s in radio communication at 6 GHz band,&#8221; Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, vol. 2, 4852.<br \/>[8] Barclay, H.M., Hewitt, M. (1996) \u201dPropagation of Radio waves. London: IEEE Press.<br \/>[9] Van de Kamp,M., Tervonen, J.K., Salonen,E.T and Baptista, J.P. (1999) \u201cImproved models for long-term prediction of tropospheric scintillation on slant paths,\u201d IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 249 \u2013 260.<br \/>[10] ITU-R, \u201cPropagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial<br \/>[11] Line-of-sight systems,\u201d in Recommendation ITU-R P.530-15, Geneva, 2013.<br \/>[12] Freeman, R. L., (1997) Radio System Design for Telecommunications, John Wiley &amp; Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-75713-9.<br \/>[13] Odedina, P. K., Afullo, T. J. (2007) \u201cUse of spatial interpolation technique for determination of geoclimatic factor and fade depth calculation in Southern Africa,&#8221; Proceedings of IEEE AFRICON Conference, Windhoek, Namibia, September 26(28)<br \/>[14] Afullo, T. J., Odedina, P. K. (2006) \u201cOn the K-Factor Distribution and Diffraction Fading for Southern Africa\u201d South African Institute of Electrical Engineers Research Journal Vol. 97(2) pp 172-181.<br \/>[15] Odedina P.K., Afullo, T. J (2007) \u201cUse of Spatial Interpolation Technique for the Determination of the Geoclimatic Factor and Fade Calculation for Southern Africa\u201d, Proceeding of IEEE AFRICON conference 2007 ISBN: 0 \u2013 7803 \u2013 8606 \u2013 X. IEEE Catalog number: 04CH37590C, September 26 -28, Namibia.<br \/>[16] ITU-R, Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems,&#8221; Recommendation of ITU-R P.530-14, Geneva, 2012.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655174\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655174\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-45df192a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45df192a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55d240c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55d240c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d6225a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56d6225a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aremu Olaosebikan Akann &amp; Mufutau Jelili Adekunle &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.143-146 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/143-146.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10422655175\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10422655175\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2a4553b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a4553b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f485b8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f485b8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165806ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"165806ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Influence of Geoclimatic Factor on Fade Depth for Wireless Link Design using Radiosonde Data \" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/143-146.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d4cc21e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1d4cc21e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7afa34a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7afa34a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1351c5 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1d1351c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/147-150.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Deep Neural Networks in the Discovery of Novel Antibiotics Drug Molecule: A Review\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/147-150.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeep Neural Networks in the Discovery of Novel Antibiotics Drug Molecule: A Review\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b8b86d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b8b86d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Michael Idowu Oladunjoye, Olumide Olayinka Obe September 2020 Page No.: 147-150<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4118797d e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"4118797d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1092123005\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230051\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230051\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230051\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230052\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230052\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230052\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230053\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230053\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230053\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230054\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230054\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230054\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230055\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230055\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230055\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230051\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230051\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-30d57c69 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30d57c69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-654bb7a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"654bb7a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cea7887 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cea7887\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Machine learning methods have been used in various fields to enhance automation and the ability of computer to learn from experience for decades. Its application in drug discovery is emerging and is now being integrated into the process especially in the early stage for lead compounds screening. The antibiotic discovery process is cumbersome considering the duration and inadvertently the resultant cost. So, the application of deep neural networks will help in efficiency by reducing the duration of process and the overall cost of the process. A deep convolutional neural network successfully predicted new broad-spectrum antibiotic, Halicin, with other molecules with distinct structures. The deep learning models have been engaged to learn from known useful chemical compounds (molecules) with their biological activities. The use of the artificial intelligence techniques in the antibiotics discovery will be reviewed with focus on the deep neural networks model as compared with other methods.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 147-150<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 17 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230052\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230052\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1d7a60e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d7a60e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f0068ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f0068ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4eebbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e4eebbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael Idowu Oladunjoye<\/strong><br \/>Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olumide Olayinka Obe<\/strong><br \/>Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230053\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230053\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7137ae23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7137ae23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d8bd524 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d8bd524\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24ca2e3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24ca2e3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] F. Lake, \u201cArtificial intelligence in drug discovery: what is new, and what is next.\u201d Future Science. Available at https:\/\/www.future-science.com\/. Accessed on 2020-06-04.<br \/>[2] \u201cDrug Discovery and Development.\u201d Available at http:\/\/www.astp4kt.eu\/. Accessed on 2020-05-20.<br \/>[3] \u201cA Scientific Roadmap for Antibiotic Discovery 2016.\u201d Available at. https:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/. Accessed on 2020-05-20<br \/>[4] L. Rajeev, \u201cAntibiotic Discovery.\u201dAvailable at https:\/\/www.labome.com\/method\/Antibiotic-Discovery.html. Accessed on 2020-04-15.<br \/>[5] S. Ortega, L. Cara and M. Salvador. \u201cIn silico pharmacology for a multidisciplinary drug discovery process,\u201d Drug Metab Drug Interact, vol 27, no 4, pp. 199-207, 2012.<br \/>[6] P. Aparoy, K. K. Peddy and P. Reddanna, \u201cStructure and Ligand Based Drug Design Strategies in the Development of Novel 5-LOX Inhibitors,\u201d Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol 19, pp. 3763-3778, 2012.<br \/>[7] B. Blass, Basic principles of drug discovery and development. Elsevier Inc, 2015.<br \/>[8] J. D. Durrant and R. E. Amaro, \u201cMachine-Learning Techniques Applied to Antibacterial Drug Discovery,\u201d Chem Biol Drug Des, Special issue, pp. 14-21, 2015.<br \/>[9] B. Ramsundar, P. Eastman, P. Walters and V. Pande, Deep Learning for the Life Sciences: Genomics, Microscopy, Drug Discovery. USA: O\u2019reilly, 1 ed., 2019.<br \/>[10] S. Ekins, J. Mestres and B. Testa, \u201cIn silico pharmacology for drug discovery: methods for virtual ligand screening and profiling,\u201d British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 152, pp. 9-20, 2007.<br \/>[11] \u201cDrug discovery.\u201d Available at https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/. Accessed on 2020-03-21.<br \/>[12] \u201cMachine learning for drug discovery in a nutshell.\u201d Available at https:\/\/medium.com\/. Accessed on 2020-03-21<br \/>[13] A. Lavecchia, \u201cMachine-learning approaches in drug discovery: methods and applications,\u201d Drug Discovery Today, vol. 20, no 3, pp 65-70, 2015.<br \/>[14] B. Meriem and B. Mohamed, \u201cDeep Learning for Ligand-Based Virtual Screening in Drug Discovery,\u201d in PAIS Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems, pp. 201-209, 2018.<br \/>[15] S. Ou-yang, J. Lu, X. Kong, Z. Liang, C. Luo and H. Jiang, \u201cComputational drug discovery,\u201d Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. Vol. 33, pp. 1131-1140, 2012.<br \/>[16] I. Baskin, \u201cThe power of deep learning to ligand-based novel drug discovery,\u201d Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, Vol. no. pp. 2020.<br \/>[17] V. Rees, \u201cDiscovering and Designing Drugs with Artificial Intellience,\u201d Drug Target Review, 2020.<br \/>[18] G. Schneider, \u201cNeural networks are useful tools for drug design,\u201d Pergamon, Available at www.elsevier.com\/. Accessed on 2020-03-23.<br \/>[19] M. Kubat, An Introduction to Machine Learning. Springer International Publishing. AG 2015, 2017.<br \/>[20] I. Wallach, M. Dzamba and A Heifets, \u201cAtomNet: A Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Bioactivity Predictions in Structure-based Drug Discovery,\u201d Available at https:\/\/www.arxiv-vanity.com\/papers\/. Accessed on 2020-04-23.<br \/>[21] R. Sabet, A. Fassihi, B. Hemmateenejad, L. Saghaei, R. Miri and M. Gholami, \u201cComputer-aided design of novel antibacterial 3-hydroxypyridine-4-ones: application of QSAR methods based on the MOLMAP approach,\u201d Jounal Computer Aided Mol Des., vol.26, pp 349-361, 2012.<br \/>[22] L. Terfloth and J. Gasteiger, \u201cNeural networks and genetic algorithms in drug design,\u201d Drug Discovery Today, vol 6, pp 102-108, 2001.<br \/>[23] E. Gawehn, J. A. Hiss and G. Schneider, \u201cDeep Learning in Drug Discovery,\u201d Available at https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/. Accessed on 2020-04-23.<br \/>[24] J. Stokes, K. Yang, K. Swanson, T. Jaakkola, R. Barzilay, J. Collins et al., \u201cA Deep Learning Approach to Antibiotic Discovery,\u201d Cell, Elsevier Inc, vol. 180, pp 688-702, 2020..<br \/>[25] \u201cIntelligent Drug Discovery\u201d, Available at https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/. Accessed on 2020-05-23.<br \/>[26] F. Lipinski, V. Maltarollo, P. Oliveira, A. da Silva and K. Honorio, \u201cAdvances and Perspectives in Applying Deep Learning for Drug Design and Discovery,\u201d Frontiers in Robotics and AI, vol 6, no 180, 2019.<br \/>[27] \u201cLigand Based Drug Design\u201d Available at https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/. Accessed on 2020-06-24.<br \/>[28] A. Gaulton, A. Hersey, M. Nowotka, et al., \u201cThe ChEMBL database in 2017,\u201d Nucleic Acids Res., Available at https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27899562\/ Accessed on 2020-04-22.<br \/>[29] \u201cmoleculenet\u201d Available at http:\/\/moleculenet.ai\/. Accessed on 2020-04-20.<br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230054\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230054\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-658a9c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"658a9c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22051b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22051b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e1cc965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e1cc965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Michael Idowu Oladunjoye, Olumide Olayinka Obe &#8220;Deep Neural Networks in the Discovery of Novel Antibiotics Drug Molecule: A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.147-150 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/147-150.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10921230055\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10921230055\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2e2ceb45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e2ceb45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bda8dce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bda8dce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3075783e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3075783e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\" Deep Neural Networks in the Discovery of Novel Antibiotics Drug Molecule: A  Review\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/147-150.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3def7e64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3def7e64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c4747fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c4747fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41232574 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"41232574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/151-157.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"The State of Noise Levels in Major Motor Parks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/151-157.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe State of Noise Levels in Major Motor Parks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bfce2da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2bfce2da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Salami, John Tolulope, Sawyerr, Henry Olawale, Oluwatuyi, Victor Shegun September 2020 Page No.: 151-157<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17ab5655 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"17ab5655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"397104725\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047251\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047251\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047251\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047252\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047252\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047252\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047253\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047253\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047253\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047254\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047254\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047254\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047255\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047255\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047255\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047251\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047251\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-56ca185c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56ca185c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48270f31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48270f31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-112157e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"112157e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Noise pollution is a major threat that affects the well-being of man in urban areas. This study assessed the noise pollution levels at major motor parks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of Five (5) major motor parks were selected within the Metropolis namely: Offa garage motor park, Soludero Motor Park, Maraba motor park, New-Shao garage motor park and Saw-mill garage motor park. Noise levels assessment in the motor parks were measured using a Benetech GM 1357 factory-calibrated sound level meter. Measurements were taken at three points in each motor parks, making a total of fifteen points in all. The assessment took place in the morning between the hours of (6.00am-8:00am) ,afternoon (12-2:00pm) and evening (4:00-6:00pm) three times weekly in alternate days for four weeks. No night time assessments were made. The results revealed that with the exception of Offa garage motor park with 69.94 dB(A) that was slightly lower and within the 70 dB(A) WHO standard, all other motor parks had levels that were above the WHO recommended limit. Results showed exceedance of 60 dB(A) National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) recommended permissible limit in all the motor parks. The motor park with highest noise levels is Saw-mill garage motor park with mean noise value of 74.45 dB(A) followed by New-Shao garage motor park with 72.24 dB(A) then Maraba motor park having 71.74 dB(A) while Soludero motor park had 71.48 dB(A) and the least noise level was recorded at Offa garage motor park with 69.94 dB(A) . This study provides and creates awareness on the implications of noise in motor parks .The lead source of noise is vehicular activities as observed during the assessement. The \ufb01ndings of the study provide information on the state of noise pollution in the motor parks and likely impacts on those that engage in activities in the motor parks. The study recommended that for vehicular noise pollution, it is important for the management of the motor parks to enlighten the drivers and vehicle owners the need to repair and maintain their vehicles to reduce the noise at source. Also, there is need for sporadic monitoring and assessment of noise levels in motor parks so as to provide relevant data on the state of noise levels in motor parks in urban centres, this will bridge up the data gap challenges. In ensuring the health effects of noise is prevented, there is need for the Ministry of Environment and other environmental regulatory agencies to create awareness and sensitize the public on the dangers of noise pollution. Strict actions on noise pollution should be done by the Ministry of Environment to ensure strict compliance to noise. Lastly, the need for periodic auditory examination and screening of motor park users and workers should be carried out for individuals who use and perform activities in motor parks.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 151-157<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 17 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047252\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047252\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-147558f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"147558f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb17982 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb17982\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-193624f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"193624f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salami, John Tolulope<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sawyerr, Henry Olawale<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oluwatuyi, Victor Shegun<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047253\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047253\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6b5a30d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b5a30d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6ad9fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b6ad9fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a40f65f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a40f65f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Ajadi, B.S, Adaramola, M.A., Adeniyi, A., &amp; Abubakar, M.I (2016).Effects of Effluents discharge on Public Health in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies &amp; Management 9(4):389-404.<br \/>[2] Ajibade, L.T.&amp; Ojelola, A.O. (2004).Effects of Automobile Mechanics Activities on Soils in Ilorin, Nigeria. Geo-studies Forum an International Journal of Environmental and Policy Issues 2(1):18-27.<br \/>[3] Agarwal, S, and Swami, B. L (2010).Status of Ambient Noise levels in Jaipur City. Environment Conservation Journals. Vol. 11 (1&amp;2):105-108.<br \/>[4] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Sound and Vibration Fundamentals, ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 7, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1989.<br \/>[5] Anake, W.U, Bayode, F.O, Omonhinmin, C.A, Williams, A.B (2018). Ambient air pollution control using air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of trees. Int. J Civil Eng Technol. 9:417-425.<br \/>[6] Anomohanran, O. and Osemeikhian, J.E.A (2006).Day and Night Noise Pollution Study in Some Majo Towns in Delta State, Nigeria. Ghana Journal of Science 46,47-54.<br \/>[7] Aslam, M.J, Aslam M.A., Batool. A (2008). Effect of noise pollution on hearing of public transport drivers in Lahore City. Pakistan J. Med Sci; 21:142-146.<br \/>[8] Ayanlade, A., &amp; Oyegbade, E. F. (2016). Influences of wind speed and direction on atmospheric particle concentrations and industrially induced noise. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-13.<br \/>[9] Birgitta B., Thomas L., Dietrich H.S (1999).Guidelines for Community Noise. World Health Organization (WHO) Geneva.<br \/>[10] Ebare, M.N, Omuemu , V.O, Isah, E.C (2011) Assessment of noise levels generated by music shops in an urban city in Nigeria. Public Health. 125(9):660-664.<br \/>[11] Essandoh, P.K and Armah, F.A (2011).Determination of Ambient Noise levels in the main Commercial Area of Cape Coast, Ghana. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences;3(6):637-644.<br \/>[12] Hammersen, F., Niewmann H., Hoebel J(2016).Environmental Noise Annoyance and Mental Health in Adults: findings from the Cross-Sectional German Health Update (GEDA) Study 2012.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Hleath.Vol.13.pp.954.<br \/>[13] Hinchcliffe, R. Review: Global perspective of noise-induced hearing loss as exemplified by Nigeria. J Audiolog Med. 2002; 11(1):1-24<br \/>[14] Hunashal, R.B., Patil, Y.B (2012) Assessment of noise pollution indices in the city of Kolhapur, India. Procedia Soc. Behav Sci. 37: 448-457.<br \/>[15] Ibekwe, T., Folorunso, D., Ebuta, A., Amodu, J., Nwegbu, M., Mairami, Z..,Nwaorgu, O. (2016). Evaluation of the environmental noise levels in Abuja municipality using mobile phones. Ann Ib Postgrad Med, 14(2), 58-64.<br \/>[16] Ibhadode, O., Oyedepo, O.S., Ogunro, A.S, Azeta, J., Solomon, B.O., Umanah, I.I, Apeh, E.S, Ayoola, A.R (2018). An Experimental-assessment of Human Exposure-levels to Aircraft Noise-hazards in the Neighbouring-environments of four Nigerian Airports, IOP Conf. Series: Mat Sci Engine .413(1): Article number 012080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/413\/1\/012080<br \/>[17] Khilman, T (2004).Noise Pollution in Cities, Curtiba and Totenberg as examples In: Proceedings of the Seminar-Environmental Aspects of Urbanization-Seminar in Honour of Dr. Motafa Kamal Tolba, Gothenburg, Sweden in CD.<br \/>[18] Mangelekar, S.B., Jadhav, A.S. and Raut, P.D (2012).Study of Noise pollution in Kolhapur City, Maharashtra, India. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology.Vol.2, Issue 1:65-69.<br \/>[19] Munzel, T, Gori, T., Babisch, W., Basner, M (2014).Cardiovascular effects of environmental nois exposure. European Heart Journal;35 :829-836.<br \/>[20] National Environmental Standard Regulations Agency (NESREA) 2009. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette; National Environmental Regulations (Noise Standards and Control). Vol.96:1299-389.<br \/>[21] Nwaka G. (2005). The Urban Informal Sector in Nigeria: Towards Economic Development, Environmental Health, and Social Harmony. Global Development (GUD)Vol.1(1):14pp.Available from:http:\/\/www.globalurban.org\/Issue1PIMag05\/NWAKA%20ar ticle.htm-5\/1\/07<br \/>[22] Okokpujie, K, Noma-Osaghae, E, Modupe ,O., John, S., Oluwatosin, O (2018).A smart air pollution monitoring system. Int J Civil Engine Technol.9(9):799-809.<br \/>[23] Omole, D.O., Ogbiye, A.S., Longe, E.O., Adewumi, I.K., Elemile, O.O., Tenebe, T.I (2018). Water quality checks on river atuwara, south-west Nigeria. WIT Trans Ecol Environ. 228:165-173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/WP180171<br \/>[24] Onuu, M.U., and Menkiti, A.I (1993).Spectral Analysis of Road Traffic Noise in part of South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Pure and Applied Science 6(2), 135-138.<br \/>[25] Onuu, M. U., Menkiti, A. I., &amp; Essien, J. O. (1996). Spectral Analysis of Industrial Noise in Calabar, Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 239-247.<br \/>[26] Osuntogun, B. A., &amp; Koku, C. A. (2007). Environmental impacts of urban road transportation in South-Western states of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(16), 2356-2360.<br \/>[27] Oyedepo, S.O and Saadu, A.A (2009).A comparative study of Noise pollution in some selected Areas of Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.Vol.158, 155-167.<br \/>[28] Oyedepo, S.O. (2012). \u2018Noise Map: Tool for Abating Noise Pollution in Urban Areas\u2019, Scientific Reports (Omics), 185, vol.1, Issue 3: 1 \u2013 7.<br \/>[29] Oyedepo, S. O. (2013). Development of noise map for Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. International journal of environmental studies, 70(4), 503-514.<br \/>[30] Oyeyemi, K.D., Aizebeokhai, A.P., Okagbue, H.I (2017). Geostatistical exploration of dataset assessing the heavy metal contamination in Ewekoro limestone, Southwestern Nigeria. Data in Brief. 14:110-117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2017.07.041 PMid:28795088 PMCid:PMC5537382<br \/>[31] Paiva, K.M., Cardoso, M.R., and Zannin, P.H.T (2019). Exposure to road traffic noise: Annoyance, perception and associated factors among Brazil&#8217;s adult population. Sci Total Environ. 650:978-986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.041 PMid:30308872<br \/>[32] Pathak, V, Tripathi, B.D, Mishra, V.K (2008). Evaluation of traffic noise pollution and attitudes of exposed individuals in working place. Atmos. Environ 42 (16):3892-3898.<br \/>[33] Radun, J, Hongisto, V., Suokas, M (2019). Variables associated with wind turbine noise annoyance and sleep disturbance. Build Environ. 150:339-348.<br \/>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.12.039.<br \/>[34] Selander, J., Rylander, L., Albin, M., Rosenhall, U., Lewn\u00e9, M., Gustavsson, P (2019). Full-time exposure to occupational noise during pregnancy was associated with reduced birth weight in a nationwide cohort study of Swedish women. Sci Total Environ.651:1137-1143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.212 PMid:30360245<br \/>[35] Shepherd, D.,Dirks,K.,Welch,D.,McBride,D.,Landon, J (2016).International Journal of Environmental Res.Public Health.Vol.13 (8):792.<br \/>[36] Sogebi O.A, Amoran O.E, Iyaniwura C.A, Oyewole E.A (2014).Awareness and attitudes to Noise and its hazards in motor parks in a Sub-urban Nigerian Town.The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal ,Vol.21,No.1 March,2014.<br \/>[37] Stansfeld, S.A., Berglund, C. Clack, et al. (2005). \u201cAircraft and road traffic noise and children\u2019s cognition and health: a B. Crossnational study,\u201d Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9475, pp. 1942\u20131949, 2005.<br \/>[38] Szeremeta, B., &amp; Zannin, P. H. T. (2009). Analysis and evaluation of soundscapes in public parks through interviews and measurement of noise. Science of the total environment, 407(24), 6143-6149.<br \/>[39] Usikalu, M. R., &amp; Kolawole, O. (2018). Assessment of noise pollution in selected locations in Ota, Nigeria. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 1212-1218.<br \/>[40] Wani, K.A. and Jaiswal, Y.K.(2010).Assessment of Noise Pollution in Gwalior M.P. India, Advance in Bioresearch, Vol. 1(1):54-60.<br \/>[41] World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). United Nation road safety collaboration: a handbook of partner profiles. Geneva: World Health Organization pp 1-5.<br \/>[42] World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise. Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe, World Health Organization: Copenhagen, Denmark<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047254\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047254\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4c3a8d3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c3a8d3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1780a073 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1780a073\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eeb90c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1eeb90c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Salami, John Tolulope, Sawyerr, Henry Olawale, Oluwatuyi, Victor Shegun &#8220;The State of Noise Levels in Major Motor Parks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.151-157 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/151-157.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-3971047255\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-3971047255\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-10df8387 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10df8387\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f61bcf9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f61bcf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a807d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74a807d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"The State of Noise Levels in Major Motor Parks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/151-157.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8e12a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a8e12a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b9fda28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b9fda28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb79cc elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"fcb79cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/158-159.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Remarks on Commutativity Results for Alternative Rings With [x(x2 y2),x] = 0\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/158-159.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRemarks on Commutativity Results for Alternative Rings With [x(x2 y2),x] = 0\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bea4e80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bea4e80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abubakar Salisu, Tasi\u2019u Abdullahi Yusuf and Shu\u2019aibu Salisu September 2020 Page No.: 158-159<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-226c1fda e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"226c1fda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"577511386\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113861\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113861\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113861\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113862\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113862\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113862\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113863\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113863\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113863\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113864\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113864\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113864\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113865\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113865\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113865\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113861\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113861\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-5150a95c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5150a95c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1240dc61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1240dc61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-650a6ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"650a6ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>In this article, it is shown that the commutativity of alternative ring satisfying the following properties: (p<sub>1<\/sub>) [x(x<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0y<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0),x]=0 (p<sub>2<\/sub>) [x(xy),x]=0<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 158-159<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 17 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113862\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113862\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4d2d987c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d2d987c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f4ba80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56f4ba80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f38a5dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f38a5dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Salisu<\/strong><br \/>Science and Technical Education Board Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tasi\u2019u Abdullahi Yusuf<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Statistics Umaru Musa Yar\u2019adua University Katsina, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shu\u2019aibu Salisu<\/strong><br \/>Katsina State Science and Technical Education Board, Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113863\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113863\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-73da5d40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73da5d40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a2fc14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29a2fc14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49116554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49116554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. H.A.S Abu Jabal and M.A Khan. (1993) \u201cSome Elementary commutativity theorem for Associative Rings\u201d, Kyungpook Math J .1: 49-51.<br \/>[2]. Gupta.R.N. (1970). Nilpotent matrices with invertable transpose,proc.Amer.Math.Soc.,24, 572-575.<br \/>[3].Y. Madana Mohana Reddy, G. Shobhatha and D.V Ramin Reddy (2017) \u201cSome Commutativity Theorem for non-associative rings\u201d Math Archive, 5:379-382.<br \/>[4]. Madana Mohana Reddy and Shobha latha. (2020). On Commutativity for certain of Non-Associative Primitive Rings with: [x(\u3016xy)\u3017^2- (xy^2)x\u2208Z(R)].7: 292-294.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113864\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113864\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-21676699 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21676699\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6237af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e6237af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52871cc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52871cc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abubakar Salisu, Tasi\u2019u Abdullahi Yusuf and Shu\u2019aibu Salisu &#8220;Remarks on Commutativity Results for Alternative Rings With [x(x<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0y<sup>2<\/sup>),x] = 0&#8243; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.158-159 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/158-159.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5775113865\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5775113865\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-600d3fe5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"600d3fe5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd11d75 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3cd11d75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c06b3a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c06b3a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\"Remarks on Commutativity Results for Alternative Rings With [x(x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt;),x] = 0\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/158-159.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f857177 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f857177\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d524b1b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d524b1b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23811b30 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"23811b30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/160-163.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"The Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Students\u2019 Motivation to Learn High School Mathematics in Laikipia County, Kenya\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/160-163.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Students\u2019 Motivation to Learn High School Mathematics in Laikipia County, Kenya\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-196a1196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"196a1196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mbuthia Ngunjiri (PhD) September 2020 Page No.: 160-163<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea6217c e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3ea6217c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1051074940\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749401\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749401\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749401\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749402\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749402\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749402\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749403\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749403\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749403\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749404\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749404\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749404\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749405\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749405\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749405\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749401\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749401\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4a401382 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a401382\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d9c8729 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d9c8729\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73aa7534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73aa7534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study examined the influence of gender and students\u2019 self efficacy beliefs on motivation to learn secondary school mathematics in Laikipia County, Kenya. The study was guided by Keller\u2019s ARCS model of motivation. Descriptive research design was employed in the study. The target population comprised of all 8357 Form Four students in Laikipia County .Simple random sampling was used to select sample schools and respondents. A sample of 392 students (276 males and 176 females) was selected for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Cronbach\u2019s alpha was used to estimate the reliability of research instruments. Data was analyzed using t- test and simple regression analysis. The study findings revealed that male students had a significantly better motivation to learn mathematics than female students, and that students\u2019 self-efficacy beliefs contributed significantly to students\u2019 motivation to learn mathematics. The study concludes that mathematics teachers should apply appropriate motivational and self- efficacy enhancement strategies in improving students\u2019 motivation to learn mathematics.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 160-163<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 18 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749402\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749402\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4f325bd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f325bd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d55fa8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10d55fa8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f6ddea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f6ddea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mbuthia Ngunjiri (PhD)<\/strong><br \/>,Laikipia University, Kenya.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749403\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749403\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-773fd754 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"773fd754\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e709749 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e709749\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4424f796 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4424f796\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Ayotola, A,&amp; Adedeji, T. (2009). The relationship between mathematics self efficacy and achievement in mathematics. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 953-957.<br \/>[2] Bandura, A. (1986).Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall<br \/>[3] Bandura, A. (1994), Self-Efficacy, In V.S. Ramachaudran (Ed.) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4,pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press<br \/>[4] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New Yolk W.H: Freeman and Company.<br \/>[5] Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307- 337) Greenwich CT: Information Age.<br \/>[6] Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G.V.&amp; Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children aspiration and career trajectories Child Development, 72(1), 187-206.<br \/>[7] Brophy, J. (2004). Motivating students to learn. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<br \/>[8] Driscoll, M. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.<br \/>[9] Eggen, P.&amp; Kauchak,D.(2004) . New jersey: Pearson Education Ltd.<br \/>[10] Hackett, G.&amp; Betz, N.E. (1998). An exploration of mathematics self-efficacy\/ mathematics performances correspondence. JournalforResearch in Mathematics Education, 20(3), 261-273.<br \/>[11] Hughes E.M.&amp; Picconini, P,J. (2011) Mathmatics motivation and self efficacy of middle school student. Focus on middle school, 24(1), 1-6<br \/>[12] Huitt, W. (2001). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Retrieved April, 2020 from http: \/\/Chiron. Valdosta. edu \/ whuitt\/col\/motivation\/motivate.html<br \/>[13] Keller, J. (1999). Motivation in cyber learning environments. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 1(1), 7-30<br \/>[14] Keller, J. (2006). Development of two measures of learner motivation (version 06022). Available from John Keller at Jkeller@arcsmodel.com KIE (2002). Secondary education syllabus (Vol II). Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Education<br \/>[15] KNEC (2020).Kenya national examinations council statistics (2009-2019). Available from info@knec.ac.ke.<br \/>[16] Krejcie,R.&amp; Morgan,D.(1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement,30,607-610.<br \/>[17] Liem, A.D; Lau, S.&amp; Nie, Y. (2008). The role of self efficacy, task value and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship and achievement outcome. Contemporary Educational Pschology, 33,486-512<br \/>[18] Liu, X.&amp; Koirala, H. (2010). The effect of mathematics self-efficacy on mathematics achievement of high school students. Paper presented at the Northeastern Educational Research Association Annual Conference ,Paper 30, Connecticut, USA,<br \/>[19] McQuiggan S.W.,Mott, B.W., &amp; Lester, J.C. (2008). Modelling self-efficacy in intelligent tutoring systems: An inductive approach. User modeling and User Adapted Interaction, 18, 81-123<br \/>[20] Meece, J.L., Glienke, B.B.,&amp; Burg,S.(2006) Gender and motivation .Journal of School Psychology, 44, 351-373.<br \/>[21] Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. Retrieved April 2020 from http:\/www.emory.edu\/education\/wfp\/eff.htm.<br \/>[22] Pajares, F.(2006). Self-efficacy during childhood and adolescence: Implications for teachers and parents. In F. Pajares and T. Urban (Eds.), Self efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp.339-367). Greenwich CT: Information Age.<br \/>[23] Pajares, F. &amp; Schunk, D.H. (2001).Self-beliefs and school success: Self-efficacy , self-concept and school achievement. In R. Riding and S. Rayner (Eds.),Perception(pp.239-266). London: Ablex publishing.<br \/>[24] Skaalvik, E.M.&amp; Skaalvik,S. (2006) .Self-concept and self-efficacy in mathematics: Relation with mathematics motivation and achievement. Paper presented at the proceedings of the 7th conference on learning strategies.Indiana,USA. Tella,A. (2007).The impact of motivation on students\u2019 achievement and outcomes in mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology, 3(2), 149-156.<br \/>[25] Zimmerman B.J.&amp; Cleary T.J. (2006). Adolescents\u2019 development of personal agency. In F. Pajares and T. Urban (Eds), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp.45-69). Greenwich CT: Information Age.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749404\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749404\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-368b6829 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"368b6829\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36215bf1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36215bf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39967e9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39967e9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mbuthia Ngunjiri (PhD) &#8220;The Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Students\u2019 Motivation to Learn High School Mathematics in Laikipia County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.160-163 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/160-163.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-10510749405\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-10510749405\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6f513993 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f513993\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-682fea01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"682fea01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66f664db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66f664db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"The Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Students\u2019 Motivation to Learn High School Mathematics in Laikipia County, Kenya\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/160-163.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1faf2b06 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1faf2b06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59332010 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59332010\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b4341c1 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5b4341c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/164.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"COVID-19 testing: The Reimbursement Puzzle\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/164.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCOVID-19 testing: The Reimbursement Puzzle\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10708334 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10708334\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Patrick Mutunga Mwanza September 2020 Page No.: 164<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-288f6098 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"288f6098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"680485016\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850161\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850161\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850161\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850162\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850162\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850162\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850163\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850163\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850163\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850164\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850164\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850164\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850165\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850165\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850165\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850161\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850161\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-3825315b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3825315b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d71e054 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d71e054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dfebae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2dfebae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a cross-cutting concern worldwide disrupting societal and scientific norms. However, the opportunities and challenges it presents calls for a focus on upstream thinking framework to address equitable access to testing and treatment options. An essential component in defining a clear case for COVID-19 is mass testing as well as addressing the barriers to uptake. A well-defined case is essential for isolation, quarantine, management, and contact tracing that can help control the spread of SARS-CoV2. As the global understanding of SARS-CoV2 evolves, reimbursement already plays a crucial role in reducing health care costs. There is currently a scarcity of debate regarding cost reimbursements and its role in COVID-19 mass testing. Understanding reimbursement role is key to ensure sustained access to testing especially in resource limited setting where majority of the most vulnerable populations live.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 164<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 18 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850162\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850162\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3a627759 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a627759\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54eb06a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54eb06a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67e3b351 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67e3b351\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Mutunga Mwanza<\/strong><br \/>Afyabridge Health Institute, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850163\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850163\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2f492958 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f492958\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dc98f56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7dc98f56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7db04a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7db04a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>No References<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850164\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850164\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7fc2c28e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fc2c28e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-472b5fd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"472b5fd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1af38b0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1af38b0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Patrick Mutunga Mwanza &#8220;COVID-19 testing: The Reimbursement Puzzle&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.164 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/164.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-6804850165\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-6804850165\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-27652a48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27652a48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5639e5d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5639e5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b1e22d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45b1e22d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\" COVID-19 testing: The Reimbursement Puzzle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/164.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16893e28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"16893e28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-312e367d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"312e367d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e7abf34 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4e7abf34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/165-166.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Comparison of Basic Sampling Techniques: Simple Random Sampling and Systematic Random Sampling\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/165-166.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparison of Basic Sampling Techniques: Simple Random Sampling and Systematic Random Sampling\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-213e03f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"213e03f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adebara Lanre, Alabi Remilekun Enitan, Ajayi Bamidele September 2020 Page No.: 165-166<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9563d3 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"2d9563d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"764765139\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651391\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651391\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651391\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651392\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651392\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651392\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651393\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651393\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651393\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651394\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651394\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651394\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651395\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651395\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651395\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651391\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651391\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-392448b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"392448b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d5e6b50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d5e6b50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78570fc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78570fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Sample is a fractional part of population. Sampling is the act of selecting sample from whole population for required information in order to take decision. Sampling techniques are the methods used to select samples from whole population which are in two ways probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. Two probabilistic sampling techniques were compared in this paper, simple random sampling with use of random number table to select samples and systematic random sampling with fixed sampling interval to other take samples after first randomly selected sample. The standard error value of simple random sampling is the least compared to that of systematic random sampling and therefore simple random sampling technique gives the best precision.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 165-166<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 18 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651392\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651392\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5bc1d988 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bc1d988\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65b98c78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65b98c78\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6616cba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6616cba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adebara Lanre<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alabi Remilekun Enitan<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajayi Bamidele<\/strong><br \/>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651393\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651393\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-553b61ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"553b61ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74aa6d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74aa6d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ec7703 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72ec7703\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Cochran, W.G (1999). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley<br \/>[2] Gregoire, T.G, &amp; Valentine, H.T (2008). Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the<br \/>[3] Environment. Boca Raton: Chapman &amp; Hall\/CRC.<br \/>[4] Schreuder, H.T, Gregoire, T.G, &amp; Wood, G.B (1993). Sampling Methods for Multiresource<br \/>[5] Forest Inventory. New York: Wiley<br \/>[6] Wretman J.(2014). Reflecting on Probabilitic versus Non-Probabilistic Sampling. Official<br \/>[7] Statistics Honour Daniel Thorburn pp 29-35<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651394\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651394\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7c60f593 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c60f593\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2be7c84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2be7c84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b31ee71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b31ee71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adebara Lanre, Alabi Remilekun Enitan, Ajayi Bamidele &#8220;Comparison of Basic Sampling Techniques: Simple Random Sampling and Systematic Random Sampling&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.165-166 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/165-166.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7647651395\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7647651395\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5318406c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5318406c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c1fc300 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c1fc300\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cabb113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cabb113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Comparison of Basic Sampling Techniques: Simple Random Sampling and Systematic Random Sampling\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/165-166.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26280fec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26280fec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6009c0a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6009c0a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fb6f9b4 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4fb6f9b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/167-180.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"C-Loops Obtained From Hypercomplex Numbers\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/167-180.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC-Loops Obtained From Hypercomplex Numbers\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bbb1957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bbb1957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kioko Eugene Moses, Lydia Njuguna September 2020 Page No.: 167-180<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7711846e e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"7711846e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1997636718\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367181\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367181\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367181\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367182\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367182\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367182\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367183\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367183\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367183\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367184\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367184\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367184\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367185\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367185\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367185\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367181\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367181\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-656b9243 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"656b9243\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c14fb16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c14fb16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c35d7e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c35d7e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Hypercomplex numbers have played a notable and critical role in the study and exploration of Loop Theory. Researchers have made numerous studies in this area especially in the investigation and construction of different loops. This paper has extended the research to C-loops where we are investigating the formation of C-loops obtained from hypercomplex numbers of dimension 2<sup>n<\/sup>\u00a0; 1 \u2265 n \u2264 4. We are specifically working with the 2<sup>4<\/sup>&#8211; dimensional algebra, called the sedenions. In constructing the C-loops, we have used the frame multiplication of hypercomplex numbers using the Cayley-Dickson construction. We have tested the satisfaction of the left, (x x) (y z) = (x (x y)) z and right, x ((y z) z) = (x y) (z z) C-loop identities by the sedenions. We have also formed split extension of sedenions and equally tested the satisfaction of the C-loop identities on them. We have found that the sedenions satisfy the C-loop identities hence forming C-loops. However, the split extension of sedenions satisfies the right C-loop identity only. AMS Subject Classification: 20B05<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 167-180<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 18 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367182\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367182\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-27bf1587 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27bf1587\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6883fb14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6883fb14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1c8b3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1c8b3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kioko Eugene Moses<\/strong><br \/>Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lydia Njuguna<\/strong><br \/>Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367183\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367183\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-46738dc2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46738dc2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24bcef16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24bcef16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e28dc80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e28dc80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Cayley, A. (1945). On Jacobi&#8217;s elliptic functions in reply to Rev.B.Brown; and on quaternions, Proc, Philos.Magazine 26,208-211.<br \/>[2] Fenyves, F. (1968). Extra loops1, Publ.Math.Debrecen,15,235-238.<br \/>[3] Graves, T. (1845). On a connection between the general theory of normal couples and the theory of complete quadratic functions of two variables, Phil.Mag.,26:315-320.<br \/>[4] Hamilton, W.R. (1844). On quaternions, or on a new system of imaginaries in algebra. Philosophical Magazine. Vol.25, n 3.p.489-495.<br \/>[5] Jenya, K.(2012). Cayley-Dickson Loops, a dissertation presented to the faculty of natural Sciences and Mathematics University of Denver.<br \/>[6] Magero, F. B. (2007). Split of Complex numbers quaternions and octonions basis. Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>[7] Njuguna, L. N. (2012). Investigating Sedenion Extension loops and frames of hypercomplex numbers: Ph.D Thesis: Kenyatta University, Kenya<br \/>[8] Phillips, J. D. &amp; Vojtechovsky, P. (2007). C-loops.An introduction. ArXiv preprint math\/0701711 .<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367184\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367184\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-584d0af5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"584d0af5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-710bd0b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"710bd0b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ac69f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ac69f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kioko Eugene Moses, Lydia Njuguna &#8220;C-Loops Obtained From Hypercomplex Numbers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.167-180 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/167-180.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-19976367185\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-19976367185\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-38208e49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38208e49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1650f183 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1650f183\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-620f4672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"620f4672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"C-Loops Obtained From Hypercomplex Numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/167-180.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a52274a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a52274a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768ebc57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"768ebc57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68efe72 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"68efe72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/181-185.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Covid-19 and the Nigerian Economy: Evidences from the Foreign Exchange Rate\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/181-185.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCovid-19 and the Nigerian Economy: Evidences from the Foreign Exchange Rate\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76dd7bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76dd7bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Onwughai, Emelenjor Austin September 2020 Page No.: 181-185<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9af2892 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"9af2892\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"162474130\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741301\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741301\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741301\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741302\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741302\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741302\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741303\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741303\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741303\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741304\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741304\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741304\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741305\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741305\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741305\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741301\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741301\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-65021fe6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65021fe6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8837a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c8837a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-334239b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"334239b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>The entire world including Nigeria is currently battling the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. The pandemic has affected all aspects of human lives and world economy without any form of exemption to the Nigeria economy. The foreign exchange rate has witnessed a dwindling effect since the rise of the pandemic in Nigeria. It is based on the aforementioned that this paper has examined the impact of the COVID-19 on the Nigeria economy with empirical evidences from the foreign exchange rates. Expo facto research design was used to collate secondary data from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nairametrics covering the period April 1 to June 30, 2020. The data were analysed with Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS using descriptive statistics. The findings reveal that a negative relationship exist between the impact of the COVID-19 and the value of the naira against the dollar. The study concluded that there is no relationship between COVID-19 and the Nigeria foreign exchange rates. The study recommends that the government and its agencies should focus more on other economic factors like oil price and importation to manage the exchange rate instead of COVID-19.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 181-185<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 19 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741302\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741302\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1f567f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f567f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3214a6fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3214a6fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b07472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44b07472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onwughai, Emelenjor Austin<\/strong><br \/>Department Of Accounting, Finance and Taxation, College Of Post-Graduate Studies, Caleb University,Imota Lagos, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741303\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741303\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3da0d8ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3da0d8ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45fef16a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45fef16a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b2ece9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b2ece9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Albulescu, C. (2020). Coronavirus and oil price cash. Retrieved from http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3553452.<br \/>[2] Benzid L. and Chebbi K (2020). Impact of Covid-19 virus on exchange rate volatility: evidence through GARCH model. Retrieved from https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3612141<br \/>[3] Cardona-Arenas C.D. and Serna-G\u00f3mez H.M. (2020) Covid-19 and oil prices: effects on the Colombian peso exchange rate. Retrieved from https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3567942<br \/>[4] Chukwuka O. and Mma A.E. (2020). Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Nigerian economy. Retrieved from www.brookings.edu.<br \/>[5] Nigeria Centre for Disease Control website: https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/<br \/>[6] Nairametrics. COVID-19 update in Nigeria. Retrieved from https:\/\/nairametrics.com\/2020\/07\/09\/covid-19-update-in-nigeria\/<br \/>[7] Nuhu A.S. (2020). The impact of the COVID &#8211; 19 on the financial markets: evidence from China and USA. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 9(2).<br \/>[8] ONALI, E. (2020), \u201cCovid-19 and stock market volatility\u201d, SSRN Electronic Journal.<br \/>[9] Ozili, P. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis: the Nigerian experience and structural causes. Retrieved from https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3571085<br \/>[10] WHO (2020). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-7 &#8211; World Health Organization (WHO), January 27, 2020.<br \/>[11] World Health Organization (WHO, 2020): Situation Report March 2020; Corona virus (COVID-19).<br \/>[12] Worldometer, 2020. \u201cCoronavirus Update (LIVE)\u201d. Retrieved from worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741304\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741304\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-366c35cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"366c35cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550a6dee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"550a6dee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-285bd047 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"285bd047\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Onwughai, Emelenjor Austin &#8220;Covid-19 and the Nigerian Economy: Evidences from the Foreign Exchange Rate&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.181-185 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/181-185.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1624741305\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1624741305\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4a1135fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a1135fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f54a94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49f54a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-674c4737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"674c4737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Covid-19 and the Nigerian Economy: Evidences from the Foreign Exchange Rate\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/181-185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22783971 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22783971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ec10c26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ec10c26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40f3d589 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"40f3d589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/186-189.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Bioremediation of Toxic Lead from Industrial Effluent Using an Agricultural Waste, Melon Husk Activated With Urea\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/186-189.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBioremediation of Toxic Lead from Industrial Effluent Using an Agricultural Waste, Melon Husk Activated With Urea\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27ea3df2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27ea3df2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nwankwo Ogonna D., Okoye Okechukwu N.N., Dan-Nwankwo Chiagozie N. September 2020 Page No.: 186-189<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3048e7ec e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3048e7ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"810084332\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843321\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843321\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843321\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843322\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843322\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843322\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843323\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843323\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843323\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843324\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843324\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843324\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843325\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843325\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843325\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843321\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843321\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7300d1c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7300d1c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c386b3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c386b3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1becbfbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1becbfbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Lead which is toxic to the environment because of its threat on living organisms is one of the common components of industrial effluent. Urea-activated melon husk was used as an adsorbent to remove lead from simulated industrial effluent. Exposure times, adsorbate concentrations and adsorbent dosages were varied for the most suitable set of conditions for the adsorption process. The Adsorption isotherms correlated fine with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with their R2 values 0.9999 and 1 respectively. Data from the experiment were also assessed to discover the kinetic characteristics of the adsorption process. Adsorption process for the target heavy metal ion was found to follow pseudo-second order adsorption kinetics with r2 value of 0.9995. Urea-activated melon husk, a readily available adsorbent, was found to be efficient in the uptake of Pb2+ ions in industrial effluents, thus, indicating an excellent alternative for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 186-189<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 19 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843322\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843322\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4d0143b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d0143b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7255a68a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7255a68a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b364967 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b364967\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwankwo Ogonna D.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okoye Okechukwu N.N.<\/strong><br \/>Department of Industrial Chemistry, Evangel University, Akaeze, Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dan-Nwankwo Chiagozie N.<\/strong><br \/>Global Health, Maastricht University, The Netherlands<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843323\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843323\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6c649395 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c649395\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aa443f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7aa443f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c514875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c514875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Clesceri, L.S., Green berg, AE. And Eaton, AD. (1998). Standard methods for the Examination of water and waste water (20thedition). American Public Health Association, Washington.<br \/>[2]. Gour, A., Sharma, A. K., Sharma S. and Verma, S. (2016), Removal of lead from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbents: A Review, International Journal of Applied Research, 2 (7), 178-182.<br \/>[3]. Ho, Y.S., John, W.D.A and Forster, C.F. (1995). Batch nickel removal from aqueous solution by sphagnum moss peat. Water Research. 29(5):1327-1332. Follow the format of the Journal,please<br \/>[4]. Jalali, R., Ghafourian, H., Asef, Y., Davarpanah, S.J. and Sepehr, S. (2002). Removal and recovery of lead using nonliving biomass of marine algae, J. of Hazardous Materials. 92(3):253-262.<br \/>[5]. Muhamad, N., Parr, J., Smith, D.M. and Wheatley, D.A. (1998). Adsorption of heavy metals in slow sand filters. In: Proceeding of the WEDC conference on sanitation and water for all, Islamabad, Pakistan. 346-349.<br \/>[6]. Nasim, A.K., Shaliza, I. and Piarapakaran, S. (2004). Elimination of Heavy metal from wastewater using Agricultural waste as adsorbent. Malaysian J. Sci. 23:43 \u2013 51.<br \/>[7]. Nwankwo, O.D., Ewuim, S.C. and Mogbo, T.C. (2014). Comparative study of the bioadsorption of Cadmium and Lead from industrial waste water using melon husk activated with sulphuric acid. American Journal of Environmental Protection. 1(1): 1-8<br \/>[8]. Okoye, A.I., Ejikeme, P.M. and Onukwuli, O.D. (2010), Lead removal from wastewater using fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbon: Adsorption modeling and kinetics, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 7 (4), 793-800.<br \/>[9]. Owa, F.D. (2013), Water Pollution: Sources, Effect, Control and Management, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 4, No 8, pp 65-66.<br \/>[10]. Salehzadeh, J. (2013), Removal of Heavy Metals Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Fe3+ from Aqueous Solutions by using Xanthium Pensylvanicum, Leonardo Journal of Sciences, Iss. 23, pp. 97-104.<br \/>[11]. Tripathi, A. and Ranjan, M. R (2015), Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents, J Bioremed Biodeg, Vol. 6, Iss. 6, pp 1-5.<br \/>[12]. Vinod, V.P. and Anirudhan, T.S. (2002). Sorption of tannic acid on zirconium pillared clay. J.of Chemical Tech. and Biotech.77 (1):92-101.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843324\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843324\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-c90680c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c90680c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6442edd0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6442edd0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-854c16e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"854c16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nwankwo Ogonna D., Okoye Okechukwu N.N., Dan-Nwankwo Chiagozie N. &#8220;Bioremediation of Toxic Lead from Industrial Effluent Using an Agricultural Waste, Melon Husk Activated With Urea&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.186-189 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/186-189.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8100843325\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8100843325\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-62b2a722 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62b2a722\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54989854 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54989854\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14e402bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14e402bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Bioremediation of Toxic Lead from Industrial Effluent Using an Agricultural Waste, Melon Husk Activated With Urea\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/186-189.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-105090b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"105090b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce737f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ce737f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-653f2e0c elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"653f2e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/190-196.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Quality Control in Organizations: The Nigeria Issue\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/190-196.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuality Control in Organizations: The Nigeria Issue\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2323e723 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2323e723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Anyaoha Okechukwu September 2020 Page No.: 190-196<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-465e1d8b e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"465e1d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"1180573067\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730671\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730671\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730671\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730672\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730672\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730672\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730673\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730673\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730673\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730674\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730674\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730674\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730675\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730675\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730675\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730671\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730671\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-11ef0655 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11ef0655\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14819a8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14819a8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-395d0082 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"395d0082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This article which is qualitative in nature examines quality control in organizations with emphasis on Nigeria\u2019s manufacturing and the education sector. Secondary source constituted the main source of data for this article. The essence of this article is to explain the objectives and steps towards the implementation of quality control plan in an organization. Because it is imperative to ensure and maintain quality standards in an organization, to ensure that product quality is maintained, manufacturing errors are reduced or eliminated, and the quality of service are improved. The study recommend that the government should meet the recommended 26% educational spending prescribed by UNESCO, which will boost higher education system in Nigeria. Higher institutions in Nigeria should set up internal quality assurance and monitoring of lecture units to enhance good quality delivery. There should be a review of curriculum content in order to meet the current societal needs of the people. The article further recommended that for the manufacturing sector, organizations should be able to device the quality control measure suitable for their products and be able to fund their quality control plan and measure, this will enhance the quality of their products and the trust the customer have on them. And the government monitoring team should intensify effort in monitoring and certifying the products produced in these organizations.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 190-196<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 19 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730672\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730672\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7d4ad8d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d4ad8d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670838b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"670838b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542770cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"542770cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anyaoha Okechukwu<\/strong><br \/>IMO State University, Owerri, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730673\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730673\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-41a59e42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41a59e42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76490ee3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76490ee3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f81e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79f81e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Academic Staff Union of Universities (1994). The bare-fact of the university of Abuja crisis at a glance Abuja: ASUU Abuja Branch.<br \/>[2] Adeoti, E. O. (2015). The role of the National Universities Commission (Nuc) in the development of University Education in Nigeria: Reflections and Projections. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2(3).<br \/>[3] Anyanwu, C.I (2013). Quality Control Concepts in the Manufacture of Masonry Block for Building Project Delivery. Cited in Marire, M. I., Nwankwo, B. E. &amp; Sydney-Agbor, N.( 2014).The problems of quality control in the manufacturing sector: A study of Nigeria Breweries Plc, Enugu. Journal of Business and Management, 16 (12) 96-107.<br \/>[4] Asiyai RI and Oghuvbu EP (2009) An empirical analysis of the causes and possible solutions to decline in quality of tertiary education in Delta state, Nigeria. Journal of Sociology and Education in Africa 8(2):1-13.<br \/>[5] Federal Ministry of Education (2014) National Policy on Education. Lagos: Education research and development council.<br \/>[6] Gbadeyan, R.A. &amp; Adeoti, J.O. (2005). Total Quality Management. An MBA Seminar presentation to the Department of Business Administrtation, University of Illorin.<br \/>[7] Joseph, A. (2017). Seven functions of NAFDAC in Nigeria. Retrieved on March 9th, 2018, from https:\/\/infoguidenigeria.com\/functions-nafdac-nigeria<br \/>[8] Juran J. M. (2000). Early Scientific Quality Control: A Historical supplement Quality Process, cited in Marire, M. I., Nwankwo, B. E. &amp; Sydney-Agbor, N.( 2014).The problems of quality control in the manufacturing sector: A study of Nigeria Breweries Plc, Enugu. Journal of Business and Management, 16 (12) 96-107.<br \/>[9] Mahmoud S. S. and Mador, M. (2013). Education: Problems and challenges in Nigeria, what to be done? Retrieve on March 7th 2018 from https:\/\/www.dailytrust.com.ng\/sunday\/index.php\/comment-debate\/12514-education-problems-and-challenges-in-nigeria-what-to-be-done.<br \/>[10] Marire, M. I. Nwankwo, B. E. &amp; Sydney-Agbor, N. (2014). The problems of quality control in the manufacturing sector: A study of Nigeria Breweries Plc, Enugu. Journal of Business and Management, 16 (12) 96-107.<br \/>[11] National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. (2005). Retrieved on 27th July 2017 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Agency_for_Food_and_Drug_Administration_and_Control.<br \/>[12] National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE). (1993). Functions of National Commission for Colleges of Education. Retrieved on 15th August, 2017, from http:\/\/www.ncceonline.edu.ng\/functions.php<br \/>[13] on 27th July 2017 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Agency_for_Food_and_Drug_Administration_and_Control.<br \/>[14] Peretomode, V. F. (2008). What is higher in higher education. Benin-City: Justice Jecko press and publishers Ltd.<br \/>[15] Romina, I. A. (2013). Challenges of Quality in Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3 (2) 159-172.<br \/>[16] Vla\u0161i\u0107, S, Vale, S, &amp; Puhar, D. K. (2014). Quality Management In Education. Interdisciplinary Management Research (5).<br \/>[17] World Bank (2004) Improving Tertiary education in Sub-Sahara Africa: Things that work. Report of a regional training conference, Accra, Ghana<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730674\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730674\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-81776e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"81776e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d16b3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d16b3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29ef4dc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29ef4dc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Anyaoha Okechukwu &#8220;Quality Control in Organizations: The Nigeria Issue&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.190-196 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/190-196.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-11805730675\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-11805730675\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5e942bd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e942bd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bf40958 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bf40958\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7927abc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7927abc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Quality Control in Organizations: The Nigeria Issue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/190-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66615e87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66615e87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604a54f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"604a54f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ea663b4 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"7ea663b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/197-203.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparative Study\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/197-203.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAssessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparative Study\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a7219a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a7219a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Joseph Oyepata Simeon, Builders Modupe, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu September 2020 Page No.: 197-203<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b501ee e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"23b501ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"599065070\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650701\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650701\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650701\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650702\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650702\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650702\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650703\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650703\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650703\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650704\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650704\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650704\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650705\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650705\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650705\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650701\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650701\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-27097642 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27097642\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7345f90f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7345f90f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28419467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28419467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. A number of deaths have been recorded across world. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the extent the virus affects Africa relative to other parts of the world and it significant. Fifty five countries were selected randomly based on their continents and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). USA was used as a Comparism Factor (CF) because it has one of the best healthcare system and high COVID-19 cases. Subsequent examination of associations between the proportion of COVID-19 cases, recovery and deaths of each country to the United State of America was carried out. All data used in these analyses are from publicly available data sets. Data analyzed revealed that with exception of South Africa, Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. African countries have the least infected, more recovery and lesser number of deaths index. Result from the study suggests that the virus affect Africa the least when compared to USA and other continents in terms of cases and mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 197-203<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 20 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650702\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650702\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-45e2a043 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45e2a043\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70039c61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70039c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7411da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7411da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Oyepata Simeon<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicolology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Builders Modupe<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicolology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Opeyemi Tosin<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pharmacy, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650703\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650703\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-225b2c5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"225b2c5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ea6f67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30ea6f67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fcc4c3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fcc4c3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] www.britannica.com\/science\/orthomyxovirus<br \/>[2] www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2020<br \/>[3] Virus Taxonomy: (2019) Release&#8221;. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). .<br \/>[4] Giaimo C (2020). The Spiky Blob Seen Around the World. The New York Times. Page 1-12.<br \/>[5] International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2020-01-24.<br \/>[6] International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2020-01-24.<br \/>[7] Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P (March 2019). Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses. 11 (3): 210-223.<br \/>[8] Cherry, James; Demmler-Harrison, Gail J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Steinbach, William J.; Hotez, Peter J. (2017). Feigin and Cherry&#8217;s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. PT6615. ISBN 978-0-323-39281-5.<br \/>[9] Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (2010). Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis. Viruses. 2 (8): 1804\u201320.<br \/>[10] Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA (November 1968). Virology: Coronaviruses. Nature. 220 (5168): 265-278.<br \/>[11] Definition of Coronavirus by Merriam-Webster&#8221;. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2020-03-24.<br \/>[12] Joseph O. T, Obianime. A. W., Siminialaye M. I., Joseph O. S., Anyanwu C. and Musa T. L. (2019). Clinical study on the effect of Moringa oleifera on serum level of glucose and tryglyceride in subjects taken tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz combination regimen. European Scientific Journal. Vol.15, (.21). Page 280 -293.<br \/>[13] Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Poon LL (2013). A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology. 87 (12): 7039\u201345.<br \/>[14] Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Poon LL (2014). A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology. 87 (12): 7039\u201345.<br \/>[15] Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports &#8211; World Health Organization (WHO)<br \/>[16] 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. -. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)<br \/>[17] Outbreak Notification &#8211; National Health Commission (NHC) of the People\u2019s Republic of China<br \/>[18] Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) &#8211; Australian Government Department of Health<br \/>[19] Jonathan M. Read et al. (2020). Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic prediction &#8211;<br \/>[20] Maimuna Majumder and Kenneth D. Mandl. (2020). Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China &#8211; Harvard University &#8211; Computational Health Informatics Program &#8211;<br \/>[21] Imperial College London (2020). Report 3: Transmissibility of 2019-nCoV &#8211; 25<br \/>[22] https:\/\/healthwise.punchng.com\/covid-19-may-lead-to-high-death-toll-in-africa-melinda-gates\/<br \/>[23] Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Zubairu S.A., Musa T. and Oyepata p.j. (2019). Sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum on the kidney of wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research &amp; Development. Vol. 11 No.1. Page 1-7.<br \/>[24] Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Zubairu S.A., Musa T. and Oyepata p.j. (2019). Sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum on brain, lungs, stomach and spleen of wister rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research &amp; Development. Vol. 11 No.1. Page 35-42.<br \/>[25] The Guardian. (2020). why Africa is least affected by deaths from covid-19 https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/why-africa-is-least-affected-by-deaths-from-covid-19\/<br \/>[26] Joseph O. S., Joseph O. T., Musa T. L and Oyepata P. J. (2019). Histological evaluation of the nephroprotective activity of the ethanol stem extracts of Homalium letestui in Gentamicin \u2013 induced albino rats injury, using various staining techniques. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 7, Issue 8. Page 1065-1087.<br \/>[27] Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.U and Joseph O.T. (2019). EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia extract ON LIVER OF WISTER RATS. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1112-11120.<br \/>[28] Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.U and Joseph O.T. (2019). EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia extract ON Kidney OF WISTER RATS. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1023-1031.<br \/>[29] Imperial College London. (2019). Report 3: Transmissibility of 2019-nCoV &#8211; 25 January<br \/>[30] Epidemiology (2019). Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review<br \/>[31] Chen Want et al (2019). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern -. The Lancet.<br \/>[32] CDC (2005). Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) .<br \/>[33] China&#8217;s National Health Commission news conference on coronavirus (2020) &#8211; Al Jazeera.<br \/>[34] Reuters report, January 23, 2020. Wuhan lockdown &#8216;unprecedented&#8217;, shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China -.<br \/>[35] Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) &#8211; WHO, January 23, 2020<br \/>[36] Antonio Villalonga Morales. 2020: Factors that may explain why COVID is less deadly in Africa. Newsletter<br \/>[37] Gregorio A., Millett MPH, Austin T., Jones MA, DavidBenkeser MPH, StefanBaral LM et al. (2020). Differential impacts of COVID-19 on black communities Pages 37-44<br \/>[38] BABRAHAM INSTITUTE (2020). Charting immune system development in sub-Saharan African<br \/>[39] Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard. 2020. Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE). Johns Hopkins University (2020), Accessed 24th Apr 2020<br \/>[40] New York State Department of Health COVID-19. 2020. fatalities. https:\/\/covid19tracker.health.ny.gov\/views\/NYS-COVID19-Tracker\/NYSDOHCOVID-19Tracker-Fatalitiesno. Accessed 8th Apr 2020<br \/>[41] Willis H, Williams V. A (2020). Funeral is thought to have sparked a COVID-19 outbreak in Albany, Ga. \u2014 and led to many more funerals. The Washington Post, Washington, DC. Page 54-67.<br \/>[42] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cases in U.S. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/cases-in-us.html(2020), Accessed 15th Apr 2020<br \/>[43] Georgia Department of Public HealthCOVID-19 Daily Status Report. https:\/\/dph.georgia.gov\/covid-19-daily-status-report (2020), Accessed 9th Apr 2020<br \/>[44] Helen Thompson. (2012). Early exposure to germs has lasting benefits. Nature. Page 163-176<br \/>[45] The Guardian. (2020). why Africa is least affected by deaths from covid-19 https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/why-africa-is-least-affected-by-deaths-from-covid-19\/.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650704\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650704\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1e3595f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e3595f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1164fd53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1164fd53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1577adae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1577adae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Joseph Oyepata Simeon, Builders Modupe, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu &#8220;Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparative Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.197-203 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/197-203.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5990650705\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5990650705\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1962d62a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1962d62a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2122a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e2122a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27ccd6ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27ccd6ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparative Study\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/197-203.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2363b475 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2363b475\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ac004ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ac004ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bca5cbf elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4bca5cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/204-212.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Strategies Promoting Healthy Food Choices Among Pupils In Nyeri County, Kenya\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/204-212.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStrategies Promoting Healthy Food Choices Among Pupils In Nyeri County, Kenya\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b48ff37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b48ff37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Waithaka Simon Runo, Dr Kirimi Kiara, Dr Rubai Mandela September 2020 Page No.: 204-212<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-230d5ca0 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"230d5ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"588078240\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782401\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782401\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782401\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782402\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782402\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782402\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782403\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782403\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782403\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782404\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782404\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782404\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782405\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782405\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782405\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782401\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782401\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-2f4a358 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f4a358\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53289ca8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53289ca8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bcfeae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bcfeae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>In Kenya, nutrition education is included in the school curriculum as recommended in the year 2009 national school health policy. Nevertheless, policy advocacy and communication strategies on nutrition are relatively weak, and there is insufficient focus on operational research on nutrition. In addition, nutrition education is not taught as a standalone subject and is only infused in science subjects. Consequently, the malnutrition problem is not as well understood as it could be. Modern malnutrition consists in over-consumption of energy dense and fatty foods. These have led to an upsurge of non-communicable and lifestyle diseases such as cancer, diabetes, bone and heart conditions. Therefore, there was need to find out strategies on eating habits in order to help pupils acquire discriminative skills among foods. The pupils can act as agents of change in the community through the symbiotic relationship that exists between the school and the society. This will be the first stage towards curbing the food- related health problem. The purpose of this study was to establish strategies promoting healthy food choices among pupils. The Health Belief Model as a predictor of preventive health behaviour was the guide theory for this research. The study was mainly descriptive in design with purposive sampling. The target population was pupils in Nyeri County with their teachers and parents. Data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions, food diary, and FFQ. Data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively guided by the themes from research objectives. Quantitative data was analyzed using basic descriptive statistics and presented in form of tables, pie charts, graphs, and percentages. The Qualitative analysis involved narrative records and respondents\u2019 quotations. The study established strategies that would promote healthy food choices key among them being healthy snacking. The study findings may be used by the Ministry of education to inform nutrition education content in the school curriculum.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 204-212<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 20 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782402\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782402\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-32ead40a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32ead40a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4148df02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4148df02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2580d0b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2580d0b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Waithaka Simon Runo<\/strong><br \/>Masters Student, School of Education, Department of Education Foundations (Health Education) Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Kirimi Kiara<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Education Foundations, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Rubai Mandela<\/strong><br \/>Lecturer, Department of Education Foundations, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782403\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782403\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2728928a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2728928a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a173864 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a173864\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f6da9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f6da9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Worsely, A. (2008). Nutrition Knowledge and Food Consumption: Can Nutrition Knowledge Change Food Behaviour?.Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11,579-585<br \/>[2] W.H.O., (2016) Sunday Nation May 1, page 20,col.2&amp;3: Lifestyle diseases are the leading cause of deaths. Poor eating habits the curse of modern living.<br \/>[3] Velma, N. (2008). Nutrition Knowledge Ltitudes and Practices of Children fromIsinya and Nkoile Primary Schools in Kajiado District, Kenya.<br \/>[4] Van Rijnsoever, F. J., Van Lente, H., &amp; Van Trijp, H. C. M. (2011). Systemic policies towards a healthier and more responsible food system. Journal ofEpidemiology and Community Health<br \/>[5] Sherma, J. &amp;Muchlhoff, E. (2007).Developing nutrition and health education program for primary schools in Zambia.Journal of nutrition education and behaviour, 2007.<br \/>[6] Roberto CA, Baik J, Harris JL, Brownell KD. Influence of licensed characters on children&#8217;s taste and snack preferences. Pediatrics. 2010.<br \/>[7] Bureau of statistic (KNBS) and ICF Macro. (2010) Kenya demographic and health survey 2008 -2009. Calverton: KNBS and ICF macro<br \/>[8] Kirimi F.K. (2014).Contributions of school Health Education in promoting Healthy lifestyles in Kenya: Case studies of primary schools in Nairobi County.<br \/>[9] Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., Levy, D., Carter, R., Mabry, P. L., Finegood, D. T., Moodie, M. L. (2011). Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action.<br \/>[10] Golley RK, Hendrie GA, Slater A. (2011). Interventions that require parents to improve children\u2019s weight-related nutrition intake and activity patterns-what nutrition and activity targets and behaviour change techniques are associated with intervention effectiveness? Obesity Rev.<br \/>[11] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). \u201cCountries \u2013 Kenya.\u201d Accessed March 14, 2012. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/countries\/55528\/en\/ken\/<br \/>[12] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). \u201cKenya &gt; Economic situation.\u201d Accessed March 14, 2012.<br \/>[13] Cochran, W. J. (1997). Sampling Techniques.3rd Edition. New York. Wileypublishers. U.S.A.<br \/>[14] Cochran, W.G. &amp; Cox, G.M. (1992).Experimental Designs (2nd Edition).New York. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<br \/>[15] Buscher, L. A., Martin, K. A., &amp; Crocker, S. (January 01, 2001). Point-of-purchase messages framed in terms of cost, convenience, taste, and energy improve healthful snack selection in a college foodservice setting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association .by vegetable variety. Public Health Nutrition.<br \/>[16] Castillo, J. J. (2009). Statistical Sampling Techniques. Retrieved May 25,2017 from Explorable.com: http:\/\/explorable.com\/statisticalsampling-techniques.<br \/>[17] Census Bureau, (2010).Statistical Quality Standards. Census Bureau, 2010.U.S. http:\/\/www.census.gov\/quality\/standards\/glossary.html<br \/>[18] Blom-hoffman, J. T.J.Leff, S. S. (2004).Promoting healthy food consumption among young children.<br \/>[19] Bloor, M. Frankland, J. Thomas, M. and Robson, K. (2003).FocusGroupsin Social Research. London. Sage publications.<br \/>[20] Benton, D. (2004). Role of parents in the determination of the food preferences of children and the development of obesity. International Journal of Obesity<br \/>[21] Lynch, M. &amp; Batal, M. (2011), \u2018Factors influencing childcare providers\u2019 food and mealtime decisions: An ecological approach.\u2019, Child Care in Practice 17(2), 185\u2013203.\\<br \/>[22] Perez-Rodrigo C, Klepp KI, Yngve A, et al. The school setting: an opportunity for the implementation of dietary guidelines. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:717-724.<br \/>[23] Hellmich, N. (2010). Michelle Obama to launch initiative fighting child obesity. USA Today. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/health\/weightloss\/2010-01-20-michelle-obama-obesity_N.htm. Accessed March 4, 2010.<br \/>[24] W., Yoo, S., &amp; Ainsworth, P. (2004). Food choice, nutrition education and parental influence on British and Korean primary school children. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(3), 235-244.<br \/>[25] Borradaile KE, Sherman S, Vander Veur SS, et al. Snacking in children: The role of urban corner stores. Pediatrics. 2009;124(5):1293-1298.53<br \/>[26] Groot, W. and H. Maassen van den Brink (2006a), \u201cThe Health Effects of Education\u201d, Economics of Education Review.<br \/>[27] Groot, W. and H. Maassen van den Brink (2006b), \u201cThe Health Effects of Education: A Meta-analysis\u201d, mimeo. Grossman, M. (2005). Education and nonmarket.<br \/>[28] Contento, I. (2007), Overview of food choice and dietary change: Implications for nutrition education., in \u2018Nutrition Education: Linking Theory, Research, and Practice.\u2019, Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers, Inc.<br \/>[29] WHO (2011). \u2018Non-communicable diseases: Media centre fact sheets\u2019,World Health Organization, September 2011,http:\/\/www.who.int.<br \/>[30] WHO (2011). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. http:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/pa\/en\/index.html or contact WHO on dietandhealth@who.int. c World Health Organization 2013.<br \/>[31] WHO (2013). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health; Physical Activity and Young People; recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 &#8211; 17 years: http:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/pa\/en\/index.html or contact WHO on dietandhealth@who.int. c World Health Organization 2013<br \/>[32] WHO, (2007). Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization 2007. WHO Technical Report Series. 270<br \/>[33] WHO, (2008). \u20182008-2013 Action Plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases\u2019, World Health Organization,2008, http:\/\/www.who.int.<br \/>[34] WHO, (2009).WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, 2008\u20132013 \u2013 Kenya<br \/>[35] WHO, (2011). \u2018The Millennium Development Goals and non-communicable diseases\u2019,The NCD Alliance, http:\/\/www.ncdalliance.org.<br \/>[36] WHO, (2011). World Health Organization \u2013 Kenya &#8211; NCD Country Profiles &#8211; 2011.<br \/>[37] WHO, (2011).World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Non-communicable Diseases 2010 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011).<br \/>[38] WHO, (2012). \u2018Non communicable disease prevention and control\u2019, World Health Organisation Programmes, http:\/\/www.afro.who.int.<br \/>[39] WHO, (2012). Non communicable disease prevention and control\u2019, World Health Organisation Programmes, http:\/\/www.afro.who.int.<br \/>[40] WHO, (2012).World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012).<br \/>[41] Eboh, L.O. &amp; Boye, T.E. (2006). Nutrition Knowledge and Food Choices in Primary School Pupils in Niger \u2013 Delta Region Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition; 5:308-311.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782404\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782404\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-43592c04 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"43592c04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-601133d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"601133d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c094a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c094a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Waithaka Simon Runo, Dr Kirimi Kiara, Dr Rubai Mandela&#8221; Strategies Promoting Healthy Food Choices Among Pupils In Nyeri County, Kenya Leaf Extract&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.204-212 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/204-212.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-5880782405\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-5880782405\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5c02a96c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c02a96c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e0fd84e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e0fd84e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8a0e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8a0e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" title=\" Strategies Promoting Healthy Food Choices Among Pupils In Nyeri County, Kenya&lt;\/i&gt; Leaf Extract\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/204-212.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1e7131 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e1e7131\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31237434 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31237434\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2651c1d1 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"2651c1d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/213-222.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Phytomechanistic Processess in Environmental Clean-Up: A Biochemical Perspective\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/213-222.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhytomechanistic Processess in Environmental Clean-Up: A Biochemical Perspective\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-218df9d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"218df9d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Emmanuel Okon, Ofonime O. Udo, Iquo A. Archibong, Idongesit A. Victor September 2020 Page No.: 213-222<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aeed9d5 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"2aeed9d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"720296405\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964051\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964051\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964051\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964052\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964052\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964052\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964053\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964053\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964053\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964054\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964054\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964054\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964055\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964055\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964055\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964051\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964051\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7b12fb8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b12fb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b2c5204 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b2c5204\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15e514e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15e514e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Plant plays important roles in environmental clean-up geared towards a sustained eco-friendly environments. Myriads of environmental pollutants from natural and anthropogenic activities are mopped up by certain plants via phyto-based mechanisms. This processes are highly regulated by phytoenzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. The uptake of contaminants via the plant roots for further biochemical processes within the plant tissues utilizes apoplastic pathway (passive diffusion process) and symplastic pathway (an energy dependent process). However, certain pollutants that are not taken up by plants are transformed into less harmful and eco-friendly molecules by the activities of endophytes within the plant roots. Phytomechanistic processes utilized by plant to remediate contaminated environments include; phytoextraction where pollutants in soil, sediments and groundwater are taken up into plant tissues or adsorbed into the roots for storage and further biochemical activities; phytodegradation where toxic pollutants taken up by plants are metabolized by phytoenzymes into non-toxic molecules; phytostabilization where the environmental pollutants are immobilized, precipitated and adsorbed within the root zone via the release of plant exudates in synergy with endophytic activities; and phytovolatilization which involves pollutant uptake and subsequent transformation into an eco-friendly compounds that are released into the atmosphere. Phytoremediation strategy for remediating contaminated environments has enormous merits over other conventional environmental remediation techniques. However, by understanding the mechanisms and the phytometabolic events occurring within plants used in phytoremediation, a new paradigm geared towards effective phytotechnological advancement and application with high ecological impact can be gained, hence the focus of this review.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 213-222<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 20 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964052\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964052\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-68dcf8f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68dcf8f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a3e7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51a3e7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c6280af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c6280af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Okon<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ofonime O. Udo<\/strong><br \/>Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iquo A. Archibong,<\/strong><br \/>Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idongesit A. Victor<\/strong><br \/>Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964053\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964053\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-60cb141b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60cb141b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-215b8ebf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"215b8ebf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52bd93b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52bd93b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Gratao, P. L., Prasad, M. N. V., Cardoso, P. F., Lea, P. J. and Azevedo, R. A. (2005). Phytoremediation: green technology for the clean-up of toxic metals in the environment. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17(1): 53-64.<br \/>[2] Suman, J., Uhlik, O., Viktorova, J., and Macek, T. (2018). Phytoextraction of heavy metals: a promising tool for clean-up of polluted environment? Front Plant Sci. 9:1476.<br \/>[3] Ashraf, S., Ali, Q., Zahir, Z. A., Ashraf, S., and Asghar, H. N. (2019). Phytoremediation: environmentally sustainable way for reclamation of heavy metal polluted soils. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 174: 714\u2013727.<br \/>[4] Yan, A., Wang, Y., Tan, S.N., Yusof, M.L.M., Ghosh, S., and Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoremediation: A Promising Approach for Revegetation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Land. Front. Plant Sci. 11:359.<br \/>[5] Furini, A., Manara, A., and DalCorso, G. (2015). Editorial: Environmental phytoremediation: plants and microorganisms at work. Front. Plant Sci. 6:520.<br \/>[6] Iqbal, M., Iqbal, N., Bhatti, I. A., Ahmad, N., and Zahid, M. (2016). Response surface methodology application in optimization of cadmium adsorption by shoe waste: a good option of waste mitigation by waste. Ecol. Eng. 88, 265\u2013275.<br \/>[7] Prieto, M.J., Acevedo, S.O.A., Prieto, G.F., Nallely, T.G. (2018). Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Biodiversity International Journal, 2(4):362\u2012376.<br \/>[8] Victor I.A., Iwok E.O., Archibong I.A, Effiom O.E., Okon E., Andem A.B. (2020). The biochemical mechanisms of petroleum degradation by bacteria. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 11(7): 1258-1275.<br \/>[9] Lasat, M.M. (2000). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated sites \u2013 a critical review of plants\/soil\/metal interaction and accessment of pertinent agronomic issue. J. hazard Sunbstance Res. 2: 1-25.<br \/>[10] Murphy, I.J. and Coats, J.R. (2011). The capacity of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) to degrade atrazine in a phytoremediation setting. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 30, 715\u2013722.<br \/>[11] Vangronsveld, J., Weyens, N., Thijs, S., Dubin, D., Clemmens, M., Van Geert, K., van den Eeckhaut, M., van den Bossche, P., van Gestel, G., Bruneel, N., Crauwels, L., Lemmens, C. (2019). Phytoremediation \u2013 Code of Good Practice. Ovam, 1-132.<br \/>[12] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2012). A Citizen\u2019s Guide to Bioremediation. [EPA 542-F-12-003]. www.epa.gov\/superfund\/sites www.cluin.org.<br \/>[13] Prasad, M.N.V. (2003). Phytoremediation of metal-polluted ecosystems: hype for commercialization. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 59: 686-700.<br \/>[14] Van Aken B, Correa PA, Schnoor JL (2010) Phytoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls: new trends and promises. Environ Sci Technol 44: 2767\u20132776.<br \/>[15] Gerhardt KE, Huang XD, Glick BR, Greenberg BM. (2009). Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants: Potential and challenges. Plant Sci, 176: 20-30.<br \/>[16] Dietz AC, Schnoor JL. (2001). Advances in phytoremediation. Environ. Health Persp, 109: 163\u2013168.<br \/>[17] Doty S.L., James C.A., Moore A.L., Vajzovic A., Singleton G.L., Ma C., Khan Z., Xin G., Kang J.W., Park A.Y., Meilan R., Strauss S.H., Wilkerson J., Farin F., Strand S.E. (2007). Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmental pollutants with transgenic trees. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA;104: 16816-16821.<br \/>[18] Schnoor, J.L., Licht, L.A., McCutcheton, S.C., Wolfe, N.L., Carreira, L.H. (1995). Phytoremediation of organic and nutrient contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol, 29:318\u2013323.<br \/>[19] Pilon-Smits, E. (2005). Phytoremediation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 56:15-39.<br \/>[20] Yoon, J.M., Van Aken, B., Schnoor, J.L. (2006). Leaching of contaminated leaves following uptake and phytoremediation of RDX, HMX, and TNT by poplar. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 8: 81-94.<br \/>[21] Peuke, A. D. and Rennenberg, H. (2005). Phytoremediation. EMBO reports 6(6): 497-501.<br \/>[22] Vangronsveld, J., Herzig, R., Weyens, N., Boulet, J., Andriaensen, K., Ruttens, A., Thewys, Y., Vassilev, A., Meers, E., Nehnevajova, E., vand der Lelie, D. and Mench, M. (2009). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater: lessons from the field. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16:765\u2013794.<br \/>[23] Wenzel, W.W. (2009). Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. Plant Soil 321:385\u2013408.<br \/>[24] Pooja Mahajan and Jyotsna Kaushal. (2018). Role of Phytoremediation in Reducing Cadmium Toxicity in Soil and Water. Journal of Toxicology, 1-16.<br \/>[25] Paulo J.C. Favas, Jo\u00e3o Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D\u2019Souza and Manoj S. Paul. (2014). Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora. Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination. Chapter 17. Intech Open, 485-517.<br \/>[26] Thijs, S., Sillen, W., Rineau, F., Weyens, N. and Vangronsveld, J. (2016). Towards an Enhanced Understanding of PlantMicrobiome Interactions to Improve Phytoremediation: Engineering the Metaorganism. Front Microbiol 7: 341.<br \/>[27] Huang, H., Gupta, D. K., Tian, S., Yang, X. E., and Li, T. (2012). Lead tolerance and physiological adaptation mechanism in roots of accumulating and nonaccumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R 19, 1640-1651.<br \/>[28] DalCorso, G., Fasani, E., Manara, A., Visioli, G., and Furini, A. (2019). Heavy metal pollutions: state of the art and innovation in phytoremediation. Int. J. Mol. Sci.20:3412.<br \/>[29] Jozefczak, M., Remans, T., Vangronsveld, J., and Cuypers, A. (2012). Glutathione is a key player in metal-induced oxidative stress defenses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 3145-3175.<br \/>[30] [30] Burken, J.G. (2003). Uptake and metabolism of organic compounds: Green-liver model. In: McCutcheon, SC.; Schnoor, JL., editors. Phytoremediation. Control and Transport of Contaminants. Hoboken: John Wiley; pp. 59-84.<br \/>[31] Beans, C. (2017). Phytoremediation advances in the lab but lags in the field. PNAS vol. 114(29):7475\u20137477.<br \/>[32] Peer, W. A., Baxter, I. R., Richards, E. L., Freeman, J. L., and Murphy, A. S. (2005). \u201cPhytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants,\u201d in Molecular Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification, eds M. J. Tamas and E. Martinoia (Berlin: Springer), 299\u2013340.<br \/>[33] Dalvi, A. A., and Bhalerao, S. A. (2013). Response of plants towards heavy metal toxicity: an overview of avoidance, tolerance and uptake mechanism. Ann. Plant Sci. 2, 362-368.<br \/>[34] Tong, Y.P., Kneer, R., and Zhu, Y.G. (2004). Vacuolar compartmentalization: a second-generation approach to engineering plants for phytoremediation. Trends Plant Sci. 9, 7-9.<br \/>[35] Ali, H., Khan, E., and Sajad, M. A. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals-concepts and applications. Chemosphere 91, 869-881.<br \/>[36] Robinson, B. H., Lombi, E., Zhao, F. J., and Mcgrath, S. P. (2003). Uptake and distribution of nickel and other metals in the hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii. New Phytol. 158, 279-285.<br \/>[37] Eapen, S., and D\u2019souza, S. (2005). Prospects of genetic engineering of plants for phytoremediation of toxic metals. Biotechnol. Adv. 23, 97-114.<br \/>[38] Thakur, S., Singh, L., Wahid, Z. A., Siddiqui, M. F., Atnaw, S. M., and Din, M. F. M. (2016). Plant-driven removal of heavy metals from soil: uptake, translocation, tolerance mechanism, challenges, and future perspectives. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188:206.<br \/>[39] Van Aken, B. (2009). Transgenic plants for enhanced phytoremediation of toxic explosives. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 20:231\u2013236.<br \/>[40] Weyens, N., van der Lelie, D., Taghavi, S., Newman, L. and Vangronsveld, J. (2009). Exploiting plant-microbe partnerships to improve biomass production and remediation. Trends Biotechnol, 27: 591-598.<br \/>[41] Bonfante, P. and Anca, I.A. (2009). Plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria: a network of interactions. Annu Rev Microbiol 63: 363-383.<br \/>[42] Berendsen, R,L., Pieterse, C.M and Bakker, P.A. (2012). The rizosphere microbiome and plant health. Trends Plant Sci. 17: 478-486.<br \/>[43] Tardif, S., Yergeau, E., Tremblay, J., Legendre, P., Whyte, L.G. and Greer, C.W. (2016). The Willow Microbiome Is Influenced by Soil Petroleum-Hydrocarbon Concentration with Plant Compartment-Specific Effects. Front Microbiol 7: 1363.<br \/>[44] Compant, S., Clement, C. and Sessitsch, A. (2010). Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization. Soil Biol Biochem 42: 669- 678.<br \/>[45] Quiza, L., St-Arnaud, M. and Yergeau, E. (2015). Harnessing phytomicrobiome signaling for rizosphere microbiome engineering. Front Plant Sci 6: 507.<br \/>[46] Newman, L.A., and Reynolds, C.M. (2004). Phytodegradation of organic compounds. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 15:225-230.<br \/>[47] Ma, X. and Burken, J.G. (2002). VOCs fate and partitioning in vegetation: use of tree cores in groundwater analysis. Environ Sci Technol, 36:4663-4668.<br \/>[48] Doty, S.L., Shang, T.Q., Wilson, A.M., Moore, A.L., Newman, L.A., Strand, S.E., Gordon, M.P. (2003). Metabolism of the soil and groundwater contaminants, ethylene dibromide and trichloroethylene, by the tropical leguminous tree, Leuceana leucocephala. Water Res, 37:441-449.<br \/>[49] Castro, S., Davis, L.C., Erickson, L.E. (2003). Phytotransformation of benzotriazoles. Int J Phytoremed, 5:245-266.<br \/>[50] Chauhan, S., Das, M., Nigam, H., Pandey, P., Swati, P., Tiwari, A. and Yadav, M. (2015). Implementation of phytoremediation to remediate heavy metals from tannery waste: A review. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 6(3):119-128.<br \/>[51] Sandermann H. (1994). Higher plant metabolism of xenobiotics: The &#8216;green liver&#8217; concept. Pharmacogenetics, 4:225\u2013241.<br \/>[52] Coleman JOD, Blake-Kalff MMA, Davies TGE. (1997). Detoxification of xenobiotics by plants: Chemical modification and vacuolar compartimentation. Trends Plant Sci., 2:144-151.<br \/>[53] Andreoni, V., Cavalca, L., Rao, M.A., Nocerino, G., Bernasconi, S., Dell&#8217;Amico, E., Colombo, M. and Gianfreda, L. (2004). Bacterial communities and enzyme activities of PAHs polluted soils. Chemosphere 57: 401-412.<br \/>[54] Fasani, E., Manara, A., Martini, F., Furini, A., and DalCorso, G. (2018). The potential of genetic engineering of plants for the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Plant Cell Environ. 41, 1201\u20131232.<br \/>[55] Van Hamme, J.D., Singh, A. and Ward, O.P. (2003). Recent Advances in Petroleum Microbiology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67: 503-549.<br \/>[56] Rylott, E.L., Budarina, M.V., Barker, A., Lorenz, A., Strand, S.E. and Bruce, N.C. (2011). Engineering plants for the phytoremediation of RDX in the presence of the co-contaminating explosive TNT. New Phytol 192: 405-413.<br \/>[57] Jacob, J. M., Karthik, C., Saratale, R. G., Kumar, S. S., Prabakar, D., Kadirvelu, K., et al. (2018). Biological approaches to tackle heavy metal pollution: a survey of literature. J. Environ. Manage. 217, 56-70.<br \/>[58] Li, H., Sheng, G., Sheng, W., Xu, O. (2002). Uptake of trifluralin and lindane from water by ryegrass. Chemosphere, 48:335-341.<br \/>[59] Knuteson, S.L., Whitwell, T., Klaine, S.J. (2002). Influence of plant age and size on simazine toxicity and uptake. J Environ Qual, 31:2096-2103.<br \/>[60] White, J.C., Mattina, M.I., Lee, W.Y., Eitzer, B.D., Iannucci-Berger, W. (2003). Role of organic acids in enhancing the desorption and uptake of weathered p,p(-DDE by Cucurbita pepo. Environ Pollut, 124:71-80.<br \/>[61] Wong, M. H. (2003). Ecological restoration of mine degraded soils, with emphasis on metal contaminated soils. Chemosphere 50, 775\u2013780.<br \/>[62] Marques, A. P., Rangel, A. O., and Castro, P. M. (2009). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: phytoremediation as a potentially promising clean-up technology. Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. 39, 622-654.<br \/>[63] Javed, M. T., Tanwir, K., Akram, M. S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., and Lindberg, S. (2019). \u201cChapter 20: Phytoremediation of cadmium-polluted water\/sediment by aquatic macrophytes: role of plant-induced pH changes,\u201d in Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, eds M. Hasanuzzaman, M. N. V. Prasad, and M. Fujita (London: Academic Press), 495-529.<br \/>[64] Gerhardt, K. E., Gerwing, P. D., and Greenberg, B. M. (2017). Opinion: taking phytoremediation from proven technology to accepted practice. Plant Sci. 256, 170-185.<br \/>[65] Kumpiene, J., Fitts, J. P., and Mench, M. (2012). Arsenic fractionation in mine spoils 10 years after aided phytostabilization. Environ. Pollut. 166, 82-88.<br \/>[66] Meharg, A.A. (2003). The mechanistic basis of interactions between mycorrhizal associations and toxic metal cations. Mycol. Res. 107, 1253-1265.<br \/>[67] Mahar, A., Wang, P., Ali, A., Awasthi, M. K., Lahori, A. H., Wang, Q., et al. (2016). Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: a review. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 126, 111-121.<br \/>[68] Ma, X., and Burken, J.G. (2003). TCE diffusion to the atmosphere in phytoremediation applications. Environ Sci Technol, 37:2534-2539.<br \/>[69] Banuelos, G., Cardon, G., Mackey, B., Ben-Asher, J., Wu, L., Beuselinck, P., Akohoue, S., Zambrzuski, S., 1993. Boron and selenium removal in boron-laden soils by four sprinkler irrigated plant species. J. Environ. Qual. 22, 786\u2013792.<br \/>[70] EPA (2000). A Citizen\u2019s Guide to Phytoremediation. EPA 542-F-98-011. United States Environmental Protection Agency, p. 6. Available at: http\/\/www.bugsatwork.com\/XYCLONYX\/EPA_GUIDES \/PHYTO.PDF.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964054\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964054\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1e691f3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e691f3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91eff0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91eff0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104b0c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"104b0c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Emmanuel Okon, Ofonime O. Udo, Iquo A. Archibong, Idongesit A. Victor &#8220;Phytomechanistic Processess in Environmental Clean-Up: A Biochemical Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.213-222 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/213-222.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-7202964055\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-7202964055\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-17ee8aed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17ee8aed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19387cc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19387cc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f339a94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f339a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Phytomechanistic Processess in Environmental Clean-Up: A Biochemical Perspective\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/213-222.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57973a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"57973a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2904296 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2904296\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55e9ee5 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"55e9ee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/223-226.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in Bangladeshi Tannery Workers\u2019 Hair\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/223-226.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of Typical Heavy Metals in Bangladeshi Tannery Workers\u2019 Hair\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd93554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd93554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Md. Farhad Ali, Nadim Khan and Md Tanjid Ahmed Zahid September 2020 Page No.: 223-226<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a082bc5 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"a082bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"168307653\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076531\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076531\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076531\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076532\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076532\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076532\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076533\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076533\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076533\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076534\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076534\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076534\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076535\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076535\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076535\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076531\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076531\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-b2f9839 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2f9839\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-155a260 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"155a260\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c94a73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c94a73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>In Bangladesh the safety precaution and working condition of tannery workers are very disappointing. The tannery workers are always coming in contact with different chemical exposure and different heavy metals are inserting into their body organs. The aim of this study was to determine selected heavy metal levels including cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) in scalp Hair of tannery workers and find out the Relationship between the chromium concentration in workers hair and their working duration. Human hair sample of different tannery worker were collected from different tanneries in Bangladesh and samples of individual were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectro photometric technique (AAS). The results of replicate analysis shows the following mean concentrations in (mg\/kg): Cd = 0.04\u00b1 0.085, Cr = 5.85 \u00b1 0.8391, Pb = 1.3 \u00b1 0.0465. Comparing with others study around the world, the result shows that the presence of chromium is in very large amount in Bangladeshi tannery workers hair, lead in relatively large amount and cadmium is in small amount.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 223-226<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 22 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076532\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076532\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-6beaf48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6beaf48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb7d535 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb7d535\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5090a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5090a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Farhad Ali<\/strong><br \/>Associate Professor ,Institute of Leather Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nadim Khan<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Leather Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Tanjid Ahmed Zahid<\/strong><br \/>Institute of Leather Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076533\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076533\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-827a185 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"827a185\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e4b077 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e4b077\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d72eb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d72eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] A.; Shunmuga Perumal, A.;Thangamani, Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of heavy metals lead and chromium in human hair of people living in katpadi and yelagiri hills of vellore district. A. Thangamani et al \/ IJRAP 2011, 2(5), 1568-1570<br \/>[2] R.; Kamran, M.; Abbas, S.; Sarwar, Detection of chromium in hair sample of male tannery workers near gajju matah. Asain J. Agri Biol 2014, 2(2), 148-151<br \/>[3] Ishaq S. Eneji*, Peter O. Onuwa and Rufus Sha\u2019Ato, Comparative assessment of chromium level in human scalp hair using atomic absorption spectrometry and X- ray fluorescence techniques. World science research journal 2015, 3(4), 043-050<br \/>[4] G.; Liang , L.; Pan, X.; Liu, Assessment of typical heavy metals in human hair of different age groups and foodstuffs in Beijing, china. International journal of environmental research and public health 2017, 14, 914<br \/>[5] H.; Sharma, N.; Rawal, B.; Baby Mathew, the characteristics, toxicity and effect of cadmium. International journal of nanotechnology &amp; nanoscience 2015, 3, 01-09<br \/>[6] C.; Papanikolaou1, G.; Hatzidaki2, S.; Belivanis2,3, N.; Tzanakakis4, M.; Tsatsakis3, lead toxicity update. A brief review. www. Medscimonit.com 2005, 11(10), 329-336<br \/>[7] Risco Taufik Achmad1, Budiawan2 and Elza Ibrahim Auerkari, effect of chromium on human body. Annual research &amp; review in biology 2017, 13(2) 01-08<br \/>[8] Chojnacka,; K. G\u00f3recka, H.; Chojnacki, A.; G\u00f3recki, H. Inter-element interactions in human hair. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005, 20, 368\u2013374.<br \/>[9] Sera, K.; Futatsugawa, S.; Murao, S. Quantitative analysis of untreated hair samples for monitoring human exposure to heavy metals. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 2002, 189, 174\u2013179.<br \/>[10] G.; chinaoull\u00e9, J.P.; Lo\u00efc, M.; Julien, C.; Nicolas, N.; Laurent, B.; Gilbert, L.; Daniel, B.; Christian, L. Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair: Reference values. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 153, 39\u201344.<br \/>[11] Dog\u02d8 an-Sag\u02d8 lamtimur, N.; Kumbur, H. Metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn) bioaccumulation in sediment, fish, and human scalp hair: A case study from the city of Mersin along the southern coast of Turkey. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2010, 136, 55\u201370.<br \/>[12] Rodushkin, I.; Axelsson, M.D. Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part II. A study of the inhabitants of northern Sweden. Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 262, 21\u201336.<br \/>[13] Senofonte, O.; Violante, N.; Caroli, S. Assessment of reference values for elements in human hair of urban schoolboys. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2000, 14, 6\u201313.<br \/>[14] Miekeley, N.; Dias Carneiro, M.; da Silveira, C.L.P. How reliable are human hair reference intervals for trace elements? Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 218, 9\u201317.<br \/>[15] Samanta, G.; Sharma, R.; Roychowdhury, T.; Chakraborti, D. Arsenic and other elements in hair, nails, and skin-scales of arsenic victims in West Bengal, India. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 326,33\u201347.<br \/>[16] Gonzalez-Munoz, M.J.; Pena, A.; Meseguer, I. Monitoring heavy metal contents in food and hair in a sample of young Spanish subjects. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 3048\u20133052.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076534\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076534\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2ad79e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ad79e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cadf69 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0cadf69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e1286 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11e1286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Md. Farhad Ali, Nadim Khan and Md Tanjid Ahmed Zahid &#8220;Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in Bangladeshi Tannery Workers\u2019 Hair&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.223-226 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/223-226.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1683076535\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1683076535\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-1508901 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1508901\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2978785 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2978785\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb9fe50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb9fe50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in Bangladeshi Tannery Workers\u2019 Hair\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/223-226.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d528dce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d528dce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b59806 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b59806\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55cab1 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"d55cab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/227-231.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Grains Sold In Major Commercial Markets in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/227-231.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of Pesticide Residues in Grains Sold In Major Commercial Markets in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-301eb8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"301eb8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oguntade Adesola Saheed, Sawyerr Henry Olawale, Salami John Tolulope September 2020 Page No.: 227-231<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b900bb e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3b900bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"62455995\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559951\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559951\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-624559951\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559952\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559952\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-624559952\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559953\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559953\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-624559953\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559954\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559954\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-624559954\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559955\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-624559955\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-624559955\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-624559951\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-624559951\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-c1c38b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1c38b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e7c578 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e7c578\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32288d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32288d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Pesticides provide protect to grains against destructive pests but its residues or metabolites has been linked to various health challenges. Its lipophilic nature and consumption of food with residue results into the accumulation of the residues beyond the level which the body can handle which leads to gradual deterioration of health and eventual emergence of disease state. The aim of this study is to assess nine (9) composite samples of the grains that are mostly consumed in the study area (millet, maize and beans) in order to ascertain presence of pesticide in grans sold I the study area. Samples were randomly collected from three (3) major markets in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. Laboratory Analysis was carried out by extraction method for de-fatting of the samples. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using gas chromatography with electron capture and flame ionization. All the nine (9) samples (100%) contained several pesticide residues which are not conventional with hexadecanoic acid (with mean value of 21.07, 33.06 and 13.38 in millet, maize and beans), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (with mean value of 4.43, 7.95 and 5.43 in millet, maize and beans) and 9, 12 octadecanoic acid (with mean value of 9.41, 19.10 and 4.57 in millet, maize and beans) recorded in all the samples collected from the three (3) markets. Hexadecanoic acid, an acaricide pesticide residue that is neither classified by WHO nor approved by EU for use as preservative. No residue of conventional pesticide was detected in any of the samples analysed which is an indication that use of conventional pesticide is phasing out among the traders in the markets surveyed. AMS Subject Classification: 20B05<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 227-231<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 22 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-624559952\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-624559952\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-0a2f840 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0a2f840\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fff76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fff76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05f6c2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05f6c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oguntade Adesola Saheed<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sawyerr Henry Olawale<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salami John Tolulope<\/strong><br \/>Department of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-624559953\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-624559953\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-664d227 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"664d227\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9213f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9a9213f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a71084b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a71084b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Adedire, C.O. (2001). Biology, Ecology and Control of Insect Pests of Stored Cereal Grains. In: Pests of Stored Cereals and Pulses in Nigeria-biology, ecology and control (ed)<br \/>[2] Bajwa, U., Sandhu, K.S. Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food- a review. (2014) J Food Sci Technol 51(2): 201220. Pubmed<br \/>[3] Carvalho FP. Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environ Sci Pol. 2006; 9: 685-692.<br \/>[4] Chikwe, A. (2010) NAFDAC axes 20 fast food outlets. Task Operators on Good Hygienic Practices. Tuesday, July 6, 2010. www.nigerianbestforum.com<br \/>[5] Chourasiya S, Khillare PS, Jyethi DS. (2015) Health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide exposure through dietary intake of vegetables grown in the periurban sites of Delhi, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:5793\u2013806.10.1007\/s11356-014-3791-x<br \/>[6] Collins D. A. (2006). A review of alternatives to organophosphorus compounds for the control of storage mites. Journal of Stored Products Research; 42: 395-426.<br \/>[7] Crinnion, W.J., Chlorinated pesticides: threats to health and importance of detection. (2009) Altern Med Rev 14(4): 347-359. Pubmed<br \/>[8] Durati , 2006 grain legume potential ad utracetiucal properties fitoterapia, 77(2006) pp. 67-82<br \/>[9] European Union DIRECTIVE 2002\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 7. 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed off. J. Eur.<br \/>[10] FAO\/WHO (2013) Pesticide residues in food and feed: maximum residual limits. Codex alimentarius.net\/pesters\/data\/pesticides\/details.<br \/>[11] FAO: FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013: World Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 2015, p. 65.<br \/>[12] Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, et al. Food security: the challenge of feeding billion people. Sci. 2010; 327: 812-817.<br \/>[13] Keikotlhaile, B. M. and Spanoghe P. (2011) Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables<br \/>[14] Lewis Stephen E., David Mark Siburn, Rai kokana and Melania show pesticide behavioural fate and effects in the tropics: An overview of current state of knowledge: Journal of Agriculure and food chemistry 64 (20)<br \/>[15] Lewis K.A Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green , A. (2016): An International database for Pesticide Risk Assessment and Management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An Introduction to Journal, 22(4), 1050 -1064<br \/>[16] Miligi L, Aprea C, Settimi L (2005). Health risk and occupation in agricultural settings in Italy. Int J Occup Environ Health 11: 96102.<br \/>[17] Ogah, C. O., Coker, H. A., and Adepoju-Bello, A.A. 2011. Pesticide residue levels in maize samples from markets in Lagos State, Nigeria. Nig. Q. J. hosp. Med., 21(2), 169-174<br \/>[18] Rajashekar Y., Tonsing T, Shatiala T., Majuath J.R 2.3- Dimethyl Maleic Anhydride (3, 4- dimethyl-2, 5-furadioe) ; A Plat Derived Insecticidal Molecule From colocussia esculenta var: esculenta (l) schott. Sci Rep., 6920160, P. 20546<br \/>[19] Reiler E, J\u00f8rs E, B\u00e6lum J, Huici O, Alvarez Caero MM, Cedergreen N. The influence of tomato processing on residues of organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides and their associated dietary risk. Sci Total Environ (2015) 527\u2013528:262\u20139.10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.04.081<br \/>[20] Sachs, J., Remans, R., Smukler, S., et al. Monitoring the world\u2019s agriculture. (2010) Nature 466: 558-560. Pubmed<br \/>[21] Selvaraj, S., Basavaraj, B., Hebsur, N.S. Pesticides use and their residues in soil, grains and water of paddy ecosystem \u2013 a review. (2014) Agri Rev 35(1): 50-56.<br \/>[22] Shaibu I. 30 agrochemical products banned in Nigeria after deaths. Vanguard [Internet]. 2008. May<br \/>[23] Micheal Clark and David Tilman (2017): Comparative Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Production Systems, Agricultural Input Efficiency and food choice , Environmental Research Letters, volume 12 Number 6<br \/>[24] United Nations 2005. World Population Prospects. The 2004 Revision. Highlights. Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations, NY. UNEP, 2005.<br \/>[25] Wang, K., Wo, J. X &amp; Zang , H. Y. (2012) Dissipation of difenoconazole in rice, paddy soil, and paddy water under field conditions. Entomology and Enviromental Safety, 86(1), 111-115<br \/>[26] Zhao X, Zhou Y, Kong W, Gong B, Chen D, Wei J, Yang M. Multi-residues analysis of 26 organochlorine pesticides in Alpinia oxyphyllaby by GC-ECD after solid phase extraction and acid cleanup. J Chromatogr B [Internet]. 2016 Apr [<br \/>[27] Zia, M.S., Khan, M.J., Qasim, M., et al. Pesticide Residue in the Food Chain and Human Body inside Pakistan. (2009) J Chem Soc Pak 31(2): 284-291.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-624559954\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-624559954\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-c4943bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4943bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8491d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8491d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca49ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ca49ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oguntade Adesola Saheed, Sawyerr Henry Olawale, Salami John Tolulope&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.227-231 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/227-231.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-624559955\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-624559955\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-9d60921 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9d60921\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e550844 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e550844\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25c579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25c579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Grains Sold In Major Commercial Markets in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/227-231.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96a16e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"96a16e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3494e17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3494e17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-522765e elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"522765e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/232-234.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Potassium Trisoxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/232-234.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSynthesis, Characterization and Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Potassium Trisoxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd6485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cd6485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>B.O. Ogori, S. Lubis, B. Gomerep, J.S. Ngap September 2020 Page No.: 232-234<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b2989 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"52b2989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"86714761\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147611\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147611\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-867147611\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147612\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147612\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-867147612\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147613\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147613\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-867147613\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147614\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147614\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-867147614\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147615\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-867147615\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-867147615\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-867147611\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-867147611\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-d738f39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d738f39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02939f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"02939f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72703d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72703d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Potassium trisoxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate complex, K<sub>3<\/sub>[Fe(C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>].3H<sub>2<\/sub>O was synthesized and characterized using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometry. Its antibacterial properties was evaluated using three(3)different bacteria strains namely: Escherichia coli, Staphilococus aureus and Bacillus subtillus. A commercial drug, ciprofloxacin was used as control. The results of the analysis showed that escherichia coli was not sensitive to the complex. However, staphilococus aureus and bacillus subtillus were sensitive to the complex at a concentration range of 100 &#8211; 400mg\/ml and 200 \u2013 400 mg\/ml respectively. The results of minimum inhibitory analysis and minimum bactericidal analysis showed that the complex could not inhibit the growth of escherichia coli, but it inhibited and destroyed staphilococus aureus and bacillus subtillus at some range of concentration.This study has revealed that the complex, potassium trisoxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate has some medicinal potentials as likely antibacterial agents<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 232-234<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 22 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-867147612\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-867147612\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-d1949b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1949b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeafec1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeafec1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58ab944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58ab944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>B.O. Ogori<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, F.C.E. Pankshin, Plateau state, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Lubis<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, F.C.E. Pankshin, Plateau state, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>B. Gomerep<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, F.C.E. Pankshin, Plateau state, Nigeria<\/li><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>J.S. Ngap<\/strong><br \/>Department of Chemistry, F.C.E. Pankshin, Plateau state, Nigeria<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-867147613\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-867147613\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-99e266d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99e266d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7184636 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7184636\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ec0d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41ec0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1]. Afanasev, B,. Dorozhko, A. I., Brodskii, A. V., Kostyuk, V. A., &amp; Potapovich, A. I. (1989). Chelating and free radical scavenging mechanisms of inhibitory actions of rutin and quercetin in lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol, 38, 1763-39.<br \/>[2]. Atheer, A. M., Abdulqder, M.. A., Saffa, A. R .M., Mohammed, M. . J., &amp; Anaam, M . A. (2015). Studying of transition metal complexes containing oxalate ion with antibacterial. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6(9), 855- 867.<br \/>[3]. Bencini, A., Bianchi, A., Giorgi, C., Paoletti, P., Valtancoli, B., Ceccanti, N., &amp; Pardini, R. (2000). Cobalt(II) dioxygen carriers based on dinucleating ligands. Part I. Thermodynamics of dioxygen binding in aqueous solution. Polyhedron, 19, 2441-2445.<br \/>[4]. Fenn, R. H., Graham, A. J., &amp; Gillard, R. D. (2014). Structure of trisoxalato complexes of trivalent metals. Letters to Nature, 213, 1012-1013.<br \/>[5]. Johari, R.., Kumar, G., Kumar, D., &amp; Singh, S. (2009). Synthesis and antibacterial Activity of Mn (II) schiff-base complexes. Journal of Industrial and Chemical Council, 26(1), 23-27.<br \/>[6]. Mechant, B. (1998). Gold, the noble metal and the paradoxes of its toxicology. Biologicals, 26, 49-59.<br \/>[7]. Rendle, G.P., Votkins, M. D. W., &amp; Davis, P. M. H, (1969).Experimental Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual. London: Edward Arnold Limited.<br \/>[8]. Teinkink, E. R. T., &amp; Whitehouse, M. N. (1995). Handbook of metal-ligand interaction in biological fluids (Vol. 2). New York: Marcel Dekker.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-867147614\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-867147614\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ef327fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ef327fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-136fb17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"136fb17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3a6a05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3a6a05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>B.O. Ogori, S. Lubis, B. Gomerep, J.S. Ngap &#8220;Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Potassium Trisoxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.232-234 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/232-234.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-867147615\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-867147615\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-dec8fc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dec8fc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e27204 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e27204\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d838f65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d838f65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Potassium Trisoxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/232-234.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c0562 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"39c0562\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d114c6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d114c6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fde911 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4fde911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/235-246.pdf\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"The Effects of Training on Employees\u2019 Performance in Public Institutions: A Case of Arusha Municipality, Tanzania\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-pen-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&#038;Issue9\/235-246.pdf\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Effects of Training on Employees\u2019 Performance in Public Institutions: A Case of Arusha Municipality, Tanzania\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb01e3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb01e3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rebeca Peniel Nassary September 2020 Page No.: 235-246<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-125c856 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"125c856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"19253334\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533341\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533341\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-192533341\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAbstract\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533342\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533342\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-192533342\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAuthors\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533343\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533343\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-192533343\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tReferences\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533344\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533344\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-192533344\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCite\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533345\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-192533345\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-192533345\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFull Text &amp; Share\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-192533341\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-192533341\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-f57c621 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f57c621\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cf5f37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5cf5f37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cf50b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0cf50b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><strong>This study examined the effect of employees training on employee\u2019s performance in Arusha Municipality. A sample of 80 respondents was selected through purposive, probability and simple random sampling procedures, 80 respondents filled the questionnaire which was validated through expert in public sector. Reliability test yielded the Cronbach\u2019s Alpha of above 0.7 meaning the questionnaire was reliable for data collection. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics to determine the effects of employees training on job performance. The study observed that training have strong effect on employees\u2019 performance. This was indicated by the fact that respondents regarded positively with strength the relationship of training and job performance. Training strategies was another investigation in this study. Short courses training and seminars were more preferred to respondents than forum and workshops for building capability of the trainees. The study recommended that public institutions should increase financial resources allocations to employees\u2019 short course training and seminars to adequately equip workers with high capability. From time to time, the Arusha Municipality should be reviewing its human resources development plans to cater for the new demands of the customers of an institutions\u2019 plans so that whenever it send employees for training should aim at filling the identified gaps or fixing an observed development opportunity. The Arusha Municipality should constantly make assessment and ensure its performance stability prevails with the required skills of employees.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i><strong>\u00a0Page(s): 235-246<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6\"><ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Date of Publication: 26 October 2020<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-192533342\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-192533342\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-97f7978 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97f7978\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0e6b2b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0e6b2b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce45c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce45c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"icons-list\"><li><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rebeca Peniel Nassary<\/strong><br \/>Faculty of Business, University of Arusha, Tanzania<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-192533343\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-192533343\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2da133e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2da133e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a735072 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a735072\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e70396 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e70396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>[1] Adeyi, A., Okere, W., Apansile, E. and Okafor, L.I. (2018).Training and Development and Organizational Performance: Standpoint from Private Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade. Vol. 21(12): 1-10.<br \/>[2] Afroz, N.N. (2018). Effects of Training on Employee Performance &#8211; A Study on Banking Sector, Tangail Bangladesh. Global Journal of Economics and Business. Vol.4,(1)pp. 111 \u2013 124.<br \/>[3] Al-Mzary,M.M. Al-Rifai,M.H. and Al-Momany,M.E. (2015).Training and its Impact on the Performance of Employees at Jordanian Universities from the Perspective of Employees: The Case of Yarmouk University. Journal of Education and Practice. Vol.6, (32).<br \/>[4] Amadi,E.J. (2014). The effect of training and development on employees\u2019 performance; At Safaricom Limited Call Centre. Master\u2019s Thesis. University of Nairobi.<br \/>[5] Andriotis, N.(2018). Reasons Managers Should Improve Employee Engagement and Training. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.efrontlearning.com\/blog\/2018\/05\/why-managers-improve-employee-engagement-training.html.<br \/>[6] Angela, G.. (2014). Effects of training on employee performance: a case study of United Nations support office for the African union mission in Somalia. Master\u2019s Thesis.United States International University.<br \/>[7] Aswini, A. (2017).Conceptual Framework on Performance Appraisal of Employees.http:\/\/ijsrd.com\/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV5I10135<br \/>[8] Bhat, Z.H. (2013).Impact of Training on Employee Performance: A Study of Retail Banking Sector in India. Indian Journal of Applied Research. Vol.3 (6).<br \/>[9] Blerkom, M.L. (2009).Measurement and Statistics for Teachers. New York: Routledge.<br \/>[10] Camp, W. G. (2001). Formulating and Evaluating Theoretical Frameworks for Career and Technical Education Research. Journal of Vocational Educational Research, 26 (1), 27-39.<br \/>[11] Cohen, L. And Manion, L. (1994). Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge.<br \/>[12] Elmokadem, P. (2019). Types of Employee Training Programs for good performance. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.uscreen.tv\/blog\/6-types-online-employee-training-programs\/<br \/>[13] Elnaga, A. and Imran, A. (2013).The Effect of Training on Employee Performance. European Journal of Business and Management.Vol.5, (4).<br \/>[14] Etherington, C. (2017). Five Types of Training to Improve Employee Performance. Retrievedfromhttps:\/\/www.eleapsoftware.com\/five-types-of-training-to-improve-employee-performance\/.<br \/>[15] Halwawi, A. and Hydar, A. (2018).Effects of Training on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Bonjus and Khatib &amp; Alami Companies. International Humanities Studies.Vol.5(2).<br \/>[16] Hamid,A.A. Subaini, K.N. and Zaaba,S.N. (2017).Training effectiveness and employee performance in a Malaysian government-linked company.8th International Economics and Business Management Conference. Retrieved from esearchgate.net\/publication\/326722487_Training_Effectiveness_And_Employee_Performance_In_A_Malaysian_Government-Linked_Company.<br \/>[17] Hassan, J. (2011).Effects of Training on Employee Performance. Retrieved from https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/downlopdf\/38098025.pdf.<br \/>[18] Hogarh,J.K. (2012). The effect of training on staff performance: A case study of sic insurance companylimited.Master\u2019sThesis.Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.<br \/>[19] Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Revised Edition).New Delhi: New Age International Publishers Ltd.<br \/>[20] Kilo, C. (2013).Human Resource management in African Work Organizations. Dares Salaam: National Printing<br \/>[21] Labaree,R.V. (2009). Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Theoretical Framework. Retrieved from https:\/\/libguides.usc.edu\/writingguide\/theoreticalframework.<br \/>[22] Licombe,L.C. (2018). Examining the impact of training and development on employees\u2019 performance in public sector: a case of Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL).Master\u2019s Thesis, Open University of Tanzania.<br \/>[23] Lusato,P.V. (2013). The effectiveness of job training to employees performance in public Institutions: the case study of Tanzania Institute of Education. Master\u2019s Thesis, The Open University of Tanzania.<br \/>[24] Martin,R. (2015). How to begin with employee Training. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cleverism.com\/ways-training-can-drive-employees-productivity\/<br \/>[25] Mchele, M.M.(2015). Management of the training function in the local government authorities in Tanzania: A case of Bagamoyo district council. Master\u2019s Thesis, The Open University of Tanzania.<br \/>[26] Mohamud, A.M. (2014). The effect of Training on employee performance in Public Sector Motivation and Employees Job Performance.Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research.2(12).<br \/>[27] Muganyizi,E.E. (2018).The impact of training on staff performance in public sector organizations:. Master\u2019s Thesis. Open University of Tanzania.<br \/>[28] Mugenda, O.M. &amp;Mugenda, A.G. (1999).Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: African Center for Technology Studies.<br \/>[29] Nassazi, A. (2013).Effects of training on employee performance. Retrieved from https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/38098025.pdf.<br \/>[30] Nzowa, G. (2020). Assessment of Teachers\u2019 Nonmonetary Motivational Factors on Job Satisfaction among Public Secondary Schools in Arusha District, Tanzania. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences EAJESS. Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-10.<br \/>[31] Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods 3rd ed. New Delhi: Sage Publications Inc.<br \/>[32] Phrasisombath, K. (2009). Sample size and sampling methods. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gfmer.ch\/Activites_internationales_Fr\/Laos\/PDF\/Sample_size_methods_Phrasisombath_Laos_2009.pdf.<br \/>[33] Saeed, M. M. &amp;Asghar, M.A (2012). Examining the Relationship between Training, Motivation and Employees Job Performance. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research.Vol.2 (12).<br \/>[34] Sendawula,K. (2018). Training, employee engagement and employee performance: Evidence from Uganda\u2019 health sector. Journal Cogent Business &amp;Management.Vol.5, (1).<br \/>[35] Shem.J.M. and Ngussa,B.M. (2017).Effect of Training on Employees\u2019 Performance: A Case of Institutions of Higher Learning in Arusha City, Tanzania. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR).Vol. 6 (391).<br \/>[36] Sigh,R. and Mohanty,M. (2012). Impact of Training Practices on Employee Productivity: A Comparative Study.Inter-science Management Review.(IMR).Vol.2, (2).<br \/>[37] Sultana, A., Irum, S., Ahmed, K., &amp;Mehmood, N. (2012). Impact of training on employee performance: A study of telecommunication sector in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business.Vol.4 (6).<br \/>[38] White,D.P. (2017). Will Training Help Improve Employee Performance? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/28703.<br \/>[39] Yarrow,Z.R. (2018).Effect of training and development on Employees\u2019 performance: The case of Equity bank Kenya.Master\u2019s Thesis. United States International University \u2013 Africa.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-192533344\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-192533344\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-607c37f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"607c37f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bab9cbc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bab9cbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-994eda8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"994eda8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rebeca Peniel Nassary &#8220;The Effects of Training on Employees\u2019 Performance in Public Institutions: A Case of Arusha Municipality, Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.5 issue 9 September 2020, pp.235-246 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/235-246.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-192533345\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-192533345\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-69dd1e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69dd1e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df135a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df135a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1246a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1246a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For Full Text Click here<\/strong><br \/><a title=\"The Effects of Training on Employees\u2019 Performance in Public Institutions: A Case of Arusha Municipality, Tanzania\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/Vol.5&amp;Issue9\/235-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/digital-library\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf download\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Impact of Improvised Injection Moulding on Students\u2019 Psychomotor Achievement In General Metalwork In Technical Colleges In Niger State Kabir, B., [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7116,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-55991","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55991"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55991\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}