{"id":7600,"date":"2021-11-29T06:55:42","date_gmt":"2021-11-29T06:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=7600"},"modified":"2021-12-25T16:33:35","modified_gmt":"2021-12-25T16:33:35","slug":"volume-vi-issue-xi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-vi-issue-xi\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue XI"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7600\" class=\"elementor elementor-7600 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d4263b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d4263b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d42a1a\" data-id=\"4d42a1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d42c41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d42c41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Review on Leaf Plant Disease Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>U. I. Ismail, M. K. Ahmed- November 2021 Page No.: 01-05<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d42fce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d42fce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d43295\" data-id=\"4d43295\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d434d7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d434d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8101\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8102\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8103\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8104\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8105\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8106\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8101\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Agriculture plays a vital role in the world economy. It basically provides job opportunities for the teaming population, eradicates poverty and contributes to the growth of the economy. Hence the need for improved effort for classifying diseases in plant from its leaf is important as it leads to increase in crop yield. Machine learning methods had being used in leaves plant diseases classification. This paper reviews various techniques used for plant leaf disease classification, and found that Most of the researchers used Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms for plant disease classification which they concluded that (SVM) is not suitable for large dataset and it does not perform very well when the dataset has more noise, also the target class will be overlapping. To overcome this difficulties a proposed methodology with different approaches to Machine learning was suggested; Deep learning is a sort of machine learning in which a model figures out how to accomplish classification tasks in a direct way from pictures, Neural network will be train using Fine-tuning techniques on different neural networks architectures and at the end comparisons will be done to find out the best neural networks that will be the best for providing an improved solution for leaf plant disease classification by checking their performance best on their accuracy and confusion matrix.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-05 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8102\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>U. I. Ismail <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science Federal University of Kashere, Gombe Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. K. Ahmed<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science Gombe state University, Gombe Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8103\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Gayathri, Devi T. and Neelamegam, P. \u201cPaddy leaf disease detection using SVM with RBFN classifier\u201d, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 117, no. 15, pp. 699- 710, 2017.\r\n[2] Adams, Oluwadamilola, Kemi, \u201cChallenges of Rice Production in Nigeria: A Case Study of Kogi State\u201d, Food Science and Quality Management, ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online) Vol.74, 2018\r\n[3] Murtaza, Ali Khan.\u201dDetection and Classification of Plant Diseases Using Image Processing and Multiclass Support Vector Machine\u201d, International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) \u2013 Volume 68 Issue 4 \u2013 April 2020\r\n[4] Stoean, C. Stoean, R. \u201cSupport vector machine and evolutionary Algorithms for Classification\u201d, Springer International Publishing https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319- 06941-8 2014\r\n[5] Cortes, C. and Vapnik, V. \u201cSupport-vector networks\u201d. Machine Learning. URL https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00994018. 1995\r\n[6] Gao, F. L., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Wang, J., Yang, E. \u201cA novel semi-supervised support vector machine classifier based on active learning and context information\u201d. Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing; 27(4): 969-988. URL https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11045-016-0396-1. 2016\r\n[7] Vishnu, S. and Ranjith, A. \u201cPlant Disease Detection Using Leaf Pattern\u201d, International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering &amp; Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 6, June 2015.\r\n[8] Saranya, G. M., Meenakshi, K. and Nithya, M. \u201cPlant Leaf Disease Classification and Detection System Using Machine Learning\u201d. Article in Journal of Physics Conference Series 2020.\r\n[9] Sue Han Lee, Herv\u00e9 Go\u00ebaua, Pierre Bonnet, Alexis Joly, \u201cNew perspectives on plant disease characterization based on deep learning\u201d. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2020.\r\n[10] Aravind Krishnaswamy Rangarajan, Raja Purushothaman, Aniirudh Ramesh. \u201cTomato crop disease classification using pre-trained deep learning algorithm\u201d.International Conference on Robotics and Smart Manufacturing (RoSMa2018).\r\n[11] Hiteshwari Sabrol and Satish Kumar, \u201cFuzzy and Neural Network based Tomato Plant Disease Classification using Natural Outdoor Images\u201d. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(44), DOI: 10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i44\/92825, November 2016.\r\n[12] Sumair Aziz, Mudassar Bashir, Ovais Mughal, Muhammad Umar Khan, Arsalan Khan, \u201cImage Pattern Classification for Plant Disease Identification using Local Tri-directionalFeatures\u201d. IEEE 978-1-7281-2530-5\/19\/$31.00 2019\r\n[13] Jie Hang, Dexiang Zhang, Peng Chen, Jun Zhang and Bing Wang, \u201cClassification of Plant Leaf Diseases Based on Improved Convolutional Neural Network\u201d. Article in Sensors September 2019.\r\n[14] Lorick Jain, Harsha Vardhan, M.A, Nishanth, M.L and Shylaja,S.S. \u201cCloud-based system for Supervised Classification of Plant diseases using Convolutional Neural Networks\u201d.IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets 2017.\r\n[15] Vanessa Rezende, Michel Costa, Adam Santos and Roberto, C. L. de Oliveira. \u201cImage Processing with Convolutional Neural Networks for Classification of Plant Diseases\u201d.Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS) 2019.\r\n[16] Malti K. Singh and Subrat Chetia, \u201cDetection and Classification of Plant Leaf Diseases in Image Processing using MATLAB\u201dInternational Journal of Life Sciences Research Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp: (120-124), 2017.\r\n[17] Jagadeesh D.Pujari, Rajesh Yakkundimath and Abdulmunaf Syedhusain Byadgi. \u201cSVM and ANN Based Classification of Plant Diseases Using Feature Reduction Technique\u201d International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3, N\u00ba7.\r\n[18] Yogesh Dandawate and Radha Kokare. \u201cAn Automated Approach for Classification of Plant Diseases Towards Development of Futuristic Decision Support System in Indian Perspective\u201d, International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) 2015.\r\n[19] \u00dcmit Atila, Murat U\u00e7ar, Kemal Akyol, Emine U\u00e7ar. \u201dPlant leaf disease classification using EfficientNet deep learning model.\u201dContents lists available at Science Direct Ecological Informatics (2021)\r\n[20] R.Jeya Bharathi, \u201cPaddy Plant Disease Identification and Classification of Image Using AlexNet Model\u201d The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis Volume XII, Issue III,ISSN NO: 0886-9367. 2020\r\n[21] Yin Min, Oo and Nay Chi Htun,\u201d Plant Leaf Disease Detection and Classification using Image Processing\u201d International Journal of Research and Engineering ISSN: 2348-7860 Vol. 5 No. 9. 2018\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8104\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">U. I. Ismail, M. K. Ahmed &#8220;Review on Leaf Plant Disease Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.01-05 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/01-05.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8105\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/01-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8106\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-on-leaf-plant-disease-classification-using-machine-learning-techniques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Review on Leaf Plant Disease Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d44a83 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d44a83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d460de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d460de\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d4637e\" data-id=\"4d4637e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d46538 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d46538\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d4661a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d4661a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d46819\" data-id=\"4d46819\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d469ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d469ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d46a90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d46a90\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d46c74\" data-id=\"4d46c74\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d46df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d46df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d46ee8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d46ee8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d470e5\" data-id=\"4d470e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d4727c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d4727c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Implication of Health Human Capital Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eche Nwachukwu Austine, Akeem Adetokun (PhD), Anaeto Abigail &amp; Salawu Abdulkamaru (PhD)- November 2021 Page No.: 06-13<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d47347 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d47347\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d47541\" data-id=\"4d47541\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d47704 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d47704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8101\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8102\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8103\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8104\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8105\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8106\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8101\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study assessed the impact of health care investment on Nigeria economic growth (1985-2019). The utilized annual time series data on selected variables; real gross domestic product (RGDP), public health expenditure (PEH), infant mortality rate (IMR), maternal mortality rate (MMR), malarial prevention rate (MPR) a proxy for morbidity rate, life expectancy rate (LFE) and labour force participation rate (LFP) were collected from the statistical Bulletin of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), world fact book and indexmundi. The data were checked for stationarity and ARDL bound cointegration test. As such, ARDL approach was utilized in the analysis of the data. Findings from the result showed that PEH, IMR, MMR and MPR exerts negative influence on economic growth in the short term, while LFE and LFP exerts positive influence on economic growth in the short term. Consequently, the result showed that in the long run, PEH exert positive influence, though insignificant. Whereas the effect of other variables IMR, MMR, MPR, LFE, and LFP exerts the same level of influence on economic growth as in the short run. The granger causality test revealed that unidirectional causality runs from PEH to RGDP and from RGDP to PEH. Diagnostic tests such as Normality, serial correlation tests, heteroskedasticity test were carried out on the model output to establish the robustness or otherwise of the models. It was found that the residuals were normally distributed and no serial correlation is present lending credence to the robustness of the work and its ability to make correct forecast. The study recommended that government and stakeholders in health sector should adopt appropriate mechanism that can guarantee and ensure adequate investment in health sector, because Nigeria health sector has the capacity to attract inflow of revenue through health tourism.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 06-13 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8102\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akeem Adetokun (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anaeto Abigail<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salawu Abdulkamaru (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8103\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anyanwu J.C. and Erhijakpor A.E.O. (2007) \u201cHealth Expenditures and Health Outcomes in Africa.\u201d African Development Bank, Economic Research Working Paper Series, No 91.\r\n[2] Adeniyi, O. and Abiodun, N.(2011) \u201cHealth Expenditure and Nigerian Economic Growth.\u201d European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences.\r\n[3] Bloom, D.E., D Canning and J Sevilla (2004). \u201cThe Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A production function approach\u201d. World Development, 32(1): 1- 13.\r\n[4] Bloom, David; Canning, David and Sevilla, Jaypee (2001). \u201cThe Effects of Health on Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence\u201d NBER Working Paper No: 8587\r\n[5] Bloom, D. and Canning,D.(2008) Population Health and Economic Growth. World Bank Working Paper No: 24\r\n[6] Eche N.A, Anaeto A &amp; Tunde F, (2019) \u201cHuman Capital Development and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria: An ARDL Approach\u201d Journal of Economics and Finance Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna Vol.3 Issue 2\r\n[7] Grossman, M. (1972). \u201cOn the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health.\u201d Journal of Political Economy, 80: 223\u201355.\r\n[8] Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P. (1974) \u201cSpurious Regression in Econometrics\u201d, Journal of Econometrics, 2: 111-120.\r\n[9] Grossman M. (1972) \u201cThe demand for health: a theoretical and empirical investigation.\u201d New York, Columbia University Press.\r\n[10] Odubunmi, A. S., Saka, J.O., and Oke, M. D., (2012). \u201cTesting the Cointegrating Relationship between Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria.\u201dInternational Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 4, No. 11; 2012\r\n[11] Odior, E. S. (2011). Government expenditure on health, economic growth and long waves in a CGE microsimulation analysis: The case of Nigeria. European Journal of Economic, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 31(1), 99-114.\r\n[12] Ogunjimi, Joshua and Adebayo, Adedeji (2018) \u201cHealth Expenditure, Health Outcomes and Economic Growth in Nigeria\u201d Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Paper No. 94989\r\n[13] Idowu Daniel Onisanwa (2014). The Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development Vol.5, No.19, pp 159-166\r\n[14] Jack W and Lewis, M (1992). Health investments and economic growth: macroeconomic evidence and microeconomic foundations. Economics Research International Eds.,\r\n[15] John Strauss and Duncan Thomas. (1998). Health, Nutrition and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 766-817.\r\n[16] Kim T.K. and Lane S.R. (2013). Government Health Expenditure and Public Health Outcomes: A Comparative Study among 17 Countries and Implications for US Health Care Reform. American International Journal of Contemporary Research Volume 3, No 9.\r\n[17] Mankiw, N. G., D. Romer, and D. Weil. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2): 407\u201337\r\n[18] Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2004). The Intergenerational Impact of Health on Economic Growth. Written for the Global Forum for Health Research, Forum 8, Mexico City, 16 -20 November 2004 &#8211; 326.\r\n[19] Richardson K and Oluchukwu O (2019) \u201cPublic Health Expenditure, Economic Growth and Health Outcomes in Nigeria\u201d International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research\r\n[20] Riman, H. and E. Akpan, (2012) \u201cHealthcare financing and health outcomes in Nigeria: A state level study using multivariate analysis. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(15): 296-309.\r\n[21] Rivera, B. and Currais. L., (2009). The Effect of Health Investment on Growth: A Causality Analysis.\r\n[22] Rivera, B. and Currais. L., (2009). \u201cThe Effect of Health Investment on Growth: A Causality Analysis\u201d International Journal of Economics Research\r\n[23] Schultz, T. P. (2005) \u201cProductive Benefits of Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries.\u201d Economic growth center discussion paper No. 903\r\n[24] Strauss, J., and D. Thomas. (1998). &#8220;Health, Nutrition and Economic Development.&#8221; Journal of Economic Literature 36: 766-817.\r\n[25] UNECA, (2012). Economic transformation for Africa\u2019s development. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, macroeconomic policy division, C-10 Meeting April, Washington D, C\r\n[26] World Health Organization. (2013). Statistical information system. World Health Organization, WHO: Geneva. hppt.\/www.who.int\/whosis\/en\r\n[27] Working Group 1 of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. (2002). Health, Economic growth and Poverty reduction. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n[28] Yaqub J.O., Ojapinwa T.V. and Yussuff R.O. (2012). \u201cPublic Health Expenditure and Health Outcome in Nigeria: The Impact of Governance.\u201dEuropean Scientific Journal Vol. 8, No.13.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8104\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eche Nwachukwu Austine, Akeem Adetokun (PhD), Anaeto Abigail &amp; Salawu Abdulkamaru (PhD) &#8220;The Implication of Health Human Capital Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.06-13 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/06-13.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8105\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/06-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8106\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-implication-of-health-human-capital-investment-on-nigeria-economic-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Implication of Health Human Capital Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d4f3f6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d4f3f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d4f529 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d4f529\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d4f750\" data-id=\"4d4f750\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d4f8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d4f8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d4f9c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d4f9c6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d4fbc3\" data-id=\"4d4fbc3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d51f3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d51f3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d52081 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d52081\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d522d2\" data-id=\"4d522d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5247b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d5247b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d52552 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d52552\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5276f\" data-id=\"4d5276f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d528fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d528fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of Coastal Protection Structure in Karawang Coastal Area of Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eny Budi Sri Haryani, Roberto Pasaribu, Liliek Soeprijadi, Anthon Anthonny Djari, Chrisoetanto P. Pattirane- November 2021 Page No.: 14-22<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d529dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d529dc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d52be2\" data-id=\"4d52be2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d52da6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d52da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8101\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8102\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8103\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8104\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8105\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8106\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8101\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8101\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research is a case study on the coast of Karawang Regency, West Java Province, which is part of the North Coast of Java. In the coastal area of Karawang, it was previously planned to build a port, but it was canceled and shifted to another regency. How is the condition of the Karawang coast? Has it undergone physical changes and is it risky if a port is built, and do it need some coastal protection strutures to protect it from damage? What kind of coastal structures are suitable to protect the coast of Karawang? These question are at the same time a problem that will be raised in this study. The objectives of this research are: (1) to plan a coastal protection structure for the coast of Karawang; (2) to determine the type and structure of coastal protection structures that are suitable for the Karawang coast. Research data in the form of primary and secondary data, with primary data covering topography, bathymetry, tides, currents, obtained by validation through Ground Check Points (GCP), and secondary data covering wind, and socioeconomic. Analysis of the data through simulation and determination of the selected coastal structures, with the result that the appropriate coastal protection structures are breakwaters and groynes, because they can reduce the overflow of waves that occur, so that the coast is protected from the onslaught of damaging waves.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 14-22 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61101<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8102\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8102\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eny Budi Sri Haryani <\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudy Program of Marine Engineering, Institute of Transportation and Logistics Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Roberto Pasaribu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMarine and Fisheries Polytechnic Karawang, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Liliek Soeprijadi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMarine and Fisheries Polytechnic Karawang, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anthon Anthonny Djari<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMarine and Fisheries Polytechnic Karawang, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chrisoetanto P. Pattirane<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMarine and Fisheries Polytechnic Karawang, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8103\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8103\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Aldin, M., Thaha, M. A., Hatta, M. P. (2019). Alternative Planning For Safety Building of Namrole Beach in South Buru Regency-Maluku. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (2019), 8 (4S).\r\n[2] Fuad, M. A., Fajari, A. K., Hidayati, N. (2021). Pemodelan dan Analisis Perubahan Garis Pantai di Kabupaten Situbondo, Jawa Timur. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Vol 5 No.2 (2021) 335-349, DOI: 10.21776\/Ub.Jfmr.2021.005.02.19\r\n[3] Haryani, E. B. S., Soeprijadi, L., Pasaribu, R., Pattirane, C. P., Tanjung, A. (2020). Impact of Abration and Sedimentation to Change of Coastline in Coastal Area of Karawang Regency. Presented at The 4-th EMBRIO International Workshop, Current Advance in Tropical Marine Biodiversity and Fisheries, 10 September 2020, not published yet.\r\n[4] Haryani, E. B. S., &amp; Fauzi, A. (2019). Bioeconomic analysis on coral fish in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 278, No. 1, p. 012032). IOP Publishing.\r\n[5] Hasan, M. I. (2016). Main Materials of Research Methodology and Its Applications. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.\r\n[6] Hariyadi. (2011). Analysis of Coastline Changes for 10 Years Using CEDAS (Coastal Engineering Design and Analysis System) in Teluk Awur Waters in the Scenario of Adding Coastal Protective Buildings. Semarang: Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Marina Oceanography Bulletin October 2011.vol.1 82 \u2013 94 (on-line), available at: http:\/\/ejournal.undip.ac.id\/index.php \/buloma\/article\/download\/ 2986\/2670.\r\n[7] Karawang Regency Fisheries Office. (2020). Fisheries and Marine Potential and Production of Karawang.\r\n[8] Kakisina, T. J. (2009). Groin Design to Overcome Erosion of the North Coastal Area of Baguala Bay, Ambon. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Science Technology Vol. 6 Number 1 April 2009.\r\n[9] Komar, P. D., Moore, J. R. (2017). CRC Handbook of Coastal Processes and Erosion. DOI: 10.1201\/9781351072908, Boca Raton: CRC Press.\r\n[10] Kramadibrata, S. (2017). Port Planning. Bandung: ITB Publisher.\r\n[11] Local Government of Karawang Regency. (2021). Online availabel at: https:\/\/www.karawangkab.go.id. (24 October 2021).\r\n[12] Masselink, G. (2021). Sandy Beach Morphodynamics. Journal of Coastal Research, (2021), 37(2). DOI: 10.2112\/jcoastres-d-20a-00008.1\r\n[13] Marmoush, R. Y. &amp; Mulligan, R. P. (2020). A three-dimensional laboratory investigation of beach morphology change during a storm event. Geomorphology Journal: 363. DOI: 10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107224.\r\n[14] Marmoush, R. Y. &amp; Mulligan, R. P. (2021). Numerical modelling of alongshore variability in waves and wave-driven currents during the morphodynamic change of a laboratory beach. Coastal Engineering, (2021), 167. DOI: 10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2021.103913\r\n[15] Ministry of Transportation, Republic of Indonesia. (2015). Relocation of Cilamaya Port is Expected Not Far from Karawang (on-line), available on the News Website dated April 6, 2015: http:\/\/dephub.go.id\/berita\/ baca\/pemindahan-lokasi-pelabuhan-cilamaya-diharapkan-tak-jauh-dari-karawang\/?cat=QmVyaXRhfHNlY3Rpb24tNjU=\r\n[16] Pranoto, A. K., Haryani, E. B. S., &amp; Tanjung, A. (2019). The impact of coastal degradation on mangrove ecosystem in North Karawang coastal area. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 278, No. 1, p. 012061). IOP Publishing.\r\n[17] Purba M. &amp; I. Jaya. (2004). Analysis of Coastline Change and Land Cover Between Way Penet and Way Sekampung, East Lampung Regency. Indonesian Journal of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences 11(2): 109-121.\r\n[18] Ribas, F., Falques, A., Garnier, R. (2017). Nearshore Sand Bars on Western Mediterranean Beaches, in book of Atlas of Bedforms in the Western Mediterranean. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-319-33940-5_14\r\n[19] Solihuddin, T., Prihantono, J., Mustikasari, J., Husrin, S. (2020). The dynamics of shoreline changes in the waters of Banten Bay and its surroundings. Journal of Marine Geology (2020), 18(2).\r\n[20] Sugiyono. (2020). Qualitative Quantitative Research Methods and R &amp; D, 2nd Edition. Bandung: Alphabeta Publisher.\r\n[21] Triatmodjo, B. (2018). Coastal Engineering. Yogyakarta: Beta Offset.\r\n[22] Triatmodjo, B. (2016). Pelabuhan. Yogyakarta: Beta Offset.\r\n[23] Taofiqurohman, A., Ismail, M. F. A. (2012). Spatial analysis of shoreline changes on the coast of Subang Regency, West Java. Journal of Tropical Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Volume VIII-3, December 2012.\r\n[24] Triwahyuni, A. (2009). Model of Changes in the East Coast of Tarakan, East Kalimantan [Thesis]. Bogor: Bogor Agricultural University.\r\n[25] Wirekso, U. L. (2005). Planning of Coastal Protection Structure in Mundu\u2013Balongan Area Using GENESIS Program Assistance) [Thesis]. Semarang: Diponegoro University, Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR) (on-line) available at: https:\/\/123dok.com\/document\/ yroxopoy-planning-pengaman-balongan-using-diponegoro-university-institutional-repository.html, (October 24, 2021, 12:30).\r\n[26] Winarno, D. J. (2009). Analysis of Natural Boundary Conditions on Abrasion at Lampung Beach. Online availabel at: http:\/\/digilib.unila.ac.id\/go.php?id=laptunilapp-gdl-res-2007-dwijokowin-111 (27 June 2009).\r\n[27] Yuwono, N. (2018). Coastal Engineering. Yogyakarta: Publishing Bureau for Civil Engineering Student Families, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University.\r\n[28] Yuwono, N. (2017). Basic of Coastal Structure Planning. Yogyakarta: Publishing Bureau for Civil Engineering Student Families, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8104\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8104\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eny Budi Sri Haryani, Roberto Pasaribu, Liliek Soeprijadi, Anthon Anthonny Djari, Chrisoetanto P. Pattirane &#8220;Development of Coastal Protection Structure in Karawang Coastal Area of Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.14-22 November 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61101<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8105\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8105\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/14-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8106\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8106\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-of-coastal-protection-structure-in-karawang-coastal-area-of-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Development of Coastal Protection Structure in Karawang Coastal Area of Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d542a3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d542a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d548be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d548be\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d57940\" data-id=\"4d57940\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d57b06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d57b06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d57c02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d57c02\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d57ded\" data-id=\"4d57ded\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d57f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d57f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d5804e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d5804e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5823d\" data-id=\"4d5823d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d583d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d583d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Detection of Heart Abnormalities Using Signal Processing<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Robinson, Mbato and Kabari, Ledisi G.- November 2021- Page No.: 23-27<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d5849e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d5849e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d58694\" data-id=\"4d58694\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5884b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d5884b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8113\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8114\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8115\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8116\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8111\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe heart is the center of life. It pumps and distributes blood to every other part of the body. Thus, it holds a strategic position in the body and must be in perfect condition at all times to perform these operations. The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to demonstrate the circuit activity of the heart. However, ECG signals can be difficult to interpret especially from non-health professionals. In this work, we developed a model that can detect and interpret the characteristics of an ECG signal, hence, identifying non-linearity of the heart. Fast Fourier Transform was used to filter our ECG readings dataset and remove unwanted signals, before the signals were used for classification and calculation of heart rate using peak values\/intervals. The dataset contained about 218,000 ECG readings, including gender and age grades of the patients. Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology (OOADM) was adopted in this approach. The system was implemented using MATLAB software. The overall efficiency of the model is 95%, which outperforms other existing models. This system could be beneficial to the research community on signal processing.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 23-27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61102<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8112\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Robinson, Mbato <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIgnatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kabari, Ledisi G.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nIgnatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8113\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] M. Hammad, A. Maher, K. Wang, F. Jiang and M. Amrani. \u201cDetection of Abnormal Heart Conditions Based on the Chaacteristics of ECG Signals.\u201d Elsevier. Vol. 125, pp. 634-644.\r\n[2] G H Patel and V. Vidyanagar. \u201cSignal Processing Techniques for Removing Noise from ECG Signals.\u201d Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Research. Vol. 1, pp. 1-9. 2019\r\n[3] V. A. Dixit and P. R. Thorat. \u201cECG Detection using Controller.\u201d International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 6, No.11, pp. 21586-21600. NOV. 2017.\r\n[4] V. Millette and N. Baddour. \u201cSignal Processing of Heart Signals for the Quantification of non-deterministic Events.\u201d Biomedical Engineering Online. Vol. 10, No. 10, 2011.\r\n[5] J. Zhang, L. Zou, B. Li, K. Xiang, X. Shi, C. Fan and Y. Liu. \u201cMethod of diagnosing heart disease based on deep learning ECG sign.\u201d Pp. 1-9.\r\n[6] X. Zhang, K. Gu5, S. Miao, X. Zhang, Y. Yin, C. Wan, Y. Yu, J. Hu, Z. Wang, T. Shan, S. Jing, W. Wang, Y. Ge, Y. Chen, J. Guo and Y.Liu. \u201cAutomated detection of cardiovascular disease by electrocardiogram signal analysis: a deep learning system.\u201d Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 227-235. 2020\r\n[7] S. K. Nayak, A. Bit, A. Day, B. Mohapatra and K. Pal. \u201cA Review of the Nonlinear Dynamical System Analysis of Electrocardiogram Signal.\u201d Hindawi Journal of Healthcare Engineering. Pp. 1-20. MAY, 2018.\r\n[8] G. O. Diri and L. G Kabari. \u201cAbnormal Heart Rate Detection using Signal Processing.\u201d International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS). Vol. IX, Issue VIII, pp. 20-25. AUG. 2020\r\n[9] R. Kher and S. Gohel. \u201cDigital signal processor (Tms3200c6713) based abnormal beat detection form ECG signals.\u201d International Journal of Applied Science-Research and Review. Vol. 5, Issue 5:7, pp. 1-7. MAY 2018.\r\n[10] F. Javed, P. A. Venkatachalam and A. M. H. Fadzil. \u201cA Signal Processing Module for the Analysis of Heart Sounds and Heart Murmurs.\u201d Journal of Physics. Vol. 34, pp. 1098-1105. 2006. doi:10.1088\/1742-6596\/34\/1\/181.\r\n[11] P. Mayapur. Detection and Classification of Heart Defects. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research. Vol. 3, Issue 4. Pp. 286-296. Oct.-Dec. 2018.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8114\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Robinson, Mbato and Kabari, Ledisi G., &#8220;Detection of Heart Abnormalities Using Signal Processing&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.23-27 November 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61102<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8115\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/23-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8116\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/detection-of-heart-abnormalities-using-signal-processing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Detection of Heart Abnormalities Using Signal Processing<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d59bd9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d59bd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d59ce8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d59ce8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5e466\" data-id=\"4d5e466\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5e6fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d5e6fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d5e7f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d5e7f4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5ea09\" data-id=\"4d5ea09\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5f417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d5f417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d5f4ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d5f4ec\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5f6b6\" data-id=\"4d5f6b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5f82f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d5f82f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d5f906 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d5f906\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5facc\" data-id=\"4d5facc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d5fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d5fd13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d5fd13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d5fefb\" data-id=\"4d5fefb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d60087 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d60087\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Economic Efficiency of Small holder Swamp Rice Farmers across Gender in Anambra State, Nigeria. An application of Stochastic Production Frontier Function<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emma-Ajah, J .A, Ume, S I, Ucha, S.O and Chukwu, M. F- November 2021 Page No.: 28-36<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d60152 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d60152\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6034b\" data-id=\"4d6034b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d60520 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d60520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8113\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8114\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8115\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8116\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8111\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">: Economic efficiency of small holder swamp rice farmers across gender in Anambra State, Nigeria was studied. The objectives of the study were to determine the level of economics efficiency and its determinants across gender and identify and analyze the constraints to swamp rice production in the study area. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 120 swamp rice farmers (60 males and 60 females). Mean, maximum likelihood method and factor analysis were employed to address the objectives of the study. The result of mean economic efficiency of the male group (0.65) was higher than that of the female group (0.61). The cost of production of swamp rice to both male and female was affected by prfert (price of fertilizer), cptal (capital) and larent (Land rent). The determinant factors to economic efficiency that cut across both gender were educa (educational level), farmexp. (farming experience) and memorg (membership of organization), while only Accredit (credit) was to male farmer group. The problems of poor access to credit, poor access to post harvest technology, poor access to improved varieties and high cost labour cut across both gender. Policies to ensure farmers\u2019 access to credit, educational programme, improved rice varieties and labour saving devices were proffered.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 28-36 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8112\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emma-Ajah, J .A <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ume, S I<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ucha, S.O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwu, M. F<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8113\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdulwaheed.A Opadotun. O.O and Amusat, M.A.(2017). Rice self-sufficiency; A review of government polices on rice production. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, February\r\n[2] Abedullah, K.S. and Mushtaq, K (2007). 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Paper presented at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, p. 27\r\n[28] Okam , CY, Yusufo, S. Abdulrahman, S and Suleiman, AD (2016)Comparative Analysis of Profitability of Rice Production among Men and Women Farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics &amp; Sociology 10(1): 1-7,\r\n[29] Olanrewaju,RM(2010) \u201cClimate and rice production in a part of the Niger River Basin development authority area (NRBDA).Acase study of Edu and Lafiagi local government areas of Kwara State,Nigeria,\u201d Journal of Meteorology and Climate Science, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 102\u2013110.\r\n[30] Onyeweanku, CE, Ohajiaya, DU (2002). Gender and Relative Efficiency in Rice Production in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. J. Agric. And Sustainable Environ., (3): 384-392.\r\n[31] Osagie, C., (2016) Rice importation ban: Disregard US report, FG urged. Available from http:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/articles\/2015-rice-importation-ban-disregard-us-report-fg-urged\/168731\/ [Accessed 17\/05\/14].\r\n[32] Rice Farmers\u2019 Association of Nigeria (RIFAN) (2018). Rice production in Nigeria increases to 5.8m tones. RIFAN Annual Report 2019.\r\n[33] Umar, S., Ndanisa, M.A. and Olaleye, S.R. (2009), \u201cAdoption of Improved Rice Production Technologies Youth Farmers in Gbako Local Government Area Niger State, Nigeria\u201d, Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 1-8.\r\n[34] Udemezue, J.C (2019)Analysis of Rice Production and Consumption Trends in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection 1(3); 23 -38\r\n[35] Ugwungwu, C. S (2008). Improved rice varieties. National Cereal Research Institute. A paper delivered at trainers workshop on rice production held at Abia State Agricultural Development Programme\r\n[36] Ume S. I., Kadrumba C. and Anozie R. O. (2012). Gender and Relative Economic Efficiency of cocoyam production in Enugu State of Nigeria (using stochastic frontier approach).Journal of Science, 12 (1) 48-55 Agriculture food technology and environment. Faculty of Agriculture Ebonyi State University Abakaliki.\r\n[37] Ume S. I., Jiwuba F.I , and Ochiaka C D (2012). Economics of upland rice (oriza sayiva) production in Ivo LGA of Ebonyi State, Nigeria . Agro Science Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Envoirnment and Extension Volume 11(3);51-56.Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria , Nsukka. Enugu State , Nigeria.\r\n[38] Ume S.I, Ezeano C.I, Eluwa .A.N. and Ebe .F. (2016). Analysis of Technical Inefficiency in Rice Production among Farmers in Ezza South LGA of Ebonyi State of Nigeria (Application of Stochastic Frontier Production). Archives of Current Research International , 4(3): 261-269.\r\n[39] Ume S I, Ezeano C I, Edeh O, N and Udefi I O (2018); Resource Use Efficiency of Upland Rice Farmers Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State Asian Research Journal of Arts &amp; Social Sciences 7(2):1-10,Articleno.ARJASS.27426ISSN:2456-4761.\r\n[40] Umeh, G.N. and Chuckwu, VA (2013). Determinant of adoption of improved rice production technologies in Eboyin State, Nigeria. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR), 3(3), 126.\r\n[41] WestAfricaRiceDevelopmentAssociation (WARDA),(2004) Growing Lowland Rice. A Production Handbook, Africa Rice center, Abidja, C\u02c6ote d\u2019Ivoire, 2004.\r\n[42] West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) (2003), Rice Trends in Sub-Saharan African: A Synthesis of Statistics on Rice Production, Trade and Consumption, UK, Sayce Publishing, pp. 1-22.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8114\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emma-Ajah, J .A, Ume, S I, Ucha, S.O and Chukwu, M. F &#8220;Economic Efficiency of Small holder Swamp Rice Farmers across Gender in Anambra State, Nigeria. An application of Stochastic Production Frontier Function&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.28-36 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/28-36.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8115\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/28-36.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8116\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/economic-efficiency-of-small-holder-swamp-rice-farmers-across-gender-in-anambra-state-nigeria-an-application-of-stochastic-production-frontier-function\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Economic Efficiency of Small holder Swamp Rice Farmers across Gender in Anambra State, Nigeria. An application of Stochastic Production Frontier Function<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d676bd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d676bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d680aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d680aa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6829b\" data-id=\"4d6829b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d68417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d68417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d6850c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d6850c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d68721\" data-id=\"4d68721\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d688b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d688b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges and Opportunities of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Livelihoods of Residents in the High-density Suburbs of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sifelani Ngwenya, Lulamani Ngwenya- November 2021 Page No.: 37-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d689a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d689a6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d68ba3\" data-id=\"4d68ba3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d68d75 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d68d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8113\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8114\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8115\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8116\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8111\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The term \u2018lockdown\u2019 has become a commonly used phrase globally. COVID-19 related lockdowns sought to curtail human movements to stop the spread of the virus. Consequently, these measures have had varying ramifications on people\u2019s livelihoods. Interrogating these measures provides a fertile ground from which new lessons, best practices can be deducted, to inform and model future containment measures. This paper examines the lockdown-induced challenges and opportunities on livelihoods, based on experiences from Zimbabwe\u2019s six wards of Bulawayo, in the first half of the year 2020. This study adopted a mixed method approach. Desktop review, and in-depth personal interviews were used to collect data from a randomly selected sample of sixty (60) key informants (KIs) comprising of the self-employed, formally employed, and unemployed residents were drawn from six (6) wards. Data were analysed using SPSS 21.0 version and reported through descriptive statistics, the percentage, and frequency distribution. Main findings show that: lockdowns implemented in various countries were modelled on the stringent Chinese mass quarantines. These quarantines were characterized by bans, restrictions, shutdowns, enforcement, working remotely. Other important findings were that lockdowns disrupted and collapsed small and emerging businesses, led to job losses and other livelihoods, and disrupted social life. Despite these drawbacks, the lockdown period provided new opportunities, the motivation to adopt and adapt to new survival skills, such as livelihood diversification, financial preparedness, and frequent utilization of modern technologies to construct livelihoods. The paper unravels the need to offer various assistance packages to businesses and vulnerable communities to sustain, and keep them afloat; plan, and implement public awareness activities to inform communities on anticipated hazards. These will help prepare businesses, and communities for disasters of varying magnitudes, and embrace, consultation and all-stakeholder participation in designing, planning, and implementing new initiatives, to ensure unit of purpose, commitment, and buy-in.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 37-43 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8112\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sifelani Ngwenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Development Studies, Bulawayo Cohort, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lulamani Ngwenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Development Studies, Bulawayo Cohort, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8113\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8113\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., &amp; Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The lancet, 395(10228), 931-934.\r\n[2] Ashley, C., &amp; Carney, D. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods: Lessons from early experience (Vol. 7, No. 1). London: Department for International Development.\r\n[3] Bao, R., &amp; Zhang, A. (2020). Does lockdown reduce air pollution? Evidence from 44 cities in northern China. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 139052.\r\n[4] Chambers, R., &amp; Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. Institute of Development Studies (UK).\r\n[5] Chattopadhyay, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the Way Forward: A Story of Livelihoods from Coastal Rural Sundarbans, West Bengal.\r\n[6] Chirimambowa, T, C. (2020). COCID-19 and the future of democracy in Zimbabwe. Harare: The Elephant\r\n[7] DFID (Department for International Development). (2001). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheet. London: DFID.\r\n[8] Dubey, A. D., &amp; Tripathi, S. (2020). Analysing the sentiments towards work-from-home experience during covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Innovation Management, 8(1), 13-19.\r\n[9] Dutta, S., &amp; Guchhait-Barddhaman, S. K. (2018). Measurement of livelihood assets in sustainable forest governance: A study in Burdwan forest division, West Bengal. Transactions, 40(2), 203.\r\n[10] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2008). Introduction to the basic concepts of food security. Rome: FAO.\r\n[11] Flanagan, J. (2020). Coronavirus in South Africa: tobacco smugglers benefit from world&#8217;s strictest lockdown&#8221;. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2020-06-24.\r\n[12] Ganti, A. (2021) Central Limit Theorem (CLT). [web log post] Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/c\/central_limit_.\r\n[13] Insider, B. (2020). A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown\u2014here&#8217;s our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions.\r\n[14] Ku, C. C., Ng, T. C., &amp; Lin, H. H. (2020). Epidemiological benchmarks of the COVID-19 outbreak control in China after Wuhan\u2019s lockdown: a modelling study with an empirical approach. Available at SSRN 3544127.\r\n[15] Lau, H., Khosrawipour, V., Kocbach, P., Mikolajczyk, A., Schubert, J., Bania, J., &amp; Khosrawipour, T. (2020). The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of travel medicine.\r\n[16] Machivenyika, F. (2020). President extends lockdown, but firms to reopen,\u2019 The Herald. 2 May. https:\/\/www.herald.co.zw\/president-extends-lockdown-but-firms-toreopen\/ Date of access: 14 Jan.2021.\r\n[17] Mavhunga, C. (2020). Zimbabwe leader extends COVID-19 Lockdown. Voice of America 16 May. (https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/covid-19-pandemic\/zimbabwe-leader-extends-covid-19-lockdown . Date of access: 6 Jan. 2021.\r\n[18] Mboera, L. E., Akipede, G. O., Banerjee, A., Cuevas, L. E., Czypionka, T., Khan, M., &#8230; &amp; Urassa, M. (2020). Mitigating lockdown challenges in response to COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 308-310.\r\n[19] Morawska, L., Allen, J., Bahnfleth, W., Bluyssen, P. M., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., &#8230; &amp; Yao, M. (2021). A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372(6543), 689-691.\r\n[20] Odusote, A. 2016. Nigeria: The matrix between fragility of livelihoods and conflict, Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: 10 (2), 9-30\r\n[21] Ozili, P. K. &amp; Arun, T. (2020). Spill over of COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal, November. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.2139\/sir, 3562570.\r\n[22] Paolo, B., Chiara, P., Ramasco, J.J., Michele, T., Vittoria, C., Alessandro, V., &amp; Matjaz, P., 2011). Human mobility networks, travel restrictions, and the global spread of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. PLoS One 6, e16591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal. pone.0016591.\r\n[23] Patel, M., &amp; Patel, N. (2019). Exploring Research Methodology: Review Article. International Journal of Research and Review, 6(3), 48-55.\r\n[24] Price, R. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 regulatory measures on small-scale and informal trade in Zimbabwe. K4D Helpdesk Report 815-816. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.\r\n[25] Public Health (COVID-19 Prevention, Containment and Treatment) (National Lockdown) Order, 2020. Statutory Instrument 83 of 2020\r\n[26] Rakodi, C. (2014). Urban livelihoods: a people-centred approach to reducing poverty. London: Earthscan Publications Limited\r\n[27] Resnick, B. 2020. Italy and China used lockdowns to slow the coronavirus. Could we? VOX. Retrieved 25 March 2021.\r\n[28] Rozelle, S., Rahimi, H., Wang, H and Dill, E. (2020). Lockdowns are protecting China\u2019s rural families from COVID-19, but the economic burden is heavy. March 30, 2020 (Blog) https:\/\/www.ifpri.org\/blog\/lockdowns-are-protecting-chinas-rural-families-covid-19-economic-burden-heavy\r\n[29] Sanford, A. (2020). Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2020\/04\/02\/coronavirus-in-europespain-s-death-toll-hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou (Date accessed: 3April 9, 2021).\r\n[30] Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural Livelihoods: A framework for analysis. IDS Working Paper 72. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.\r\n[31] Statista, (2020). &#8220;What Share of the World Population Is Already on COVID-19 Lockdown?&#8221;. Statista. 23 April 2020.\r\n[32] Wang, H., Zhang, M., Li, R., Zhong, O., Johnstone, H., Zhou, H., &#8230; &amp; Rozelle, S. (2021). Tracking the effects of COVID-19 in rural China over time. International journal for equity in health, 20(1), 1-13.\r\n[33] Wang, Q., &amp; Taylor, J. E. (2016). Patterns and limitations of urban human mobility resilience under the influence of multiple types of natural disaster. PLoS one, 11(1), e0147299.\r\n[34] WHO (World Health Organization.) 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) situation report. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel\u2010coronavirus\u20102019\/situation\u2010reports . Date of access: 14Jan 2021.\r\n[35] WHO, (World Health Organization) 2020. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions. www.who.int. World Health Organization. 9 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2021.\r\n[36] Wilder-Smith, A., &amp; Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of travel medicine.\r\n[37] Workie, E., Mackolil, J., Nyika., J and Ramadas, S. (2020), Deciphering the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food security, agriculture, and livelihoods: A review of the evidence from developing countries. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2 (2020) 100014. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crsust.2020.100014\r\n[38] Yuan, Z., Xiao, Y., Dai, Z., Huang, J., Zhang, Z &amp; Chen, Y. (2020). Modelling the effects of Wuhan\u2019s lockdown during COVID-19, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2020 (8):484-494. doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.20.254045.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8114\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8114\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sifelani Ngwenya, Lulamani Ngwenya &#8220;Challenges and Opportunities of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Livelihoods of Residents in the High-density Suburbs of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.37-43 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/37-43.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8115\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8115\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/37-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8116\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8116\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-and-opportunities-of-covid-19-lockdowns-on-livelihoods-of-residents-in-the-high-density-suburbs-of-bulawayo-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenges and Opportunities of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Livelihoods of Residents in the High-density Suburbs of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6cdd4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d6cdd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d6cf04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d6cf04\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6d134\" data-id=\"4d6d134\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6d2d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d6d2d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d6d3e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d6d3e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6d5ea\" data-id=\"4d6d5ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6d7b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d6d7b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d6d90f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d6d90f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6dc7b\" data-id=\"4d6dc7b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6df4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d6df4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d6e0c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d6e0c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6e448\" data-id=\"4d6e448\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d71282 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d71282\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conversion of Waste Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis Hook. F) Leave in to Bio Electricity Using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS) Application<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ogobiri Godwin, Anyalebechi Onyebuchi- November 2021 Page No.: 44-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d714d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d714d3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d71903\" data-id=\"4d71903\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d71c26 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d71c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A double chamber microbial fuel cells technology has been applied on defective leave of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentialis Hook.F) through the conversion of its waste leave into Bioelectricity. Adopting method of research fabrication described by Karmau etal (2017) the result of the voltage of 4.5V against 0.3V from the 2.5kg sample, current density (j) of 113A\/m2 and power (p) of 2.0W in 120hours. The result present linearity in increase in voltage, power density, current density and power. It is likely that a slight increase in the system temperature enhanced a corresponding decrease in internal resistance of the electrolyte leading to ionic mobility and conductance as concentration increase with leave decomposition. Therefore, processing of waste or defective fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentialis Hook.F) leave via Microbial fuel cell application can be a good source of green electricity generation and a good step on its waste management.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 44-48 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogobiri Godwin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anyalebechi Onyebuchi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, University of Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Fan V., Zhang V., Zhang S., Hou H., and Ren B (2006) Efficient Conversion of wheat straw waste into biohydrogen gas by cow dung compost. Bioresource Technology. 99;500-505.\r\n[2] Hamid R.Y., Christy D.A., Dehorty B.A., Morrison M., Yu Z., and Tuovinen O.H (2007). Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisation in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol. Bio Eng. 97:1398-1407.\r\n[3] Ekpete O.A., Horsfall M. JNR and Tarawou T (2011) Evaluation of Activated carbon from fluted pumpkin stem waste for phenol and chlorophenol adoption in a fixed-bed micro-column. J.APPl.Sc-Environ Manage Vol. 15 (1) 141 \u2013 146.\r\n[4] Horsfall M. JNR and Spiff A.I (2005) equilibrium adoption study of Al3+, CO2+ and Ag+ in aqueous solutions by fluted pumpkin Telfairia occidentalis Hook F) waste biomass. Actacluin slou 52:174-181\r\n[5] Kamau J.M., Mbui D.N., Nwaniki J.M., Mwaura F.B (2017) Cow Dung to kilo watt using Double chamber Microbial fuel cell. IJSRSET: vol 3| issue 5 | print ISSN 2395-19901|70-79.\r\n[6] Kamau J.M., Mbui D.N., Nwaniki J.M., Mwaura F.B (2018) Utilization of rumen fluid in production of bio-energy from market waste using microbial fuel cells technology | Appl. Biotechnol. S(5)227-231. DOI: 1015406|jab 2018.05.00142.\r\n[7] Namita S., Alex F., Joseph W.,Daniel F., Simon K., Venkatara G (2016) Electricity generation from defective tomatoes. Bio-electrochemistry 112 (2016) 67-76.\r\n[8] Kamau J.M., Mbui D.N., Nwaniki J.M., Mwaura F.B (2018) Electricity generation by clostridium spp and proteus Vulgaris from rotten Tomatoes in a Double chamber microbial fuel cell. IJRSMR vol 4. Issue 4 pp. 32-38.\r\n[9] American Public Health (1998). Standard method for the examination water and waste water. 15th edition. Washington, APHA, USA.\r\n[10] Ganiu A.O (2005) Hepatoprotective property of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis Hook.F) leaves against garlic induced oxidative stress. J.Med F.D 8:560-563.\r\n[11] Fabuji O.A (2008) Nutritional potentials of some tropical vegetable leaf meal chemical characterization and functional.\r\n[12] Keith S., Eileen H (2015) Microbial Electrochemical and fuel cells. 1st Ed. Fundamentals and Applications. Woodhead publishing, 410 pp. ISSBN 9781782423731\r\n[13] Patit P.K., Kingshuk D., (2018) Progress and recent trends in microbial fuel cells. 1st ED. 464 pp. Elsevier, ISSBN 9780444640178.\r\n[14] Nastro R.A., Jannelli M., Minutillo M., Guida M., Facci A.L., Trifuiggi M., Andraessi L., Krastav V.K., Falcucci G (2017) Perfformance evaluation of microbial fuel cells fed by solid organic waste parametric comparison between three generations. Science Direct. Energy procedia (105(2017)) 1102-1108 www. Sciencedirect.com.\r\n[15] Agarry S.E., Oghenejoboh K.M., Solomon B.O (2016) Bioelectricity production from cassava mill Effluents using MFC technology. Nigeria Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) vol 35. No 2.pp.329-336\r\n[16] Nyoyoko V.F., Ibuot J.C (2015) Generation of Electricity from poultry waste using MFC.J. microbial. Biotech Res. 5(3): 31-37.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogobiri Godwin, Anyalebechi Onyebuchi &#8220;Conversion of Waste Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis Hook. F) Leave in to Bio Electricity Using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS) Application&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.44-48 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/44-48.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/44-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/conversion-of-waste-fluted-pumpkin-telfairia-occidentalis-hook-f-leave-in-to-bio-electricity-using-microbial-fuel-cells-mfcs-application\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Conversion of Waste Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis Hook. F) Leave in to Bio Electricity Using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS) Application<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d732e1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d732e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d7687a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d7687a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d76b4f\" data-id=\"4d76b4f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d76d2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d76d2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d76e16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d76e16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d77039\" data-id=\"4d77039\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d771e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d771e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaves extract of Annona senegalensis from rainforest of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yakubu, Ameenu, Haruna, Idris, Maidaula, Abdussalam Tijjani- November 2021 Page No.: 49-54<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d772bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d772bf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d774d7\" data-id=\"4d774d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d77684 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d77684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Annona senegalensis belongs to the family Annonaceae which is known to possess wide range of bioactivities. The leaves of A. senegalensis have been traditionally used as stimulant and a pain reliever. This study aims to determine the presence of some of the bioactive molecules in the leaves of this plant, and further investigate the antimicrobial activity of the extract against certain bacteria. The crude methanolic extract of the leaves was tested for phytochemicals, and revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinone and cardiac glycosides, and triterpenoids. The crude methanolic extract was purified using column chromatography techniques. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the isolated compounds revealed the presence of C\u2013H, C=O, O\u2013H and C=C functional groups, which are characteristics of the compounds in the secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial screening of the crude methanol extract was carried out on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonia, using agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial screening showed that the extract was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The solvent extract was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition of 20mm and 18mm at a concentration of 100mg\/ml and 50mg\/ml respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the crude extract carried out against the test microorganisms were within the range of 12.5 \u2013 25mg\/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration was within the range of 25 \u2013 50mg\/ml. The result from this study justifies the use of the leaves of Annona senegalensis in treatment of microbial diseases.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-54 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61104<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yakubu, Ameenu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Haruna, Idris<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maidaula, Abdussalam Tijjani<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Gardenia erubescens leaves. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 10(3): 398-402.\r\n[2] Andrews, J. M. (2001). Determination of a minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48(1): 5-16.\r\n[3] Abdullahi, M. N., Ilyas, N., Ibrahim, H. (2013). Evaluation of phytochemical screening and analgesic activity of aqueous extract of the leaves of Microtrichia perotitii dc (Asteraceae) in mice using hotplate method. Medicinal Plant Research, 3(5): 37\u201343.\r\n[4] Ayoola, G. A., Coker, H. B., Adesegun, S. A., Adepoju-Bello, A. A., Obaweya, K., Ezennia, E. C. and Atangbayila, T. O. (2008). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in southwestern Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7(3): 1019\u20131024.\r\n[5] Ajaiyeoba, E., Falade, M., Ogbole, O., Okpako, L. and Akinboye, D. (2006). In vivo antimalarial and cytoxic properties of Annona senegalensis extract. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3(1):137-141.\r\n[6] Banso, A. and Adeyemo, S. (2006). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assessment of Abutilon mauritianum, Bacopa monnifera and Datura stramonium. Biokemistri, 18(1): 39\u201344.\r\n[7] Doughari, J. H. (2012). Phytochemicals: extraction methods, basic structures and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents. InTech, 2012, 9-10.\r\n[8] Dambatta, S. and Aliyu, B. (2011). A survey of major ethnomedicinal plants of Kano North, Nigeria, their knowledge and uses by traditional healers. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 4(2): 28\u20133.\r\n[9] Genellin, C. R. and Roberts, S. M. (1999). Medicinal chemistry: The role of organic chemistry in drug research (2nd Ed.). Academic Press Limited, pp. 122-123.\r\n[10] Girish, H. V. (2008). Antibacterial activity of some important medicinal plants on human pathogenic bacteria- A comparative analysis. World Applied Science Journal, 5(3): 267-271.\r\n[11] Iqbal, E., Salim, K. A. and Lim, L. B. L. (2015). Phytochemical screening, total phenolics and antioxidant activities of bark and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam. Journal of King Saud University \u2013 Science, 2015(27): 224-232.\r\n[12] Joshi, A., Bhobe, M., and Saatarkar, A. (2013). Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Grewia microcos Linn. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 5(7): 80\u201387.\r\n[13] Kar, A. (2007). Pharmacognosy Pharmacobiotechnology (Revised-Expanded Second Edition). New Age International Limited Publishers, New Delhi, pp 332-600.\r\n[14] Kinston, W. (2008). Irish contribution to the origins of antibiotic. Irish Journal of Medicinal Sciences. 177(2): 82-87.\r\n[15] Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P. R., Beek, T. A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry, 85, 231\u2013237.\r\n[16] Mustapha, A., Owuna, G. and Uthman, I. (2013). Plant remedies practical by Keffi people in the management of Dermatosis. Journal of medicinal plants studies, 1(5): 112-118.\r\n[17] Ngbolua, K. N., Moke, E. L., Baya, J. L., Djoza, R., Ashande, C. M. and Mpiana, P. T. (2017). A mini-review on the pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of a tropical medicinal plant: Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae). Tropical Plant Research 4(1): 168\u2013175.\r\n[18] Nweze, E. L; Okafor, J. L. and Njuku O. (2004). Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of trumeguineesis (Scchumn and Thom) and Morinda Lucinda used in Nigerian herbal medicinal practice. Journal of Biological Research and Biotechnology. 2(1): 34-46.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yakubu, Ameenu, Haruna, Idris, Maidaula, Abdussalam Tijjani &#8220;Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaves extract of Annona senegalensis from rainforest of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.49-54 November 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61104<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/49-54.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/phytochemical-screening-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-leaves-extract-of-annona-senegalensis-from-rainforest-of-ahmadu-bello-university-zaria-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaves extract of Annona senegalensis from rainforest of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d78ab7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d78ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d78c1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d78c1e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d78e3d\" data-id=\"4d78e3d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d78fe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d78fe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d790ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d790ba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d79290\" data-id=\"4d79290\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7e1d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d7e1d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d7e2eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d7e2eb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d7e512\" data-id=\"4d7e512\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7e6a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d7e6a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d7e776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d7e776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d7e9b1\" data-id=\"4d7e9b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7eb59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d7eb59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Effective Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-Ray<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Simon Emmanuel Ikoojo, Deme Chuwang Abraham, Nentawe Gurumdimma- November 2021 Page No.: 55-59<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d7ec2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d7ec2e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d7ee40\" data-id=\"4d7ee40\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7efdf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d7efdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A new viral disease that easily spreads was in December 2019 discovered in Wuhan city in China and was named by the World Health Organization (WHO) as COVID-19. The symptoms can be either mild or severe and mostly in older people who have hypertension, diabetes, and heart or lung disease. Early screening has proved to be effective in reducing the spread and the RT-PCR test is been employed for testing which is expensive and time-consuming. Deep learning using CNN on Chest X-rays can be used to detect the infection.\r\nIn this paper, three deep learning models (VGG16, Xception, and InceptionV3) were proposed for detecting COVID-19. These models were pretrained using images from ImageNet with the proposed Inception model achieving the highest accuracy of 98.28%. The f1-score for Xception, VGG, and Inception approaches are 98%, 95%, and 95% respectively. The proposed approaches achieved a precision score of 100%, 100%, and 96% in classifying COVID-19 cases for Inception, Xception, and VGG16 respectively.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 55-59 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Simon Emmanuel Ikoojo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deme Chuwang Abraham<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nentawe Gurumdimma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Xu, Y. H. (2020). Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection, 80(4), 394-400.\r\n[2] Jaiswal, A., &amp;Bist, A. S. (2020). Analysis of Deep Learning algorithms on COVID-19 Radiography Database. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(11), 1268-1275.\r\n[3] Prakash, K. B., Imambi, S. S., Ismail, M., Kumar, T. P., &amp;Pawan, Y. N. (2020). Analysis, Prediction and Evaluation of COVID-19 Datasets using Machine Learning Algorithms. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 8(5).\r\n[4] Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet , 395, 497\u2013506.\r\n[5] WHO. (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved 07 25, 2021, from https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/.\r\n[6] NCDC. (2021). COVID-19 NIGERIA. Retrieved 07 25, 2021, from http:\/\/covid19.ncdc.gov.ng\/\r\n[7] Herath, H., Karunasena, G., Ariyathunge, S., Priyankara, H., Madhusanka, B., Herath, H., &amp;Nimanthi, U. (2020). Deep Learning Approach to Recognition of Novel. In: SLAAI &#8211; International Conference on Artificial Intelligence.\r\n[8] Wang, W., Xu, Y., R. Gao, R. L., Han, K., Wu, G., &amp; Tan, W. (2020). Detection of sars-cov-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA, 323(18), 1843\u20131844.\r\n[9] Fang, Y., Zhang, H., Xie, J., Lin, M., Ying, L., Pang, P., &amp; Ji, W. (2020). Sensitivity of chest ct for covid-19: Comparison to rt-pcr. Radiology, 296(2), 115\u2013117.\r\n[10] Aboughazala, L. M., &amp; Mohammed, K. K. (2020). Automated Detection of Covid-19 Coronavirus Cases Using Deep. Al-AzharUn. Journal for Research and Studies, 2(1).\r\n[11] Hashim, H., Mathew, N. G., Sabira, K., Nizamudeen, A., &amp; Jacob, J. (2019). Advanced Medical Diagnosis and Prediction Using Deep Learning. Journal of Applied Information Science, 7(1), 11-15.\r\n[12] Github. (2020). covid-chestxray-dataset. Retrieved July 22, 2021, from https:\/\/github.com\/ieee8023\/covid-chestxray-dataset\r\n[13] Khasawneh, N., Fraiwan, M., Fraiwan, L., Khassawneh, B., &amp;Ibnian, A. (2021). Detection of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Sensors , 21(5940).\r\n[14] Razzak, M., Naz, S., &amp;Zaib, A. (2018). Deep learning for medical image processing: Overview, challenges and the future. Classification in BioApps, 323-350.\r\n[15] Patil, A. R. (2020). COVID-19 Detection using Chest X-Ray Images through a Convolutional Neural Network and transfer learning. International Journal for Research in Applied Science &amp; Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 8(11), 518-523\r\n[16] Zhang, J., &amp;Xie, Y. (2020). COVID-19 Screening on Chest X-ray Images Using Deep Learning based Anomaly Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.12338.\r\n[17] Mangal, A., Kalia, S., Rajgopal, H., Rangarajan, K., &amp;Namboodiri, V. (2020). CovidAID:COVID-19 Detection Using Chest X-Ray. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.09803.\r\n[18] Loey, M., Smarandache, F., &amp;Khalifa, N. E. (2020). Within the Lack of Chest COVID-19 X-ray Dataset: A Novel Detection Model Based on GAN and Deep Transfer Learning. Symetry, 12. 651. 10.3390\/sym12040651.\r\n[19] Wang, L., Lin, Z. Q., &amp; Wong, A. (2020). Covid-net: A tailored deep convolutional neural network design for detection of covid-19 cases from chest x-ray images. Scientific Reports.\r\n[20] Gozes, O. (2020). Rapid AI Development Cycle for the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Initial Results for Automated Detection &amp; Patient Monitoring using Deep Learning CT Image Analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.05037.\r\n[21] Kaggle. (2018). Chest X-Ray Images (Pneumonia). Retrieved July 22, 2021, from https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/paultimothymooney\/chest-xray-pneumonia\r\n[22] Sethy, P. K., &amp;Behera, S. K. (2020). Detection of coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) based on Deep Features.\r\n[23] Ioannis, D. A., &amp;Bessiana, T. (2020). COVID-19: Automatic detection from X-ray images utilizing Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks. arXiv:2003.11617.\r\n[24] Hemdan, E. E., Shouman, M. A., &amp;Karar, M. E. (2020). COVIDX-Net: A framework of deep learning classifiers to diagnose COVID-19 in x-ray images. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.11055.\r\n[25] Singh, D., Kumar, V., Yadav, V., &amp; Kaur, M. (2020). Deep Neural Network-Based Screening Model for COVID-19-Infected Patients Using Chest X-Ray Images. Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell., 35.\r\n[26] Narin, A. K., &amp;Pamuk, Z. (2020). Automatic Detection of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Using X-ray Images and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.10849.\r\n[27] Sharma, S., &amp; Sharma, J. (2020). Diagnosing COVID-19 Pneumonia using Deep Learning. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 7(7), 1840-1843.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Simon Emmanuel Ikoojo, Deme Chuwang Abraham, Nentawe Gurumdimma &#8220;An Effective Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-Ray&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.55-59 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/55-59.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/55-59.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-effective-deep-learning-model-for-covid-19-detection-from-chest-x-ray\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Effective Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-Ray<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d80418 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d80418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d80557 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d80557\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d80766\" data-id=\"4d80766\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d829db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d829db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d82b11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d82b11\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d82d58\" data-id=\"4d82d58\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d82eef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d82eef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d82fd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d82fd8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d831b0\" data-id=\"4d831b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d83340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d83340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d8340e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d8340e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d835fb\" data-id=\"4d835fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d837b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d837b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exact Solution of Linear Volterra integro-differential Equation of First Kind Using Abaoub-Shkheam Transform<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abejela S. Shkheam, Ali E. Abaoub, and Yousuf A. Huwaydi- November 2021 Page No.: 60-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d8388c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d8388c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d83a7b\" data-id=\"4d83a7b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d83c36 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d83c36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">We employ Abaoub &#8211; Shkheam transformation to solve linear Volterra integro-differential equation of the first kind, we considered the kernel of that equation is a deference type kernel. Moreover, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the equation under some conditions in the Banach space and fixed-point theory. Finally, some examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed technique.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 60-64 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abejela S. Shkheam <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMathematical Dept., Faculty of Science, Sabratha University, Sabratha, LIBYA\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali E. Abaoub<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMathematical Dept., Faculty of Science, Sabratha University, Sabratha, LIBYA\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yousuf A. Huwaydi<\/strong><\/span>\r\n3Mathematical Dept., School of Basic Sciences, the Libyan Academy, Tripoli, LIBYA\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] A. Abaoub, and A. Shkheam, The New Integral Transform &#8221;Abaoub-Shkheam transform&#8221;, Iaetsd journal for advanced research in applied science, Volume VII, Issue VI, June\/2020.\r\n[2] A. Abaoub, and A. Shkheam, Utilization Abaoub-Shkheam transform in solving linear integral equation of Volterra, International Journal of Software &amp; Hardware Research in Engineering (IJSHRE) ISSN-2347-4890 Volume 8 Issue 12 December 2020.\r\n[3] H. Hochstsdt, Integral Equation, Wiley Classics Edition Published in 1989.\r\n[4] A. M. Wazwaz, Linear and Nonlinear Integral Equations Methods and Applications, Higher Education Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.\r\n[5] A. J. Jerri, Introduction to integral equation with application. Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel (1985).\r\n[6] A. Hamoud, and K. Ghadley, Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution for Volterra-Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations, Journal of Siberian Federal University. Mathematics &amp; Physics 2018, 11(6), 692\u2013701.\r\n[7] P. M. Ameen Hasan, &amp; N. A. Sulaiman, Existence and Uniqueness of Solution for Linear Mixed Volterra-Fredholm Integral Equations in Banach Space, American Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2019, 9(1): 1-5.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abejela S. Shkheam, Ali E. Abaoub, and Yousuf A. Huwaydi &#8220;Exact Solution of Linear Volterra integro-differential Equation of First Kind Using Abaoub-Shkheam Transform&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.60-64 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/60-64.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/60-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exact-solution-of-linear-volterra-integro-differential-equation-of-first-kind-using-abaoub-shkheam-transform\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exact Solution of Linear Volterra integro-differential Equation of First Kind Using Abaoub-Shkheam Transform<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8509a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d8509a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d851c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d851c7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d87ff9\" data-id=\"4d87ff9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d881e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d881e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d882d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d882d2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d884b9\" data-id=\"4d884b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8868b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d8868b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d8876d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d8876d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d8895d\" data-id=\"4d8895d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d88ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d88ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d88ba7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d88ba7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d88da5\" data-id=\"4d88da5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d88f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d88f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Appropriate Non Linear Regression Model for Assessing Community Policing and Violent Crimes Reduction <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Arimie, C. O., Biu, O. E., Odu-Ndom, N. K.- November 2021 Page No.: 65-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d88ff1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d88ff1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d891f3\" data-id=\"4d891f3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d893a7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d893a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">An appropriate non-linear regression of the relationship between a response variable and the predictor variables was considered using Probit, Logit and Poisson Log-linear regression. The study focused on analysis of crime rate before and after engagement of Onelga Security Peace Advisory Committee (OSPAC) in Ogba, Ndoni, Egbema Local Government Area (ONELGA) of Rivers State using 220 questionnaires administered to households in twenty-five communities in the LGA by convenience sampling method. Descriptive statistics, ranks, percentage analysis and non-linear regression techniques were methods of analysis used. Microsoft Excel, SPSS 23 and Minitab 18 statistical Software were used. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to compare the models. The results showed that Probit and Logit regression models identified the covariates of killing and rape cases as the major crime before engagement of OSPAC since both coefficients have significant effect at 5%. No independent variables have significant effects on response variables after the engagement of OSPAC, except the constant coefficient [ Bo] which implies violent crime reduction in the community. It was concluded that the Logit regression model is more suitable for modelling response variable on the covariates and community policing intervention has an impact on violent crime reduction.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-73 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arimie, C. O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Radiology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Biu, O. E.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics &amp; Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Odu-Ndom, N. K.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics\/Statistics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Akinrefon, A. A., Adeniyi, O. I., Adejumo, A., Olawale, A. O., Ubong, B. A. (2016). Analysis of Criminal Cases in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(3): 131-143.\r\n[2] Antolos, D. (2002). Investigating Factors Associated with Burglary Crime Analysis using Logistic Regression Modelling. New York: Wiley Inc.\r\n[3] Atume, P. (2017). Community Policing: The Solution to Crime in Rivers State. http:\/\/silverbirdtv.com\/uncategorized\/38016\/community-policing-the-solution-to-crime-in-rivers-state-ahmed\/ Retrieved September 20, 2019.\r\n[4] Baron, W. (2019). OSPAC, the New Bakassi in Rivers State. Baron Wisdom in Crime Security. http:\/\/areatalkreport.com Retrieved August 27, 2019.\r\n[5] Berk, R. A. (2003). Regression Analysis: A constructive critique. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[6] Berk, R. and MacDonald, J. (2008). Overdispersion and Poisson regression. Journals of Quantitative criminology, 24(3): 269\u2013284.\r\n[7] Bird, E. L., Panter, J., Baker, G., Jones, T. and Ogilvie, D. (2018). Predicting walking and cycling behaviour change using an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Transport &amp; Health, 10: 11-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2018.05.014\r\n[8] Cameron, A. C., Trivedi, P. K. (1990). Regression-based test for Overdispersion in Poisson Model. J. Econom. 46(3):347 \u2013 364.\r\n[9] Eke, C. C. (2014). Trend and Pattern of Violent Crimes in Nigeria: An Analysis of the Boko Haram Terrorist Outrage. Journal of Culture, Society and Development- An Open Access International Journal, 3: 2014.\r\n[10] Enyiche, C. C. (2017). Effects of Insecurity on Community Development Projects in Ogba\/Egbema\/Ndoni and Ahoada East Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice (ISSN 2222-288X, 8(14)).\r\n[11] Garson, G. D. (2004). Quantitative research in public administration. http:\/\/www2.chass.ncsu.edu\/garson\/pa7 65\/logistic.htm Retrieved May 30, 2013.\r\n[12] Hanachor, M. E. and Wordu, E. N. (2021). \u201cCommunity Policing activities of civilian militia in Rivers State, Nigeria: Implications on Community Development. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSRJHSS), 26(04): 35 \u2013 42.\r\n[13] Ijomah, M. A, Biu, E. O, Mgbehuruike, C. (2018). Assessing Logistics and Poisson Model in Analyzing Count Data. International Journal of Applied Science and Mathematics Theory, 4(1), ISSN 2489-009x.\r\n[14] Jhingan, M.L. (2008). The Economics of Development and Planning. Delhi: Vrinda Publications Ltd.\r\n[15] Kpae, G and Adishi, E. (2017). Community Policing in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research, 3(3), 2017 ISSN: 2545-5303 www.iiardpub.org.\r\n[16] McDonald, J. F. and Moffitt, R. A. (1980). The Uses of Tobit Analysis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62(2). Available at https:\/\/www.researchgate.net.\r\n[17] Moksony, F. and Hegedus, R. (2014). The use of Poisson regression in the sociological study of suicide. Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 5(2) DOI: 10.14267\/cjssp.2014.02.04\r\n[18] Ndujihe, C. and Udochukwu, C. (2018). (https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2018\/03\/violent-deaths-1351-killed-10-weeks). Retrieved September 1, 2019.\r\n[19] Ndujihe, C., Usman, E. and Ojelu, H (2020). The Long Walk to Community Policing. Lagos, Vanguard Media Limited. www.vanguardngr.com. Retrieved February 25, 2020.\r\n[20] Odunsi, W. (2018). https:\/\/dailypost.ng\/2018\/06\/21\/2018-budget-buhari-govt-gives-breakdown-allocations\/ Retrieved September 16, 2019.\r\n[21] Osgood, W. (2000). \u201cPoisson-based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates\u201d. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16:21 \u2013 43.\r\n[22] Partnerships Initiatives in the Niger Delta \u2013 PIND (2015). Rise in Cult Violence and Insecurity in Rivers State. The Fund for Peace. https:\/\/pindfoundation.org\r\n[23] Paternoster, R. and Brame, R. (1997). Multiple routes to delinquency: A test of developmental and general theories of crime. Journal of criminology, 35: 45-84.\r\n[24] Pregibon, D. (1981). Logistic Regression Diagnostics. Analysis of statistics, 9: 705-724.\r\n[25] Premium Times (2019). New Rivers Police Boss Vows to End Kidnapping on East West-Road. http:\/\/premiumtimes.com Retrieved January 25, 2020. Probit Model. (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org \u203a wiki \u203a)\r\n[26] Richard, B. and John, M. M., (2008). Overdispersion and Poisson Regression. Journal Quantitative Criminal, 24: 269-284.\r\n[27] Sahara Reporters (2018). 15 shot dead in new year\u2019s day attack on worshippers. saharareporters.com\/2018\/01\/02\/15-shot-dead-in-new-year-day-attack, Retrieved August 20, 2019.\r\n[28] White, J. L. (2013). Logistic regression Model Effectiveness: Proportional Chance Criteria and Proportional Reduction in Error. Journal of Contemporary Research in Education. 2(1), Article 3. Available at https:\/\/egrove.olemiss.edu\/jcre\/vol2\/iss1\/3\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Arimie, C. O., Biu, O. E., Odu-Ndom, N. K. &#8220;An Appropriate Non Linear Regression Model for Assessing Community Policing and Violent Crimes Reduction &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.65-73 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/65-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/65-73.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-appropriate-non-linear-regression-model-for-assessing-community-policing-and-violent-crimes-reduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Appropriate Non Linear Regression Model for Assessing Community Policing and Violent Crimes Reduction <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8aa3b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d8aa3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Nishanthi, R. Dushanan- November 2021 Page No.: 74-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d8bd64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d8bd64\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d8bf65\" data-id=\"4d8bf65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8c11b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d8c11b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on urban lakes can be significant due to their size, depth, and stagnancy. Increased population, urbanization, and modernization are causing sewage disposal issues and contamination of surface waters bodies. The study established three goals to determine the current state of selected physio-chemical parameters in Beira lake&#8217;s surface and deep water. Creating a map to demonstrate the distribution of water quality parameters identifies the correlation between water quality parameters and calculatesthe water quality index. The interpolation map for each parameter was created using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method. The weighted arithmetic water quality index approach calculates the water quality index of the Beira lake&#8217;s surfaces and deep water. Pearson linear correlation shows the relationship between water quality parameters, including temperature, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia. According to the weighted arithmetic WQI technique, it can say that the quality of Beira lake is unfit for drinking and irrigation. It is incredibly polluted and receives an &#8220;E&#8221; rating. The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between electrical conductivity and salinity and TDS with salinity and electrical conductivity. It can be concluded that Beira lake is in terrible condition and that water treatment will be costly. As a result, immediate action is compulsory to prevent the inflow of contaminated water and restore the lake&#8217;s overall water quality.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-81 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61105<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K. Nishanthi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Wetland Management, Sri Lanka Land Development Corporation, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>R. Dushanan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">W. A. Wurtsbaugh, H. W. Paerl, and W. K. 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Softw., vol. 97, pp. 56\u201360, 2017, doi: 10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.07.008.\r\n[17] M. H. M. Rinos and K. Nishanthi, &#8220;Gis Based Land Use Change Detection of Bandarawela D.S Division,&#8221; in South Eastern University Arts Research Session-2016, 2016, pp. 485\u2013492.\r\n[18] G. Achilleos, &#8220;Errors within the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation Procedure,&#8221;Geocarto Int., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 429\u2013449, 2008, doi: 10.1080\/10106040801966704.\r\n[19] K. Nishanthi, R. Dushanan, S. Mathanraj, and C. Priyadharshini, &#8220;An Assessment of Water Quality Temporal Variation in Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Canal, Sri Lanka,&#8221;World News Nat. Sci., vol. 38, no. July, pp. 139\u2013157, 2021.\r\n[20] H. Xu and Y. Deng, &#8220;Dependent Evidence Combination Based on Shearman Coefficient and Pearson Coefficient,&#8221;IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 11634\u201311640, 2017, doi: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2783320.\r\n[21] T. W. Davis, D. L. Berry, G. L. Boyer, and C. J. Gobler, &#8220;The effects of temperature and nutrients on the growth and dynamics of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis during cyanobacteria blooms,&#8221;Harmful Algae, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 715\u2013725, 2009, doi: 10.1016\/j.hal.2009.02.004.\r\n[22] M. S. M. Jetten et al., &#8220;Improved nitrogen removal by application of new nitrogen-cycle bacteria,&#8221;Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 51\u201363, 2002, doi: 10.1023\/A:1015191724542.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K. Nishanthi, R. Dushanan &#8220;Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) and GIS in Beira Lake, Sri Lanka &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.74-81 November 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61105<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/74-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-water-quality-using-water-quality-index-wqi-and-gis-in-beira-lake-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) and GIS in Beira Lake, Sri Lanka <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8d557 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d8d557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d90f0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d90f0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d9110c\" data-id=\"4d9110c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d912ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d912ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mitigating the Effect of Latency Constraints on Industrial Process Control Monitoring Over Wireless Using Predictive Approach<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ulagwu-Echefu A., Eneh .I.I., Chidiebere U.- November 2021 Page No.: 82-87<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d9137f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d9137f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d9156f\" data-id=\"4d9156f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d91734 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d91734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper presents mitigating the effect of latency constraints on industrial process control monitoring over wireless using predictive approach. The study reviewed many literatures on the challenges of quality communication services in control system industries and identified latency as the major constraint which is caused by the behaviors of Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU) and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The system was implemented with neural network toolbox in Mathlab and then simulated. The result showed real time data monitoring performance of 22.05ms which is very good and within the in ISA100.11a, IEC 61850 and IEEEE 802.15 standards for industrial communication systems.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-87 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61106<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ulagwu-Echefu A <\/strong><\/span>\r\nEnugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eneh .I.I.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEnugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chidiebere U.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDestinet Smart Technologies, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Mumtaz S., Alsohaily A., Pang Z., Rayes A., Tsang F., and Rodriguez J. (2017) \u201cMassive Internet of Things for Industrial Applications: Addressing Wireless IIoT Connectivity Challenges and Ecosystem Fragmentation,\u201d IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 28\u201333.\r\n[2] Xiaolin Jiang (2018) \u201cWireless Communication Networks for Time-critical Industrial Applications\u201d Licentiate Thesis\u201d Stockholm, Sweden.\r\n[3] Wollschlaeger M., Sauter T., and Jasperneite J. (2017) \u201cThe future of industrial communication: Automation networks in the era of the internet of things and industry 4.0,\u201d IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 17\u201327.\r\n[4] Scheible G., Dzung D., Endresen J., and Frey E. (2007) \u201cUnplugged but connected design and implementation of a truly wireless real-time sensor\/actuator interface],\u201d IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 25\u201334\r\n[5] ETRI TR 102 935 V2.1.1 (2012) , \u201cMachine-to-Machine communications (M2M); Applicability of M2M architecture to Smart Grid Networks;Impact of Smart Grids on M2M platform,\u201d ETRI TR 102 935 V2.1.1, Tech. Rep.\r\n[6] Khan H. and Khan Y. (2013) \u201cA comprehensive review of the application characteristics and traffic requirements of a smart grid communications network,\u201d Computer Networks, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 825\u2013845.\r\n[7] Lutz R. (2018) \u201cMethods for reliable wireless communication in the industry\u201d OldenbourgWissenschaftsverlag; doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2018-0143\r\n[8] Jianping Song, Aloysius K. Mok, Deji Chen, and Mark Nixon (2018) \u201cChallenges of Wireless Control in Process Industry\u201dEmerson Process Management The University of Texas at Austin\r\n[9] Mark B. (2020) \u201cLow-Latency Networks for Control System Applications\u201d In electronic Design Services, Product designs\r\n[10] Weiner M, Jorgovanovic M, Sahai A, and Nikoli\u00b4e B., (2014) \u201cDesign of a low-latency, high-reliability wireless communication system for control applications,\u201d in Communications IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 3829\u20133835.\r\n[11] Yilmaz N., Wang E., Johansson A., Brahmi N., Ashraf A., and Sachs A. (2015), \u201cAnalysis of ultra-reliable and low-latency 5G communication for a factory automation use case,\u201d in Communication Workshop, IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 1190\u20131195.\r\n[12] Luvisotto M., Pang Z., Dzung D., Zhan M., and Jiang X (2017), \u201cPhysical Layer Design of High Performance Wireless Transmission for Critical Control Applications,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics\r\n[13] Marko Paavola and KaukoLeiviska (2010) \u201cWireless Sensor Networks in Industrial Automation\u201dDOI: 10.5772\/9532\r\n[14] HART Field Communication Protocol Specification, Revision 7.0, HART Communication Foundation Std., 2007. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www. hartcomm.org\/\r\n[15] ISA-100.11a Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Applications, International Society of Automation (ISA) Std., 2009.\r\n[16] IEC, IEC 61850 Standard, http:\/\/http:\/\/www.iec.ch\/, Std.\r\n[17] X. Jiang, H. S. Ghadikolaei, G. Fodor, E. Modiano, Z. Pang, M. Zorzi, and C. Fischione (2018) \u201cLow-latency Networking: Where Latency Lurks and How to Tame It,\u201d Proceedings of the IEEE (Accepted for publication, to appear.\r\n[18] X. Jiang, Z. Pang, R. N. Jansson, F. Pan, and C. Fischione \u201cFundamental Constraints for Time-slotted MAC Design in Wireless High Performance: the Realistic Perspective of Timing,\u201d in Proc. IEEE 44th Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), 2018.\r\n[19] Guchi,Y and Sakai, H(1991)\u201cA nonlinear regulator design in the presence of system uncertainties using multilayered neural network\u201d, IEEE Trans. Neural Network, Vol. 2, pp. 427-432.\r\n[20] Prakash and Anita (2011)\u201dNeuro- PI controller based model reference adaptive control for nonlinear Systems\u201d International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 60 3, No. 6, 2011, pp. 44-60\r\n[21] Yang L, &amp; K. Jiang, \u201cThe Sensitive Line Identification in Resilient Power System Based on Fault Chain Model\u201d. International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems, vol. 92, no. 2, pp.212-220, February, 2017.\r\n[22] Piltan, F., Mirzaei, M., Shahriari, F., Nasari, I., and Emamzadeh, S. (2012) Design Baseline Computed Torque Controller, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6), Issue (3)\r\n[23] Dorf, R.C. and Bishop, R.H. (2008) Modern Control Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 11th Ed\r\n[24] AgbarajiChukwudi Emmanuel H.C. Inyiama (2015) \u201cA SURVEY OF CONTROLLER DESIGN METHODS FOR A ROBOT MANIPULATOR IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS \u201c European Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 No. 3, 2015 ISSN 2056-5860\r\n[25] Ulagwu-Echefu A., Eneh .I.I.,Chidiebere U. (2021)\u201dEnhancing Realtime Supervision And Control Of Industrial Processes Over Wireless Network Architecture Using Model Predictive Controller\u201d International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | Volume VI, Issue IX, September 2021|ISSN 2454-6194\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ulagwu-Echefu A., Eneh .I.I., Chidiebere U. &#8220;Mitigating the Effect of Latency Constraints on Industrial Process Control Monitoring Over Wireless Using Predictive Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.82-87 November 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61106<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/82-87.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mitigating-the-effect-of-latency-constraints-on-industrial-process-control-monitoring-over-wireless-using-predictive-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mitigating the Effect of Latency Constraints on Industrial Process Control Monitoring Over Wireless Using Predictive Approach<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d92b87 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d92b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d959b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d959b2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d95c92\" data-id=\"4d95c92\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d95e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d95e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d95f1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d95f1c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d9611b\" data-id=\"4d9611b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d9629c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d9629c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d96367 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d96367\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d9656c\" data-id=\"4d9656c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d966eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d966eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Heat Island on Human Comfort in Lafia Urban Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ebuga, Emmanuel Attah, Angbo, Yakubu Bayi, and Obadiah Bashayi- November 2021 Page No.: 88-94<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d967c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d967c4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d969ac\" data-id=\"4d969ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d96b3f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d96b3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">An urban heat island is the name given to describe the characteristics warmth of both the atmosphere and surface in cities (urban areas) compare to their (non-urbanized) surroundings. The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1million people or more can be 1.8-5.4oF (1-3oC) warmer than its surroundings. The impact of this increase has been a major concern in urban areas where heat could be extremely high. The rising temperature in Lafia town centre than the surrounding environment is derive from urbanization and human activities in Lafia town, the nature of the soil type that belongs to the Benue formation resulting from the deposit of the Benue trough. The land on the region of Lafia is low and sandy, and the climate is hot and humid due to temperature rise in the environment from the hot sun heat reflection on the sand and its subsequent radiation at night has increased heat intensity thereby contributing significantly as one of the reasons of the likely Urban Heat Island (UHI). Therefore, the study was set to analyse the change in Urban Heat Island (UHI) over the last sixteen (16) years and how it impact on human comfort in the town of Lafia. The study used both primary and secondary data. The observed values of urban and suburban sites were represented by the temperature from the urban site Nasarawa State Relevant Technology College (NSRTC station) and the average substation stations of Collage of Agriculture Science and Technology (CAST station) respectively. Simple descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis techniques were adopted. The study reveals increasing temperature duration in Lafia from 1998-2007. Temperature increase of 1-2oC was observed from the data collected in Lafia for the periods under study. The study recommend among others evolving green space planning strategies as a mitigation of the effect of urban heat island in Lafia and also planning measures for the town development to include the need for generous provision of land management and land cover, leisure parks\/plazas and spacious building pattern.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 88-94 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ebuga, Emmanuel Attah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Estate Management, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Angbo, Yakubu Bayi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Estate Management, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obadiah Bashayi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria\r\n(Formerly Nasarawa State Polytechnic)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] EPA (2009). [Environmental Protection Agency]. Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies \u2013 Trees and Vegetation. Available online at: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/heatisland\/resources\/pdf\/TreesandVegCompendium.pdf [last accessed 25 November 2013].\r\n[2] Gartland, L.M., (2012) Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas, Publisher Routledge.\r\n[3] .Greater Lafia master plan (1998): prepared by Savanah landev consult ltd, Zaria for Nasarawa state government, Nigeria.\r\n[4] Guest, C. S., Willson, K., Woodward, A. J., Hennessy, K., Kalkstein, L. S., Skinner, C., &amp; McMichael, A. J. (1999). Climate and Mortality in Australia: Retrospective Study, 1979-1990, and Predicted Impacts in Five Major Cities in 2030. CLIMATE RESEARCH, 13(1), 1-15. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3354\/cr013001\r\n[5] Kalkstein, L.S., and Greene, J.S., (1997), AN Evaluation of the Climate\/Mortality Relationship in Large US Cities and Possible Impact of Climate Change.\r\n[6] Kim, Y.H., and Baik, J.J., (2002), Maximum Urban Heat Island Intensity in Seoul. Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol.41, No.6, PUBLISHED BY American Meteorological Society\r\n[7] Oke, T. R (1982): The Energetic Basis of Urban Heat Island. J.R. Meteorology. Soc. 108 (455): 1 \u2013 24.\r\n[8] Oke, T.R. (1997). Urban climates and global change. In Perry A and Thompson R eds Applied Climatology: Principles and Practices, pp. 273\u2013287. London: Routledge.\r\n[9] Oke, T. R., Johnson, G. T., Steyn, D. G., Watson, I. D., (1991), Simulation of Surface Urban Heat Islands Under Ideal Conditions at Night- Part 2: Diagnosis and Causation, Boundary Layer Meteorology., 56: 339-358.\r\n[10] Oke, T.R (1987). Boundary layer climates (2nd edition), London: Methuen and Co, p. 435.\r\n[11] Oke T.R (1981) Canyon Geometry and the Nocturnal Urban Heat Island: Comparison of Scale Model and Field Observations. Journal of Climatology 1: 237-254. Memon, R.A., D.Y.C. Leung, and C-H.\r\n[12] Oke, T.R. (1973). City size and the urban heat island. Atmos. Environ. 7, 769-779.\r\n[13] Smoyer, K.E., Rainham, D.G. and Hewko, J.N. (2000) Heat-stress-related mortality in five cities in Southern Ontario: 1980-1996. Int J Biometeorology, 44: (4): 190-197.\r\n[14] .Voogt A. J.(2002). Urban heat island: causes and consequences of global environmental change. In Douglas, I. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.,vol. 3, 60-66.\r\n[15] Wilby, R. L., (2003), Past and Projected Trend in London\u2019s Urban Heat Island\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ebuga, Emmanuel Attah, Angbo, Yakubu Bayi, And Obadiah Bashayi &#8220;Impact of Heat Island on Human Comfort in Lafia Urban Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.88-94 November 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/88-94.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/88-94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-heat-island-on-human-comfort-in-lafia-urban-area-of-nasarawa-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Heat Island on Human Comfort in Lafia Urban Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d97f9d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d98b8d\" data-id=\"4d98b8d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d98d08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d98d08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d98dcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d98dcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d98fba\" data-id=\"4d98fba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d99137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d99137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Optical Properties of CuAl<sub>2<\/sub>S Alloyed Thin Films Prepared Using Enhanced Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Method<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Ijeoma Onwuemeka, Ph.D., Okechukwu Kelechi Nwofor Ph.D. and Ngozi Patricia Ebosie, M.Sc.- November 2021 Page No.: 95-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d991fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d991fb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d993ec\" data-id=\"4d993ec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d9958d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4d9958d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The synthesis of CuAl<sub>2<\/sub>S alloyed thin films, have been deposited using enhanced successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). \u00a0The substrates were\u00a0 prepared by soaking them in aqua regia for 48hours, washed with detergent, rinsed in de-ionized water and were allowed to dry in air. The complexing agent used was 3M of aqueous solution of ammonia (NH<sub>4<\/sub>OH), 1.0M solution of hydrated copper sulphate (CuSO<sub>4<\/sub>:5H<sub>2<\/sub>O) was used as cation source and 2.3M solution thiourea (SC(NH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>)as anionic source and 0.5M of aluminum sulphate(Al<sub>2<\/sub>(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub> as the alloying source material. The deposition of CuAl<sub>2<\/sub>S alloyed thin films were carried out at room temperature of 23<sup>0<\/sup>C. The films were annealed at varying times of 1hour-2hours and varying temperatures of 100<sup>0<\/sup>C-250<sup>0<\/sup>C. The structural properties of the films were determined using XRD for crystal structures and SEM for morphological studies. The XRD patterns of CuAl<sub>2<\/sub>S of samples C and D grown under the same conditions but different annealing temperatures of 150<sup>0<\/sup>C and 200<sup>0<\/sup>C and annealing times of 1hr and 2hrs respectively, have one diffraction peak each at 2\u03b8 =24.94<sup>0 <\/sup>and 2\u03b8=24.93<sup>0\u00a0 <\/sup>with the grain sizes of the alloys of 3.5674nm and 3.5688nm respectively. The atomic concentrations were determined using EDX. The add-atoms of Cu, Al and\u00a0 S found on sample C are 3.33mol\/dm<sup>3<\/sup>, 2.14mol\/dm<sup>3<\/sup> and 3.27mol\/dm<sup>3<\/sup> respectively. EDX for sample D, the concentrations of the add-atoms of Cu, Al and\u00a0 S are 1.97 mol\/dm<sup>3<\/sup>, 2.09mol\/dm<sup>3<\/sup> and 3.42mol\/dm<sup>3<\/sup> respectively. The transmittance was measured by UV-double beam spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 200nm to 1200nm.Other optical properties such as absorbance, reflectance, absorption coefficient, optical constants, optical conductivity, dielectric constants, and optical band gaps were determined, using relevant equations. The band gaps were determined from the graph of (\u03b1hv)<sup>2 <\/sup>against the photon energy, hv, by extrapolation of the straight portion of the curves where (\u03b1hv)=0. The band gaps of samples A, B, C, D and E are 3.74\u00b10.05eV, 3.69\u00b10.05eV, 3.66\u00b10.05eV, 3.62\u00b10.05eV and 3.60\u00b10.05eV respectively with p-type property. Due to the high transmittance exhibited in the visible and near infrared regions of electromagnetic spectrum by the films, it can be found useful as effective material for transparent conducting electrodes for photo-electronic applications, solar control coatings, tint on eyeglasses, poultry house warmer, sensors for gaseous substances and solar cell fabrications.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 95-99 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61107<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Ijeoma Onwuemeka, Ph.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okechukwu Kelechi Nwofor Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngozi Patricia Ebosie, M.Sc.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ajaya K.S, Swati M and Gautam S.T (2013). Synthesis of copper sulphide (CuS) thin film by chemical bath deposition method and its characterization. European chemical bulletin 2 (8) 518-523\r\n[2] Buba A.D.A. and Adelabu J.S.A.(2009) Electrical Conductivity of CuS Thin film deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 17 (2) 161-165\r\n[3] Chaki, S.H, Mahato K.S., Malek, T.J., and Deshpande M.P.(2017) CuAlS2 thin films \u2013 Dip coating deposition and characterization. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 2(2) 215-224.\r\n[4] Chaki, S.H, Mahato K.S and Deshpande M.P. (2015) Catalytic action of CuAlS2 microparticles and nanoparticles in cellulose pyrolysis Phys. Scr., 90 045701\r\n[5] Chopra, K.I. and Kaur. I., (1983). Thin Film Device Applications. Plenum, New York 343-344\r\n[6] Chung, J.S., and Sohn, H.J (2002) Applications of CuS .Journal of power sources 108 226-231\r\n[7] Eya, D.D.O.and Eze, F.C., Chemical bath deposition and characterization of PbS \u2013 CuS thin films . African Journal of Physics., 21 (1) 142-149 (2009).\r\n[8] Offiah S. U., P.E. Ugwoke, A.B.C. Ekwealor, S. C. Ezugwu, R.U. Osuji, F. I. Ezema. (2012). Structural and spectral analysis of chemical bath deposited copper sulhiide thin films for solar energy conversions. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 7(1) 165 \u2013 173\r\n[9] Pathan, H. M. and Lokhande, C. D., (2004), Deposition Of Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films By Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) Method. Journal of Material Science, 27(2), 85-111.\r\n[10] Salavati-Niasari, M., Alizadeh, S., Mousavi-Kamazani, M. (2013). Surfactant-Free Fabrication of Copper Sulfides (CuS, Cu2S) via Hydrothermal Method. Journal of cluster science volume 24(4) 1181-1191 doi:10.1007\/s10876-013-0608-x.\r\n[11] Shay J.L. and Wernick J.H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties and Applications Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975\r\n[12] Umair, S., Raja A. H, Amin, B. (2016). Fabrication and applications of copper sulfide (CuS) nanostructures. Journal of solid chemistry 238, 25-40.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Ijeoma Onwuemeka, Ph.D., Okechukwu Kelechi Nwofor Ph.D. and Ngozi Patricia Ebosie, M.Sc. &#8220;Optical Properties of CuAl<sub>2<\/sub>S Alloyed Thin Films Prepared Using Enhanced Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Method&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.95-99 November 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2021.61107<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-6-issue-11\/95-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/optical-properties-of-cual2s-alloyed-thin-films-prepared-using-enhanced-successive-ionic-layer-adsorption-and-reaction-method\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Optical Properties of CuAl<sub>2<\/sub>S Alloyed Thin Films Prepared Using Enhanced Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Method<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da0156 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4da0156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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