{"id":7298,"date":"2021-06-11T05:07:19","date_gmt":"2021-06-11T05:07:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=7298"},"modified":"2021-07-15T04:22:45","modified_gmt":"2021-07-15T04:22:45","slug":"volume-vi-issue-v","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-vi-issue-v\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue V"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7298\" class=\"elementor elementor-7298 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e6e57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e6e57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e7189\" data-id=\"93e7189\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e735a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e735a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Susceptibility of Restaurant Foods Contamination in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. &amp; Poronakie, N.B. PhD, &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 01-15<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e744f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e744f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e76a0\" data-id=\"93e76a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e785e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93e785e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed at assessing the susceptibility of restaurant foods to contamination in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers with a view to unraveling various food pathogens and recommending sustainable strategies to curb the menace. A random survey research design was adopted and the opinion on quality and standard of foods from 400 adult respondents were sampled. Statistical application of simple percentages proved significantly that high level of restaurant food contamination as well as poor health standard was occasioned by poor handling by the operators of restaurants. It concluded that unhygienic practices such as the use of unsafe water; unhealthy food exposure and underage service personnel predispose restaurants food to contamination. Recommendations include: restaurant operators and their employees should be made to undergo at least minimum standard training on catering and be issued with authorized license; and education and training of restaurant operators on good hygiene practices.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-15\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ibe, C.C <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Achalu, E. I. (2003). Environmental Health Pollution Control.Simarch nig. ltd., lagos pp.26-29.\r\n[2] Aguilera, J .M. and Stanley, D. W. (1999) Micro- Structural principle of food processing and engineering. Springer ISBN 0-8342-1256-0.\r\n[3] Ajala, J.A. (2006). Understanding Food and Nutrition. Eat for Health, You are what you Eat. May Best Publishers, Ibadan. P. 149.\r\n[4] Akpaudo, U. E. (2016).Assessment of Health Implication of Hawked Food in Uyo Municipality. Unpublished M.Sc Dissertation, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Uyo\r\n[5] Bell-Gam, W.I. (1990). Development of Coastal and Estuarine Settlements in the Niger Delta. The case of Bonny L.G.A. New York \u2026.\r\n[6] CBN (2016).Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2016.\r\n[7] Ede, P. (1995). Analysis of the Atmospheric Impacts of Gas Flaring in Rivers State. Unpublished M.Sc thesis, Dept of Geography, University of Port Harcourt.\r\n[8] Ezekwe, C. I. Edoghotu, M. I. (2015) water Quality and environmental health indicators in the Andoni River estuary, Eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria. Environmental Earth Sciences October 2015, volume 74, issue 7, pp 6123-6136. doi: 10.1007\/s12665-015-4635-9.\r\n[9] FAO (2008), Sustainable Agricultural Production.Implications for International Agricultural Research. F.A.O. Research and Technology paper 4, Italy, Rome.\r\n[10] Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, and Colford Jr. JM. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5: 42-52.\r\n[11] Kiefer, N.M (2002). Economics and the origin of the Restaurant.Cornell hotel and Restaurant Administration. Quarterly 43(4):5-7\r\n[12] Lopez-Quintero C, Freeman P, and Neumark Y. (2009).Hand Washing Among School Children in Bogota, Colombia. American Journal of Public Health. 99(1): 94-101.\r\n[13] Lucas, A. O. and Gills, H. M. (2003).Short textbook of Public Health medicine.Bookpower, India, pp 61-83.\r\n[14] Mohapatra, P. K. (2008) Textbook of Environmental Microbiology, I. K. International Publishing House Pvt. LTD., New delhi. Pp. 174-175, 223-261.\r\n[15] Moronkola, O. A. and Okalawon, F.A. (2003). Fundamentals of public Health Education. Royal People Nig. Ltd., Ibadan. Pp. 102-109.\r\n[16] NDDC (2006).Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan; Final Report, Waste Management Sector, Abuja-Nigeria. (pp 64 &#8211; 65).\r\n[17] Nicki, R. C., Brain, R. W. and Stout, H. R. (2010). Davidson\u2019s Principles and Practices of Medicine. Churchill livingstone, Toronto, pp. 125-131.\r\n[18] NPC (2016). National Population Commission \u2013 Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 2016\r\n[19] NPC (2006). National Population Commission \u2013 Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 2006\r\n[20] Nwaogazie, I.L. (2006). Water supply for all who cares. An Inaugural Lecture Series No. 52,july 27, 2006,University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[21] Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. (2018). Assessment of Health Implications of Restaurant Foods in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt.\r\n[22] Onwuka, G (2005). Food Analysis and Instrumentation. Napthali Press. Lagos. Pp 6- 22.\r\n[23] Oyegun, C.U. And Akpoghomeh, O.S. (2009). The challenges of Environmental and Economic Development of Nigeria\u2019s Coastal Belt: Port Harcourt. Journal of Social Sciences. A publication of the faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1(2) July.\r\n[24] Oyegun, C.U. And Arokoyu, S.B. (2003). \u201cEnvironmental Degradation, Resource Alienation and Peasant Activities in the Eleme Local Government Area of Rivers State. Nigeria.\u201d J. Geogrop. Environ. Technol, (JOGET), 5(1).\r\n[25] Poronakie, N.B. Charles, V. O. and Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. (2018): Environmental Laws and Enforcement in Nigeria. Environmental Management Association of Nigeria (EMAN) 2018 Annual Conference. Book of Proceedings. Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n[26] Poronakie, N.B. (2015). Spatial Variations of Poverty and Inequality in Ogoni Land, Rivers State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt Choba, Port Harcourt.\r\n[27] Poronakie, N.B. and Arokoyu, S.B. (2015).Quality Education and the Challenge of Poverty and Inequality Reduction in the Space &#8211; economy of Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology 2(3) 102 \u2013 109.\r\n[28] Poronakie, N.B. and Arokoyu, S.B. (2014). Health Facility Variability as determinant of Spatial Poverty in Ogoni Land. Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Conference of the Faculty of Social Science, IAUE, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, 14th &#8211; 17th September, 2014.\r\n[29] Sunday, E.O. (2001).Fundamental principles of Healthy Living. Afranedoh (Nig.), Ltd., Calabar, pp, 70-71.\r\n[30] Tamuno, T.T. (2008). The Geographical Niger Delta (GND), Proceedings of the International Conference on the Nigerian State, Oil Industry and the Niger Delta, March 11-13, 2008. Port Harcourt, Havey Publications Company.\r\n[31] Wardlaw, G. M. and Kessel, M. W. (2002).Perspective in Nutrition. (5th edition) McGraw-Hill, Toronto.p.823.\r\n[32] WHO. (2009). Application of the WHO key of safer food to improve food handling practices of food vendors in Poor resource community in Ghana. Int j. envron.pers.public2009\/Nove.,6(11):2833 \u2013 44.\r\n[33] WHO. (2007). World Health Organization. World Health Statistics, Geneva. 2007.\r\n[34] World Bank (1995).Defining an Environmental Development Strategy for the Niger Delta (2). Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. &amp; Poronakie, N.B. PhD, , &#8220;Susceptibility of Restaurant Foods Contamination in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.01-15 May 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/01-15.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/01-15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/susceptibility-of-restaurant-foods-contamination-in-obio-akpor-local-government-area-of-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Susceptibility of Restaurant Foods Contamination in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e8e0c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93e8e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e8f7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e8f7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e91ba\" data-id=\"93e91ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e9356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e9356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e9450 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e9450\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e9635\" data-id=\"93e9635\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e97c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e97c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e9893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e9893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e9a5e\" data-id=\"93e9a5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e9be8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e9be8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e9cb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e9cb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e9e77\" data-id=\"93e9e77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ea030 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ea030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ea0fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ea0fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ea314\" data-id=\"93ea314\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ea4b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ea4b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of an Android Based Intelligent Service Delivery Mobile System<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu1, Ugwu Edith Angela, Mbah David Luchi, &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 16-21<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ea586 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ea586\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ea7cd\" data-id=\"93ea7cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ea979 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93ea979\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper presents the development of an android based intelligent demand service delivery mobile system. The aim is to provide a system which incorporates various domestic home service professionals into a single platform and intelligently monitor their behaviors when services are requested. This will be achieved by developing an intelligent algorithm which monitors service request using time control function and then send feedback to the request user of the service professional behavior which includes request acceptance notification, rejection notification (i.e if the request is ignored or rejected). With this system, the service request person will never be disappointed or kept stranded. The system will be developed using necessary universal modeling diagrams, process models, data model and implemented with android studio as a mobile application system. The system was tested and the result showed that when service request was accepted, the user received notification of the request acceptance, and in another case where service was rejected or ignored the request user received notification within 60 sec of service request.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 16-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ugwu Edith Angela<\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mbah David Luchi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ponsignon F., P.A. Smart and R.S. Maul (2010) l\u201d Service delivery system design: characteristics and contingencies Centre for International Service Research (ISR), University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK\r\n[2] Hwang, T., Park, H. and Chung J. W. (2016).Design and implementation of the home service delivery and management system based on OSGi service platform. In International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2016. ICCE &#8217;06., pp.189-190, 7-11 Jan. 2016.\r\n[3] Karwan, K.R. and Markland, R.E. (2006), \u201cIntegrating service design principles and information technology to improve delivery and productivity in public sector operations: the case of the South Carolina DMV\u201d, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 347-62.\r\n[4] Cardoso, J.; Lopes, R. and Poels, G. (2014), Service Systems: Concepts, Modeling, and Programming, Springer.\r\n[5] In Yinxin and David (2011), presented a work on the modeling of complex global service delivery system. Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference S. Jain, R. R. Creasey, J. Himmelspach, K. P. White, and M. Fu, eds.\r\n[6] Karni and Kaner (2016) An engineering tool for the conceptual design of service systems. In Advances in Service Innovations, edited by Spath and Fahnrich. Springer.\r\n[7] Carmel (2012) worked on improving service delivery system for health care settings. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung South Africa Office 34 Bompas Road, Dunkeld West Johannesburg, South Africa P O Box 412664, Craighall .\r\n[8] Chen, M., Hsu, C. and Lee Y. (2012). Applying quality function development to develop the home delivery service model for specialty foods in traditional market. In Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2012 IEEE International Conference on , 10-13 Dec. 2012.\r\n[9] Huang, Y. and Kuo, Y. (2008).The evaluation of logistics service quality on home delivery service for online auction. In EEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, pp.1343-1348, 12-15 Oct. 2008.\r\n[10] Campbell A.M. and Savelsbergh M. (2015) \u201cIncentive Schemes for Attended Home Delivery Services\u201d Transportation Science Published Online: August 1, 2006 &#8211; Page Range: 327 \u2013 341\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu1, Ugwu Edith Angela, Mbah David Luchi, &#8220;Development of an Android Based Intelligent Service Delivery Mobile System&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.16-21 May 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/16-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/16-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-of-an-android-based-intelligent-service-delivery-mobile-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Development of an Android Based Intelligent Service Delivery Mobile System<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ebd1a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93ebd1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ebe3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ebe3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ec042\" data-id=\"93ec042\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ec1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ec1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ec28b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ec28b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ec46d\" data-id=\"93ec46d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ec5e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ec5e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ec6bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ec6bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ec888\" data-id=\"93ec888\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ec9fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ec9fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ecad0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ecad0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ecc9a\" data-id=\"93ecc9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ece2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ece2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ecf0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ecf0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ed0f3\" data-id=\"93ed0f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ed281 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ed281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Chemistry Laboratory Facilities in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chinda Worokwu &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 22-28<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ed34c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ed34c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ed52c\" data-id=\"93ed52c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ed6cd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93ed6cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study evaluated the availability and utilization of chemistry laboratory facilities of tertiary institutions in Rivers. The design of the study was evaluation survey design involving Chemistry laboratories. The population included heads of schools, heads of the Chemistry subject lecturers for Chemistry courses and chief laboratory technologist. Sample in this study included six Tertiary institutions in Rivers state via purposive sampling is the procedure The instruments for data collection was Laboratory Facilities Inventory(LFI) developed by the research and semester results of students The experts checked for clarity of inventory items, and make necessary corrections that improved the instrument. The instrument was subjected to a test retest method of reliability. The information gotten was used in estimating the reliability index which will yield a coefficient of 0.82 using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The data collected was analyzed using mean standard deviation and Analysis of Variance for Regression .The result of the study shows that some laboratory facilities are available and utilized. The finding further reveals that there is significant influence of laboratory facilities utilization on students\u2019 academic performance as measured in CGPA. Therefore, the study recommends that government should ensure adequate provision of laboratory facilities, schools should source funds from organizations like NGOs to equip the laboratory<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-28\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Chinda Worokwu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, P.M.B, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Brewton, C. C. (2000). Gender equality in science, technology and Mathematics education. Journal of Science Teachers\u2019 Association of Nigeria, 42(2), 37-39.\r\n[2] Chukwuemaka, P. C. (2008). Efficacy of utilization of laboratory resources on the acquisition of science process skills among primary science pupils. Paper presented at the 49thannual Science Teachers\u2019 conference STAN, Nsugbe, August 3-5.\r\n[3] DienyeN.E.&amp; Gbamanja S.P.T. (1990). Science Education Theory and Practices. Port Harcourt: Totan Publisher Limited.\r\n[4] Etiubon, R. U. (2010). Effect of Instructional Strategies and Students\u2019 Variables on their Cognition of World Economic Meltdown. Journal of Science Teachers\u2019 Association of Nigeria, 52, 413-418.\r\n[5] Igwe.I.O. (2003) Principles of Science &amp; Science Teaching in Nigeria (An Introduction). Enugu: Jones Communications Publishers.\r\n[6] Igboabuchi, A. (2010). Biology Laboratory Facilities as a Strategy for Salvaging Dwindling Economy. Journal of Science Teachers\u2019 Association of Nigeria, 42, 251-254.\r\n[7] Ihuarulam, A. I. (2008). Chemistry Teachers\u2019 Perception of Availability and Utilization of Resources for Curriculum Development in Kano State. Published M.Ed. thesis, Universityof Kano, Nigeria.\r\n[8] Ikiroma, B. &amp; Chinda, W.(2013). The Impact of Inquiry, Project and Lecture\/demonstration\r\n[9] Teaching Methods on Senior Secondary Student\u2019s Achievement in separation of Mixtures\r\n[10] Practical Test. Journal of issues in ProfessionalTeacher Education 6 (2): 16-30.\r\n[11] Ikiroma,B , Chinda,W. Bankole, I .S.(2021). Chemistry Laboratory Safety Signs Awareness among Undergraduate Students in Rivers State Journal of Chemistry: Education Research and Practice, 5: 47-54.\r\n[12] Ivowi, U. (1983). Relationship Between Laboratory Facilities and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Anambra State. Journal of Nigeria Educational Research Association, 8, 32-33.\r\n[13] Motswiri, M. (2010). Supporting Chemistry Lecturers in Implementing Formative Assessment inn Investigative Practical work in Botswana. A Thesis for award of PhD degree at University of Twente Enschede .\r\n[14] Maduabum, M. A. (1998). Teaching integrated science effectively. Onitsha: Space Matrix.\r\n[15] Mathew, J. C. (1998). Objectives of laboratory teaching education in Chemistry. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 6, 206-208.\r\n[16] Neji, H.A. Ukwetang, J.O. &amp; Nja, C.O. (2014). Evaluating the Adequacy of Laboratory Facilities on Student\u2019s Academic Performance in Secondary School in Calabar, Nigeria. Journal of Research &amp; method in Education 4, (3), 11-14.\r\n[17] Ndifon, R. &amp; Igwebuike O. (2019) Institutional Academic Culture and Effective Implementation of Educational Technology Curriculum in Tertiary Institution in Cross Rivers State Nigeria.International Journal of Education Learning and development, 7(11): 12-21.\r\n[18] Omari, I. M. (2011). Concept and Methods in Educational Research. A Practical Guide Based On Experience. Dares Salaam: Oxford University Press.\r\n[19] Olajide, S.O., Adebisi, T.A. &amp; Tewagba T.A. (2017) Assessment of Laboratory Resources Teachers\u2019 and Students\u2019 Involvement in Practical\u2019s Activities in Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools in Ogun State Nigeria. Journal of Education and Social Research 7(3) 139-146.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chinda Worokwu &#8220;Evaluation of Chemistry Laboratory Facilities in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.22-28 May 2021\u00a0 URL : https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/22-28.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/22-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-chemistry-laboratory-facilities-in-tertiary-institutions-in-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Evaluation of Chemistry Laboratory Facilities in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ee9da elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93ee9da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93eeaff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93eeaff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93eecfd\" data-id=\"93eecfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93eeea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93eeea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93eef71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93eef71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ef141\" data-id=\"93ef141\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ef2ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ef2ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ef3bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ef3bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ef598\" data-id=\"93ef598\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ef70e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ef70e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ef7d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ef7d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ef9c0\" data-id=\"93ef9c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93efb35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93efb35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ability of moisture absorbing substrate to conserve percolating water<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ampitiyawatta, A.D. &amp; Weerasuriya W. M. I &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 29-31<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93efbf7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93efbf7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93efde6\" data-id=\"93efde6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93eff76 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93eff76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Though water is the most abundant natural resource on the earth, in most occasions, it is limited to agriculture especially in dry spells and dry regions. This is aggravated by higher losses from evaporation as well as percolation. If a method adopts to trap percolating water that would be one of the appropriate alternatives which helps to survive plants during dry climates and increase the water use efficiency. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the possibility of reducing percolation by using moisture absorbing substrate beneath the root zone. Three moisture absorbing substrates i.e sponge, biochar and sawdust were used as treatments and a control experiment was conducted without any water absorbing material. Treatmentswere arranged as Complete Randomized Design with three replicates. Treatments were buried at 20 cm depth as 5 cm layer separated by high gauge polythene. In a 90cm\u00d7180cm plot, 12 chilli (Capsicum annuum) plants were planted as two plants per hole.All recommended agronomic practices were carried out.Soil moisture content was maintained above 50 % allowable depletion level by measuring it dailythroughout the experiment, supplying the deficiency. Days to 50% flowering, plant height at 50% flowering, first harvesting yield, plant biomass and root biomass were measured.There were no significant differences in plant height, days to 50% flowering, plant biomass or root biomass between treatments. It indicates that there was no any moisture stress among treatments. However, there was a significant difference among the treatments in water usage by the crop throughout the duration. The water usage was significantly lower in sponge compare to other treatments. It means sponge material can conserve water at the rate of 992.59 m3\/ha without any effect on the yield. Therefore, a substrate can be used to effectively conserve soil moisture by reducing the percolation and sponge is the best among tested treatments.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 29-31\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6501<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ampitiyawatta, A.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Weerasuriya W. M. I <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2016), Annual Report. p. 02\r\n[2] De Silva &amp;ShanthiC. (2016). Impacts of climate change on water resources in Sri Lanka. 32nd WEDC International Conference on Sustainable Development of water resources, water supply and environmental sanitation, 13-17th November 2006, 502-508\r\n[3] Pu\u00e9rtolas, J., Larsen, E., Davies, W. &amp; Dodd, I. (2017). Applying \u2018drought\u2019 to potted plants by maintaining suboptimal soil moisture improves plant water relations. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(9), 2413-2424\r\n[4] Punyawardena, B.V.R. (2008). Precipitation of Sri Lanka and agro-ecological regions (in Sinhala). Agriculture Press, Sri Lanka\r\n[5] Punyawardena, B.V.R. &amp;Kulasiri, D. (1996). On development and comparative study of two Markov models of rainfall in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Research Report 96\/11, Lincoln University\r\n[6] Singh, R. (2001). Soil Physical Analysis. 2nded. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher,119\r\n[7] Suppiah, R. (1996). Spatial and temporal variations in the relationships between the Southern Oscillation phenomenon and the rainfall of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Climatology,16, 1391\u20131407.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ampitiyawatta, A.D. &amp; Weerasuriya W. M. I, &#8220;Ability of moisture absorbing substrate to conserve percolating water&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.29-31 May 2021\u00a0DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6501 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/29-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ability-of-moisture-absorbing-substrate-to-conserve-percolating-water\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ability of moisture absorbing substrate to conserve percolating water<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f125c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93f125c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f1375 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f1375\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f158c\" data-id=\"93f158c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f172d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f172d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f17f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f17f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f19d4\" data-id=\"93f19d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f1b51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f1b51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f1c13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f1c13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f1de8\" data-id=\"93f1de8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f1f5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f1f5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f201f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f201f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f21f3\" data-id=\"93f21f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f2366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f2426 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f2426\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f25fd\" data-id=\"93f25fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f2771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f2830 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f2830\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f2a21\" data-id=\"93f2a21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2b9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f2b9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of Salmonella typhi from patients in Lagos, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Moro, D.D. Ph.D, Akinsinde, K.A. Ph.D &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 32-37<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93f2c76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93f2c76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f2e66\" data-id=\"93f2e66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2ffc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93f2ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a very sensitive and specific molecular method, in the identification of microorganism. Definitive diagnosis of bacterial pathogens is a major healthcare challenge in developing countries including Nigeria. PCR profiles of Salmonella typhi in Lagos, Nigeria is presented in this study. Bacteriological analysis of stool samples from patient diagnosed clinically for typhoid fever was carried using selective media such as Selenite F (SF), buffered peptone water (BPW) and trypticase soy agar (TSA) which were incubated at 37\u2070C for 18-24 h. After incubation 0.1 ml of sample from each enrichment medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Rappaport Vassiliadis R10 broth which was incubated at 42\u2070Cfor 24 h. One loopful of the RV10 broth was inoculated into selective media:;MacConkey agar (MA), xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD), Salmonella- Shigella agar (SSA) and brilliant green deoxycholate agar (BGDA). Suspected colonies were identified biochemically and kept on nutrient agar slants at 4\u00b0C for further analysis. All the S. typhi isolates produced reproducible and distinguishable profiles from samples and were amplified and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The chromosomal DNAs had molecular weight that ranged between 0.52kbp to 2.9Kbp. Fifty-six(83.3%) of the S. typhi harbored both 0.9kbp and 1.4Kbp molecular weight, 50 (83.3%) had 2.8Kbp, 42 (70%) had 1.8Kbp molecular weight while the isolate with the least molecular weight DNA were 20,(33.3%). All the isolates belong to five distinctive clones. PCR with RAPD was very discriminatory as isolates classified together by other methods were classified into fewer clones.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 32-37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Moro, D.D. Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, Lagos State University, P.M. B. 0001, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinsinde, K.A. Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGenetics Division, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abuobeida AAA, Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Africa Health, 1996; 18(5): 14-15\r\n[2] MoroDD, Okiki PA, Grillo JA and Raheem TY. Concurrent infections of some pathogenic bacteria and parasites in patients diagnosed of gastroenteritis in Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. J. Res. Rev. Sci. 2004; 3:215-221\r\n[3] Ramyil SMZ, Ogundeko TO. Use of stool culture as determinant parameters of enteric fever in adults attending Bigham University teaching hospital Jos, Nigeria. Clinical Med. Res. 2014; 3(2): 31-35\r\n[4] GemechuA,Edemew A, Berhanu K. Comparative study of Widal test against stool culture for typhoid fever suspected cases in southern Ethiopia. Pathology and Laboratory Med. Int. 2017; 9 1-7\r\n[5] Enabulele O, Awunor, SN. Typhoid fever in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria: Another look at theWidal agglutination test as a preferred option in diagnosis. 2016; Nig.Med. J .57 (3):145-149\r\n[6] Von Kalcreuth V, Konings F, Aaby P, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Ali M, Aseffa A et al . The typhoid fever surveillance in Africa Programme (TSAP): Clinical, diagnosis, and epidemiological methodologies. CLIN. Inf. Dis. 2016, 62 (1): S9-S16\r\n[7] Bhutta Z. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever Brit. Med. J., 2006; 333: 78-82\r\n[8] Tanyigna KB., Bello CS., Okeke N., Onwukeme KE. Comparison of blood, bone marrow aspirate, stool and urine cultures in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Nig J. Med. 2001; 10: 21-24\r\n[9] Moro DD, Salu OB, Oluduro OA, Famurewa O, Akinside KA. Theprevalence of bacterial pathogens and parasitic intestinal worms among vendors in Ajegunle, Lagos. J. Bio. Phy. Sci. 2000; 1: 129-134\r\n[10] Agbonlahor MI, DE, Agbahowa MO, Idukpaye O, Agbonlahor, FE, Ekundayo AO, Emele FE, Osund e MI, Omoregbe R, Onyemelukwe NE, Okaa GO. Baseline typhoidal antibody levels in apparently healthy Nigerians. Nig. Quart. J. Hosp. Med. 1997; 7: 242-245\r\n[11] Savariano SJ, Bourgeois AL. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal disease in developed countries. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. 1993; 87:(3): 7-11\r\n[12] Welsh J, McCellard M. Fingerprinting genomes using arbitrary primers. Nucl. Acids Res. 1990; 18: 7213-7217.\r\n[13] Young KA, Power EGM, Dryden MS, Phillips L. RAPD typing of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus hemolyticus. Lett. Appl. Bacteriol. 1994;18: 86-89\r\n[14] Caetano-Anoile G.Amplifying DNA with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers. PCR Methods and Applications 1993; 3: 85-94\r\n[15] Lee KE, Lee Y. DT104 from swine in Korea Isolation of multidrug-resistant Salmonellatyphimurium in Korea. J. Microbiol. 2007; 45(6): 590-592\r\n[16] CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing twenty fifth International Supplement. CLSI document M100-S25 Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute., 2015.\r\n[17] Onile BA, Odugbemi T. Salmonella serotypes in Ilorin. West Afric. J. Med. 1989; 6(1): 7-10\r\n[18] Yan JJ, Ko WC, Chui CH, Tsai SH, Wu HM, Wu JJ. Emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates and rapid spread of plasmid-encoded CMY-2-like cephalosporinase, Taiwan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003; 9:323- 328.\r\n[19] Hilton AC, Banks JG, Penn CW. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of Salmonella strain differentiation and characterization of amplified sequences. Soc. Appl. Bact. 1996; 81: 575 584\r\n[20] Lindsay EA, Lawson AJ, Walker RA, Ward LR, Smith HR, Scott FW, O\u2019Brien J, Fischer IST, Grook PD, Wilson D, Brown DJ, Hardardattir H, Wannet WJB, Tschape H, Threlfall EJ. Role of electronic data exchange in international outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT204b. 2002; 8(7): 732-734.\r\n[21] Mirza S, Kariuki S, Mamun KZ, Beeching J, Hart CA. Analysis of plasmids and chromosomal DNA of multidrug- resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi from Asia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000; 38(4): 1449- 1452.\r\n[22] Tarr PE, Kuppens L, Jones TC, Ivanoff B, Aparin PG, Heymann DL. Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures, potential use in an epidemic in Tajislistan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999; 6 (11): 163-170.\r\n[23] King IFG, Francis NJ, Kingston RE. Native and recombinant polycomb group complexes establish a selective block to template accessibility to repress transcription in vitro. 2002; 22(22): 7919-7928\r\n[24] Bernnet AR, Greenwood D, Tennant C, Banks JG, Betts RP. Rapid and definitive detection of Salmonella in foods by PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26: 437-441.\r\n[25] Kidenya V, Ferson MJ. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in south eastern Sydney, 1992-97. Comm. DIS. Intell. 24(8): 233-236\r\n[26] Khan IU, Sajid, S.,Javad A., Sadiq S, Sha SU, Khan SN, Ulah, K. Comparative disgnosis of typhoid fever by Polymerase chain reaction and widal test in Southern Districts (Bannu, Lakki, Marriot and DL-Khan} of Khyber Pakhthinkhwa, Pakistan. Acta Scientifica Malaysia {ASM}, 2017; 1{2}: 12-15\r\n[27] Centers for Diseases Control and Preventions [CDC], 2016.\r\n[28] Saha, S, Jammoy AM, Andrews JR, Sajib MSI, Yu AT, Baker S, Luby SP, Saha SK. Evaluating PCR-based detection of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in the environment as an enteric fever surveillance tool . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2019;100{1}: 43-48\r\n[29] World Health Organisation {WHO}: Typhoid vaccines: WHO positive paper, March 2018- Recommendations. Vaccines, 2018; pp 153-172.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moro, D.D. Ph.D, Akinsinde, K.A. Ph.D &#8220;Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of Salmonella typhi from patients in Lagos, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.32-37 May 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/32-37.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/32-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-analysis-of-salmonella-typhi-from-patients-in-lagos-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of Salmonella typhi from patients in Lagos, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9400565 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9400565\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9400694 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9400694\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9400893\" data-id=\"9400893\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9400a38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9400a38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9400b03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9400b03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9400cd2\" data-id=\"9400cd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9400e5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9400e5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9400f24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9400f24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94010fb\" data-id=\"94010fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9401273 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9401273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9401337 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9401337\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9401527\" data-id=\"9401527\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94016a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94016a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Calcium and Magnesium on Flowering and Fruiting of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wangoli W. Janeclare, Omami N. Elizabeth, Opile W. Reuben, Ochuodho O. Julius, Oluko S. Patrick &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 38-46<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9401768 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9401768\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9401964\" data-id=\"9401964\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9401aff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9401aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The influence of CaCl2 and Mg on growth, yield, and quality of tomato was investigated in Uasin Gishu (in Chepkoilel) and Bungoma counties, between June-October 2016, and March-July 2017. The experiment was laid out with a randomized complete block design. CaCl2+Mg foliar (1.5% and 2.0%) solutions was applied as foliar sprays in combination with soil application of CaO and NPK fertilizer on three tomato varieties- Cal-J, Riogrande and Nyati. Data were recorded for days to 50% flowering, the highest number flowers per cluster, fruits per plant, yield, fruit weight, fruit firmness, and total soluble solid content of the fruit. The application of CaCl2+Mg at 2% in T12 (30Kg P\/ha+4tons\/ha+2% calcium and magnesium)significantly increased the days to 50%flowering, number of flowers, and the number of fruits per plant. Foliar application of CaCl2 (2.0%) + CaO (4t\/ha) resulted in the minimum number of days to 50% flowering (18.67 in Chepkoilel and 22 in Bungoma), the highest number of flower clusters (Bungoma 51.67 and 52.33 in Chepkoilel), the highest number of flowers (Bungoma 239.67 and Chepkoilel 201.33), highest number of fruits per plant (Bungoma 99.67 and Chepkoilel 96.33), and highest yield (Bungoma 10.55t\/ha and Chepkoilel 9.63t\/ha).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 38-46\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Wangoli W. Janeclare<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDpt. of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omami N. Elizabeth <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDpt. of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Opile W. Reuben <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDpt. of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ochuodho O. Julius <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDpt. of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oluko S. Patrick <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDpt. of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Aghofack-Nguemezi J., G. TsopmbengNoumboand C. NdilleNkumbe (2014) Influence of Calcium and Magnesium Based Fertilizers on Fungal Diseases, Plant Growth Parameters and Fruit Quality of Three Varieties of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum); Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2014), pp9-20\r\n[2] Aloni R (2001) Foliar and axial aspects of vascular differentiation:hypotheses and evidence. J Plant Growth Regul 20:20\u201322\r\n[3] Bangerth F (1973) Investigations upon Ca related physiologicaldisorders. Phytopathol Z 77:20\u201337\r\n[4] Barlow PW, Brain P, Parker JS (2018) Cellular growth in roots of agibberellin-deficient mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) and its wild-type. J Exp Bot 42:339\u2013351\r\n[5] Boss P.K, Bastow RM, Mylne JS, Dean C. 2004. Multiple pathways in the decision to flower: enabling, promoting, and resetting. The Plant Cell 16, S18\u2013S31.\r\n[6] Chapagain, B.P. &amp; Wiesman, Z., 2004. Effect of potassium magnesium chloride in the fertigation solution as partial source of potassium on growth, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato. J. Sci. Hortic. 99, 279-288.\r\n[7] Evans L.T. 1993. Crop evolution, adaptation and yield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[8] Friedman, H., E.E. Goldsmidt and A.H. Halevy, 1989.Involvement of calcium in the photoperiodic flower induction process of Pharbitis nil. Plant Physiol.,89:530-534.\r\n[9] Gillaspy G, Ben-David H, Gruissem W (2016) Fruits: a developmentalperspective. Plant Cell 5:1439\u20131451\r\n[10] Gillermou, Y. and A. Kamga, 2004. Rural organizations in the west-cameroon: Palliative for crisis. Rural Stud., 169: 61-76.\r\n[11] Hao, X. and A.P. Papadopoulos, 2004. Effects of calcium and magnesium on plant growth, biomass partitioning and fruit yield of winter greenhouse tomato. Hort. Sci., 39: 512-515.\r\n[12] Johnstone, A.E. 2008. Phosphate nutripletion of arable crops. P, agriculture and the environment, p. 495\u2013519.\r\n[13] Kinet J-M, Peet MM. 1997. Tomato. In: Wien HC, ed. The physiology of vegetable crops. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 207\u2013258.\r\n[14] Kobayashi, N.I., K. Tanoi and T.M. Nakanishi, 2006.Magnesium localization in shoot apices during flower induction in Pharbitis nil. Can. J. Bot., 84: 1908-1916.\r\n[15] Kuete, M., 2008.Coffee, coffee culture and political life within the western highlands of Cameroon. Cahiers d\u2019Outres Mer., 243: 285-302.\r\n[16] Mohammad Ilyas, Gohar Ayub, Zahid Hussain, Manzoor Ahmad, Baseerat Bibi, Abida Rashid and Luqman(2014)Response of Tomato to Different Levels of Calcium and Magnesium Concentration; World Applied Sciences Journal 31 (9): 1560-1564, 2014\r\n[17] Okalebo J.R., Woomer P.L. and Gathua K.W. (2002) Laboratory Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis: A Working Manual, 2nd Edition, TSBF-CIAT and SACRED Africa, Kenya.\r\n[18] Park, S., N.H. Cheng, J.K. Pittman, K.S. Yoo, J. Park, R.H. Schmidt and K.D. Hirschi, 2005. . Increase calcium levels and prolonged shelf life in tomatoes expressing Arabidopsis H+\/Ca2+ transporters. Plant Physiol., 139: 1194-1196.\r\n[19] Picchioni GA, Watada AE, Conway WS, Whitaker BD, Sams CE(2018) Postharvest calcium infiltration delays membrane lipidcatabolism in apple fruit. J Agric Food Chem 46:2452\u20132457\r\n[20] Plieth C (2019) Plant calcium signaling and monitoring: pros andcons and recent experimental approaches. Protoplasma 218:1\u201323\r\n[21] Saure MC (2015) Calcium translocation to fleshy fruit: its mechanismand endogenous control. Sci Hortic 105:65\u201389\r\n[22] Sjut V, Bangerth F (2019) Induced parthenocarpy\u2014a way ofchanging the levels of endogenous hormones in tomato fruit(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 1. Extractable hormones. PlantGrowth Regul 1:243\u2013251\r\n[23] Sperry WJ, Davis JM, Sanders DC (2016) Soil moisture and cultivarinfluence cracking, blossom-end rot, zippers, and yield of stakedfresh-market tomatoes. HortTechnology 6:21\u201323\r\n[24] Taiz, L. and E. Zeiger, 2006.Plant Physiology. 4th Edn.,Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers, Massachusetts, ISBN-10: 0-87893-856-7.\r\n[25] Uwizeyimana, L., 2009. Destabilization of ancient forms of organization of space hence a new territorial construction in western highlands of Cameroon: coffee cultivation and intensive food crop polyculture. Cahiers d\u2019Outres-Mer, 247:331-344.\r\n[26] Zook, M. N., Rush, J. S. and Kuc, J. C. (1987). A role for Ca2+ in the elicitation of rishitin and lubimin accumulation in potato tuber tissue. Plant Physiology 84: 520-525.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wangoli W. Janeclare, Omami N. Elizabeth, Opile W. Reuben, Ochuodho O. Julius, Oluko S. Patrick, &#8220;Effect of Calcium and Magnesium on Flowering and Fruiting of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.38-46 May 2021\u00a0 URL : https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/38-46.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/38-46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-calcium-and-magnesium-on-flowering-and-fruiting-of-tomato-lycopersicon-esculentum-mill\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Calcium and Magnesium on Flowering and Fruiting of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9402eb9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9402eb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9402fdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9402fdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94031eb\" data-id=\"94031eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940337a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940337a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9403492 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9403492\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9403684\" data-id=\"9403684\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940384e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940384e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9403926 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9403926\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9403af7\" data-id=\"9403af7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9403c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9403c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9403d46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9403d46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9403f2b\" data-id=\"9403f2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94040b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94040b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of graphic organizer and animation on students learning outcomes in Mathematics<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Oginni, O.I. &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 47-51<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940417e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940417e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940435d\" data-id=\"940435d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94044f9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94044f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The study examined the effects of graphic organizer and animation on students learning outcomes in Mathematics. The study employed pretest, post test quasi experimental design. The sample for this study consisted of 227 SSII students using multistage sampling procedure. One local government was randomly selected from the state together with three schools selected randomly with two experimental groups and one control group. Intact classes were used in each of the selected schools. Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) and Mathematics Attitudinal Questionnaire (MAQ) were the instruments used to collect data for the study. The instruments were validated through the assistant of experts and the reliability coefficient of 0.81 and 0.76 were obtained respectively. The data collected was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics, all at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there is significant difference in the learning outcomes of students taught using graphic organizer, animation and conventional strategies. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations were made.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 47-51\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6502<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oginni, O.I. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Ekiti State University, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Delinda V. G. (2007). Teaching Students with LD to Solve Mathematical Word Problems. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40(6), 540-553.\r\n[2] Justice E., Osei K.A and Daniel N. (2015) Factors Influencing Students\u2019 Mathematics Performance in Some Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana. International Journal Of Education Learning and Development 3 (3) .68-74\r\n[3] Kumar, M. &amp;Rizwaan, M. (2013). Impact of Teaching through Concept mapping on Achievement in Social Studies\u2019 Components. International Indexed &amp; Refereed Research Journal. 4(46). 54-57.\r\n[4] Owolabi J, and Adaramati, T.F.(2015) Effects of Graphic Organiser on Students\u2019 Achievement in Algebraic Word ProblemsJournal of Education and Practice 6 (5) 39-44\r\n[5] Owolabi, O.T. and Oginni, O.I. (2014). Effectiveness of animation and multimedia teaching on students\u2019 performance in science subjects. British Journal of Education, Society &amp;Behavioural Science. 4 (2) 201-210.\r\n[6] Stowe, M. (2015) Graphic Organizers: Guiding Principles and Effective Practices. Training &amp; Technical Assistance Center, Williamsburg.\r\n[7] Taylor M, Pountney D and Malabar I. (2007) Animation as an aid for the teaching of mathematical concepts, Journal of Further and Higher Education 31(3):249-261\r\n[8] V\u00e9gh L, and Stoffov\u00e1, V. (2017) Algorithm Animations for Teaching and Learning the Main Ideas of Basic Sortings. Informatics in Education, 16 (1) 121-140.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oginni, O.I., &#8220;Effects of graphic organizer and animation on students learning outcomes in Mathematics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.47-51 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6502<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/47-51.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-graphic-organizer-and-animation-on-students-learning-outcomes-in-mathematics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of graphic organizer and animation on students learning outcomes in Mathematics<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405803 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9405803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9405924 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9405924\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9405b1a\" data-id=\"9405b1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9405cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9405d84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9405d84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9405f60\" data-id=\"9405f60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94060da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94060da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940619d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940619d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9406373\" data-id=\"9406373\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94064ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94064ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94065aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94065aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940677e\" data-id=\"940677e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94068f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94068f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94069b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94069b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9406b82\" data-id=\"9406b82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9406cf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9406cf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9406db6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9406db6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9406fa9\" data-id=\"9406fa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940712a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940712a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of the Quality and Antimicrobial Activities of Honey Obtained From Different Sources in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gosomji Andrew Dewan, Bwede Davou Danbok, Benson Matthew Lassa, Gola Shipi Sokdima and Guyit Kevin Kyolbok &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 52-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94071f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94071f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94073f0\" data-id=\"94073f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9407587 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9407587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Technical, Vocational Education and Training (TVET) could be a veritable instrument for national economic development in Nigeria. The growing awareness of the need to adapt TVET to meet the rapid global economic requirement is absolutely essential. Thus, TVET is a mechanism that could help for improving the quality of workforce by humanizing their mobility, adaptability and productivity. TVET indirectly could contributes to the enhancement of firms\u2019 competitiveness in the globalized world. This is so because one of the most important features of TVET is its orientation towards the world of work and the emphasis of its curriculum on the acquisition of employable skills. Unfortunately, it is sadly to note that, after many years of existence of Nigeria as nation is seriously threatened with unemployment, poverty, social and economic instability, insecurity, corruption, insurgents, banditry, underdevelopment and unscrupulous leadership amongst others. Nigeria will continually remain a technologically backward and dependent nation if this negative attitudes and ugly trends are not reversed. In order to bring lasting solution to these dreadful and horrible situation in Nigeria. It is important that government should focus on acquisition of employable skills for the youths so as to divert there attention from these social vices that have bedevil the nation. Thus, it is absolutely essential to examine the issues, challenges and strategies to strengthen TVET in Nigeria. It was concluded amongst others, that Nigeria government should look inward and recognize the fact that TVET as the bedrock for meaningfully technological growth and national development. It was recommended that the government, stakeholders, policy makers and TVET providers in Nigeria should focus on TVET quality assurance best practices that have worked in advanced countries around the world. Also the government should adequately fund, plan, implement, and manage TVET programmes in technical institutions in Nigeria. Finally there should be a synergy between the schools-industry linkages where students are trained, mustbe a replica of the environment in which he\/she must subsequently work.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 52-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gosomji Andrew Dewan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, FCE Pankshin, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Bwede Davou Danbok<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Basic Sciences, Plateau State College of Health Technology Zawan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Benson Matthew Lassa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biochemistry, Plateau State University Bokkos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gola Shipi Sokdima<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy, Plateau State College of Health Technology Zawan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Guyit Kevin Kyolbok<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Agunbiade, O. S., Ojezele, O. M., Ojezele, J. O., &amp; Ajayi, A. Y. (2012). Hypoglycaemic activity of Commelina africana and Ageratum conyzoides in relation to their mineral composition. African health sciences, 12(2), 198-203.\r\n[2] Ahmed M, Sahile S, Subramanian C. (2014). Evaluation of antibacterial potential of Honey against some common human pathogens in North Gondar zone of Ethiopia. Int J Pure Appl Zool; 2(4):286\u2013295\r\n[3] Al-Habsi, N. A., &amp; Niranjan, K. (2012). Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on antimicrobial activity and quality of Manuka honey. Food chemistry, 135(3), 1448-1454.\r\n[4] Alvarez, L. M. (2011). Honey proteins and their interaction with polyphenols.\r\n[5] Alvarez-Suarez, J. M., Tulipani, S., D\u00edaz, D., Estevez, Y., Romandini, S., Giampieri, F. &amp; Battino, M. (2010). Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of several monofloral Cuban honeys and their correlation with color, polyphenol content and other chemical compounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(8-9), 2490-2499.\r\n[6] Amri, A., &amp; Ladjama, A. (2013). Physicochemical characterization of some multifloral honeys from honeybees Apis mellifera collected in the Algerian northeast. African Journal of Food Science, 7(7), 168-173.\r\n[7] Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (2009). Official methods of analysis (Vol. 222). Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.\r\n[8] Azevedo, A. M., Martins, V. C., Prazeres, D. M., Vojinovic, V., Cabral, J. M., &amp; Fonseca, L. P. (2003). Horseradish peroxidase: a valuable tool in biotechnology. Biotechnology annual review, 9(3), 1387-2656.\r\n[9] Baltru\u0161aityt\u0117, V., Venskutonis, P. R., &amp; \u010ceksteryt\u0117, V. (2007). Antibacterial activity of honey and beebread of different origin against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 45(2), 201-208.\r\n[10] Codex Alimentarius (2001). Draft revised standard for honey (at step 10 of the codex procedure). Codex Alimentarius commission, F.A.O, Rome, Alinorm, 25, 19-26.\r\n[11] Doner, L. W. (1997). Rapid purification of commercial gellan gum to highly soluble and gellable monovalent cation salts. Carbohydrate polymers, 32(3-4), 245-247.\r\n[12] Durrani, A. M., Srivastava, P. K., &amp; Verma, S. (2011). Development and quality evaluation of honey based carrot candy. Journal of food science and technology, 48(4), 502-505.\r\n[13] Eleazu, C. O., Oti, E., Eleazu, K. C., &amp; Obi, V. (2012). Nutrient composition, polyphenolic contents and free radical scavenging activities of five honey samples from NRCRI, Umudike and different locations in south eastern Nigeria. Afr J Food Sci Technol, 3(7), 160-167.\r\n[14] Escuredo, O., Dobre, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., &amp; Seijo, M. C. (2014). Contribution of botanical origin and sugar composition of honeys on the crystallization phenomenon. Food chemistry, 149, 84-90.\r\n[15] Ezema, C. (2013). Probiotics in animal production: A review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 5(11), 308-316.\r\n[16] Kacaniova M, Vukovic N, Bobkova A, Fikselova M, Rovna K, Hascik P. (2011). Antimicrobial and antiradical activity of Slovakian honeydew honey samples. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci; 1(3):354\u2013360.\r\n[17] Khalil, M. I., Sulaiman, S. A. &amp; Boukraa, L. (2010). Antioxidant properties of honey and its role in preventing health disorder. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 3(1).\r\n[18] Nombr\u00e9, I., Schweitzer, P., Boussim, J. I., &amp; Rasolodimby, J. M. (2010). Impacts of storage conditions on physicochemical characteristics of honey samples from Burkina Faso. African Journal of Food Science, 4(7), 458-463.\r\n[19] Nyau, V., Mwanza, E. P., &amp; Moonga, H. B. (2013). Physico-chemical qualities of honey harvested from different beehive types in Zambia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, nutrition and development, 13(2).\r\n[20] Snowdon, J. A. &amp; Cliver, D. O. (1996). Microorganisms in honey. International journal of food microbiology, 31(1-3), 1-26.\r\n[21] Vanhanen, L. P., Emmertz, A. &amp; Savage, G. P. (2011). Mineral analysis of mono-floral New Zealand honey. Food Chemistry, 128(1), 236-240.\r\n[22] Viuda\u2010Martos, M., Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010L\u00f3pez, J. &amp; P\u00e9rez\u2010\u00c1lvarez, J. A. (2010). Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: a review. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 9(6), 635-654.\r\n[23] Zainol, M. I, Yusoff, K. M, and Yusof, M. Y. M. (2013). Antibacterial activity of selected Malaysian honey. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13: 129. DOI: 10.1186\/1472-6882-13-129\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gosomji Andrew Dewan, Bwede Davou Danbok, Benson Matthew Lassa, Gola Shipi Sokdima and Guyit Kevin Kyolbok , &#8220;Evaluation of the Quality and Antimicrobial Activities of Honey Obtained From Different Sources in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.52-56 May 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/52-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/52-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-the-quality-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-honey-obtained-from-different-sources-in-southern-kaduna-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Evaluation of the Quality and Antimicrobial Activities of Honey Obtained From Different Sources in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9408f95 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9408f95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94090bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94090bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94092d4\" data-id=\"94092d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9409470 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9409470\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940953f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940953f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9409726\" data-id=\"9409726\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94098a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94098a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940996e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940996e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9409bbf\" data-id=\"9409bbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9409ddf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9409ddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9409ee4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9409ee4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940a134\" data-id=\"940a134\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940a322 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940a322\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940a409 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940a409\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940a66a\" data-id=\"940a66a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940a81f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940a81f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Antiplasmodial Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract of a Nigerian Medicinal Apocynaceae Plant<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chidiebere A. Otuu, Rose N. N. Obiezue, Chris I. Okoye, Innocent C. J. Omalu, Innocent C. Ekuma, Ada Q. A. Otuu, Samuel S.Eke, Emmanuel. O. Udeh, Suleiman C. Hassan, Hadijah U. Yamman and Fabian C. Okafor &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 57-61<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940a901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940a901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940ab5f\" data-id=\"940ab5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940ad3e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"940ad3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The increasing resistance of the malaria parasite to currently used antimalarial medicines has intensified the research for new novel antimalarial drug leads from natural sources. This study was carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial potential, phytochemical composition and toxicity status of aqueous root extract of Alstoniaboonei (Apocynaceae), a medicinal plant used in treating malariain Nigeria and other African countries. The extract showed substantial dose dependent antiplasmodial activity as indicated by the, suppressive (40.18%, 55.72% and 61.55% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights), prophylactic (51.39%, 65.27% and 68.35% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights), and curative (48.63%, 59.59% and 60.88% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) effects on Plasmodium berghei infected albino mice. The antiplasmodial activity was significantly different compared to the negative control at P &lt; 0.05.Chemical compounds obtained from the phytochemical evaluation of the extract include tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. There were no observed signs of toxicity in all the oral doses tested on albino mice. It was concluded that the extract contains important active antimalarial compounds that are not toxic and should be further investigated for antimalarial drug development<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-61\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6503<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chidiebere A. Otuu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nParasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rose N. N. Obiezue<\/strong><\/span>\r\nParasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chris I. Okoye <\/strong><\/span>\r\nParasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Innocent C. J. Omalu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Animal Biology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ada Q. A. Otuu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Yaba, Lagos State.\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel S.Eke <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biology, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel. O. Udeh <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Integrated Health Programs, Wuse 2, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suleiman C. Hassan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Zoology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hadijah U. Yamman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Animal Biology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fabian C. Okafor <\/strong><\/span>\r\nParasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ojewele, J. A. O. (1984). Studies on the Pharmacology of echitamine, an alkaloid from the stem bark of Alstoniaboonei L. (Apocynaceae). International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 22(3),121-143.\r\n[2] Asuzu, U. and Anaga, A. O. (1991). Pharmacological Screening of the aqueous extract of Alstoniaboonei bark. Fitoterapia, 63(5), 411-417.\r\n[3] Alli, L. A., Adesokan, A. A., Salawu, O. A., Akanyi, M. A. and Tyani, A. Y. (2011). Anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous root extract of Acacianilotica. African Journal of Biochemical Research, 5(7), 214-219.\r\n[4] Ebiloma, G., Amlabu, E., Atanu, F. O., Amlabu, W. and Rhoda, O. A. (2012). Effect of the Aqueous Extracts of Alstoniaboonei on the Haematological Profiles of Mice Experimentally Infected with the Chloroquine-Sensitive Strain of Plasmodium berghei NK-65. Hematologia, 1(1), 11-18.\r\n[5] Idowu, O. A., Soniran, O. T., Ajana, O. and Aworinde, D. O. (2010). Ethnobotanical Survey of Antimalarial oil plants used in Ogun State Southwest, Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4, 55-60.\r\n[6] Babatunde, O. (2017). GC-MS analysis of leaf, stem-bark and root extracts of Alstoniaboonei. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 12(46), 577-581.\r\n[7] Kumar, P., Chandra, S. M., Joel, J., Lipin, D. M. S., Arun, K. T. V. and Thankamani, V. (2011). Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological study of Alstonia (Apocynaceae). A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(8), 1394-1403.\r\n[8] Madhiri, R. and Vijayalakshini, G. (2018). A Review of Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Aspects of the Genus Alstonia. Pharma Tutor, 6(1), 50-55.\r\n[9] Roghini, R. and Vijayalakshmi, K. (2018). Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoid and Minerals in Ethanolic Extract of Citrus Paradisi. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(11), 4859-4864.\r\n[10] Lorke, D. (1983). A new approach to acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology,54, 275-287.\r\n[11] Peters, W. (1967). Rational methods in the search for antimalarial drugs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 61, 400-410.\r\n[12] Peters, W. (1965). Drug resistance in Plasmodium berghei. Vincke and Lips, 1948; 1. Chloroquine resistance. Experimental Parasitology,17, 80-89.\r\n[13] Ryley, J. F. and Peters,W. (1970). The antimalarial activity of some quinolone esters. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol, 84, 209-222.\r\n[14] Opoku, F. and Akoto, O. (2015). Antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Alstoniaboonei extracts. Organic Chemistry Current Research, 4, 137.\r\n[15] Akinmoladun, A. C., Ibukum, E. O., Afor, E., Akinrinlola, B. L., Onibon, T. R., Akinboye, A. O., Obuotor, E. M. and Farombi, E. O. (2007). Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Alstoniaboonei,African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(10), 1197-1201.\r\n[16] Akbar, S., Hanif, U., Ali, J. and Ishtiaq, S. (2014). Pharmacognostic studies of stem, roots, and leaves of MalivaparvifloraL.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(5), 410-415.\r\n[17] Ayoola, G. A., Folawewo, A. D., Adesegun, S. A., Abioro, O. O., Adepoju-Bello, A. A. and Coker, H. A. B. (2008). Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of some plants of Apocynaceae from South West Nigeria. AfricanJournalofPlantScience, 2(9), 124-128.\r\n[18] Edoga, H. O., Okwu, D. E. and Mbaebie, B. O. (2005). Phytochemical Constituents of some Nigerian Medicinal Plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(7), 685-688.\r\n[19] Elisabetsky, E. and Costa-Campus, L. (2006). The alkaloid alstonine: a review of its pharmacological properties. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3(1), 39-48.\r\n[20] Gbadamosi, I. T., Moody, J. O. and Lawal, A. M. (2011). Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of eight ethnobotanicals used as antimalarial remedies in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 44, 2967-2971.\r\n[21] Gosse, B. K. and Bryson, T. A. (1999). Study of triterpenoids from Alstoniaboonei. Societ\u2019e Duest \u2013 Africaine de Chimie, 5(8), 123-128.\r\n[22] Kumar, P., Chandra, S. M., Joel, J., Lipin, D. M. S., Arun, K. T. V. and Thankamani, V. (2011). Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological study of Alstonia (Apocynaceae). A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(8), 1394-1403.\r\n[23] Madhiri, R. and Vijayalakshini, G. (2018). A Review of Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Aspects of the Genus Alstonia. Pharma Tutor, 6(1), 50-55.\r\n[24] Tarkang, P. A., Okalebo, F. A., Ayong, L. S., Agbor, A. G. and Guntai, A. N. (2014). Anti-malarial activity of a polyherbal product (Nefang) during early and established Plasmodium infection in rodent models. Malaria Journal 2014, 13, 456.\r\n[25] Obdoni, B. O. and Ochuko, P. O. (2001). Phytochemical Studies and Comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some Homostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 8b, 203-208.\r\n[26] Bankole, A. E., Adekunle, A. A., Sowemimo, A. A., Umebese., C. E., Abiodun, O. and Gbotosho, G. O. (2016). Phytochemical screening and in vivo antimalarial activity of extracts from three medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Nigeria. Parasitology Research, 115, 299-305.\r\n[27] Bekono, B. D., Ntie-Kang, F., Onguene, P. A., Lifongo, L. L., Sippl, W., Foster, K. and Owono, L. C. O. (2020). The potential of anti-malaria compounds derived from African medicinal plants: a review of pharmacological evaluations from 2013 to 2019. Malaria Journal, 19, 183.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chidiebere A. Otuu, Rose N. N. Obiezue, Chris I. Okoye, Innocent C. J. Omalu, Innocent C. Ekuma, Ada Q. A. Otuu, Samuel S.Eke, Emmanuel. O. Udeh, Suleiman C. Hassan, Hadijah U. Yamman and Fabian C. Okafor, &#8220;Antiplasmodial Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract of a Nigerian Medicinal Apocynaceae Plant&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.57-61 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6503<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/57-61.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/antiplasmodial-potential-and-phytochemical-evaluation-of-aqueous-root-extract-of-a-nigerian-medicinal-apocynaceae-plant\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Antiplasmodial Potential and Phytochemical Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract of a Nigerian Medicinal Apocynaceae Plant<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940c1b0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"940c1b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940c2e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940c2e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940c534\" data-id=\"940c534\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940c6d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940c6d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940c7a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940c7a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940c986\" data-id=\"940c986\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940cafe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940cafe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940cbc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940cbc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940cdab\" data-id=\"940cdab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940cf2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940cf2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940cff3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940cff3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940d1d2\" data-id=\"940d1d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940d346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940d346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940d408 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940d408\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940d5dd\" data-id=\"940d5dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940d74d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940d74d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940d80d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940d80d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940d9fd\" data-id=\"940d9fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940db76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940db76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Agricultural Growth and Macroeconomic Disparities in Nigeria: An ECM Approach<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eche Nwachukwu Austine, Pam Bitrus James, Pam Felix Dung- May 2021 Page No.: 62-68<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940dc49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940dc49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940de2f\" data-id=\"940de2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940dfba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"940dfba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the effect of macroeconomic disparities on agricultural growth in Nigeria between 1985 to 2020. The macroeconomic variables adopted for the study include\u2014exchange rate (EXR, inflation rate(INF), interest rate (INT) and government expenditures (GEX) on agricultural growth. The study utilized Error Correction Model (ECM) in the analysis of the short and long run coefficients. To prevent spurious regression, Augmented \u2013Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip Peron Tests were carried out on each of the variables to determine their level of stationarity. All variables were found to be integrated of order one I(1). Since all variables have unit root at levels, the long run relationship among the variables was tested using Augmented Engle-Granger test. The test showed cointegration. The results of the analyses of short run model showed that macroeconomic variables interest rate, exchange rate exerts significant impact on agricultural growth in both the short run and the long run. Though government expenditures on agriculture was significant in the short run, it was not in the long run. Inflation was not significant in both short and long run. Diagnostic tests such as Normality, autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity tests were carried out on the model output to establish the robustness or otherwise of the models. It was found that the residuals were normally distributed, free from autocorrelation and homoscedastic, lending credence to the robustness of the work and its ability to make correct forecast. The study recommendations that government should devise means of giving soft loans to farmers who may not be able to afford the cost of borrowing in any financial institution.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 62-68\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Eche Nwachukwu Austine<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pam Bitrus James<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pam Felix Dung<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adetoun Olorunshogo (2010) \u201cEffect of Monetary policy on agricultural output in Nigeria\u201dhttp:\/\/www.academia.edu\/1347756\/The_Effect_of_monetary_policy_on_agri cultura _output_in_Nigeria\r\n[2] Adofu I, Abula M, Agama JE (2012). The effects of government budgetary allocation to agricultural output in Nigeria. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research.\r\n[3] Arioriode OR and Ogunbadejo HK (2014). Impact of macroeconomic policy on agricultural growth in Nigeria. IOSR journal of agriculture and veterinary science. Vol 7, issue 11 pp 01-05.\r\n[4] Ekpo, G. R. and Egwaikhidem, J. A. (2004) Interest rate deregulation and investment in Nigeria.Journalof Economics and Management Studies, Vol.2 No.1.\r\n[5] Gujarati and Porter, (2009), Basic Econometrics, McGraw-Hill International Edition, New York\r\n[6] Iganiga BO, Unemhilin DO. The impact of federal government agricultural expenditure on agricultural output in Nigeria. Journal of Economics. 2011;2(2): 78-88.\r\n[7] Oyetade P.O, Sheri D.P and Nor A.A (2016). Macroeconomic factors and Agricultural sector in Nigeria. Procedia social and behavioral science, 219. P 562-570\r\n[8] Ojo and Akanji (1996). Responsiveness of selected agricultural export commodities to exchange rate devaluation in Nigeria: An econometric analysis. Economic and financial review vol 34 (2) pp 511-578. Central Bank of Nigeria\r\n[9] Romer, P. (1986), \u201cIncreasing Returns and Long-Run Growth\u201d, Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 94(5), Pp. 1002-1037.\r\n[10] Rightsman D (1976). An Introduction to Monetary Theory and Policy. Free press\r\n[11] Sunday, B.; Ini-mfon, V.; Glory, E. and Daniel, E. (2012), \u201cAgricultural Productivity and Macro-Economic Variable Fluctuation in Nigeria\u201d, International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 4, No. 8; Pp.114-135.\r\n[12] Schuh G.E (1974). The exchange rate and US agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56(1),1-13.\r\n[13] Solow, Robert (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94\r\n[14] Yaqub, J.O (2010) Exchange Rate Changes and Output Performance in Nigeria: A Sectoral Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 7(5): 12-19\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eche Nwachukwu Austine, Pam Bitrus James, Pam Felix Dung, &#8220;Agricultural Growth and Macroeconomic Disparities in Nigeria: An ECM Approach.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.62-68 May 2021\u00a0DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5503<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/62-68.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/agricultural-growth-and-macroeconomic-disparities-in-nigeria-an-ecm-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Agricultural Growth and Macroeconomic Disparities in Nigeria: An ECM Approach<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940f37a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"940f37a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940f50d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940f50d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940f70d\" data-id=\"940f70d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940f92e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940f92e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940fa01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940fa01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940fbe6\" data-id=\"940fbe6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940fd5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940fd5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-940fe23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"940fe23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940fff5\" data-id=\"940fff5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941016c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941016c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941022c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941022c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94103fd\" data-id=\"94103fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941056e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941056e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941062d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941062d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9410815\" data-id=\"9410815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941098d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941098d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving the Performance of Facial Recognition System Using Artificial Neual Network<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu, Ugwu Edith Angela, Mbah David Luchi- May 2021 Page No.: 69-72<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9410a4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9410a4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9410c37\" data-id=\"9410c37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9410e00 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9410e00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This work presents \u201cimproving the performance of facial recognition system using artificial neural network\u201d. The aim is to develop a more reliable and pr\u00e9cised face recognition system. This will be achieved using the AT&amp;T database as the training dataset, image acquisition, image processing, and artificial neural network. The work will be implemented using image processing toolbox, image acquisition toolbox, statistics and machine learning toolbox and Mathlab. The accuracy was measured using the neural network performance evaluation toolbox and the result achieved is 97.6%.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 69-72\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ugwu Edith Angela<\/strong>\r\nComputer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mbah David Luchi<\/strong>\r\nComputer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Kelly K., (1990) \u201cDesign and implementation of face detection system\u201d; IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Mazchine Intelligence; Volume 1, Issue 2, March-April, 1990, ISSN 091-273.\r\n[2]. Asogwa T.C. (2018),\u201d the application of machine learning for digital recognition of identical twins to support global crime investigation was developed\u201d.\r\n[3]. Andrew Enughwure; (2015)\u201cA Combination Approach to Face Recognition\u201c; IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Volume 1, Issue 4 46(2):235\u2013245.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAC.1986.1104175;Retrieved from ttp:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle\r\n[4]. Tereza T. and Jan R. (2001) \u201cResearched on real time eye blink detection using facial landmarks&#8221;. Center for machine perception; dept. of cybernetics; 21st computer vision winter workshop; Slovenia\r\n[5]. Rowland, Rapha\u00ebl F\u00e9raud, Oliver J. Bernier, Jean-Emmanuel Viallet, and Michel Collobert, (2011) \u201cA Fast and Accurate Face Detector Based on Neural Networks\u201d, IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.23, No.1, pp.42-53,\r\n[6]. Chioma O. Implementation Of Daugman\u2019s Algorithm And Adaptive Noise Filtering Technique For Digital Recognition Of Identical Twin Using Mathlab, 2018\r\n[7]. Lim, Jae S., Two-Dimensional Signal and Image Processing, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1990, p. 548, equations 9.26, 9.27, and 9.29\r\n[8]. Asogwa T.C and Ituma C (2018); the application of iris scan to improve the accuracy of existing face recognition system using computer vision and machine learning\r\n[9]. Mathworks.com\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu, Ugwu Edith Angela, Mbah David Luchi, &#8220;Improving the Performance of Facial Recognition System Using Artificial Neual Network International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.69-72 May 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/69-72.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/69-72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improving-the-performance-of-facial-recognition-system-using-artificial-neual-network\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Improving the Performance of Facial Recognition System Using Artificial Neual Network<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9412119 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9412119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941223f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941223f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941244b\" data-id=\"941244b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94125d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94125d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94126ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94126ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9412877\" data-id=\"9412877\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94129ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94129ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9412abd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9412abd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9412c86\" data-id=\"9412c86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9412df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9412df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9412ecb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9412ecb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9413093\" data-id=\"9413093\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9413211 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9413211\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94132d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94132d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94134af\" data-id=\"94134af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941363b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941363b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of drying methods on proximate and Antinutrients Composition of Cocoa (The obroma cacao) Pod<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adeosun, Y.M. and Oni I.O.- May 2021 Page No.: 73-78<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9413706 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9413706\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94138ed\" data-id=\"94138ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9413a8e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9413a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study evaluated the effect of drying methods on the proximate and antinutritional composition of Cocoa Pod. The cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod that was used for this study was sliced into three different sizes (1\/2,1\/4 and 1\/8) and was dried using three different drying methods (Cabinet dryer at a temperature of 70oC), and the other analyzed fresh. The result was analyzed using standard methods and procedures. Changes in moisture content of the cocoa pod were monitored every 30min the moisture content of the sample became constant. The result shows that the cabinet drying was found to be more effective for moisture removal compared to other drying methods open sun and solar drying (10.811 \u00b1 0.023%), (14.15 \u00b1 0.127%) and (14.295 \u00b1 0.035%). The Ash content of the dried sample for open sun drying range (11.06 \u00b1 0.679%), solar dryer (8.175 \u00b1 0.474%), and cabinet dryer (10.854 \u00b1 0.038%). Crude protein content for the fresh analyzed sample is (11.71 %), open sun drying (10.4 %), solar drying (7.77 %) and cabinet dryer (10.40 %). Crude fibre for fresh sample (2.39 %), solar dryer (58.13 %), open sun dryer (51.93 %) and for cabinet dryer (31.56 %). The result shows that the drying significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the fibre content of the sample. The result of fat content for the fresh sample (4.105 %), solar dryer (2.47 %), open sun drying (2.49 %), and cabinet dryer (4.11 %). The carbohydrate content of cabinet dryer (35.50%), open sun drying (9.94 %), solar dryer (9.31 %) and the fresh sample (4.23 %). The result of antinutritional composition also shows the following; Saponin mg\/g for the fresh analyzed sample is (19.569), open sun drying (6.541), solar drying (9.767), and for cabinet dryer (11.650). Tannin mg\/g for the fresh analyzed sample is (5.055), open sun drying (1.064), solar drying (1.408), and cabinet dryer (4.900). Steroid mg\/g for the fresh analyzed sample is (3.356), open sun drying (2.509), solar drying (2.806), and for cabinet dryer (1.650). flavonoid mg\/g for the fresh analyzed sample is (2.808), open sun drying (1.161), solar drying (1.859), and cabinet dryer (2.900). Terpenoid mg\/g for the fresh analyzed sample is (15.350), open sun drying (6.714), solar drying (11.919), and cabinet dryer (0.235). Alkaloid mg\/g for the fresh analyzed sample is (43.597), open sun drying (21.940), solar drying (28.314), and cabinet dryer (36.700).This finding shows that the increase in the intensity of heat might not significantly destroy the antinutrient composition of dried cocoa(Theobroma cacao) pod as much as spending longer time in the system.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 73-78\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6504<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeosun, Y.M. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oni I.O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adamafio, N.A., Ayombil, F. and Tano-Debrah, K., (2011). Microbial detheobromination of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk. Asian Journal. Biochem., 6(2): 200-207.\r\n[2] Adegbola, A. A. and Omole, T.A. (1973). A simple technique for preparing cocoa discarded beanmeal for use as livestock feed. Nigeria Agricultural Journal., 10(1): 72-81.\r\n[3] Alamu, O.J; Nwaokocha, C.N and Adunola, O. (2010). Design and construction of a domestic passive solar food dryer, Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 71-82.\r\n[4] AOAC (1990) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Washington, D.C.: Association of Official Analytical Chemists\r\n[5] Bankole, S.A., Joda, A.O. and Ashidi J.S. (2005). The use of powder and essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against mold deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of \u2018egusi\u2019 melon seeds. Journal of Basic Microbiology 45(1): 20-30\r\n[6] Bedford, M. (2000). Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets: Implications and strategies to minimise subsequent problems. World Poultry Science Journal, 56: 347-367.\r\n[7] Brooker, D.B.; Bakker-Arkema F.W., and Hall C.W. (1992). Drying and storage of grains and oilseeds. Westport, Conn., U.S.A.: AVI Publishing Co.\r\n[8] Brunner, J.H., 1994. Direct spectrophotometer determination of saponin. Anim. Chem., 34: 1314-1326.\r\n[9] Diamante, L. M., and Munro, P. A. (1993). Mathematical modeling of the thin layer solar drying of sweet potato slices. Solar Energy, 51, 271-276.\r\n[10] Eze, J. and Akubor, I. (2012). Effect of Drying Methods and Storage on the Physicochemical Properties of Okra. Journal Food Process and Technology; 3:177.\r\n[11] Isika, M.A.; Nsa, E.E. and Ozung, P.O. (2012). Replacement value of processed cocoa bean meal for groundnut cake in rations for fryer rabbits. Journal Sustainable Technology, 3(1): 118-127.\r\n[12] Iyayi, E. A.; Olubamiwa, O.; Ayuk, A.; Orowvegodo, S. and Ogunaike E.F. (2001). Utilization of urea treated and untreated cocoa pod-based diets by growing pigs: An on-farm study. Tropiculture, 19(3): 101-104.\r\n[13] King, F. S. and Ann, B. (1992). Nutrition in Developing Countries, 2nd edition. Tropical Development and Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.\r\n[14] Krokida, M.K.; Karathanos, V.T.; Maroulis, Z.B. and Marinos-Kouris D. (2003). Drying kinetics of some vegetables. Journal Food Engineering 59(4):391\u2013403\r\n[15] Kumar, C.; Karim, A.; Joardder, M.U.H. and Miller, G.J. (2012). Modeling heat and mass transfer process during convection drying of fruit. The 4th International Conference on Computational Methods (ICCM2012), Gold Coast, Australia, 25\u201327, November 2012.\r\n[16] Makkar, P.S.H. and V.A. Goodchild, 1996. Quantification of Tannins: A Laboratory Manual. International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria\r\n[17] Mazzafera, P. (2002). Degradation of caffeine by microorganisms and potential use of decaffeinated coffee husk and pulp in animal feeding. Science Agriculture, 9(4): 815-821.\r\n[18] Meisami-asl, E. and Rafiee, S. (2009). Mathematical modeling of kinetics of thin-layer drying of Apples (Golab). Agricultural Engineering International CIGR Journal 6:1\u201310.\r\n[19] Olubamiwa, O. and Akinwale T.O. (2000). Partial placement of maize with cocoa husks meals in layers mash: An on-farm experience. Journal Food Technology African, 5(2): 62-63.\r\n[20] Pandey, H.; Sharma, H.K.; Chauhan, R.C.; Sarkar, B.C. and Bera, M.B. (2010). Experiments in food process engineering. New Delhi: CBS Publisher and Distributors PVT. 139\u201345.\r\n[21] Sofowora, A., 1993. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Edn., Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, ISBN-13: 9782462195, Pages: 289\r\n[22] Yaldiz, O.; Ertekin, C. and Uzun, H. I. (2001). Mathematical modeling of thin-layer solar drying of sultana grapes. Energy 26(5):457\u201365.\r\n[23] Zakaria, H.A.H.; Jalal, M.A.R. and Jabarin, A.S. (2008). Effect of exogenous enzymes on the growth performance of broiler chickens fed regular corn\/soybean-based diets and the economics of enzyme supplementation. Pakistan Journal Nutrition, 7(4): 534-539.\r\n[24] Zakaria, H.A.H.; Jalal, M.A.R. and Jabarin, A.S. (2008). Effect of exogenous enzymes on the growth performance of broiler chickens fed regular corn\/soybean-based diets and the economics of enzyme supplementation. Pakistan Journal Nutrition, 7(4)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adeosun, Y.M. and Oni I.O., &#8220;Effect of drying methods on proximate and Antinutrients Composition of Cocoa (The obroma cacao) Pod&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.73-78 May 2021 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6504<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/73-78.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-drying-methods-on-proximate-and-antinutrients-composition-of-cocoa-theobroma-cacao-pod\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of drying methods on proximate and Antinutrients Composition of Cocoa (The obroma cacao) Pod<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9414d96 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9414d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9414eb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9414eb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94150a2\" data-id=\"94150a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9415254 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9415254\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9415323 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9415323\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94154f5\" data-id=\"94154f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9415680 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9415680\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9415744 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9415744\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941590a\" data-id=\"941590a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9415a8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9415a8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9415b50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9415b50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9415d1f\" data-id=\"9415d1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9415e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9415e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9415f50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9415f50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9416139\" data-id=\"9416139\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94162b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94162b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically Deposited Copper Sulphide Thin Films<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olayiwola Olanike Grace, Akande Ademola, Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni, and Ojumoola Olajesu Theophilus &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 79-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9416370 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9416370\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9416557\" data-id=\"9416557\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94166e4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94166e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Thin films of Copper Sulphide (CuS) were grown on glass substrates by the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique at room temperature (300C). Copper Chloride and Thiourea were used as sources for Copper and Sulphur ions respectively. The optical characterization was done by using a UV- VIS spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 180 nm \u2013 1100 nm. The transmittance of the films was determined directly from the spectrophotometer. Other properties such as absorbance and band gap were calculated. A band gap energy range between 3.00 eV to 3.41 eV was obtained and these results suggest that the films can suitably be used in the fabrication of solar cells.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 79-81\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Olayiwola Olanike Grace<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, P.M.B 22, U.I post office, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akande Ademola<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, P.M.B 22, U.I post office, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, P.M.B 22, U.I post office, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ojumoola Olajesu Theophilus<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, P.M.B 22, U.I post office, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Chopra K.N and Maini K.A, (2010). Thin Films and Their Application in Military and Civil Sectors, Defence Research And Development Organization (DRDO), Monographs\/Special Publication Series, Ministry Of Defense, New Delhi, India.\r\n[2] Thanikaikarasan, S., Mahalingam, T., Soonil, L., Hanjo, L., Velumani, S. and Jin-Koo, R. (2010). Electrosynthesis and studies on cadmium iron sulfide thin films. Journal of Material Science and Engineering, 174: 231-235.\r\n[3] Khallaf, H., Chai, G., Lupan, O., Chow, L., Heinrich, H., Park, L. and Schult, A. (2009). In-situ boron doping of chemical-bath deposited CdS thin films. Journal of Physical Status Solid, 206: 256 \u2013 262.\r\n[4] Shadia, J. and Riyad, N. (2008). Effect of film thickness on the electrical and structural properties of CdS thin films. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5: 1141-1143.\r\n[5] Amanullah, F., Al-Shammari, S. and Al-Dhafiri, A. (2005). Co-activation effect of chlorine on the physical properties of CdS thin films prepared by CBD technique for photovoltaic applications. Journal of Physical Status Solid, 202: 2474-2478.\r\n[6] Ezenwa, I. (2013). Effects of deposition time on the absorbance of chemical bath deposited CuS thin films. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2: 1-4.\r\n[7] Pathan, H.M and Lokhande, C.D., (2004). Deposition of metal chalcogenide thin films by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Bulletinof materials science, 27(2); 15-85.\r\n[8] Deskmukh, S., Kokate, A. and Sathe, D. (2005). Thermal conductivity of BaWO4 single crystal. Material Science Engineering, 122: 206\u2013210.\r\n[9] Abdullah, S. (2007). Preparation and characterization of chlorine doped cadmium sulfide thin films and their applications in solar cells- MSc. thesis, Kings University, Saudi Arabia.\r\n[10] Ohakwere-Eze Michael Chidozie (2015). The Growth and Characterization of Copper Sulphide Thin Film Using CBD (Chemical Bath Deposition) Technique. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 5 (3-4) 181-186.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olayiwola Olanike Grace, Akande Ademola, Aremu Olaosebikan Akanni, and Ojumoola Olajesu Theophilus &#8220;Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically Deposited Copper Sulphide Thin Films&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.79-81 May 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/79-81.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/79-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/synthesis-and-characterization-of-chemically-deposited-copper-sulphide-thin-films\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically Deposited Copper Sulphide Thin Films<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9417ac7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9417ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9417be6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9417be6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9417df0\" data-id=\"9417df0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9417f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9417f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941804d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941804d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941821a\" data-id=\"941821a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941838c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941838c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941845a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941845a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9418623\" data-id=\"9418623\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9418794 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9418794\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9418865 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9418865\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9418a44\" data-id=\"9418a44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9418bb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9418bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of students\u2019 perceptions on the concepts of solar influence and atmospheric fluctuation phenomena for climate change prediction<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Aramide J.O. and Akinnubi R.T. &#8211; May 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 82-87<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9418c8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9418c8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9418e82\" data-id=\"9418e82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9419031 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9419031\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated students\u2019 understanding on the concepts of solar influence and the effects on atmospheric fluctuation phenomena for climate change prediction. This study adopted the descriptive design, 400 students were randomly selected from three tertiary institutions in Ondo West LGA, Ondo State. A validated Questionnaire (Cronbach coefficient was 0.96) were used to collect data for the study. Three research hypotheses and one research question were tested, and data were analyzed using Descriptive statistics and T-test. Having analyzed the data, the major findings reveal that students have a general perception on solar influence on climate change and that the level of atmospheric awareness of climate variability and climate change was significantly high. Also, it was observed that the incorporation of solar radiation as a topic into the school curriculum will improve student\u2019s cognitive ability. It is therefore recommended that the profile and awareness of the atmosphere through appropriate communication channels like publication of articles on climate and solar radiation should be encouraged in schools. Also, there should be availability of weather station with appropriate meteorological instrument to measure elements of climate such as rain gauge for rainfall, wind vane for measuring the direction of wind, maximum thermometer to check the highest temperature and minimum thermometer to check the minimum temperature reached in the atmosphere, barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure and so on.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-87\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aramide J.O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, PMB 520, Ondo 351101, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinnubi R.T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, PMB 520, Ondo 351101, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Agho, K., Stevens, G., Taylor, M., Barr, M. and Raphael, B. (2010). \u2018Population risk perceptions of global warming in Australia.\u2019 Journal of EnvironmentalResearch. 1(110):756-763.\r\n[2]. Akasofu, S. I. (2009). \u2018Two natural Components of the Recent Climate Change.\u2019Http:\/\/www.people.iarc.vaf.edu\/Sakasafu (Accessed on 11\/10\/2013). (Accessed 6\/09\/2014).\r\n[3]. Aksit, O., McNeal, K. S., Gold, A. U., Libarkin, J. C., &amp; Harris, S. (2018). The influence of instruction, prior knowledge, and values on climate change risk perception among undergraduates. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 55(4), 550\u2013572.\r\n[4]. Aldahan A, Hedfors J, Possnert G, Kulan A, Berggren A-M, So\u00a8derstro\u00a8m C (2008) Atmospheric impact on beryllium isotopes as solar activity proxy. Geophys Res Lett 35:L21812. doi:10.1029\/2008GL035189\r\n[5]. Apata, T.G., Samuel.K.D. and Adeola, A.O. (2009).Analysis of climate change perception among arable food crop farmers in south-west Nigeria. Conference paper presented at International Association of Agricultural Economists 2009, Beijing. China.\r\n[6]. Boykoff M. and Boykoff J. (2007). Climate change and journalistic norms:A case-study of US mass-media coverage Geoforum2007; 38:1190-1204. DOI:10.1016\/j.geoforum.2007.01.008\r\n[7]. Brody,S.D., Zahran,S., Vedlitz,A., &amp;Grover,H. (2008). Examining the relationship between physical vunerability and public perceptions of global climate change in the United States. Environment and behaviour 1(40):72-95\r\n[8]. Brown,C.,Leene,E.,Putman,D.,&amp;Whited,B. (2012).Comparing survey results to assess climate change\/Global warming awareness, perceptions and beliefs of college students in the United States and China. Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. 82\r\n[9]. Baldwin MP, Dunkerton TJ (2001) Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes. Science294:581\u2013584. doi:10.1126\/science.1063315\r\n[10]. Baliunas S, Jastrow R (1990) Evidence for long-term brightness changes of solar-type stars. Nature348:520\u2013523. doi:10.1038\/348520a0\r\n[11]. Barnard L, Lockwood M., Hapgood M. A,, Owens M.J, Davis C.J, Steinhilber F (2011) Predicting space Climatechange.Geophys Res Lett 38:L16103. doi:10.1029\/2011GL048489\r\n[12]. Barriopedro D., Garcia-Herrera R., and Huth R (2008) Solar Modulation of Northern Hemisphere winter blocking.Journal of Geographical Research113:D14118. doi:10.1029\/2008JD009789\r\n[13]. Beer J (2006) Solar variability and climate change. Solar Variability Earth Climatic 76:751\u2013754\r\n[14]. Benestad RE, Schmidt GA (2009) Solar trends and global warming. JournalGeophys Research 114:D14101. doi:10.1029\/2008JD011639\r\n[15]. Berrisford P, Hoskins BJ, Tyrlis E (2007) Blocking and Rossby wave-breaking on the dynamical tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere. Journal Atmospheric Science 64:2881\u20132898. doi:10.1175\/JAS3984.1\r\n[16]. Blaauw M., Heuvelink G.B.M, Mauquoy D., Van der Plicht J., Van Geel B. (2003), A numerical approach to 14Cwiggle-match dating of organic deposits: best fits and confidence intervals. QuatSci Rev 22:1485\u20131500. doi:10.1016\/S0277-3791(03)00086-6\r\n[17]. Broccoli AJ et al (2003) Twentieth-century temperature and precipitation trends in ensemble climatesimulations including natural and anthropogenic forcing. JournalGeophys Research 108(D24):4798. doi:10.1029\/2003JD003812\r\n[18]. Brohan P., Kennedy J.J, Haris I., Tett SFB, Jones, P.D (2006), Uncertainty estimates in regional and globalobserved temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. Journal Geographical Research 111:D12106. doi:10.1029\/2005JD006548\r\n[19]. Bro\u00a8nnimann S, Ewen T, Griesser T, Jenne R (2007) Multidecadal signal of solar variability in the upper troposphere during the 20th century. Space Science Review 125:305\u2013315. doi:10.1007\/s11214-006-9065-2\r\n[20]. Brown, B.H (2008) Short-term changes in global cloud cover and in cosmic radiation. Journal of Atmospheric Solution -TerrPhys\r\n[21]. Chang, C.-H., &amp; Pascua, L. (2016). Singapore students\u2019 misconceptions of climate change. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 25(1), 84\u201396.\r\n[22]. Dawson, V. (2015). Western Australian high school students\u2019 understandings about the socioscientific issue of climate change. International Journal of Science Education, 37(7), 1024\u20131043.\r\n[23]. Li, Y.-Y., &amp; Liu, S.-C. (2021). Examining Taiwanese students\u2019 views on climate change and the teaching of climate change in the context of higher education. Research in Science &amp; Technological Education, 1\u201314.\r\n[24]. Nakayama, M., Taafaki, I., Uakeia, T., Seru, J., McKay, Y., &amp; Lajar, H. (2019). Influence of religion, culture and education on perception of climate change, and its implications. Journal of Disaster Research, 14(9), 1297\u20131302.\r\n[25]. Versprille, A., Zabih, A., Holme, T. A., McKenzie, L., Mahaffy, P., Martin, B., &amp; Towns, M. (2017). Assessing student knowledge of chemistry and climate science concepts associated with climate change: Resources to inform teaching and learning. Journal of Chemical Education, 94(4), 407\u2013417.\r\n[26]. Weber, E. U. (2016). What shapes perceptions of climate change? New research since 2010. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7(1), 125\u2013134.\r\n[27]. Yang, L., Liao, W., Liu, C., Zhang, N., Zhong, S., &amp; Huang, C. (2018). Associations between knowledge of the causes and perceived impacts of climate change: A cross-sectional survey of medical, public health and nursing students in universities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2650.\r\n[28]. Yu, T.-K., Lavallee, J. P., Di Giusto, B., Chang, I.-C., &amp; Yu, T.-Y. (2020). Risk perception and response toward climate change for higher education students in Taiwan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(20), 24749\u201324759.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aramide J.O. and Akinnubi R.T. &#8220;Analysis of students\u2019 perceptions on the concepts of solar influence and atmospheric fluctuation phenomena for climate change prediction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.82-87 May 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/82-87.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/82-87.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-students-perceptions-on-the-concepts-of-solar-influence-and-atmospheric-fluctuation-phenomena-for-climate-change-prediction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of students\u2019 perceptions on the concepts of solar influence and atmospheric fluctuation phenomena for climate change prediction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941a3b0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"941a3b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941a4c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941a4c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941a6b0\" data-id=\"941a6b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941a84a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941a84a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941a915 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941a915\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941aae2\" data-id=\"941aae2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941ac68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941ac68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941ad2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941ad2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941aeef\" data-id=\"941aeef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941b0b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941b0b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941b18a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941b18a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941b384\" data-id=\"941b384\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941b500 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941b500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Geophysical Investigation: a Case Study of Ndiechi in Ohaukwu Local Government Area; Ebonyi State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>U. D. Aluge., A. O. Azi, Olumide Oladapo and C. T. Iriakuma- May 2021 Page No.: 88-90<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941b5c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941b5c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941b7a9\" data-id=\"941b7a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941b938 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"941b938\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Geophysical site investigation for sitting a viable point for ground water exploration was carried out at Ndiechi in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Electrical resistivity approach as a geophysical method was adopted with Schlumberger configuration for depth or vertical electrical sounding to delineate basement weak zone and lithologic depth respectively. Five points were examined using sounding. The least resistive point was further sounded for better vertical resolution and clarity. The curve type encountered in the study is the KH-curve type, which is a good indicative curve for groundwater exploration. The obtained sounding parameter suitably established the overburden depth of 1.5m.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 88-90\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>U. D. Aluge.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Industrial Physics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> A. O. Azi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Physics\/Instrumentation &amp; Control Tech; Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Rivers, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Olumide Oladapo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Petroleum &amp; Gas Processing Engineering Technology, Bonny, Rivers, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> C. T. Iriakuma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Computer Science, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Rivers, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Agbo, G. A., Aluge, U. D., Azi A. O. and Nnabo .P., (2013). Investigation of Flood Prone Areas in Oferekpe Ikwo Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, using Electrical Resistivity method, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),Vol. 4, 2319-7064.\r\n[2] Aizebeokhai,A.P., Alile, O.M, Kayode, J.S. and Okonkwo, F.C. (2010). Geophysical Investigation of Some Flood Prone Areas in Ota, Southwestern Nigeria, American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 5 (4): 216-229.\r\n[3] Ani D. Chinedu1, Arewa J. Ogah (2013). Electrical Resistivity Imaging of Suspected Seepage Channels in an Earthen Dam in Zaria, North-Western Nigeria, Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 3, 145-154.\r\n[4] Criss, R.E., and Champion, D.E., 1984, Magnetic properties of granitic rocks from the southern half of the Idaho batholith&#8211;Influences of hydrothermal alteration and implications for aeromagnetic interpretation: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, no. B8, p. 7061- 7076.\r\n[5] Wightman, W. E., Jalinoos, F., Sirles, P. and Hanna, K. (2003). Application of Geophysical Methods to Highway Related Problems. Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division, Lakewood, CO Publication, Pp. 04-021.\r\n[6] Lawrence, A.O and Ojo T.A (2012), The use of combined geophysical survey methods for groundwater prospecting in a typical basement complex terrain: case study of Ado-Ekiti southwest NigeriaRes. J. Eng. Appl. Sci.362376.\r\n[7] .Utom, A.U, Odoh, B.I. and Okoro, A.U. (2012). Estimation of aquifer transmissivity using Dar Zarrouk parameters derived from surface resistivity measurements: a case history from parts of Enugu town (Nigeria), J. Water Res. (5), Pp. 123-137.\r\n[8] Arulprakasam,V, Sivakumar, R and Gowtham, B. (2011). Determination of hydraulic characteristics using electrical resistivity methods: a case study from Vanur watershed, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu IOSR, J. Appl. Geol. Geophys. (14), Pp. 51-63.\r\n[9] Gabr, A., Murad, A., Baker, K H; Bloushi, H. Arman, S Mahmoud, (2012). The use of seismic refraction and electrical techniques to investigate groundwater aquifer, United Arab Emirates (UAE) Conference Proceedings, Water Resources and Wetlands, 14th \u201316th September, 2014.\r\n[10] Ochuko Anomohanra, (2018). Hydrogeophysical and hydrogeological investigations of groundwater resources in Delta Central, Nigeria, Journal of Taibah University for Science, Volume 9, Pp 57-68.\r\n[11] Telford W.M, Geldart L. P, Sheriff R. E. (1990). Applied Geophysics; Cambridge University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">U. D. Aluge., A. O. Azi, Olumide Oladapo and C. T. Iriakuma &#8220;Geophysical Investigation: a Case Study of Ndiechi in Ohaukwu Local Government Area; Ebonyi State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.88-90 May 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/88-90.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/88-90.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/geophysical-investigation-a-case-study-of-ndiechi-in-ohaukwu-local-government-area-ebonyi-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geophysical Investigation: a Case Study of Ndiechi in Ohaukwu Local Government Area; Ebonyi State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941cc39 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"941cc39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941cd53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941cd53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941cf55\" data-id=\"941cf55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941d0dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941d0dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941d183 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941d183\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941d377\" data-id=\"941d377\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941d4f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941d4f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Juvenile Height Equations for Plantation-Grown Date Palm (<i>Phoenix Dactylifera L.<\/i>)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Saka, M. G., Kenan, T. and Yakubu, M.- May 2021 Page No.: 91-96<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941d5bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941d5bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941d7bc\" data-id=\"941d7bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941d953 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"941d953\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The juvenile height equation was developed forplantation-grown Phoenix dactylifera L. species in Modibbo Adama University of Technology (MAUTECH) Date Palm Plantation. In the four hectare date palm plantation, 15 sample plots of 35 x 35m wererandomly laid in the entire plantation.Ineach of the laid plot, all the standing trees were enumerated, and measurements were carried out on the variable of interest. The collected sampled plots data was divided into two groups for model calibration (70%) and model validation (30%). The measured tree height was fitted as a function of computed Crown Area (CA) and Number of Branch leaves, using stepwise regression method The predictive abilities of the selected juvenile height equation was evaluated, using Coefficient of determination (R2), the bias (\u00ca) and Standard Error of Estimate (SEE). The results on degree of association between the juvenile tree height, crown area and number of branches revealed a strong positive correlation coefficient. The predicted height models were ranked and screened, and the best equations was chosen based on its high coefficient of determination (R2) value of 75.8%, low SEE value of 0.2398. The result on the residual shows no significant difference between the observed and the predicted data (P&gt; 0.05).which is an indication that the model is of good fit.The result of this study reveals that the height equation generated will serve as a reference to determine the future height equation of the Date palm (Phoenix dactilyfera L.) plantation in any area having similar environmental conditions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 91-96\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saka, M. G.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kenan, T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Forestry Technology, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic Kazaure, Jigawa, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Yakubu, M.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Forestry Technology, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic Kazaure, Jigawa, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adame, A., Hynynen, J, Canellas, I. and del R\u0131o, M. 2008. Individual-tree diameter growth model for rebollo oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) coppices. Forest Ecology and Management 255:1011\u20131022.\r\n[2] Adebayo, A. A. and Zemba, A. A. 2020 Climate: Sunshine, Temperature, Evaporation and Relative Humidity, Climate II: In Adebayo, A. A, Tukur, A. L. And Zemba, A. A.A. (2nd Edition) Adamawa State in Maps. Paracelete Publishers. 31 &#8211; 35\r\n[3] Al-Harrasi, A., Rehman, N. U., Hussain, J., Khan, A. L., Al-Rawahi, A., Gilani, S. A., (2014).Nutritional assessment and antioxidant analysis of 22 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) varieties growing in Sultanate ofOman. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 7, S591\u2013S598. doi: 10.1016\/s1995-7645(14)60294-7.\r\n[4] Al-Suhaibani, S. A., Babier, A. S., Kilgour, J. and Blackmore, B. S. (1992). Field tests of the KSU date palm machine. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 51, 179-190.\r\n[5] Al-Suhaibani, S. A., Babaeir, A. S., Kilgour and J., Flynn, J. C. (1988). The design of a date palm service machine. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 40(4), 143-157.\r\n[6] Barreveld, W. H. (1993). Date palm products. FAO Agricultural services bulletin, No. 101, Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.\r\n[7] Bertalanffy, Lv., 1957. Quantitative laws in metabolism and growth. Quart Rev. Biol. 32:217-231. In Rammig, A., Bebi, P. Bugmann, H and Fahse, L., 2007. Adapting a growth equation to model treeregeneration in mountain forests. European Journal of Forestry Research 126:49-57.\r\n[8] Boisvenue, C., Temesgen, H and Marshall, P., 2004. Selecting a small tree height growth model for mixed species stands in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, 202: 301-312.\r\n[9] Chao, C. T. and Krueger R. R. 2007 The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. Hortsci 2007; 42: 1077-1082.\r\n[10] Fernandez, MP and Norero, A, 2006. Relation between length and diameter of Pinus radiate branches. Scandinavian Journal of Forestry Research 21: 124-129.\r\n[11] Fontes, L., Tome, M., Thompson, F., Yeomans, A., Luis, J.S. and Savill, P., 2003. Modelling theDouglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco) site index from site factors in Portugal. Forestry76:491\u2013507.\r\n[12] Geographical Information System Unit, 2015 Department of Geography, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, 2015\r\n[13] Gordon D. N. and Matthew G.E. M.002 M2003 Development of Height-Age\r\na. Models for Estimating Juvenile Height of Coastal Douglas-Fir in British Columbia WJAF 18(3) 2003 207 \u2013 212p 2\r\n[14] Gordon, D. N. 2004 Juvenile Height Models for Lodge pole Pine and Interior spruce:\r\na. Validation of Existing Models and Development of New Models. British Colombia, Ministry of Forest, Forest Science Program.el\r\nb. Hashempour, M. (1999). Dates Treasure, Volume 1: Generalities. Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e- Amozeshe-Keshavarzi (in Farsi).\r\n[15] Hazzouri, K. M., Flowers, J. M., Visser, H. J., Khierallah, H. S., Rosas, U., Pham, G. M., (2015). Whole genome re-sequencing of date palms yields insights into diversification of a fruit tree crop. Nat. Commun. 6:8824. doi: 10.1038\/ncomms9824.http:\/\/www.uaeinteract.com\/ancient\/ar04.html.\r\n[16] Lundqvist-Korf, 1939 In Palahi M., Tome M., Pukkala T., Trasobares A., Montero G., Site index model for Pinus sylvestris in north-east Spain, Forest Ecology and Management 187 (2004) 35\u201347.\r\n[17] Mabvurira D. and Miina J (2002). Individual-tree growth and mortalitymodels for Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) maiden plantations in Zimbabwe.For. Ecol. Manage. 161(1-3): 231-245.\r\n[18] Moore, J.A., L. Zhang, and D. Stuck. 1996. Height\u2013diameter equations for ten tree species in the Inland Northwest. West J. Appl. For. 11:132\u2013137.\r\n[19] Palahi M., Tome M., Pukkala T., Trasobares A., Montero G., 2004. Site index model for Pinus sylvestris in north-east Spain, Forest Ecology and Management. 187 (2004) 35\u201347.\r\n[20] Pretzsch H, Rais A (2016) Wood quality in complex forests versus even-aged onocultures. Review and perspectives. Wood Sci Technol 50:845\u2013880\r\n[21] Rammig, A., Bebi, P. Bugmann, H and Fahse, L., 2007. Adapting a growth equation to model tree regeneration in mountain forests. European Journal of Forestry Research 126:49-57.\r\n[22] Sanchez-Gonzales, M., Tome, M and Montero, G., 2005. Modelling height and diameter growth of dominant cork oak in Spain. Annals of Forest Science 62: 633\u2013643.\r\n[23] Schumacher, F.X., 1939. A new growth curve and its application to timber yield studies. Journal ofForestry 37:819-820.\r\n[24] Soares, P., Tome, M., Skovsgaard, J.P. and Vanclay, J.K., 1995. Evaluating a growth model for forest management using continuous forest inventory data. Forest Ecology and Management 71: 251-266.\r\n[25] Shugart, H.H., 1984. ZA Theory of Forest Dynamics: The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.\r\n[26] Vanclay J.K. (1994): Modelling Forest Growth and Yield. (Application to mixed tropical forests). Wallingford, CAB International: 312.\r\n[27] Van Laar A., Akca A. (2007): Forest Mensuration. 2nd Ed. Dordrecht, Springer: 383.\r\n[28] Wang, Y., Raulier, F. and Ung, C.H., 2005. Evaluation of spatial predictions of site index obtained by parametric and nonparametric methods\u2014A case study of lodgepole pine productivity. Forest Ecologyand Management 214:201\u2013211\r\n[29] Zeide B. (1993): Analysis of growth equations. Forest Science, 39: 594\u2013616.\r\n[30] Zobel B.J., G. Van WYK, and P. Stahl. 1987. Growing exotic forests. Wiley, New York, NY. 508 p.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Saka, M. G., Kenan, T. and Yakubu, M., &#8220;Juvenile Height Equations for Plantation-Grown Date Palm (<i>Phoenix Dactylifera L.<\/i>)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.91-96 May 2021\u00a0 URL :https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/91-96.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/91-96.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/juvenile-height-equations-for-plantation-grown-date-palm-phoenix-dactylifera-l\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juvenile Height Equations for Plantation-Grown Date Palm (<i>Phoenix Dactylifera L.<\/i>)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941ec36 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"941ec36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941ed4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941ed4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941ef4d\" data-id=\"941ef4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941f0d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941f0d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941f1b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941f1b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941f382\" data-id=\"941f382\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941f4fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941f4fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941f5e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941f5e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941f7a9\" data-id=\"941f7a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941f917 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941f917\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941f9ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941f9ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941fbb2\" data-id=\"941fbb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941fd30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941fd30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941fdf6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941fdf6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941ffcc\" data-id=\"941ffcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942014f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942014f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Histomorphological Hepato-teratogenic Effects of Ethanol on the Liver Lobule in Albino Rats (<i>Rattus novegicus<\/i>)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Teresiah W. Musa, Kweri J. Kariuki, Caroline  C. Sigei, Atanas N.Malik, Ann W. Mwangi, Asena S.M, Peris M, Rono W and James K- May 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 97-102<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9420212 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9420212\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9420406\" data-id=\"9420406\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94205b4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94205b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Prenatal exposure to ethanol has been shown to have teratogenic effects to the developing fetal liver. However, the histomorphological effects of ethanol on the structural organization of the fetal liver when exposed at different gestational periods and in varied doses has not been well elucidated.\r\nMethod: A static-group experimental study design was adopted in this study. A sample size of 30 female albino rats dams weighing between 200 to 230gm were used as the animal experimental model. These 30 rats were further grouped into two main groups namely; the Control group (n=3) and the experimental group n=27). The 27 rats were further assigned into three study groups based on the ethanol dosage namely: LEG, MEG and HEG at trimester I, II and III each that received 2g\/kgbwt, 3.5g\/kgbwt and 5g\/kgbwt of ethanol respectively once daily via oral gavage. The control group received food and water ad libitum only. All the rats were humanly sacrificed on their 20th day of gestation. A total of 90 fetuses had their liver harvested, fixed in 10% formaldehydeand processed for histological analysis. The tissue slides were mounted on BP Olympus microscope, viewed under different magnifications and a 32 megapixel digital camera was used to capture liver photomicrographs. \r\nResults: This study established varied histomorphological effects of ethanol on the fetal liver lobule including constriction of the central vein, dilatation of the liver sinusoids and hepatocyte disaggregation among others. In conclusion, ethanol consumption during pregnancy has a wide range of detrimental hepato-teratogenic effects throughout the three gestational periods in dose dependent manner. It is therefore recommended that expectant mothers should avoid ethanol consumption any time during pregnancy. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 97-102\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6505<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teresiah W. Musa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kweri J. Kariuki<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Caroline  C. Sigei<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atanas N.Malik<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ann W. Mwangi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asena S.M<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peris M <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rono W<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James K<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLectures, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of health science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tZelner I, Koren G, Program TM. Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the maternal-fetal unit. 2013;20(3):259\u201365. \r\n[2]\tPerry PJ, Doroudgar S, Van Dyke P. Ethanol forensic toxicology. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2017;45(4):429\u201338. \r\n[3]\tOrnoy A, Ergaz Z. Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women\u202f: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn , Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment. 2010;364\u201379. \r\n[4]\tSingh D, Cho WC, Upadhyay G. Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity and Prevention by Herbal Antioxidants\u202f: An Overview. 2016;6(January):1\u201318. \r\n[5]\tMarek E, Kraft WK. Ethanol Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants. Curr Ther Res &#8211; Clin Exp [Internet]. 2014;76(March):90\u20137. Available from: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.curtheres.2014.09.002\r\n[6]\tManzo-avalos S, Saavedra-molina A. Cellular and Mitochondrial Effects of Alcohol Consumption. 2010;4281\u2013304. \r\n[7]\tNakhoul MR, Seif KE, Haddad N, Haddad GE. Fetal Alcohol Exposure\u202f: The Common Toll Alcoholism &#038; Drug Dependence. 2017;5(1):1\u20137. \r\n[8]\tWeathermon R, Pharm D, Crabb DW. Alcohol and Medication Interactions. \r\n[9]\tPal P, Ray S. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE\u202f: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. 2016;(April):85\u201392. \r\n[10]\tKent W. The Pharmacokinetics Of Alcohol In Healthy Adults. 2012;1\u20138. Available from: http:\/\/www.webmedcentral.com\/article_view\/3291\r\n[11]\tZakhari S, Ph D. Overview\u202f: How Is Alcohol Metabolized by the Body\u202f? 2006;29(4). \r\n[12]\tZeng T, Zhang C, Xiao M, Yang R, Xie K. Critical Roles of Kupffer Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease\u202f: From Basic Science to Clinical Trials. 2016;7(November):1\u201314. \r\n[13]\tSuraweera DB, Weeratunga AN, Hu RW, Pandol SJ, Hu R. Alcoholic hepatitis\u202f: The pivotal role of Kupffer cells. 2015;6(4):90\u20138. \r\n[14]\tPopova S, Mph SL, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm PJ. Estimation of national , regional , and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome\u202f: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2017;(February). \r\n[15]\tWillmore J, Marko TL, Taing D, Sampasa-Kanyinga H. The burden of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality in Ottawa, Canada. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):1\u201319. \r\n[16]\tOrlu EE, Ogbalu OK. Litter Size, Sex Ratio and Some Liver Biomarkers in Sprague-Dawley Rats Recovering From Exposure to Ethanol Extract of Lepidagathis alopecuroides. Curr Res J Biol Sci. 2012;4(5):643\u20138. \r\n[17]\tPritchett KR, Corning BF. Biology and Medicine of Rats. In: Laboratory Animal Medicine and Management. Int Vet Inf Serv. 2004;(August):B2503.0904. \r\n[18]\tSchweinfurth MK. The social life of Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus ). 2020;(April). \r\n[19]\tPalipoch S, Punsawad C. Biochemical and histological study of rat liver and kidney injury induced by cisplatin. J Toxicol Pathol. 2013;26(3):293\u20139. \r\n[20]\tHassan SMA. Ethanol-Induced Hepatic and Renal Histopathological Changes in BALB \/ c mice Ethanol-Induced Hepatic and Renal Histopathological Changes in BALB \/ c mice. 2015;(May). \r\n[21]\tSakhuja P, Ballabh G, Hospital P. Pathology of alcoholic liver disease , can it be differentiated from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\u202f? 2016;(May). \r\n[22]\tSteiner JL, Lang CH. Alcohol, adipose tissue and lipid dysregulation. Biomolecules. 2017;7(1). \r\n[23]\tYang L, Yang C, Thomes PG, Kharbanda KK, Casey CA, McNiven MA, et al. Lipophagy and alcohol-induced fatty liver. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10(MAY):1\u201313. \r\n[24]\tChen Y, Golla S, Garcia-milian R, Thompson DC, Frank J, Vasiliou V, et al. HHS Public Access. 2019;1\u20136. \r\n[25]\tMukherjee S. Alcohol metabolism and generation of free radicals\u202f: A deep insight. :1\u20135.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Teresiah W. Musa, Kweri J. Kariuki, Caroline  C. Sigei, Atanas N.Malik, Ann W. Mwangi, Asena S.M, Peris M, Rono W and James K &#8220;Histomorphological Hepato-teratogenic Effects of Ethanol on the Liver Lobule in Albino Rats (<i>Rattus novegicus<\/i>)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.97-102 May 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6505<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/97-102.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/histomorphological-hepato-teratogenic-effects-of-ethanol-on-the-liver-lobule-in-albino-rats-rattus-novegicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Histomorphological Hepato-teratogenic Effects of Ethanol on the Liver Lobule in Albino Rats (<i>Rattus novegicus<\/i>)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94218bc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94218bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94219ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94219ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9421c07\" data-id=\"9421c07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9421dc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9421dc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9421e95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9421e95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9422094\" data-id=\"9422094\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9422226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9422226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94222f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94222f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94224e2\" data-id=\"94224e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942265c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942265c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9422726 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9422726\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9422924\" data-id=\"9422924\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9422aab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9422aab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Web Browser Forensic Tools: Autopsy, BHE and NetAnalysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Hassan Adamu, Abdullahi Adamu Ahmad, Adamu Hassan, Sa\u2019ad Barau Gambasha &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 103-107<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9422b73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9422b73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9422d7d\" data-id=\"9422d7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9422f27 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9422f27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Information and communication technology (ICT) are becoming an integral part of everyone\u00b4s lives which affects all sectors of human activity. Nowadays, the level of computer crimes rises and it is alarming, for such, digital forensic investigation plays a vital role in tackling computer-related crimes such as cyberbullying, fraud, cyber intrusion, hacking an et cetera. The main goal of digital forensic investigation is to preserve any evidence found in its most original form and to make sure that the evidence is not tempered. Digital forensic investigators use log files to extract, analyse and present a report based on the criminal activities found on the web browsers, such log files include history, cache, download and cookies. This survey paper evaluates the features of the three selected web browsers forensic tools namely; Browser History Examiner, Autopsy and NetAnalysis, and make comparative analysis between them. The findings of the evaluation based on the features of the selected tools shows that Autopsy is the best forensic tool among them. Therefore, in this paper, Autopsy has been recommended fora digital investigator or examiner to use as their forensic tool among others. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 103-107\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6506<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hassan Adamu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBinyaminu Usman Polytechnic, Hadejia, Jigawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullahi Adamu Ahmad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKano Electricity Distribution Company (KEDCO), Kano State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adamu Hassan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAjaokuta Steel Company Limited, Kogi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sa\u2019ad Barau Gambasha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBinyaminu Usman Polytechnic, Hadejia, Jigawa State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tM. R. Jadhav, B. B. Meshram, \u201cWeb Browser Forensics for Detecting User Activities\u201d International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 05 Issue: 07 | July 2018. Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available on: www.irjet.net\r\n[2]\tD. Rathod, \u201cWeb Browser Forensic: Google Chrome\u201d International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, Volume 8, No. 7, July \u2013 August 2017. Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.26483\/ijarcs.v8i7.4433\r\n[3]\tBlaine Stephens, \u201cWhat is Digital Forensics?\u201d, Feb, 5, 2016. Accessed on: March, 27, 2020. [Online]. Available on: https:\/\/interworks.com\/blog\/bstephens\/2016\/02\/05\/what-digital-forensics\r\n[4]\tKent, K. and Grance, T.\u201cGuide to Integrating Forensic Techniques into Incident   Response\u201d, 2006.  Accessed on Feb, 29, 2020. [Online] Available:  http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/nistpubs\/800- 86\/SP800-86.pdf,\r\n[5]\tSwetaMahaju and Travis Atkison. \u201cEvaluation of Firefox Browser Forensics Tools\u201d In Proceedings of ACM SE &#8217;17, Kenne-saw, GA, USA, April 13-15, 2017, 8 pages. Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/3077286.3077310\r\n[6]\tE. Akbal, Futma G. and Ayhan, \u201cDigital Forensic Analyses of Web Browser Records\u201d Journal of Software, Volume 11, Number 7, July 2016, Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available DOI: 10.17706\/jsw.11.7.631-637\r\n[7]\tAmor. L, Thabet S. \u201cForensics Investigation of Web Application Security Attacks\u201d I.J. Computer Network and Information Security. Feb, 2015 Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available DOI: 10.5815\/ijcnis.2015.03.02\r\n[8]\t\u201cBasis Technology Corporation: Autopsy and The Sleuth\u201d, Accessed on: Mar. 14, 2020. [Online] Available http:\/\/www.autopsy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2016\/02\/Autopsy-4.0-EN-optimized.pdf\r\n[9]\tAndrew M., Ibrahim B., Talal A. Ali AK., \u201cPortable Web Browser Forensics -A forensic examination of the privacy benefits of portable web browsers\u201d, International Conference on Computer Systems and Industrial Informatics. 18-20 Dec. 2012. Available DOI: 10.1109\/ICCSII.2012.6454516\r\n[10]\tCraig Wilson \u201cNetAnalysis and Forensic Internet investigations\u201d Forensic Internet history Analysis Software, Accessed on: Mar. 14, 2020. [Online] Available On:https:\/\/www.digital-detective.net\/documents\/NetAnalysis-v1.37-Manual.pdf\r\n[11]\tHassan Adamu,Mansur Alhaji Muhammad, and Sabo Muhammad (2016): Impact of Social Media on Today\u2019s Youth in Jigawa State; International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research. Vol. 03 \u2013 Issues 04, June 2016.  Page 272-279. www.ijaemr.com\r\n[12]\tJunghoon Oh, Seungbong Lee and Sangjin Lee, \u201cAdvanced evidence collection and analysis of web browser activity\u201d The Digital Forensic Research Conference, 2001 USA, , Accessed on: Mar. 17, 2020. [Online] Available  On DOI:10.1016\/j.diin.2011.05.008\r\n[13]\tMandeep Kaur1 ,Navreet Kaur2 , SumanKhurana, \u201cA Literature Review on Cyber Forensic and its Analysis tools\u201d International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016, , Accessed on: Mar. 17, 2020. [Online] Available On:DOI 10.17148\/IJARCCE.2016.5106 23 \r\n[14]\tE. Oriwoh and G. Williams, \u2018\u2018Internet of Things: The argument for smart forensics,\u2019\u2019 in Proc. Handbook Res. Digit. Crime, Cyberspace Secur., Inf. Assurance, 2014, pp. 407\u2013423. \r\n[15]\tH. Parsonage. (Aug. 4, 2013). Computer Forensics Case Assessment and Triage\u2014Some Ideas for Discussion. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/computerforensics.parsonage.co.uk\/triage\/triage.htm \r\n[16]\tS. L. Garfinkel, \u2018\u2018Forensic feature extraction and cross-drive analysis,\u2019\u2019 Digit. Invest., vol. 3, pp. 71\u201381, Sep. 2006. \r\n[17]\tS. Garfinkel, \u2018\u2018Digital media triage with bulk data analysis and bulk_extractor,\u2019\u2019 Comput. Secur., vol. 32, pp. 56\u201372, Feb. 2013. \r\n[18]\tD. Quick and K.-K. R. Choo, \u2018\u2018Big forensic data management in heterogeneous distributed systems in smart cities: Quick analysis of multimedia forensic data,\u2019\u2019 Softw., Pract. Exper., vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1095\u20131109, 2016. \r\n[19]\tD. Quick and K.-K. R. Choo, \u2018\u2018Pervasive social networking forensics: Intelligence and evidence from mobile device extracts,\u2019\u2019 J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 86, pp. 24\u201333, May 2017. \r\n[20]\tS. Garfinkel, R. Farrell, V. Roussev, and G. Dinolt, Bringing science to digital forensics with standardized forensic corpora. DFRWS, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2009. Accessed: Sep. 9, 2013. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/digitalcorpora.org\/corpora\/disk-images\r\n[21]\tHassan Adamu,Abdulkadir A. Shattimahand Musa Aliyu (2016): Role of Information and Communication Technology as a Means of Tackling Corruption in Nigeria; International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology. Vol. 01 \u2013 Issues 05, March 2016 (ISSN 2454-5988), Page 478-480. www.ijirct.org\r\n[22]\tHassan Adamu, Musa Aliyu and Ayangbekun O.J. (2015): Impact of Modern Communication Media; International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology. Vol. 01 \u2013 Issues 02, September 2015 (ISSN 2454-5988), Page 207-211. www.ijirct.org\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hassan Adamu, Abdullahi Adamu Ahmad, Adamu Hassan, Sa\u2019ad Barau Gambasha &#8220;Web Browser Forensic Tools: Autopsy, BHE and NetAnalysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.103-107 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6506<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/103-107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/web-browser-forensic-tools-autopsy-bhe-and-netanalysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Web Browser Forensic Tools: Autopsy, BHE and NetAnalysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94242b7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94242b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94243ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94243ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94245f7\" data-id=\"94245f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9424790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9424790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942485f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942485f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9424a3d\" data-id=\"9424a3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9424c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9424c0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9424ce1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9424ce1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9424eb1\" data-id=\"9424eb1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9425036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9425036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94250fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94250fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94252bf\" data-id=\"94252bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9425442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9425442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9425505 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9425505\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94256e2\" data-id=\"94256e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9425868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9425868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Heart-Health Status Using Machine Learning<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ebenezer Olukunle Oyebode &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 108-110<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942592a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942592a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9425b46\" data-id=\"9425b46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9425ce4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9425ce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Heart disease is one of the killer diseases in the world. Early detection of the disease is one of the ways to salvage affected people. The use of machine learning techniques can be used to offer solution to the detection of heart diseases. In this study the accuracy of prediction of some tools of machine learning has been carried out. The performance evaluation of the three models have been carried out using precision, recall, F1-score and accuracy. The results obtained showed that Logistic regession model out performed others in terms of precision, recall, F1-score and accuracy<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 108-110\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6507<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ebenezer Olukunle Oyebode<\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science Department, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tNandhini, S., Debnath, M., Sharma, A. and   Pushkar 2018.  Heart Disease Prediction using Machine  Learning. International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development  3(10):39-46.\r\n[2]\tGarate-Escamila, A. K., Hassani, A. H.  and Andres, E. 2020. Classification models for heart disease prediction using feature selection and PCA. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 19:1-11. \r\n[3]\tSharma, S. and Parmar, M. 2020.  Heart Diseases Prediction using Deep Learning Neural Network Model.  International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9(3):2244-2248\r\n[4]\tSrivastava, K.  and Choubey, D. K. 2020.  Heart Disease Prediction using Machine Learning and Data  Mining. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 9(1):212-219. \r\n[5]\tAlotaibi, F. S. 2019. Implementation of Machine Learning Model to Predict Heart Failure Disease. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(6):261:268. \r\n[6]\tKavitha, S., Baskaran, K. R. and Sathyavathi, S. 2018. Heart Disease with Risk Prediction using Machine Learning Algorithms. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 7(48):314-317.\r\n[7]\tSuganthi, N. Abinavi, R., Dharshini, S. D. and Haritha, V.  2020. Effective Heart Disease rediction using Distinct Machine Learning Techniques. 7(3): 3383-3388.\r\n[8]\tZriqat, I. A., Altamimi, A. M. and Azzeh, M. 2018. A Comparative Study for Predicting Heart Diseases    Using Data Mining Classification Methods. International Journal of Computer Science and Information    Security 14(12): 868- 879.\r\n[9]\tMezzatesta, S., Torino, C., Meo, P. D., Fiumara, G. and  Vilasi,  A. 2019. A machine learning-based    approach for predicting the outbreak of cardiovascular diseases in patients on dialysis. Computer Methods  and Programs in Biomedicine 177: 9-15.\r\n[10]\tCosta, W. L., Figueiredo, L. S. and Alves, E. T. A.  2019. Application of an Artificial Neural Network for Heart Disease Diagnosis. Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering, Springer, 753-758.\r\n[11]\tMaini, E., Venkateswarlu, B. and Gupta, A. 2018. Applying Machine Learning Algorithms to Develop a Universal Cardiovascular Disease Prediction System. International Conference on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things 627- 632.\r\n[12]\tAlkeshuosh, A. H., Moghadam, M. Z. Al Mansoori, I.and Abdar, M. 2017. Using PSO algorithm for  producing best rules in diagnosis of heart disease. Int. Conf. Comput. Appl. (ICCA)  306-311. Dataset: https:\/\/archive.ics.uci.edu\/ml\/datasets\/Heart+Disease\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ebenezer Olukunle Oyebode &#8220;Heart-Health Status Using Machine Learning&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.108-110 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6507<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/108-110.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/heart-health-status-using-machine-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Heart-Health Status Using Machine Learning<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9427036 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9427036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9427156 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9427156\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9427365\" data-id=\"9427365\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942751b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942751b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94275e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94275e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94277ce\" data-id=\"94277ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9427945 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9427945\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9427a07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9427a07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9427bdf\" data-id=\"9427bdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9427d53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9427d53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9427e23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9427e23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9427fe9\" data-id=\"9427fe9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9428157 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9428157\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9428222 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9428222\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942840a\" data-id=\"942840a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9428586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9428586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Community-based Ecotourism Potential: A Case Study of Sankana Slave Caves in Nadowli-Kaleo District of Upper West Region, Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Cornelius K.A. Pienaah, Bruno Berewono, Danganaa Mahama, Jane Akanzum- May 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 111-116<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942865c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942865c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942884e\" data-id=\"942884e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94289ee elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94289ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A major feature of the Upper West Region is its ancient caves. The caves found in Sankana, Bulenga and Dahili, were places of refuge for the inhabitants who were fleeing the slave raiders. Slave Camps can be found at Pizaga and Dolbizon and Slave market at Kassana and Salaga in the Upper East and Savannah Regions respectively. The study explored on the potential, strategies as well as effects of developing the Sankana Slave Caves as an ecotourism destination in light of the main pillars of sustainable development (economic, social\/cultural, and environmental). The study adopted a mixed method approach. Questionnaires and FGD guides were employed to solicit views from participants. The study revealed that, the community members fully embraced the idea of ecotourism development in the community with emphasis that the slave caves development would serve as tool for poverty alleviation and livelihood enhancement through income generation related activities. Also, there would be an increase in tourists spending due to the direct sell of pottery, calabash art, wood, grass art, leather art, smock weaving, guest homes, food vending as well increase the cultural capital of the community. A three-prong strategy modelled on educative and, entertainment approach, and the use of tour operators were identified as strategies to attract tourists to the site. This study has made contributions to how community ecotourism development can be used as a strategic tool for poverty alleviation as in the case of Sankana slave caves in the Kaleo-Nadowli district in the Upper West Region. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 111-116\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cornelius K.A. Pienaah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Environment and Sustainability Sciences, University for Development Studies, Ghana \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bruno Berewono<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Integrated Development Studies, Department of Social and Development Administration, Simon Diedong Dombo University of Business and Integrated Development Studies, Ghana \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Danganaa Mahama<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Environment and Sustainability Sciences, University for Development Studies, Ghana \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane Akanzumk<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Art and Built Environment, Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University for Science and Technology, Ghana \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAshley, C., D. Rose, and Goodwin (2001). Pro-poor Tourism: Making Tourism Work for the poor. Review of experience. Pro-poor Tourism Report No.1.ODI, IIED, and center for Responsible Tourism, London.\r\n[2]\tBhatt (2006). Tourism should always preserve the culture. (cited in Adams, A.G ,2003, p.15)\r\n[3]\tCobbinah, P. B. (2015). Contextualizing the meaning of ecotourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmp.2015.07.015\r\n[4]\tCoria, J. and Calfucura, E. (2012). \u201cEcotourism and the development of indigenous communities: the good, the bad, and the ugly\u201d, Ecological Economics, Vol. 73, pp. 47-55.\r\n[5]\tDonohoe, H.M. and Needham, R.D. (2006). \u201cEcotourism: the evolving contemporary definition\u201d, Journal of Ecotourism, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 192-210.\r\n[6]\tFleischer, D. I. (2010). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. Tourism Management, 31(4), 556\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2009.07.004\r\n[7]\tGarraway, J. (2009). \u201cEcotourism as a means of community development: the case of the indigenous populations of the Greater Caribbean\u201d, Ara: Revista de Investigation en Turismo, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 11-20.\r\n[8]\tGhana Statistical Service (2012). 2010 population &#038; housing census summary report of final results. Ghana, Accra.\r\n[9]\tGhana Tourism Authority, (2010). Community-based ecotourism and poverty alleviation final report, 1-19, 40-43.\r\n[10]\tGhosh, N, (2000). Variation of culture in tourism. West Texas A&#038;M University\r\n[11]\tGillian Wallace and Andrew Russel (2004). Eco-cultural tourism as a means for the sustainable development of culturally marginal and environmentally sensitive regions; Sage publications; Vol 4(3) 234-254 DOI: 10.1177\/ 1468797604057326\r\n[12]\tIssifu, A. K., Antwi, S., Kwofie, I., Quarshie, G., &#038; Mustapha, H. (2013). Role of parents in promoting girl child education. Project\/long essay submitted to the Department of Community Development, University for Development Studies, Ghana, Wa.\r\n[13]\tLee and Jan (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents\u2019 perceptions of the sustainability Tourism Management, 70 (2019), pp. 368-380\r\n[14]\tNafbek Solomon Kebede and Berhanu Esubalew Bayeh (2017). Alignment of tourism against poverty in Bale eco-region, Dinsho district, Ethiopia. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, VOL. 17, NO. 4, 247\u2013261\r\n[15]\tUNWTO, (2002). Tourism and poverty alleviation. Madrid- UNWTO.\r\n[16]\tWall, (1997). Ecotourism is an agent of change (cited in Stone, M.J, 2002, p.10)\r\n[17]\tWallace, R. (2019). Ecotourism in Asia: How strong branding creates opportunity for local economies and the environment. In R. Hashim, M. H. M. Hanafiah, &#038; M. R. Jamaluddin (Eds.), Positioning and branding tourism destinations for global competitiveness (pp. 192\u2013211). IGI Global.\r\n[18]\tWTO, (1998). Sustainable tourism is making use of tourism resources. New York: CAB International-WTO\r\n[19]\tYesu C. Martinez and Mara R. Banos (2018); Ecotourism as a path to sustainable development in an isolated Magic Town; the study of La Trampa, Mexico.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Cornelius K.A. Pienaah, Bruno Berewono, Danganaa Mahama, Jane Akanzum &#8220;Community-based Ecotourism Potential: A Case Study of Sankana Slave Caves in Nadowli-Kaleo District of Upper West Region, Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.111-116 May 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/111-116.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/111-116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/community-based-ecotourism-potential-a-case-study-of-sankana-slave-caves-in-nadowli-kaleo-district-of-upper-west-region-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Community-based Ecotourism Potential: A Case Study of Sankana Slave Caves in Nadowli-Kaleo District of Upper West Region, Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9429ce7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9429ce7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9429e08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9429e08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9429ff7\" data-id=\"9429ff7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942a18b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942a18b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942a251 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942a251\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942a41a\" data-id=\"942a41a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942a5a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942a5a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942a667 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942a667\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942a831\" data-id=\"942a831\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942a9b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942a9b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942aa75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942aa75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942ac51\" data-id=\"942ac51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942add3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942add3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Measurement of Standard Time for Analysis of Output Standards in the E-Commerce Process<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Andreas Tri Panudju, Umi Marfuah, Mutmainah &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 117-122<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942ae96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942ae96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942b06f\" data-id=\"942b06f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942b207 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"942b207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Standard time is very basic when the company analyze its operating process. It departs from a standard time that is measured correctly, there will be a lot of analysis produced to determine important decisions. PT. XNZ, which is a logistics service provider company in the form of warehouse and distribution, has one business partner who applies an e-commerce system in selling its products. The main process carried out by PT.XNZ in providing services to business partners who implement the e-commerce system is the process in the form of product packaging according to orders placed by end customers through online. One of the obstacles faced by PT XNZ at this time is that the exact standard time for each work station is not yet known, so the analysis related to output standard, worker productivity, and realistic operational targets is potentially unrealistic. This research conducted at PT XNZ in determining the standard time for the outbound e-commerce process. The analysis obtained in the outbound e-commerce process shows the conclusion that the packing workstation which has a standard time of 46.7 seconds \/ box is the bottle neck of the entire outbound process. The current output standard is 76.8 boxes \/ hour. So that this can become the company&#8217;s attention to determine the focus of improvements in order to improve service to business partners. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 117-122\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6508\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6508<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andreas Tri Panudju<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Bangsa University, JL Raya Serang &#8211; Jakarta, KM. 03 No. 1B, Panancangan, Kec. Cipocok Jaya, Kota Serang, Banten, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umi Marfuah<\/strong><\/span>\r\n Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Jl. Cempaka Putih Tengah 27 No.27\/10, RT.7\/RW.7, Cemp. Putih Tim., Jakarta Pusat, 10510, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mutmainah<\/strong><\/span>\r\n Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Jl. Cempaka Putih Tengah 27 No.27\/10, RT.7\/RW.7, Cemp. Putih Tim., Jakarta Pusat, 10510, Indonesia \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S. Maryama, \u201cPenerapan E-Commerce Dalam Meningkatkan Daya Saing Usaha,\u201d Liquidity, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 73\u201379, 2018, doi: 10.32546\/lq.v2i1.132.\r\n[2]\tM. Pradana, \u201cKlasifikasi Bisnis E-Commerce Di Indonesia,\u201d Modus, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 163, 2016, doi: 10.24002\/modus.v27i2.554.\r\n[3]\tL. P. S. Hartanti, \u201cWork Measurement Approach To Determine Standard Time In Assembly Line.,\u201d Int. J. Manag. Appl. Sci., 2016.\r\n[4]\tK. Morshed, N, M. &#038; Palash, S, \u201cAssembly Line Balancing to Improve Productivity Using Work Sharing Method in Apparel Industry.,\u201d Glob. J. Res. Eng.  G Ind. Eng., 2014.\r\n[5]\tN. T. Thomopoulos, Assembly line planning and control. New York: Springer, 2014.\r\n[6]\tA. C. Shettigar, S. Hamritha, and A. Balakrishna, \u201cEfficiency improvement in the assembly line with the application of assembly line balancing method,\u201d Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng., vol. 8, no. 2 Special Issue 3, pp. 848\u2013853, 2019, doi: 10.35940\/ijrte.B1159.0782S319.\r\n[7]\tR. P. Lukodono and S. K. Ulfa, \u201cDetermination of Standard Time in Packaging Processing Using Stopwatch Time Study To Find Output Standard,\u201d J. Eng. Manag. Ind. Syst., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 87\u201394, 2018, doi: 10.21776\/ub.jemis.2017.005.02.5.\r\n[8]\tK. . Kulkarni, P. P., Kshire, S.S. and Chandratre, \u201cProductivity Improvement through Lean Deployment &#038;Work Study Methods.,\u201d Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., 2014.\r\n[9]\tW. Pisuchpen, R. and Chansangar, \u201cModifying Production Line for Productivity Improvement: A Case Study of Vision Lens Factory,\u201d Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2014.\r\n[10]\tChandurkar, \u201cImprove Productivity with Help of Industrial Engineering Techniques.,\u201d Int. J. Text. Eng. Process, 2015.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Andreas Tri Panudju, Umi Marfuah, Mutmainah &#8220;The Measurement of Standard Time for Analysis of Output Standards in the E-Commerce Process&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.117-122 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6508<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/117-122.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-measurement-of-standard-time-for-analysis-of-output-standards-in-the-e-commerce-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Measurement of Standard Time for Analysis of Output Standards in the E-Commerce Process<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942c4e2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"942c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942c605 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942c605\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942c7fb\" data-id=\"942c7fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942c996 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942c996\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942ca61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942ca61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942cc3c\" data-id=\"942cc3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942cdb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942cdb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942ce7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942ce7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942d050\" data-id=\"942d050\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942d1c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942d1c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942d288 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942d288\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942d459\" data-id=\"942d459\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942d5ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942d5ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942d68d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942d68d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942d879\" data-id=\"942d879\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942d9f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942d9f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Index on growing seasonal characteristics: A case study in Batalagoda, Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ampitiyawatta, A.D. &#038; Wimalasiri G.E.M.  &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 123-125<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942dab5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942dab5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942dca2\" data-id=\"942dca2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942de2e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"942de2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Ocean atmospheric phenomenon such as El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (DMI) have an impact on global level climatic patterns and agriculture. The climate and agricultural activities of Sri Lanka, which is a tropical island in the Indian Ocean, mainly depends on the amount and the distribution of rainfall. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of ENSO and DMI on growing seasonal characteristics of Batalagoda, Sri Lanka. The growing seasonal characteristics such as the onset, retreat, length of the season, seasonal rainfall and rainy days were initially assessed using Instat Statistical Programme. Pearson correlation analysis was then performed to check their relationship with oceanic indices. The Multivariate ENSO Index and DMI did not show a significant correlation (p > 0.05) between onset, retreat and length of the season. However, the retreat of the season showed a significant (p < 0.05) relationship with Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Both SOI and MEI showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with the growing seasonal rainfall. Due to some signals of the impact of oceanic indices on the growing seasonal characteristics of Batalagoda, further studies are needed to be carried out throughout the county using the similar approach.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 123-125\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6509<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ampitiyawatta, A.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wimalasiri G.E.M.  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbbas, S. &#038; Mayo, Z.A. (2021). Impact of temperature and rainfall on rice production in Punjab, Pakistan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 1706\u20131728. \r\n[2]\tEsham, M. &#038; Garforth, C. 2013. Agricultural adaptation to climate change: Insights from a farming community in Sri Lanka. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 18:535\u2013549.\r\n[3]\tKurukulasuriya, P. &#038; Ajwad, M.I. (2007). Application of the Ricardian technique to estimate the impact of climate change on smallholder farming in Sri Lanka. Climate Change. 81:39\u201359.\r\n[4]\tLi, C. &#038; Zhao, T. (2019). Seasonal Responses of Precipitation in China to El Ni\u00f1o and Positive Indian Ocean Dipole Modes. Atmosphere. 10(7):372. \r\n[5]\tMalmgren, B.A., Hulugalla, R., Hayashi, Y. &#038; Mikami, T. (2003). Precipitation trends in Sri Lanka since the 1870s and relationships to El Ni\u00f1o\u2013southern oscillation. International Journal of Climatology, 23: 1235\u20131252.\r\n[6]\tPunyawardena, B.V.R. (2008). Precipitation of Sri Lanka and agro-ecological regions. Department of Agriculture Sri Lanka, Agriculture Press, Gannoruwa, Sri Lanka\r\n[7]\tStern, R., Knock, J., Rijks, D. &#038; Dale, I. (2003). INSTAT Climatic Guide: The University of Reading. http:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/ssc\/software\/ instat\/ climatic.pdf  \r\n[8]\tSuppiah, R. (1996). Spatial and temporal variations in the relationships between the southern oscillation phenomenon and the rainfall of Sri Lanka, International Journal of Climatology.16, 1391\u20131407.\r\n[9]\tSuppiah, R. (1997). Extremes of the southern oscillation phenomenon and the rainfall of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Climatology. 17(1), 87\u2013101\r\n[10]\tWang, B., Feng, P., Waters, C., Cleverly, J., Liu, D.L. &#038; Yu, Q. (2020). Quantifying the impacts of pre-occurred ENSO signals on wheat yield variation using machine learning in Australia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.291, 108043.\r\n[11]\tWimalasiri, G.E.M., Ashfold, M.J., Walker, S., Nissanka, S.P. &#038; Karunaratne, A.S. (2017). The Relationship Between Rainfall Characteristics and Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Cultivation in Low Country Dry Zone, Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension. 20(1 &#038; 2):32-44\r\n[12]\tZubair, L. (2002). El Ni\u00f1o \u2013 Southern oscillation influences on rice production in Sri Lanka, International Journal of Climatology, 22, 249\u2013260.\r\n[13]\tZubair, L. &#038; Ropelewski, C.F. (2006). The Strengthening relationship between ENSO and northeast monsoon rainfall over Sri Lanka and Southern India. Journal of Climate, 19, 1567-1575\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ampitiyawatta, A.D. &#038; Wimalasiri G.E.M.  &#8220;Impact of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Index on growing seasonal characteristics: A case study in Batalagoda, Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.123-125 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6509\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/123-125.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-el-nino-southern-oscillation-and-indian-ocean-dipole-index-on-growing-seasonal-characteristics-a-case-study-in-batalagoda-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Index on growing seasonal characteristics: A case study in Batalagoda, Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942f181 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"942f181\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942f2ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942f2ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942f4bd\" data-id=\"942f4bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942f642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942f642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942f707 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942f707\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942f8e6\" data-id=\"942f8e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942fa5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942fa5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942fb30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942fb30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942fcfb\" data-id=\"942fcfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942fe6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942fe6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942ff3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942ff3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9430102\" data-id=\"9430102\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9430271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9430271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9430349 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9430349\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9430527\" data-id=\"9430527\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943069d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943069d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Molecular Dynamics and Adsorption Behaviour of 2, 3- Diaminopyridine and 9, 10-Diaminophenanthrene In Neutral and Protonated Forms<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>K. E. Essien, Okon, O. E, I. O. Ekpenyong, Effiong, James Okon  &#8211; June 2021 Page No.: 126-132<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943077b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943077b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943096c\" data-id=\"943096c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9430b2e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9430b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A computational studies on corrosion inhibition potential of 2,3- Diaminopyridine (DAP) and 9,10-Diaminophenanthrene (DAPN) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) with RHF\/STO-6G* method. Interesting results were obtained as the inhibition properties of these compounds correlated with molecular properties. With the aid of quantum chemical parameters such as EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, ionization energy, electron affinity, global hardness, global softness, global electrophilicity index, back donation and absolute electronegativity, the corrosion inhibition potentials were predicted. It was observed that the predictive corrosion inhibition potential of DAPN molecule is greater than that of DAP molcule. Nitrogen and carbon atoms were the sites of likely electrophilic attack as shown by high negative mulliken charges of these molecules. The binding sites of DAPN and DAP molecules on the surface of metal were further proven by molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 126-132\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 July 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K. E. Essiene <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, P.M.B. 1167, Ikot Akpaden,  Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okon, O. E  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1101, Ikot Osurua, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I. O. Ekpenyong  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1101, Ikot Osurua, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Effiong, James Okon  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1101, Ikot Osurua, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tM. Abdallah, B.H. Asghar, I. Zaafarany, A.S. Fouda, The inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution using some phenolic compounds, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7 (2012) 282\u2013304.\r\n[2]\tK.M. Ismail, Evaluation of cysteine as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for copper in neutral and acidic chloride solutions, Electrochim. Acta. 52 (2007) 7811\u20137819.\r\n[3]\tE.E. Oguzie, Y. Li, F.H. Wang, Effect of surface nanocrystallization on corrosion and corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel: Synergistic effect of methionine and iodide ion, Electrochim. Acta. 52 (2007) 6988\u20136996.\r\n[4]\tI.B. Obot, E.E. Ebenso, M.M. Kabanda, Metronidazole as environmentally safe corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl: experimental and theoretical investigation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 1 (2013) 431\u2013439.\r\n[5]\tJ.-M. ZHAO, J. LI, Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Carbon Steel in Brine Solution Containing H2S and CO2by Novel Gemini Surfactants, Acta Physico-Chimica Sin. 28 (2012) 623\u2013629.\r\n[6]\tM.T. Alhaffar, S.A. Umoren, I.B. Obot, S.A. Ali, M.M. Solomon, Studies of the anticorrosion property of a newly synthesized Green isoxazolidine for API 5L X60 steel in acid environment, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.07.051.\r\n[7]\tK.F. Khaled, Corrosion control of copper in nitric acid solutions using some amino acids\u2013A combined experimental and theoretical study, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 3225\u20133234.\r\n[8]\tI.B. Obot, S.A. Umoren, A.S. Johnson, Sunlight-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using honey and its promising anticorrosion potentials for mild steel in acidic environments, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 4 (2013) 1013\u20131018.\r\n[9]\tJ. Vosta, J. Eliasek, Study on corrosion inhibition from aspect of quantum chemistry, Corros. Sci. 11 (1971) 223\u2013229.\r\n[10]\tI. Lukovits, I. Bak\u00f3, A. Shaban, E. K\u00e1lm\u00e1n, Polynomial model of the inhibition mechanism of thiourea derivatives, Electrochim. Acta. 43 (1998) 131\u2013136.\r\n[11]\tS. Ramachandran, B.-L. Tsai, M. Blanco, H. Chen, Y. Tang, W.A. Goddard, Atomistic simulations of oleic imidazolines bound to ferric clusters, J. Phys. Chem. A. 101 (1997) 83\u201389.\r\n[12]\tA.D. Becke, A new mixing of Hartree\u2013Fock and local density\u2010functional theories, J. Chem. Phys. 98 (1993) 1372\u20131377.\r\n[13]\tH. Wang, X. Wang, H. Wang, L. Wang, A. Liu, DFT study of new bipyrazole derivatives and their potential activity as corrosion inhibitors, J. Mol. Model. 13 (2007) 147\u2013153.\r\n[14]\tO. V Ikpeazu, I.E. Otuokere, K.K. Igwe, Electrostatic Potential-Mapped Electron Density Surface and Conformation Analysis of an Antidepressant, Mirtazapine, Int. J. Pharma Drug Dev. 2 (2017) 9\u201313.\r\n[15]\tM.E. Belghiti, S. Echihi, A. Dafali, Y. Karzazi, M. Bakasse, H. Elalaoui-Elabdallaoui, L.O. Olasunkanmi, E.E. Ebenso, M. Tabyaoui, Computational simulation and statistical analysis on the relationship between corrosion inhibition efficiency and molecular structure of some hydrazine derivatives in phosphoric acid on mild steel surface, Appl. Surf. Sci. 491 (2019) 707\u2013722.\r\n[16]\tI.B. Obot, N.O. Obi-Egbedi, Theoretical study of benzimidazole and its derivatives and their potential activity as corrosion inhibitors, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 657\u2013660.\r\n[17]\tK. Fukui, Role of frontier orbitals in chemical reactions, Science (80-. ). 218 (1982) 747\u2013754.\r\n[18]\tK.F. Khaled, M.A. Amin, Computational and electrochemical investigation for corrosion inhibition of nickel in molar nitric acid by piperidines, J. Appl. Electrochem. 38 (2008) 1609\u20131621.\r\n[19]\tI.B. Obot, N.O. Obi-Egbedi, N.W. Odozi, Acenaphtho [1, 2-b] quinoxaline as a novel corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 923\u2013926.\r\n[20]\tA. Dwivedi, N. Misra, Quantum chemical study of Etodolac (Lodine), Der Pharma Chem. 2 (2010) 58\u201365.\r\n[21]\tG.L. Miessler, D.A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry. Prentice Hall, Up. Saddle River, NJ. (1999).\r\n[22]\tJ.B. Foresman, A. Frisch, Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Methods, 2nd Edn., Pittsburg: Gaussian, (1996).\r\n[23]\tD.C. Ghosh, N. Islam, Whether electronegativity and hardness are manifest two different descriptors of the one and the same fundamental property of atoms\u2014A quest, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 111 (2011) 40\u201351.\r\n[24]\tL.H. Mendoza-Huizar, C.H. Rios-Reyes, Chemical reactivity of Atrazine employing the Fukui function, J. Mex. Chem. Soc. 55 (2011) 142\u2013147.\r\n[25]\tH. Chermette, Chemical reactivity indexes in density functional theory, J. Comput. Chem. 20 (1999) 129\u2013154.\r\n[26]\tR.P. Iczkowski, J.L. Margrave, Electronegativity, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 3547\u20133551.\r\n[27]\tR.S. Mulliken, A new electroaffinity scale; together with data on valence states and on valence ionization potentials and electron affinities, J. Chem. Phys. 2 (1934) 782\u2013793.\r\n[28]\tR.G. Parr, R.G. Pearson, Absolute hardness: companion parameter to absolute electronegativity, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105 (1983) 7512\u20137516.\r\n[29]\tW. Yang, R.G. Parr, Hardness, softness, and the fukui function in the electronic theory of metals and catalysis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82 (1985) 6723\u20136726.\r\n[30]\tR.G. Parr, L. V Szentpaly, S. Liu, Electrophilicity Index. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, (1922).\r\n[31]\tR.G. Pearson, Hard and soft acids and bases, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (1963) 3533\u20133539.\r\n[32]\tB. Gomez, N. V Likhanova, M.A. Dominguez-Aguilar, R. Martinez-Palou, A. Vela, J.L. Gazquez, Quantum chemical study of the inhibitive properties of 2-pyridyl-azoles, J. Phys. Chem. B. 110 (2006) 8928\u20138934.\r\n[33]\tM. \u015eahin, G. Gece, F. Karc\u0131, S. Bilgi\u00e7, Experimental and theoretical study of the effect of some heterocyclic compounds on the corrosion of low carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl medium, J. Appl. Electrochem. 38 (2008) 809\u2013815.\r\n[34]\tM. \u00d6zcan, F. Karada\u011f, I. Dehri, Interfacial behavior of cysteine between mild steel and sulfuric acid as corrosion inhibitor, Acta Physico-Chimica Sin. 24 (2008) 1387\u20131392.\r\n[35]\tI.B. Obot, M.M. Solomon, S.A. Umoren, R. Suleiman, M. Elanany, N.M. Alanazi, A.A. Sorour, Progress in the development of sour corrosion inhibitors: Past, present, and future perspectives, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 79 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.06.046.\r\n[36]\tE. Scrocco, J. Tomasi, Electronic molecular structure, reactivity and intermolecular forces: an euristic interpretation by means of electrostatic molecular potentials, in: Adv. Quantum Chem., Elsevier, 1978: pp. 115\u2013193.\r\n[37]\tF.J. Luque, M. Orozco, P.K. Bhadane, S.R. Gadre, SCRF calculation of the effect of water on the topology of the molecular electrostatic potential, J. Phys. Chem. 97 (1993) 9380\u20139384.\r\n[38]\tP. Udhayakala, Quantum chemical studies on the inhibition potentials of thiophene derivatives for the corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel, J Chem Pharm Res. 7 (2015) 803\u2013810.\r\n[39]\tJ.S. Murray, K. Sen, Molecular electrostatic potentials: concepts and applications, Elsevier, 1996.\r\n[40]\tI. Alkorta, J.J. Perez, Molecular polarization potential maps of the nucleic acid bases, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 57 (1996) 123\u2013135.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K. E. Essien, Okon, O. E, I. O. Ekpenyong, Effiong, James Okon  &#8220;Molecular Dynamics and Adsorption Behaviour of 2, 3- Diaminopyridine and 9, 10-Diaminophenanthrene In Neutral and Protonated Forms&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.126-132 June 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/126-132.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/126-132.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/molecular-dynamics-and-adsorption-behaviour-of-2-3-diaminopyridine-and-9-10-diaminophenanthrene-in-neutral-and-protonated-forms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Molecular Dynamics and Adsorption Behaviour of 2, 3- Diaminopyridine and 9, 10-Diaminophenanthrene In Neutral and Protonated Forms<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9431e4d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9431e4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9431f6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9431f6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9432162\" data-id=\"9432162\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94322fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94322fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94323c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94323c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9432590\" data-id=\"9432590\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9432719 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9432719\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94327de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94327de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94329a3\" data-id=\"94329a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9432b34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9432b34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9432bf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9432bf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9432dbf\" data-id=\"9432dbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9432f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9432f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9433002 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9433002\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94331f1\" data-id=\"94331f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943337a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943337a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates of Imo River Basin\u2019s Aquiferous layers, Southeastern Nigeria Using Empirical Equations Derived from Electrical Resistivity Data<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Blessing C. Ejiogu, Eugene I. Nwosu, Ifeanyi I.C. Agbodike  &#8211; June 2021 Page No.: 133-141<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9433443 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9433443\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9433661\" data-id=\"9433661\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943383c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"943383c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out to determine the equation (model) that fits best to the hydraulic conductivity values measured directly from pumping test data from monitoring wells. Three different electrical resistivity empirical equations were used to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity of Imo river basin, southeastern Nigeria, using surficial geo-sounding data. Two hundred (200) vertical electrical sounding (VES) data were obtained with forty-five (40) available pumping test data that were acquired from monitoring wells within the study area. Similarly, forty of the two hundred VES data were acquired close to the monitoring wells for parametric and correlation purposes. Three empirical resistivity model equations (N_ Model, H_ Model, and M_ Model) were used to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity across the study area. Estimates of the aquifer hydraulic conductivity from the three models revealed that the hydraulic conductivity ranges between 0.23- 26.43m\/day with a mean value of 6.15 m\/day for N_ Model. For H_ Model it ranged between 0.07 and 5.22m\/day with a mean value of 1.03m\/day and for M_ Model it ranged between 1.03 and13.42m\/day with a mean value of 4.19m\/day . The Aquifer hydraulic conductivity values estimated from the M_model when compared with the values from the pumping test showed a strong coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.82) while N_ Model and H_ Model revealed very poor correlations with the pumping test data, with negative correlations of -0.03 and -0.3 respectively. The results of the t _test revealed that there is no significant difference between the estimated hydraulic conductivity values from M_Model and pumping test data. These findings have therefore revealed that geologically constrained empirical resistivity equations are reliable for the estimation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity from surface resistivity data. The reason for the poor correlation of the N_Model and H_Model with the pumping test data in the study area is because local geology of the study area was not considered by the models.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 133-141\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 July 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Blessing C. Ejiogu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eugene I. Nwosu  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment Physics, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ifeanyi I.C. Agbodike  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment Physics, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBarker  R, Rao TV, Thangarajan M. (2001) Delineation of Contaminant Zone through Electrical Imaging Technique. Current Science 812:77-283\r\n[2]\tCheniniI, RafiniS, MammouAB (2008) A Simple Method to Estimate Transmissibility and Storativity of Aquifer Using Specific Capacity of Wells; Journal of Applied Sciences, 8: 2640-2643\r\n[3]\tDe Carlo L, Berard M, Vurro M &#038; Caputo MC (2018) Geophysical and hydrological data assimilation to monitor water content dynamics in the rocky unsaturated zone. Environ Monit Assess190,310 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-018-6671-x\r\n[4]\tEjiogu BC, Opara AI, Nwosu EI, Nwofor OK, Onyema JC, Chinaka JC (2019) Estimates of aquifer geo-hydraulic and vulnerability characteristics of Imo State and environs, Southeastern Nigeria, using electrical conductivity data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191:1-19 https\/\/doi 10.1007\/s10661-019-7335-13\r\n[5]\tEjiogu BC, Opara AI, Nwosu EI, Nwofor OK (2017) Geochemical and bacteriological analysis of water resources prone to contamination from the solid waste dumpsite in Imo State Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 10:325-343 https\/\/ doi: 10.3923\/jest.2017.325.343\r\n[6]\tEke DR, Opara AI, Inyang GE, Emberga TT, Echetama HN, Ugwuegbu CA, Onwe RM Onyema JC, Chinaka JC, (2015) Hydrogeophysical Evaluation and Vulnerability Assessment of Shallow Aquifers of the Upper Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria; https\/doi:10.12691\/env-3-4-3; American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3 (4) 125-136\r\n[7]\tEkwe AC, Opara AI, Okeugo C, Azuoko GB, Nkitnam EE, Abraham E, Chukwu C, Mbaeyi GC  (2020) Determination of aquifer parameters from geo-sounding data in parts of Afikpo Sub-basin, southeastern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13 (4) doi  &#8211; 10.1007\/s12517-020-5137-y\r\n[8]\tEkwe AC,  Opara AI (2012) Aquifer transmissivity from surface geoelectrical data: a case study of Owerri and Environs, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Geological Society India 355\u2013378.\r\n[9]\tkwe AC, Onu NN, Onuoha KM (2006) Estimation of aquifer hydraulic characteristics from electrical sounding data: the case of middle Imo River Basin aquifer, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Spatial hydrology 6:121\u2013132.\r\n\r\n[10]\tEkwok SE, Akpan AE, Kudamnya EA, Ebong DE (2020). Assessment of groundwater potential using geophysical data: a case study in parts of Cross River State, south eastern Nigeria Applied Water Science 10:144 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-020-01224-0\r\n[11]\tEzeigbo HI (1989) Groundwater quality problems in parts of Imo State. Nigerian Journal of Mining and geology 25:1-9\r\n[12]\tFrohlich R, Kelly WE(1985) The Relation between Transmissivity and Transverse Resistance in a Complicated Aquifer of Glacial Outwash Deposits. Journal of Hydrology 79:215-219\r\n[13]\tGarc\u00eda-Men\u00e9ndez O, Ballesteros BJ &#038;Renau-Pru\u00f1onosa A (2018).  Using electrical resistivity tomography to assess the effectiveness of managed aquifer recharge in a salinized coastal aquifer. Environmental Monitoring Assessment190, 100 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-017-6446-9\r\n[14]\tGeorge NJ, Ibanga JI, Ubom AI (2010) Geo-electro-hydrogeological indices of evidence of ingress of saline water into fresh water in parts of coastal aquifers of IkotAbasi, southern Nigeria.Journal of African Earth Sciences 109: 37-46.\r\n[15]\tHeigold PC, Gilkeson RH, Cartwright K, Reed PC (1979) Aquifer Transmissivity from Surficial Electrical Methods. Ground Water, 17:338- 345 http\/\/ doi:10.1111\/j.1745-6584 3\r\n[16]\tHiscock KM (2005) Hydrogeology: principles and practice. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 141\u2013190\r\n[17]\tKeller GV, Frischnechk FC (1979). Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting. Pergamon Press, New York,  91\u2013135\r\n[18]\tKelly WE,Frohlich RK (1985) Relations between Aquifer Electrical and Hydraulic Properties. Ground Water  182-189. https\/\/ doi:10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02791.x  \r\n[19]\tKoefoed O (1977) Geo-sounding principles 1.Resistivity sounding measurements. Elsevier, Amsterdam,  277\r\n[20]\tLashkaripour GR (2003) An Investigation of Groundwater Condition by Geoelectrical Resistivity Method: A Case Study in Krin Aquifer Southeast Iran. Journal of Spatial Hydrology 3:1-5\r\n[21]\tLopez OM, Jadoon, KZ, Thomas M, Missimer TM (2015) Method of Relating Grain Size Distribution to Hydraulic Conductivity in Dune Sands to Assist in Assessing Managed Aquifer Recharge Projects: WadiKhulays Dune Field, Western Saudi Arabia; Water, 7 6411-6426 https\/\/10.3390\/w7116411\r\n[22]\tMazac O, Cislerova M, Kelly WE, Landa I, Venhodova, D (1990) Determination of Hydraulic Conductivities by Surface Geo-electric Methods, In S. H. Ward, Ed., Investigations in Geophysics (Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, SEG Environmental Geophysics and Groundwater), Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 2: 125-132\r\n[23]\tMbonu PDC,  Ebeniro JO, Ofoegbu CO, Ekine AS (1991) Geoelectric sounding for the determination of aquifer characteristics in parts of the Umuahia Area of Nigeria. Geophysics 56: 284\u2013291\r\n[24]\tMDG (2015)The Millennium Development Goals Report;United Nations New York, 75\r\n[25]\tNaghibi SA, Pourghasemi HR (2015) A comparative assessment between three machine learning models and their performance comparison by bivariate and multivariate statistical methods in groundwater potential mapping. Water Resources Management https\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11269-015-1114-1109\r\n[26]\tNiwas S, Celik M (2012) Equation for estimation of porosity and hydraulic conductivity of Ruhrtal aquifer in Germany using near-surface geophysics. Journal of Applied Geophysics,8477-85.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2012.06.001\r\n[27]\tNiwas S, Singhal DC, (1981) Estimation of Aquifer Transmissivity from Dar-Zarrouk Parameters in Porous Media; Journal of Hydrology 50:393- 399. https\/\/doi:10.1016\/0022-1694(81)90082-2 \r\n[28]\tNiwas S, Tezkan B, IsrailM (2011) Aquifer conductivity estimation from surface geoelectrical measurement from Krauthaausen test site, Germany. Hydrogeology Journal 19:307-305. https\/doi:10.1007\/s10040-010-0689-7\r\n[29]\tNwachukwu S, Bello R. &#038;Balogun AO (2019) Evaluation of groundwater potentials of Orogun, South\u2013South part of Nigeria using electrical resistivity method. Applied Water Science9, 184 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-019-1072-z\r\n[30]\t3Obiora DN, Alhassan UD, Ibuot JC, Okeke FN (2015) Geoelectric Evaluation of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability of Northern Paiko, Niger State, Nigeria. Water Environment Research 7: 644-651\r\n[31]\tObiora DN, Ibuot JC, George NJ (2016) Evaluation of aquifer potential, geo-electric and hydraulic parameters in Ezza North, southeastern Nigeria, using geo-electric sounding. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,13: 435-444\r\n[32]\tOchuko, A (2015). Hydrogeophysical investigation of groundwater resources in Delta Central, Nigeria. Journal of Taibah University of Science 9(1) 57-68\r\n[33]\tOgbuagu DH, Samuel CB  (2014) Accumulation and recovery capacity of heavy metals in \r\n[34]\tsand mine ponds of Otamiri in Owerri, Nigeria. Ambiente&#038;\u00c1gua &#8211; An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science Retrieved from http:\/\/www. ambi aqua.net. DOI:10.4136\/ambi-agua.1226\r\n[35]\tOguama BE, Ibuot JC,  Obiora DN (2020). Geohydraulic study of aquifer characteristics in parts of Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State using electrical resistivity soundings. Applied Water Science 10:120 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-020-01206-2\r\n[36]\tOnuoha KM, Mbazi FCC (1988) Aquifer transmissivity from electrical sounding data of the case of Ajali Sandstone aquifers, South East of Enugu, Nig. In: Ofoegbu CO (ed) Groundwater and mineral resourcesof Nig. Fried-Vieweg and Sohn, Berlin, 17\u201329.\r\n[37]\tOpara AI, Onu NN, Okereafor DU (2012) Geophysical sounding for the determination of aquifer hydraulic characteristics from Dar-Zurrock Parameters: A case study of NgorOkpala, Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science &#038; Technology, 13: 590\u2013603\r\n[38]\tOpara AI, Inyang GE, Onyekuru SO, Emberga, TT, Ekwe, A.C, Eke DR (2015) Estimates of Aquifer Hydraulic Characteristics and Vulnerability from Surface Resistivity Data: Case Study of Ugep and Environs, Southeastern Nigeria International Journal of Scientific &#038; Engineering Research 6: 220-233\r\n[39]\tRogiers B,  DirkMallants D, Batelaan O, Gedeon M,  Huysmans M, Alain DA (2012) Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Uncertainty from Grain-Size Data Using GLUE and Artificial Neural Networks; Math Geosciences DOI 10.1007\/s11004-012-9409-2\r\n[40]\tSihag P, Angelaki A. &#038;Chaplot B (2020) Estimation of the recharging rate of groundwater using random forest technique. Applied Water Science10, 182 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-020-01267-3\r\n[41]\tSingh KP (2005) Nonlinear estimation of aquifer parameters from surficial resistivity Measurements. Hydrology Earth System Science 2917\u2013993\r\n[42]\tUNICEF (2015)United Nations International Children&#8217;s Emergency FundPress release titled, \u2018\u2019500 children die every day from lack of safe water, sanitation In sub-Saharan Africa&#8221;, west and central Africa campaign on financing for water and sanitation aimed to get more funding to the sector, Dakar Senegal, 15th December.,2015.\r\n[43]\tUma KO (1989) An Appraisal of the Groundwater Resources of the Imo River Basin. Nigerian Journal Mining Geology, 19: 305-315\r\n[44]\tUma KO, Egboka BCE (1986) Water Resources of Owerri and its Environs, Imo State. Nigerian. Journal of Mining Geology 22: 57-64.\r\n[45]\tYun-Yeong O, Se-Yeong H, Chung, SY Lee BD (2013)Characterizing Hydraulic Properties by Grain-Size Analysis of Fluvial Deposits Depending on Stream Path in Korea; Environ. Eng. Res.,18: 129-137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4491\/eer.2013.18.3.129.\r\n[46]\tZohdy AAR, Eaton, GP, Mabey DR (1974) Application of surface geophysics to groundwater investigations. United State Geophysical Survey, Washing\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Blessing C. Ejiogu, Eugene I. Nwosu, Ifeanyi I.C. Agbodike  &#8220;Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates of Imo River Basin\u2019s Aquiferous layers, Southeastern Nigeria Using Empirical Equations Derived from Electrical Resistivity Data&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.133-141 June 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/133-141.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/133-141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hydraulic-conductivity-estimates-of-imo-river-basins-aquiferous-layers-southeastern-nigeria-using-empirical-equations-derived-from-electrical-resistivity-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates of Imo River Basin\u2019s Aquiferous layers, Southeastern Nigeria Using Empirical Equations Derived from Electrical Resistivity Data<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9434c5e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9434c5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9434d8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9434d8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9434f8b\" data-id=\"9434f8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9435123 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9435123\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94351ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94351ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94353c8\" data-id=\"94353c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943559b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943559b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9435674 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9435674\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9435844\" data-id=\"9435844\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94359cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94359cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9435a95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9435a95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9435c59\" data-id=\"9435c59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9435ddb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9435ddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9435e9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9435e9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9436077\" data-id=\"9436077\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94361ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94361ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Software Reusability: Approaches and Challenges<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Moko Anasuodei, Ojekudo, Nathaniel Akpofure &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 142-146<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94362c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94362c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94364b1\" data-id=\"94364b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9436648 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9436648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Software reuse is used to aid the software development process which in recent times can improve the resulting quality and productivity of software development, by assisting software engineers throughout various software engineering phases to enhance the quality of software, provide quick turnaround time for software development using few people, tools, and methods, which creates a good software quality by enhancing integration of the software system to provide a competitive advantage. This paper examines the concept of software reuse, the approaches to be considered for software reuse, which is broadly shared into three categories: component-based software reuse, domain engineering and software product lines, architecture-based software reuse and challenges that affect the software reuse development process.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 142-146\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 July 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6510<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moko Anasuodei <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science and Informatics, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ojekudo, Nathaniel Akpofure <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAhmar, I., Abualkishik, A., &#038; Yusof, M. (2014). Taxonomy, Definition, Approaches, Benefits, Reusability Levels, Factors and Adaption of Software Reusability: A Review of The Research Literature. Journal Of Applied Sciences, 14. https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.3923\/Jas.2014.2396.2421\r\n[2]\tAl-Badareen, A., Selamat, M., A. Jabar, M., Din, J., &#038; Turaev, S. (2010). Reusable Software Components Framework.\r\n[3]\tB.Jalender, N.Gowtham, Kumar, K.Praveen, K.Murahari, &#038; K.Sampath. (2010). Technical Impediments to Software Reuse. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2(11).\r\n[4]\tCapilla, R., Gallina, B., Cetina, C., &#038; Favaro, J. (2019). Opportunities For Software Reuse in An Uncertain World: From Past to Emerging Trends. Journal Of Software: Evolution and Process, 31(8). Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1002\/Smr.2217\r\n[5]\tCharles, B. (2014). Reuse: Challenges and Business Success. https:\/\/www.Academia.Edu.\r\n[6]\tGacek, C. (Ed.). (2002). Software Reuse: Methods, Techniques, And Tools: 7th International Conference, Icsr-7 Austin, Tx, Usa, April 15\u201319, 2002 Proceedings (Vol. 2319). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1007\/3-540-46020-9\r\n[7]\tJalender, B., Govardhan, D., &#038; Premchand, P. (2010). A Pragmatic Approach to Software Reuse. Journal Of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 14, 10.\r\n[8]\tJohn, L. (2019, May 6). (5) What Are the Basic Issues in Software Reuse? &#8211; Quora. Https:\/\/Www.Quora.Com\/What-Are-The-Basic-Issues-In-Software-Reuse\r\n[9]\tKaur, A., &#038; Sohal, H. (2013). QR Code Library on The Base of Software Reuse Approach. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications, 2, 44\u201348. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.7753\/Ijsea0203.1002\r\n[10]\tKeswani, R., Joshi, S., &#038; Jatain, A. (2014). Software Reuse in Practice. 2014 Fourth International Conference on Advanced Computing &#038; Communication Technologies, 159\u2013162. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1109\/Acct.2014.57\r\n[11]\tKim, Y., &#038; Stohr, E. A. (1992). Software Reuse: Issues and Research Directions. Proceedings Of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 612\u2013623 Vol.4. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1109\/Hicss.1992.183360\r\n[12]\tKonda, B. M., &#038; Mandava, K. K. (N.D.). A Systematic Mapping Study on Software Reuse. 93.\r\n[13]\tM\u00e4kitalo, N., Taivalsaari, A., Kiviluoto, A., Mikkonen, T., &#038; Capilla, R. (2020). On Opportunistic Software Reuse. Computing, 102(11), 2385\u20132408. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1007\/S00607-020-00833-6\r\n[14]\tMateen, A., Kausar, S., &#038; Sattar, A. (2017). A Software Reuse Approach and Its Effect on Software Quality, An Empirical Study for The Software Industry. International Journal of Management, It &#038; Engineering, 7(2), 14.\r\n[15]\tMcclure, C. (1997). Software Reuse Techniques: Adding Reuse to The System Development Process (1st Edition). Prentice Hall.\r\n[16]\tSajjah, M., &#038; Ali, A. Z. (2014). Challenges Of Adopting Software Reuse: Initial Results. 85\u201389. \r\n[17]\tConsiderations. Accendo Reliability. Https:\/\/Accendoreliability.Com\/Software-Reuse-Considerations\/\r\n[18]\tSommerville, I. (2016). Software Engineering (10th Ed.). Pearson. Software-Engineering-Book.Com\r\n[19]\tTeofilo Gonzalez, &#038; Jorge Diaz-Herrera. (N.D.). Computing Handbook Computer Science and Software Engineering (3rd Ed.). CRC Press.\r\n[20]\tThapar, S. S., Singh, P., &#038; Rani, S. (2014). Reusability-Based Quality Framework for Software Components. Acm Sigsoft Software Engineering Notes, 39(2), 1\u20135. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1145\/2579281.2579298\r\n[21]\tThe Education Channel. (2017, October 6). Software Reuse, Types, Benefits of Reuse, Reusable Components. Https:\/\/Www.Youtube.Com\/Watch?V=Lozztwrxoj8\r\n[22]\tVarnell-Sarjeant, J., &#038; Amschler Andrews, A. (2015). Comparing Reuse Strategies in Different Development Environments. In Advances in Computers (Vol. 97, Pp. 1\u201347). Elsevier. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1016\/Bs.Adcom.2014.10.002\r\n[23]\tXin, T., &#038; Yang, L. (2017). A Framework of Software Reusing Engineering Management. 2017 Ieee 15th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (Sera), 277\u2013282. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1109\/Sera.2017.7965738\r\n[24]\tYang, Q. (2010). Application Research on Software Reuse Technology. 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, 3712\u20133714. Https:\/\/Doi.Org\/10.1109\/Cisp.2010.5647100\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moko Anasuodei, Ojekudo, Nathaniel Akpofure , &#8220;Software Reusability: Approaches and Challenges&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.142-146 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6510<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/142-146.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/software-reusability-approaches-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Software Reusability: Approaches and Challenges<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94379ba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94379ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9437ad7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9437ad7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9437cdf\" data-id=\"9437cdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9437e6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9437e6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9437f30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9437f30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943810f\" data-id=\"943810f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9438288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9438288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943834a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943834a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943851f\" data-id=\"943851f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9438696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9438696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9438756 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9438756\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943892c\" data-id=\"943892c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9438aa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9438aa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9438b65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9438b65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9438d51\" data-id=\"9438d51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9438ec9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9438ec9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters and Kinetics on Sulphuric Acid-Sodium Hydroxide Catalyzed Transesterification of Mango Seed Oil<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Harrison C. Idimogu, J.A. Okeke, R. E. Chukwumalu, &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 147-153<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9438f99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9438f99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943917e\" data-id=\"943917e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943930f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"943930f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Fatty acid ethyl ester synthesized by transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol is a contemporary energy source that has gained the attention of many researchers due to various benefit associated with its usage. This research focused on the production of fatty acid ethyl ester from mango seed oil through transesterification reaction using acid-base catalytic method. It was observed that the maximum reaction rate was obtained at a stirrer speed of 500rpm, catalyst concentration of 1% and ethanol\/oil molar ratio of 6:1 after a reaction time of 1 hour. The results showed that the yield of ethyl ester increased with increase in molar ratio up to 6:1 and at a temperature of 65oC for the reaction time of 1 hour, the molar ratio of 6:1 of ethanol\/oil is the best condition for transesterification reaction of mango seed to biodiesel fuel. The kinetics of transesterification reaction was also investigated and its parameters showed that the reaction followed a second order with an overall rate constant 3.9 \u00d7 10\u22122 (%wt\/wt min \u25e6C) \u22121 and a regression value of 0.9504. The activation energy for the reaction was estimated to be 94.23J\/mol. The properties of the fatty acid-ethyl ester met the requirement for ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards for biodiesel. This implies that the biodiesel produced from mango seed oil using ethanol, a 100% renewable energy source is of acceptable quality and can be substituted for fossil-based diesel.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 147-153\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 July 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6511\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6511<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harrison C. Idimogu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChemical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> J.A. Okeke<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChemical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> R. E. Chukwumalu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChemical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlamu, O.J. and Enweremadu, C.C. (2009). Development and Characterization of biodiesel from Shea     nut butter. Int. Agrophysics, 2010, 24, 29-34. \r\n[2]\tAthar, M., Zaidi, S. &#038; Hassan, S.Z. Intensification and optimization of biodiesel production using microwave-assisted acid-organo-catalyzed transesterification process. Sci Rep 10, 21239 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77798-1 \r\n[3]\tBadifu G.I.O., (2011). Lipid Composition of Nigerian Butyrospermum paradoxum kernel. J. Food Comp. Anal., 2, 238-244. \r\n[4]\tBerrios M, Siles J, Mart\u00edn MA, Mart\u00edn A (2007) A kinetic study of the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in sunflower oil. Fuel 86(15):2383\u20132388. doi:10.1016\/j.fuel.2007.02.002\r\n[5]\tBu\u0161i\u0107, A., Mar\u0111etko, N., Kundas, S., Morzak, G., Belskaya, H., Ivan\u010di\u0107 \u0160antek, M., Komes, D., Novak, S., &#038; \u0160antek, B. (2018). Bioethanol Production from Renewable Raw Materials and Its Separation and Purification: A Review. Food technology and biotechnology, 56(3), 289\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17113\/ftb.56.03.18.5546\r\n[6]\tDarnoko, D. and Cheryan, M. (2013). Kinetics of Palm Oil Transesterification in a Batch Reactor. Journal of American Oil Chemists\u2019 Society (JAOCS). Retrieved 2nd May 2008 from \u2013 http:\/www.fineprint.com\r\n[7]\tFreedman B, Butterfield RO, Pryde EH., (2009). Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc; 63:1375\u201380. \r\n[8]\tGan S, Ng HK, Chan PH, Leong FL (2012) Heterogeneous free fatty acids esterification in waste cooking oil using ion-exchange resins. Fuel Process Technol 102(0):67\u201372. doi:10.1016\/j.fuproc.2012.04.038\r\n[9]\tGupta P.K., Kumar R., Panesar B.S., and Thapar V.K., (2012). Parametric studies on biodiesel prepared from rice bran oil. Agric. Eng. Int.: CIGR Ejournal.\r\n[10]\tLiu X, Piao X, Wang Y, Zhu S (2010) Model study on transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol using solid base catalyst. J Phys Chem A 114(11):3750\u20133755. DOI: 10. 1021\/jp9039379\r\n[11]\tMaranz S.Z., Wiesman J., Bisgaard J., and Bianchi G., (2011). Germplasm resources of Vitellaria paradoxa based on variations in fat composition across the species distribution range. Agroforestry Sys., 60, 71-76. \r\n[12]\tMittelbach M, Gangl S., (2007). Long storage stability of biodiesel made from rapeseed and used frying oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc; 78:573\u20137.\r\n[13]\tMoina A. &#038; Sadaf Z, (2020). A review of the feedstocks, catalysts, and intensification techniques for sustainable biodiesel production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Volume 8, Issue 6, ISSN 2213-3437, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104523.\r\n[14]\tMulugetta Y., (2008). Evaluating the economics of biodiesel in Africa. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 13, 1592-15989. \r\n[15]\tOgbonnaya C. and Adgidzi P.P., (2010). Evaluation of some physicochemical properties of shea butter (Butyrospermum  paradoxum) related to its value for food and industrial utilization. Int. J. Postharvest Technol. Innovation, 1(3), 320-326. \r\n[16]\tSahoo P.K., Das LM., Babu M.K.G., and Naik S.N., (2011). Biodiesel   development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine. Fuel, 86, 448-454.\r\n[17]\tShah, S., Sharma, S. and Gupta, M.N. (2012). Biodiesel Preparation by Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Jatropha Oil. Journal of American Chemical Society, Energy and Fuels, 18, 154-159. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Harrison C. Idimogu, J.A. Okeke, R. E. Chukwumalu, &#8220;Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters and Kinetics on Sulphuric Acid-Sodium Hydroxide Catalyzed Transesterification of Mango Seed Oil&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.147-153 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6511<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/147-153.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/investigation-of-the-effect-of-process-parameters-and-kinetics-on-sulphuric-acid-sodium-hydroxide-catalyzed-transesterification-of-mango-seed-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters and Kinetics on Sulphuric Acid-Sodium Hydroxide Catalyzed Transesterification of Mango Seed Oil<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943a64d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"943a64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943a77b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943a77b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943a983\" data-id=\"943a983\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943ab44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943ab44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943ac14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943ac14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943ae07\" data-id=\"943ae07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943afc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943afc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943b0a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943b0a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943b2cd\" data-id=\"943b2cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943b45f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943b45f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943b533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943b533\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943b71b\" data-id=\"943b71b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943b893 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943b893\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943b95f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943b95f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943bb5f\" data-id=\"943bb5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943bce0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943bce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Review: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) \u2013 Will it become a therapeutic target for Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Darshana Kottahachchi, Sachini Gallage, Chamila Nandasena &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 154-158<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943bda7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943bda7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943bfc7\" data-id=\"943bfc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943c184 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"943c184\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (NHL) is a varied set of lymphoproliferative disorders initiatingfrom B, T, or natural killer (NK) lymphocytes. Common treatments of NHL include chemotherapy regimens, radiotherapy, rituximab administration, transfusion of blood products and Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Recently, several targeted therapies have been approved or are in the later phase of clinical trials and molecular targeted therapy is considered as a key aspect of NHL. Successful treatment of lymphoma may result from the induction of specific antitumor immunity. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are being investigated as a possible target in solid tumors and most of blood cancers to improve the effects of commonly used undergoing treatment. The anti-tumor immune response of a diseased person is inhibited by MDSC expansion, which restricts, cytokine secretion, T cell proliferation and the activation of regulatory T cells. In order to identify immunological therapeutic targets, it is critical to identify tumor-promoting factors. Since this environment is focus to low selective pressure for mutations, targeting the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) is a promising therapeutic option for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The features, distribution, roles, cellular reactions, and aiming MDSCs in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma are discussed in this review.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 154-158\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 July 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6512<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Darshana Kottahachchi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Sachini Gallagea<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Chamila Nandasena <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAllen, C. D. Okada, T. &#038; Cyster, J. G. (2007). \u201cGerminal-center organization and cellular dynamics\u201d, Immunity, 27(2), 190-202.\r\n[2]\tAmini, R.M. Enblad, G. Hollander, P. et al. (2019).  \u201cAltered profile of immune regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of lymphoma patients\u201d, BMC Cancer 19, 316.\r\n[3]\tAnderson, T. Chabner, B. A. Young, R. C. Berard, C. W. Garvin, A. J. Simon, R. M. &#038; Devita Jr, V. T. (1982). \u201cMalignant lymphoma I. The histology and staging of 473 patients at the national cancer institute\u201d, Cancer, 50(12), 2699-2707.\r\n[4]\tAzzaoui, I. Uhel, F. Rossille, D. Pangault, C. Dulong, J. Le Priol, J. Roussel, M. (2016). \u201cT-cell defect in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas involves expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells\u201d, Blood, 128(8). \r\n[5]\tBetsch, A. Rutgeerts, O. Fevery, S. Sprangers, B. Verhoef, G. Dierickx, D. Beckers, M. (2018) \u201cMyeloid-derived suppressor cells in lymphoma: The good, the bad and the ugly\u201d, Blood Rev. Nov;32(6):490-498.\r\n[6]\tBowzyk Al-Naeeb, A., Ajithkumar, T., Behan, S., &#038; Hodson, D. J. (2018). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 362, k3204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k3204\r\n[7]\tCancer.Net.int. [Cited 03.02.2021] Available at: https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/lymphoma-non-hodgkin\/treatment-options.      \r\n[8]\tConlan, M. G. Armitage, J. O. Bast, M. &#038; Weisenburger, D. D. (1991). \u201cClinical significance of hematologic parameters in non\u2010Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma at diagnosis\u201d, Cancer, 67(5), 1389-1395.\r\n[9]\tCoupland S.E. (2011). \u201cThe challenge of the microenvironment in B-cell lymphomas\u201d, Histopathology 58-69.\r\n[10]\tDePena, C. A. Van Tassel, P. &#038; Lee, Y. Y. (1990). \u201cLymphoma of the head and neck. Radiologic Clinics of North America\u201d, 28(4), 723-743.\r\n[11]\tDiaz-Montero, C. M, Salem, M. L. Nishimura, M. I. Garrett-Mayer, E. Cole, D. J. &#038; Montero, A. J. (2009). \u201cIncreased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with clinical cancer stage, metastatic tumor burden, and doxorubicin\u2013cyclophosphamide chemotherapy\u201d, Cancer immunology, immunotherapy, 58(1), 49-59.\r\n[12]\tDing, Z.C. Munn, D.H. Zhou, G. (2014) \u201cChemotherapy-induced myeloid suppressor cells and antitumor immunity: The Janus face of chemotherapy in immunomodulation. Oncoimmunology. ;3(8): e954471.\r\n[13]\tDraghiciu, O. Lubbers, J. Nijman, H.W. Daemen, T. (2015). \u201cMyeloid derived suppressor cells\u2014An overview of combat strategies to increase immunotherapy efficacy\u201d, OncoImmunology, 4:1.\r\n[14]\tEpstein, J. B. Epstein, J. D. Le, N. D. &#038; Gorsky, M. (2001). \u201cCharacteristics of oral and paraoral malignant lymphoma: a population-based review of 361 cases\u201d, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 92(5), 519-525.\r\n[15]\tFilly, R. Blank, N. &#038; Castellino, R. A. (1976). \u201cRadiographic distribution of intrathoracic disease in previously untreated patients with Hodgkin&#8217;s disease and non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma. Radiology\u201d, 120(2), 277-281.\r\n[16]\tGabrilovich, D.I. (2017).  \u201cMyeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells\u201d, Cancer Immunol (1):3-8. \r\n[17]\tGabrilovich, D.I. and Nagara, S. (2009). \u201cMyeloid-derived-suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system\u201d, Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 March; 9(3): 162\u2013174. \r\n[18]\tGaidano, G. Hauptschein, R.S. Parsa, N.Z. et al (1992). \u201cDeletions involving two distinct regions of 6q in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma\u201d, Blood, 80-1781.\r\n[19]\tGamberi, B. Gaidano, G. Parsa, N. et al (1997). \u201cMicrosatellite instability is rare in B-cell non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphomas\u201d, Blood, 89-975.\r\n[20]\tGoffinet, D. R. Castellino, R. A. Kim, H. Dorfman, R. F. Fuks, Z. Rosenberg, S. A. &#038; Kaplan, H. S. (1973). \u201cStaging laparotomies in unselected previously untreated patients with non\u2010Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphomas\u201d, Cancer, 32(3), 672-681.\r\n[21]\tHill, L., Lulla, P., &#038; Heslop, H. E. (2019). CAR-T cell Therapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: A New Treatment Paradigm. Advances in cell and gene therapy, 2(3), e54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acg2.54\r\n[22]\tJosting, A. Wolf, J. &#038; Diehl, V. (2000). \u201cHodgkin disease: prognostic factors and treatment strategies. Current Opinion in Oncology\u201d, 12(5), 403-411.\r\n[23]\tJung, D. Giallourakis, C. Mostoslavsky, R., &#038; Alt, F. W. (2006). \u201cMechanism and control of V (D) J recombination at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus\u201d, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 24, 541-570.\r\n[24]\tK\u00fcppers, R. &#038; Rajewsky, K. (2010). \u201cDevelopmental and functional biology of B lymphocytes. In Non-Hodgkin lymphomas\u201d, Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, (pp. 26-40).\r\n[25]\tLaw, A., Valdes-Mora, F., &#038; Gallego-Ortega, D. (2020). Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Cells, 9(3), 561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9030561\r\n[26]\tLenz, G. &#038; Staudt, L. M. (2010). \u201cAggressive lymphomas\u201d, New England Journal of Medicine, 362(15), 1417-1429. \r\n[27]\tLin, Y. Gustafson, M.P. Bulur, P.A. Gastineau, D.A. Witzig, T.E. Dietz, A.B. (2011). \u201cImmunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DR(low)\/-monocytes in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma\u201d, Blood, 117, 872\u2013881.\r\n[28]\tMarini, O. Spina, C. Mimiola, E. et al.  (2016) \u201cIdentification of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) in the peripheral blood of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients\u201d, Oncotarget. 10; 7(19): 27676-88.\r\n[29]\tMiky\u0161kov\u00e1, R. Indrov\u00e1, M. Poll\u00e1kov\u00e1, V. Bieblov\u00e1, J. \u0160\u00edmov\u00e1, J. &#038; Reini\u0161, M. (2012). Cyclophosphamide-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell population is immunosuppressive but not identical to myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by growing TC-1 tumors. Journal of immunotherapy, 35(5), 374-384.\r\n[30]\tMohren, M. Markmann, I. Jentsch-Ullrich, K. Koenigsmann, M. Lutze, G. &#038; Franke, A. (2005). \u201cIncreased risk of thromboembolism in patients with malignant lymphoma: a single-centre analysis\u201d, British journal of cancer, 92(8), 1349-1351.\r\n[31]\tNinkovic, S. and Lambert, J. (2017). \u201cNon Hodgkin lymphoma\u201d,(https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/315532684).\r\n[32]\tOffit, K. Wong, G. Filippa, D.A. et al (1991). \u201cCytogenetic analysis of 434 consecutively ascertained specimens of non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma: clinical correlations\u201d, Blood, 77-1508.\r\n[33]\tOttinger, H. Belka, C. Kozole, G. Engelhard, M. Meusers, P. Paar, D. &#038; Brittinger, G. (1995). \u201cDeep venous thrombosis and pulmonary artery embolism in high\u2010grade non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: incidence, causes and prognostic relevance\u201d, European journal of hematology, 54(3), 186-194.\r\n[34]\tPastu\u0142a, A. Marcinkiewicz, J. (2011) \u201cMyeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells: a double\u2010edged sword?\u201d, International journal of experimental pathology. 92(2):73-8.\r\n[35]\tPeng, X. Fei, W. Xin, G. &#038; Zhang, W. (2009). \u201cCurrent Advances in Tumor Proteomics and Candidate Biomarkers for Hepatic Cancer, Expert Review of Proteomics\u201d, 6(5), 551-561.\r\n[36]\tQuesada, V. Conde, L. Villamor, N. et al. (2011).  \u201cExome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia\u201d, 44-47.\r\n[37]\tRisdall, R. Hoppe, R. T. &#038; Warnke, R. (1979). \u201cNon\u2010hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma. A study of the evolution of the disease based upon 92 autopsied cases\u201d, Cancer, 44(2), 529-542.\r\n[38]\tShankland, K.R. Armitage, J.O. Hancock, D.W. (2012). \u201cNon-Hodgkin lymphoma\u201d, Lancet; 380: 848-875.\r\n[39]\tSingh, R., Shaik, S., Negi, B. S., Rajguru, J. P., Patil, P. B., Parihar, A. S., &#038; Sharma, U. (2020). Non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma: A review. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 9(4), 1834\u20131840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1037_19\r\n[40]\tSwerdlow, S.H. Campo, E. Harris, N.L. et al. (2008). \u201cThe diagnosis of NHL is based upon the pathologic evaluation of involved tissue, usually an abdominal mass, extra nodal site, or lymph node, interpreted within the clinical context\u201d, World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.\r\n[41]\tTadmor, T. Fell, R. Polliack, A. Attias, D. (2013). \u201cAbsolute monocytosis at diagnosis correlates with survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-possible link with monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells\u201d, Hematol Oncol.;31(2):325\u201331.  \r\n[42]\t[42].\tThe National Cancer Control Programme. [cited 03.02.2021]. Available from: www.nccp.health.gov.lk \/ index. php\/.\r\n[43]\tUpadhyay, R. Hammerich, L. Peng, P. et al. (2015) \u201cLymphoma: Immune Evasion Strategies\u201d, Canceres:7, 736-762.\r\n[44]\tWang, Y. Xu, Z. Zhou, F. Sun, Y. Chen, J. Li, L. &#038; Qian, Q. (2015). \u201cThe combination of dendritic cells-cytotoxic T lymphocytes\/cytokine-induced killer (DC-CTL\/CIK) therapy exerts immune and clinical responses in patients with malignant tumors\u201d, Experimental hematology &#038; oncology, 4(1), 1-12.\r\n[45]\tWaravita. T.S. Wijetunge, S. Ratnatunga, N.V.I. (2015). \u201cPattern of lymphoma subtypes in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients\u201d, Ceylon Medical Journal; 60: 13-17.\r\n[46]\tWorkman, P. Aboagye, E.O. Chung, Y.L. Griffiths, J.R. Hart, R. Leach, M.O. Maxwell, R.J. McSheehy, P.M. Price, P.M. Zweit, J. (2006). \u201cCancer Research UK Pharmacodynamic\/Pharmacokinetic Technologies Advisory Committee Minimally invasive pharmacokinetices in hypothesis-testing clinical trials of innovative therapies\u201d, [Review] [178 refs]. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 580 \u2013598.\r\n[47]\tZelenetz, A.D. Abramson, J.S. Advani, R.H. et al. (2011). \u201cNCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphomas\u201d, Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network; Volume 9 Number 5.\r\n[48]\tZhang, H. Li1, Z.L. Ye1, S.B. Ouyang, L.Y. Chen1, Y.S. He1, J. Huang, H.Q. Zeng, Y.X. Zhang, X.S. Li1, J. (2015). \u201cMyeloid derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell proliferation in human extra nodal NK\/T cell lymphoma: a novel prognostic indicator\u201d.\r\n[49]\tZhang, H. Li1, Z.L. Ye1, S.B. Ouyang, L.Y. Chen1, Y.S. He1, J. Huang, H.Q. Zeng, Y.X. Zhang, X.S. Li1, J. (2015). \u201cMyeloid derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell proliferation in human extra nodal NK\/T cell lymphoma: a novel prognostic indicator\u201d.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Darshana Kottahachchi, Sachini Gallage, Chamila Nandasena , &#8220;Review: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) \u2013 Will it become a therapeutic target for Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.154-158 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6512<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/154-158.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells-mdscs-will-it-become-a-therapeutic-target-for-non-hodgkin-lymphoma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Review: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) \u2013 Will it become a therapeutic target for Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943d5b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"943d5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943d6f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943d6f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943d8f4\" data-id=\"943d8f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943da94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943da94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943db5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943db5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943dd2a\" data-id=\"943dd2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943deb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943deb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943df76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943df76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943e13a\" data-id=\"943e13a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943e2c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943e2c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943e384 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943e384\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943e54b\" data-id=\"943e54b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943e6d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943e6d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943e795 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943e795\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943e98d\" data-id=\"943e98d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943eb0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943eb0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comparative Analysis of Software Development Methodologies<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gbaranwi, Barima Precious, Ojekudo, Nathaniel Akpofure &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 159-166<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-943ebd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"943ebd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943edba\" data-id=\"943edba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943ef44 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"943ef44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Due to the advancement in technology, the operations of many organizations are automated in recent years. This is achieved using different softwares. Each software is developed using a particular method or a combination of two methods. The software development method adopted plays a significant role in the overall software development process. Nevertheless, most organizations and developers have difficulty in choosing the right software development methodology. This study discusses software development methodologies, different software development stages. It provides an analysis of various methodologies, highlights their strengths and drawbacks. It also examines the diverse methodologies in terms of suitability and when it is appropriate to use them.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 159-166\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 July 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6513<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gbaranwi, Barima Precious<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ojekudo, Nathaniel Akpofure<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tNugroho, S., Waluyo, S. H., &#038; Hakim, L. (2017). Comparative analysis of software development methods between parallel, v-shaped and iterative. International Journal of Computer Applications, 169(11), 7 \u2013 11.\r\n[2]\tRai, P., &#038; Dhir, S. (2014). Impact of different methodologies in software development process. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(2), 1112 \u2013 1116.\r\n[3]\tDhami, H. P. S. (2016). Comparative study and analysis of software process models on various merits. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 6(9), 234 \u2013 243.\r\n[4]\tDespa, M. L. (2014). Comparative study on software development methodologies. Database Systems Journal, 5(3), 37 \u2013 55. \r\n[5]\tKumar, G., &#038; Bhatia, P. K. (2014). Comparative analysis of software engineering models from traditional to modern methodologies. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/260952270\r\n[6]\tKiran, H., Aditya, D., Rahul, C., &#038; Manjula, R. (2016). Comparative analysis of agile software development methodologies \u2013 a review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6(3), 80 \u2013 85.\r\n[7]\tMoniruzzaman, A. B. M., &#038; Hossain, S. A. (2013). Comparative study on agile software development methodologies. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 13(7), 5 \u2013 12. \r\n[8]\tSuranya, P., Monica, V., Priyadharshini, J., &#038; Deepa, N. (2017). Comparative study of software development methodologies. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(5), 172 \u2013 179.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbaranwi, Barima Precious, Ojekudo, Nathaniel Akpofure &#8220;A Comparative Analysis of Software Development Methodologies&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.159-166 May 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.6513<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/159-166.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparative-analysis-of-software-development-methodologies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Comparative Analysis of Software Development Methodologies\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94403bf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94403bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94404f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94404f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9440702\" data-id=\"9440702\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-944089f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"944089f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9440969 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9440969\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9440b35\" data-id=\"9440b35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9440cbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9440cbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9440d80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9440d80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9440f45\" data-id=\"9440f45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94410c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94410c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-944118a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"944118a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9441367\" data-id=\"9441367\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94414ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94414ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Christian Missionaries and Education: Presbyterian Educational Chaplaincy as Holistic Mission Strategy for Transformational Development<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ebenezer Yaw Blasu (PhD) &#8211; May 2021 Page No.: 167-176<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94415cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94415cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94417ba\" data-id=\"94417ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9441963 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9441963\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This paper surveys and analyses the history of the chaplains and missionaries who were educational pioneers in the Gold Coast (now Ghana). It seeks historical illumination and possible lessons from the early Christian missionary education enterprises in the Gold Coast so as to design holistic missional education policies and the praxis of moral and transformational development within the 21st-century Presbyterian education system in Ghana. One objective is to resolve the challenge of increasing moral degradation amongst the youth and students of Ghana, which affects their industry and employability. The analysis indicates that what eventually became synonymous with the Basel Mission\u2019s educational system of &#8216;Presbyterian disciplined&#8217; training had roots that spanned 430 years, dating back to about the mid-15th century. Preliminary foundations were laid sporadically by naval merchant chaplains from Portugal, Netherlands, Britain and Denmark for over 350 years before the Basel missionaries consolidated the educational edifice in terms of structure, content, management and expansion in the 19th century. The paper affirms that the &#8216;Presbyterian discipline&#8217; educational system bequeathed by missionaries can inform an educational approach designed to produce moral transformation today. However, it also points out some effects of Western Enlightenment worldviews on the missionaries\u2019 educational impact, which led them to impose European values rather than opening the way for African self-transformation. The conclusion suggests that PCG privatises its schools and design the centric curricula for holistic missional and moral and transformational education, taking into account the unity of truth, the integration of faith and learning, and the ministry of the Holy Spirit. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 167-176\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 July 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ebenezer Yaw Blasu (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearch Fellow, Akrofi-Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture, Akropong-Akuapem, Ghana\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdu-Opako, Kwaku, Washing the Negro White: The Evolution of Thinking on African Economic Development, (NJ: Africa World Press, 2007).\r\n[2]\tAsare-Danso, Seth, &#8216;Historical Analysis of the Effects of Educational Acts on Basel Mission Education in the Gold Coast\/Ghana (1950-2007)&#8217;, (Unpublished PhD Thesis, UG, Legon, 2011).\r\n[3]\tBediako, Kwame, \u2018Scripture as the hermeneutic of culture and tradition\u2019, Journal of African Christian Thought, Vol.4, No. 1 (June, 2001): 2-11.\r\n[4]\tBlasu,Ebenezer Yaw, \u2018Disciplined Character Values and Sustainable Career Success among Graduates of Christian-based Tertiary institutions in Ghana,\u2019 Journal of Sociology, Psychology and Anthropology in Practice, Vol. 4, No. 3, December 2012, pp. 2-9. \r\n[5]\tBlasu,Ebenezer Yaw and Jonathan Kuwornu-Adjaotor, Disciplined Character: A re-emerging quality for graduate employability in Ghana, International Research Journal of Arts and Social Science, Vol.2, No. 3, (April 2013): 58-63.\r\n[6]\tBrasio, Antonio Duarte, Monumantamissionaria Africana. Africa occidental (Lisbon: AgenciaGeral do Ultramas, 1952), transl. by Viriato dos Santos Martins.\r\n[7]\tDebrunner, Hans Pioneers of Church and Education in Ghana: Danish Chaplains to Guinea 1661-1850 (KirkehistiriskeSamlinger: 1962).\r\n[8]\tGetu, Makonen, &#8216;A Conceptual Framework for Transformational development&#8217;, [Accessed 3rd Oct. 2012] http:\/\/www.medicalteams.org\/docs\/learning-zone\/Conceptual_Framework_for_Transformational_Development.pdf?sfvrsn=0\r\n[9]\tHasker, William, &#8216;Faith-learning integration &#8211; An Overview&#8217;, Christian Scholars Review, Vol. XXI, No. 3, (March 1992).\r\n[10]\tHolmes, Arthur F., Building the Christian Academy, (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2001).\r\n[11]\tKalu, O. U., (ed.), African Christianity &#8211; An African Story, (Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 2005).\r\n[12]\tKpobi, D. N. A., &#8216;African chaplains in 17th century West Africa.&#8217; In O. U. Kalu, (ed.), African Christianity &#8211; An African Story (Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 2005).\r\n[13]\tKpobi, D. N. A., \u2018Captive of two Worlds: The Life, Theology and Ministry of Johannes E. J. Capitein\u2019 (Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherland, 1990). \r\n[14]\tKwamena-Poh, M. A., Vision and Achievement: A hundred and fifty years of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana, 1828-1878, (Accra, Ghana: Waterville Publishing house, 2011).\r\n[15]\tMartey, Emmanuel, &#8216;Foreword&#8217;, Presbyterian Policy on General Education, (Accra: Presbyterian Press, 2015).\r\n[16]\tMegill, Esther, Education in the African Church, (London: Chapman, 1976, 1981).\r\n[17]\tMyers, Bryant, Walking with the Poor: Principles and Practices of Transformational Development, Rev. ed., (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011).\r\n[18]\tNkansa-Kyeremanteng, K., The Presbyterian Church of Ghana and National Development, (Accra: Presbyterian Press, 1994). \r\n[19]\tO&#8217;Callaghan, Robert, &#8216;What do we mean by holistic ministry?&#8217; Accessed 1\/10\/2012, http:\/\/www.wordmadeflesh.org\/the-cry\/the-cry-vol-9-no-1\/holistic\/  \r\n[20]\tOdamtten, S. K., The Missionary Factor in Ghana&#8217;s Development Up to the 1880s (Accra: Waterville Publishing House, 1978).\r\n[21]\tOxford Advanced Learners&#8217; Dictionary, 8th edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).\r\n[22]\tPresbyterian Church of Ghana, Public Relations Unit,Uprooting Thorns of Indiscipline (Accra: Presbyterian Press, 2003).\r\n[23]\tRashdall, Hastings, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, (UK: Oxford University Press, 1951).\r\n[24]\tSchweizer, Peter A., Survivors on the Gold Coast: The Basel Missionaries in Colonial Ghana (Accra: Smartline Publishing, 2001).\r\n[25]\tSill, Ulrike, Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in pre- and early Colonial Ghana, (Leiden: Brill, 2010).\r\n[26]\tSmith, Noel, The Presbyterian Church of Ghana, 1835-1960, (Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1966).\r\n[27]\tSraku-Lartey, K., &#8216;Foreword&#8217; to E. Y. Blasu (ed.), Inside Out: A devotional Guide for PUCG Students and teachers, (Accra: Presbyterian Press, 2012). \r\n[28]\tWalls, Andrew F., &#8216;Christian Scholarship in Africa in the Twenty-first Century&#8217;, Journal of African Christian Thought, Vol.4, No. 2 (December, 2001): 44-52.\r\n[29]\tWalton, J. K. G., &#8216;The Teaching Ministry of Methodist catechists&#8217;, (Unpublished Ph.D thesis,  Akrofi-Christaller Institute, Akuapem-Akropong).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ebenezer Yaw Blasu (PhD), &#8220;Christian Missionaries and Education: Presbyterian Educational Chaplaincy as Holistic Mission Strategy for Transformational Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.167-176 May 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/167-176.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-5\/167-176.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/christian-missionaries-and-education-presbyterian-educational-chaplaincy-as-holistic-mission-strategy-for-transformational-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christian Missionaries and Education: Presbyterian Educational Chaplaincy as Holistic Mission Strategy for Transformational Development<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9442d26 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9442d26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9442e44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9442e44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9443051\" data-id=\"9443051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94431d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94431d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-944329c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"944329c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9443476\" data-id=\"9443476\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94435f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94435f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94436b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94436b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9443887\" data-id=\"9443887\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9443a0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9443a0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9443ad6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9443ad6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9443cb5\" data-id=\"9443cb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9443e57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9443e57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9443fac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9443fac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94441c1\" data-id=\"94441c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9444362 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9444362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Susceptibility of Restaurant Foods Contamination in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. &amp; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7116,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7298","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7298"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7298\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}