{"id":7768,"date":"2022-06-03T08:56:36","date_gmt":"2022-06-03T08:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=7768"},"modified":"2022-07-06T14:45:24","modified_gmt":"2022-07-06T14:45:24","slug":"volume-vii-issue-v","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-vii-issue-v\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VII Issue V"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7768\" class=\"elementor elementor-7768 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3622ba1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3622ba1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3622eef\" data-id=\"3622eef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3623124 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3623124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efficacy of Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia hirta Extracts in Control of Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease of Solanum scabrum<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>William Omuketi Emitaro, David Mutisya Musyimi- May 2022 Page No.: 01-06<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362346b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362346b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3623753\" data-id=\"3623753\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36239f3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"36239f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Bacterial leaf spot disease incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vescatoria affects solanum plants worldwide and caused up to 40-70% yield loss of Solanum scabrum. Efficacy of Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia hirta leaf and root extracts and one synthetic chemical Ridomil\u00ae was evaluated for control of bacterial leaf spot in Solanum scabrum. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Seedlings were inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria isolated from diseased S. scabrum and then treated separately with test concentrations of 25%, 50%, 100% and 50 mg\/ml 100 mg\/ml and 200 mg\/ml for water and ethanol extract respectively. The extracts reduced disease severity with the highest concentrations (100% and 200 mg\/ml significantly lowering disease severity compared to other extracts and Ridomil\u00ae. Plants treated with high concentrations of extracts had high growth vigor when stem diameter, plant height and leaf weight were evaluated. Reduction in disease severity and promotion of plant growth could be due to presence of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity and growth promoting hormones in the extracts. From this study B. pilosa and E. hirta extracts can be used as an alternative to synthetic chemical to control bacterial leaf spot disease of solanum. Future studied should focus on isolating active compounds to be used in formulating pesticides.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-06\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>William Omuketi Emitaro <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and technology, P.O. Box 210-4060 Bondo, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Mutisya Musyimi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Botany, School of Physical and Biological Sciences, Maseno University, P.O. Box Private bag Maseno, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdalla, M.M. (2013). The Potential of Moringa Oleifera Extract as a Biostimulant in Enhancing the Growth, Biochemical And Hormonal Contents In Rocket (Eruca vesicaria Subsp. sativa) Plants. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, (3), 42-49.\r\n[2] Abo-Elyousr, K. A. M., Najeeb, M. A., Ahmed, W.M. A., Sergio R. R. and Khamis, Y. (2020). Plant Extract Treatments Induce Resistance to Bacterial Spot by Tomato Plants for a Sustainable System. Horticulturae, 6(36), 1-12.\r\n[3] AL-Saleh, M. A. (2011). Pathogenic Variability among Five Bacterial Isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Causing Spot Disease on Tomato and their Response to Salicylic Acid. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1), 47-51.\r\n[4] Arefin, M.N., Bhuiyan, M. K. A. and Rubaye, M.T. (2019). Integrated use of Fungicide, Plant Extract and Bio-Agent for Management of Alternaria Blight Disease of Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) and Quality Seed Production,\u201d Research in: Agricultural &amp; Veterinary Sciences, 3(1), 10-21.\r\n[5] Ara\u00fajo, E.R., Costa, J.R., Ferreira, M.A.S.V. and Quezado-Duval, A.M. (2012). Simultaneous Detection and Identification of the Xanthomonas Species Complex Associated with Tomato Bacterial Spot Using Species-Specific Primers and Multiplex PCR. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(6), 79-90.\r\n[6] Choudhury, D., Prerna, D., Seweta, S., Soumen, S. and Susamoy, K. (2018). Role of Botanical Plant Extracts to Control Plant Pathogens-A review. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(4), 341-346.\r\n[7] Didwania, N., Deepti, S. and Trivedi, P. C. (2013). Antibacterial Activity of a Few Medicinal Plants against Xanthomonas Campestris Pv . Campestris. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sicences, 4, 177\u2013182.\r\n[8] Din, N., Ahmad, M., Siddique, M., Ali, A., Naz, I., Ullah, N. and Ahmad, F. (2016). Phytobiocidal Management of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith). Yabuuchi, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(3), 1-13. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5424\/sjar\/2016143-9012.\r\n[9] Emitaro, W.O., Musyimi, D.M., Opand, G.T. and Odhiambo, G. (2020). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Leaf Extracts of Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena diversifolia and Sesbania sesban. Bacterial Empire, 3(3), 20-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36547\/be.2020.3.3.20-24\r\n[10] Emitaro, W.O., Musyimi, D.M., Otiato, D.A. and Onyango, B. (2017). Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on African nightshade (Solanum scabrum). International Journal of Biosciences, 11(1), 190-197.\r\n[11] Emitaro, W.O., Musyimi, D.M., Otiato, D.A. and Buyela, D.K. (2018). Antibacterial effect of Euphorbia hirta and Bidens pilosa extracts against Xanthomonas campestris Pv vesicatoria isolated from diseased African nightshade (Solanum scabrum). International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology, 7 (5), 1-6.\r\n[12] Gayathri, A. and Ramesh, K.V. (2013). Antifungal Activity of Euphorbia Hirta L . Inflorescence Extract against Aspergillus Flavus &#8212; A Mode of Action Study. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 2(4), 31-37.\r\n[13] Gracelin, D. H. S., John, A.D.E.B., Benjamin, P.J. and Rathna, K. (2012). Detection and Identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv.centellae on Leaves of Centella asiatica Collected in Tamilnadu. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(3), 11-13.\r\n[14] Hossain, M.D.F., Hasan, S.M.Z., Zannati, F.Z., Habiba, F.M.H., Asadul, M.I. and Biswanath, S. (2018). Biological Control of Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease of Papaya (Carica papaya) Through Antagonistic Approaches using Medicinal Plants Extracts and Soil Bacteria,\u201d International Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, 6(1), 1-11. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18782\/2320-7051.6137.\r\n[15] Izah, S.C. (2018). Some Determinant Factors of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Plant Extracts. Research and Review Insight, 2(3), 1-4.\r\n[16] Kebede, M., Amare, A. and Mohammed (2013). Efficacy of Plant Extracts , Traditional Materials and Antibacterial Chemicals Against Xanthomonas campestris pv . vesicatoria on Tomato Seed. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(20), 2395-2400.\r\n[17] Le K.D., Kim. J., Yu, N.H., Kim, B., Lee, C.W. and Kim, J.C. (2020). Biological Control of Tomato Bacterial Wilt, Kimchi Cabbage Soft Rot, and Red Pepper Bacterial Leaf Spot Using Paenibacillus elgii JCK-5075. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11(775),1-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2020.00775.\r\n[18] Mamun, M. S. A. and Ahmed, M. (2011). Prospect Of Indigenous Plant Extracts In Tea Pest Management Indigenous Plant Extracts In Tea,\u201d International Journal of Agricultural Research Inovation and Technology, 1, 16\u201323.\r\n[19] Mbega, E.R., Mortensen, C.N., Mabagala, R.B. and Wulff, E.G. (2012). The Effect of Plant Extracts as Seed Treatment to Control Bacterial Leaf Spot Of Tomato In Tanzania,\u201d Journal of General Plant Pathology, 78, 277-286.\r\n[20] Nirosha, M., Pavani, K., Priya, A.K., Haseena, U. (2019). Jyothsna, S. Antimicrobial Activity of Organic Leaf Extract of Sesbania sesban Against Gram Negative Pathogenic Bacteria. International Journal of Life science and Pharmacy Research, 9(2), 30-38. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22376.\r\n[21] Ondieki, M. and Aguyoh, J. (2011). Variations in Growth and Yield Characteristics of Three Black Nightshade Species Grown under High Altitude Conditions. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North Americ, 2(3), 1-6.\r\n[22] Opara, E.U. and Obani, F.T. (2010). Performance of Some Plant Extracts In the Control of Bacterial Spot Disease of Solanum. Agricultural journal, 5(2), 45-49.\r\n[23] Perez, S.M., Biondi, E., Laurita, R., Proto, M., Sarti, F., Gherardi, M., Bertaccini, A., Colombo, V. (2019). Plasma Activated Water as Resistance Inducer Against Bacterial Leaf spot of Tomato. PLoS ONE, 14(5), 1-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217788\r\n[24] Potnis, N., Timilsina, S., Strayer, A., Shantharaj, D., Barak, J.D., Paret, M.L., Vallad, G.E. and Jones, J.B. (2015). Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas Species with a Wide Variety of Virulence Factors Posing a Worldwide Challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology, 16(9), 907\u2013920.\r\n[25] Roach, R., Mann, R., Gambley, C.G., Shivas, R.G. and Rodoni, G. (2020). Pathogenicity and Copper Tolerance in Australian Xanthomonas species Associated with Bacterial Leaf spot. Crop Protection, 127, 1-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cropro.2019.104923.\r\n[26] Roach, R., Mann, R., Gambley, C.G., Shivas, R.G. and Rodoni, G. (2017). Identification of Xanthomonas Species Associated with Bacterial Leaf Spot of Tomato, Capsicum and Chilli Crops in Eastern Australia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 150, 595-608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10658-017-1303-9.\r\n[27] Salhi, N., Sultan, A.M., Saghir, V.T., Iman, B.N.G. and Samia, B. (2017). Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Some Dominant Algerian Medicinal Plants,\u201d BioMed Research International, 1- 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7526291.\r\n[28] Shandukani, P.D., Shonisani, C.T., Peter, M. and Kgabo, M.M. (2018). Antibacterial Activity and in Situ Efficacy of Bidens pilosa Linn and Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn Extracts Against Common Diarrhoea-Causing Waterborne Bacteria. BioMed Central Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(171), 1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2230-9.\r\n[29] Syed-Ab-Rahman, S.F., Carvalhais, L.C. and Omar, D. (2020). Development of Plant-based Emulsion Formulations to Control Bacterial Leaf Blight and Sheath Brown Rot of Rice. Heliyon, 6, 1-6.\r\n[30] Verma, A.K. and Agrawal K. (2017). In vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Xanthomonas pisi Causing Leaf Spot of Pea. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 45(2), 156-159\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">William Omuketi Emitaro, David Mutisya Musyimi &#8220;Efficacy of Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia hirta Extracts in Control of Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease of Solanum scabrum&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.01-06 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/01-06.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/01-06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/efficacy-of-bidens-pilosa-and-euphorbia-hirta-extracts-in-control-of-bacterial-leaf-spot-disease-of-solanum-scabrum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Efficacy of Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia hirta Extracts in Control of Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease of Solanum scabrum<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36250d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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data-id=\"362521c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362548c\" data-id=\"362548c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3625650 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3625650\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362574a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362574a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362595c\" data-id=\"362595c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3625b06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3625b06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3625bdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3625bdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3625dc9\" data-id=\"3625dc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3625f62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3625f62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3626039 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3626039\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3626209\" data-id=\"3626209\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3626394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3626394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3626472 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3626472\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3626647\" data-id=\"3626647\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36267d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36267d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36268a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36268a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3626a9f\" data-id=\"3626a9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3626c4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3626c4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A multi-sphere project assessment framework for livelihood projects in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sifelani Ngwenya- May 2022 Page No.: 07-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3626d21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3626d21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3626f36\" data-id=\"3626f36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36270e6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"36270e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Incapacitation due to low commitment levels, limited stakeholder participation and the adhoc manner in which assessments are done defeat the purpose for which the practice and process was instituted, \u201cto judge the direction, progress and performance of programs and projects.\u201d This scenario undermines the noble benefits and value that the assessment practice brings to the design, planning and implementation of programs. Thus, the need for a multi-sphere assessment framework tended towards stakeholder commitment, inclusion and participation becomes apparent. This study assesses the need for a multi-sphere assessment framework for livelihood projects in Zimbabwe, by interrogating the participants\u2019 experiences, and perceptions, on the assessment practice, and the ideal components of the new framework. Data for this study were collected through, desktop review, focus group discussion and questionnaires, limited to non-probability purposive, and conveniently selected 85 participants from Bulilima, Gwanda, Mangwe and Umzingwane districts of Zimbabwe. These participants comprised of district development coordinators (DDCs), Environmental Management Agency (EMA), Rural District Council (RDC) chief executive officers, councilors, traditional leaders (chiefs), NGO managers, and heads of schools. These participants were significant to the study, in that they brought depth to this study due the number of years of involvement in livelihood projects. The study found assessment to be a popular practice, that is variedly understood across domains and disciplines, but accorded little priority, done in an ad hoc manner, and districts lacking uniform assessments frameworks to guide all stakeholders. Hence, the existence of a parallel assessment regimes in the districts, and high incapacitation levels due to lack of political will and commitment. Therefore, the study recommends the strategic lobbying of all stakeholders to commit towards the embracement of the multi-sphere assessment framework, through the mobilization of political systems and institutions, to formulate pro assessment policies and allocation of resources. Taking this route may be critical in addressing commitment related incapacitation challenges and help stakeholders change their perception on assessment, resulting in a radical shift from an ad hoc approach to a proactive one that embraces inclusivity and participation. Furthermore, the proposed radical approach will foster confidence, participation, inclusivity, equity, accountability, transparency, networks, trust, and a mindset change, leading to new innovations in the assessment practice. The study further recommends, the making of capacity-building, training, and education the prime focus, to promote correct understanding, all stakeholder commitment to the assessment practice, and significantly contribute to the expansion of assessment knowledge. Therefore, study findings offer implications in terms of highlighting the salience of establishing the multi-sphere assessment framework that promotes inter-stakeholder collaboration.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 07-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sifelani Ngwenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Evaluation Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Lupane State University, PO Box 170 Lupane. Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abildgaard, J.S., Saksvik, P.\u00d8. and Nielsen, K., 2016. How to measure the intervention process? An assessment of qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection in the process evaluation of organizational interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, p.1380.\r\n[2] Archer, E. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A primer on core approaches. Online Readings in Research Methods (ORIM), 1-23.\r\n[3] Austrian Development Agency, 2008. Guidelines for project and programme evaluations. 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H Gary, \u201cLogic models and content analyses for the explication of evaluation theories: The case of emergent realist evaluation,\u201d Evaluation and Program Planning, 38(2013):74-76, 2012.\r\n[19] Mathimani, T., Baldinelli, A., Rajendran, K., Prabakar, D., Matheswaran, M., van Leeuwen, R.P. and Pugazhendhi, A., 2019. Review on cultivation and thermochemical conversion of microalgae to fuels and chemicals: process evaluation and knowledge gaps. Journal of cleaner production, 208, pp.1053-1064.\r\n[20] MBA Skool Team. 2019. Outcome Evaluation Meaning, Importance, Process &amp; Example. https:\/\/www.mbaskool.com\/business-concepts\/human-resources-hr-terms\/17932-outcome- evaluation.html Date accessed: Jan, 4, 2022.\r\n[21] Mingchu, L and Lion, D 2005. Mixed methods design for an objective \u2013 based evaluation of a magnet school assistance project, Evaluation and Program Planning, 28, pp.109 -118.\r\n[22] Ngwenya, S. (2021). Assessment processes and principles related to Food Security that Zimbabwe can rely on for insight. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 9(12), 852\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18535\/ijsrm\/v9i12.sh01\r\n[23] OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2007. Annual report Paris: OECD www.oecd.org. Date of access:26 Sep. 2021.\r\n[24] Patel, M., &amp; Patel, N. 2019. Exploring Research Methodology: Review Article. International Journal of Research and Review, 6(3), 48-55.\r\n[25] PMI (Program Management Institute). 2017. The Standard for Program Management, Project Management Institute Inc., Pennsylvania\r\n[26] Randall, R., Nielsen, K. and Houdmont, J., 2019. Process evaluation for stressor reduction interventions in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(1), pp.47-64.\r\n[27] Sayce, K. &amp; Norrish, P. 2006. Perceptions and practice: an anthology of impact assessment experiences. AJ Wageningen: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CTA.\r\n[28] Scriven, D. 1991. Evaluation Thesaurus, 4th edi. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.\r\n[29] Terrell, S.R. 2012. Mixed-methods research methodologies. The qualitative report, 17(1), 254-280. https:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/tqr\/vol17\/iss1\/14 Date of access: 21 Sep. 2019.\r\n[30] UNAIDS (United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS). 2010. An introduction to indicators. Geneva UNAIDS\r\n[31] USAID (United States Agency for International Development). 2016. Maize production and marketing in Zimbabwe: policies for a high growth strategy. USAID strategic economic research and analysis. Zimbabwe (sera) program, Nathan Associates Inc.\r\n[32] Wisner, B., Gaillard, J.C. and Kelman, I. eds., 2012. Handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction and management. Routledge.\r\n[33] White, H., 2009. Theory-based impact evaluation: principles and practice. Journal of development effectiveness, 1(3):271-284.\r\n[34] Yarbrough, D.B., 2017. Developing the program evaluation utility standards: Scholarly foundations and collaborative processes. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 31(3).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sifelani Ngwenya &#8220;A multi-sphere project assessment framework for livelihood projects in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.07-14 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/07-14.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/07-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-multi-sphere-project-assessment-framework-for-livelihood-projects-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A multi-sphere project assessment framework for livelihood projects in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362850e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"362850e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element-3629766 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3629766\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362992c\" data-id=\"362992c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3629abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3629abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3629b8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3629b8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3629d84\" data-id=\"3629d84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3629f03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3629f03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of School Population Growth and Educational Infrastructures\/Facilities in Makurdi Town, Benue State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Enefu; Godwin Kwanga; James Ikyernum; Godwin Echer Amerwua; Augustine Tarlumun Ahile; John Iorhemen Ajo; Zauka Solomon Aondoaver; Disha Terseer and Anita Onyeche Makyur- May 2022 Page No.: 15-21<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3629fc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3629fc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362a1c2\" data-id=\"362a1c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362a363 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"362a363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The study examined the growth in school population and educational infrastructures\/facilities in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the educational institutions and facilities in Makurdi town and to examine the growth in school population and its pressure on educational infrastructures\/facilities in Makurdi Town. The study population include secondary schools and its facilities, teachers and students. The research studied 5 Secondary Schools selected via simple random sampling technique. The research data were collected through inventory\/measurement of school infrastructures\/facilities. Data were analysed and presented via frequency, percentage, ratios and tables. The result shows that most of the schools did not experienced increased in school population growth between the year 2009 and 2019. Most of the schools did not exceed the UBEC, 2010 recommended standard (1440) pupils per school in an urban area. No school exceeded the standard limit of student\/teacher ratio (35-40) pupils set by NPE (2004) and UBEC (2010). Majority of the schools met the standard requirement of 40 pupils per class. Only few schools failed to meet the standard classroom size requirement (56.0M2) recommended by UBEC, 2010. The schools also meet the individual students\/space requirement (1.4M2) set by UBEC, 2010 and NPE, 2004. Only three schools meet the standard library requirement (120.0M2) for 40 pupils. The schools did not meet the standard requirement for computer laboratory (140M2) set by UBEC, 2010. Most of the schools did not meet the standard space requirement (3.5M2) for each pupil set by UBEC, 2010. None of the schools meet the physics, chemistry and biology laboratory standard requirement (140.0M2) and individual space requirement (3.5M2) set by UBEC, 2010. All the schools have various sport facilities. The schools have access water but did not meet the UBEC (2010) requirement for urban schools while toilet facilities were grossly inadequate. Although some of the schools did not meet all the UBEC (2010) and NPE (2004) standard requirement for schools in urban areas but the current population in all the schools have no serious implication on the facilities for now. The study recommend that all school owners in Makurdi town should adhere strictly to the NPE (2004) and UBEC (2010) requirement for standard secondary school in urban areas.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 June 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Enefu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godwin Kwanga <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Ikyernum <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godwin Echer Amerwua <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe Nigerian Police, Zone 4, Makurdi-Benue State.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustine Tarlumun Ahile <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Works and Housing (Survey Section) Vandeikya L.G.A\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Iorhemen Ajo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Quality Assurance, Benue State Ministry of Education (Science and Technology)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zauka Solomon Aondoaver<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBenue State Community and Social development Agency, Makurdi\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Disha Terseer <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anita Onyeche Makyur <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Federal University, Wukari-Taraba State\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdulrahaman, S (2013). Population Growth and Food Security in Nigeria (2010-2012). Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review,1(3):41-53\r\n[2]. Adedeji, S. O (1998). The Relationship between Resource Utilization and Academic Performance in Vocational Education in Osun State Secondary Schools. An unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of Vocational Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan-Nigeria.\r\n[3]. Benue State Ministry of Lands and Survey (2019). Makurdi Town Showing the Selected Schools. Ministry of Lands and Survey, Makurdi.\r\n[4]. Chandan, J. S (1999). Management Theory and Practice. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PUT Ltd.\r\n[5]. Ekanem, I (1972). A Critical Appraisal of 1963 Census. Benin City: Ethiope Publishing Corporation.\r\n[6]. Federal Ministry of Education (2019). Nigeria Digest of Education Statistics. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Education.\r\n[7]. Federal Ministry of Education (2016). Nigeria Digest of Education Statistics 2011-2016. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Education. Retrieved on 30\/07\/2019 from http:\/\/education.gov.ng\/nigeria-digest-of-education-statistics\/#efbe91d9f8098dcf7\r\n[8]. Hallack, J (1990). Investing in the Future: Setting Educational Priorities in the Developing World. Paris 1 TEP and Pergonion Press.\r\n[9]. Lyam, A. A (2005). \u201cThe Benue Environment in the Twentieth Century\u201d. In Lyam, A. A., Ochefu, A. Y., Sambe, A. j., and Adejo, M. A (eds). Benue State in Perspective. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers.\r\n[10]. NPC (1998).1991 Population and Housing Census: Benue State Final Results. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission.\r\n[11]. NPC (2009). 2006 Population and Housing Table. Benue State Priority Tables Volume 1. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission.\r\n[12]. NPE (2004). National Policy on Education 2004.4thedt. Abuja: Federal Republic of Nigeria.\r\n[13]. Owoeye, J. S and Yara, P. O (2011). School Facilities and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Agricultural Science in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Asian Social Science, 7(7):64-74\r\n[14]. PRB (2015). World Population Data 2015. Retrieved on 24\/06\/2019 from www.prb.org\/2015-world-population-data-sheet\r\n[15]. Shah, J. and Inamullah, M. (2012). The Impact of Overcrowded Classroom on the Academic Performance of the Students at Secondary School Level. International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 2(6):2231-4245\r\n[16]. Tser, A (2013). The Dynamics of Benue State Population. Makurdi: Micro Teachers and Associates.\r\n[17]. UBEC (2010) Minimum Standard for Basic Education in Nigeria. Abuja: Universal Basic Education Commission.\r\n[18]. Wood, J. (2011). Malthus, Famine, Disease and World Population. Retrieved on 19\/01\/2013 from http:\/\/www.thenevadaview.com\/2264\/malthus-famine-disease-andworldpopulation\/html.\r\n[19]. Worldometer (2021). Current World Population. Retrieved\r\non 06\/06\/2021 from http:\/\/worldometers.info\/world-population\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Enefu; Godwin Kwanga; James Ikyernum; Godwin Echer Amerwua; Augustine Tarlumun Ahile; John Iorhemen Ajo; Zauka Solomon Aondoaver; Disha Terseer and Anita Onyeche Makyur &#8220;Analysis of School Population Growth and Educational Infrastructures\/Facilities in Makurdi Town, Benue State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.15-21 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/15-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/15-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-school-population-growth-and-educational-infrastructures-facilities-in-makurdi-town-benue-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of School Population Growth and Educational Infrastructures\/Facilities in Makurdi Town, Benue State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362b703 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"362b703\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362c87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"362c87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362c947 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362c947\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362cb25\" data-id=\"362cb25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362ccbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"362ccbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362cd86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362cd86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362cf69\" data-id=\"362cf69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362d0f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"362d0f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>HIC-DEEP: A Hierarchical Clustered Deep Learning Model for Face Mask Detection<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olugbenga S. Olukumoro, Folurera A. Ajayi, Adedeji A. Adebayo, Al-Amin B. Usman, Femi Johnson- May 2022 Page No.: 22-28<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362d1c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362d1c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362d3aa\" data-id=\"362d3aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362d551 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"362d551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The use of face masks is apparently not strange in these present days as conceptualized in the past due to the emergence of the Pandemic Covid-19 Corona virus. As part of the non-clinical preventive measures for the spread of this virus is the prescription and proper usage of face mask by the World health organization (WHO). In lieu of this, heads of organizations, directors of industries and individuals have adopted the \u201cNo facemask, no entry\u201d policy in varieties of designs placed at their door posts. The state of the arts technologies has also been developed to help detect face mask non-compliant users. Whereas, the use of non-supervised machine learning approach for classifying and detecting Covid-19 facemask compliant users is not widespread. In this paper, HIC-DEEP (an un-supervised machine learning) model is proposed using a pre-trained InceptionV3 network for Kaggle database Image features vector extraction for subsequent computations of Euclidian, Spearman, and Pearson distance matrixes. The Hierarchical clustering method is then activated to identify face mask wearing faces from defiant faces. The distance algorithms all returned a perfect precision rate of 100% for the identification of faces with no face masks while an accuracy of 60%, 78% and 85% are achieved by Spearman, Pearson and Euclidian respectively for the cluster with full face mask compliance. However, the Euclidian distance algorithm returned the best overall accuracy in terms of the distance matrix with data points grouped along close proximities with unique clusters<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-28\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 June 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olugbenga S. Olukumoro <\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Technology Department, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Folurera A. Ajayi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Technology Department, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adedeji A. Adebayo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Technology Department, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Al-Amin B. Usman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Technology Department, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Femi Johnson <\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bussan, D.D.; Snaychuk, L.; Bartzas, G.; Douvris, C., (2021). Quantification of trace elements in surgical and KN95 face masks widely used during the SARS- COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Total Environ., 814, 151924.\r\n[2]. Chen, T.; Kornblith, S.; Norouzi, M.; Hinton, G. A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning, Vieena, Austria, 12\u201318 July 2020; pp. 1597\u20131607.\r\n[3]. Chowdary, G. J., Punn, N. S., Sonbhadra, S. K., &amp; Agarwal, S. (2020). Face Mask Detection Using Transfer Learning of InceptionV3. International Conference on Big Data Analytics (pp. 81-90). Springer.\r\n[4]. De Sio, L.; Ding, B.; Focsan, M.; Kogermann, K.; Pascoal-Faria, P.; Petronella, F.; Mitchell, G.; Zussman, E.; Pierini, F. Personalized Reusable Face Masks with Smart Nano-Assisted Destruction of Pathogens for COVID-19: A Visionary Road. Chem. A Eur. J. 2020, 27, 6112\u20136130.\r\n[5]. Fan, X., &amp; Jiang, M. (2020). RetinaFaceMask: A Single Stage Face Mask Detector.arXiv:2005.03950v3, PP. 1-6.\r\n[6]. Ieamsaard, J., Charoensook, S. N., &amp; Yammen, S. (2021). Deep learning-based face mask detection using yoloV5. 2021, 9th International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON) , pp. 428-431). IEEE.\r\n[7]. Jan, B.; Farman, H.; Khan, M.; Imran, M.; Islam, I.U.; Ahmad, A.; Ali, S.; Jeon, G. Deep learning in big data analytics: A comparative study. Comput. Electr. Eng. 2019, 75, 275\u2013287\r\n[8]. Jiang, M.; Fan, X.; Yan, H. Retinamask: A face mask detector. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2005.03950.\r\n[9]. Latif, S.; Usman, M.; Manzoor, S.; Iqbal,W.; Qadir, J.; Tyson, G.; Castro, I.; Razi, A.; Boulos, M.N.K.;Weller, A. Leveraging data science to combat COVID-19: A comprehensive review. IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell. 2020, 1, 85\u2013103.\r\n[10]. Loey, M., Manogaran, G., N.Taha, M. H., &amp; M.Khalifa, N. E. (2021). A hybrid deep transfer learning model with machine learning methods for face mask detection in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Elsevier Journal of Measurement, 1-11.\r\n[11]. Nagrath, P., Jain, R., Madan, A., Arora, R., Kataria, P., &amp; Hemanth, J. (2021). SSDMNV2: A real time DNN-based face mask detection system using single shot multibox detector and MobileNetV2. Sustainable Cities and Society.\r\n[12]. Olaleye, T., Abayomi-Alli, A., Adesemowo, K., Arogundade, O. T., Misra, S., &amp; Kose, U. (2022). SCLAVOEM: hyper parameter optimization approach to predictive modelling of COVID-19 infodemic tweets using smote and classifier vote ensemble. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1-20.\r\n[13]. Peishu Wu, Han Li, Nianyin Zeng, Fengping Li,: FMD-Yolo (2022): An efficient face mask detection method for COVID-19 prevention and control in public, Image and Vision Computing, Volume 117, 104341,ISSN 0262-8856,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imavis.2021.104341.\r\n[14]. Qin, B.; Li, D. Identifying facemask-wearing condition using image super-resolution with classification network to prevent COVID-19. Sensors 2020, 20, 5236\r\n[15]. Shahzad, Y.; Javed, H.; Farman, H.; Ahmad, J.; Jan, B.; Nassani, A.A (2021). Optimized Predictive Framework for Healthcare through Deep Learning. Comput. Mater. Contin, 67, 2463\u20132480.\r\n[16]. Suresh, K., Palangappa, M., &amp; Bhuvan, S. (2021). Face Mask Detection by using Optimistic Convolutional Neural Network. 2021 6th International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) (pp. 1084-1089). IEEE.\r\n[17]. Yar, H.; Abbas, N.; Sadad, T.; Iqbal, S.( 2021). Lung Nodule Detection and Classification using 2D and 3D Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs). Artif. Intell. Internet Things 2021, 365\u2013386.\r\n[18]. Yadav, S. Deep learning based safe social distancing and face mask detection in public areas for COVID-19 safety guidelines adherence. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2020, 8, 1368\u20131375.\r\n[19]. Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang,W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, X.; Huang, B.; Shi,W.; Lu, R. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 727\u2013733.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olugbenga S. Olukumoro, Folurera A. Ajayi, Adedeji A. Adebayo, Al-Amin B. Usman, Femi Johnson &#8220;HIC-DEEP: A Hierarchical Clustered Deep Learning Model for Face Mask Detection&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.22-28 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/22-28.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/22-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hic-deep-a-hierarchical-clustered-deep-learning-model-for-face-mask-detection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">HIC-DEEP: A Hierarchical Clustered Deep Learning Model for Face Mask Detection<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362e905 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"362e905\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362fa4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"362fa4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362fb25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362fb25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362fcfa\" data-id=\"362fcfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362fe72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"362fe72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-362ff49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"362ff49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3630138\" data-id=\"3630138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36302bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36302bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Probability of Ticks Infestation in Goats Sold in Okitipupa Main Market, In Southern Part of Ondo State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bagbe, A. S, Bagbe, A., Arosoye, A. S. and Owolabi, D. O.- May 2022 Page No.: 29-34<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36303a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36303a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36305a7\" data-id=\"36305a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3630763 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"3630763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Ticks are the most important ectoparasites of livestock in tropical and sub-tropical areas. They are responsible for severe economic losses both through direct effects of blood sucking and indirectly as vectors of pathogens and toxins. Feeding by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight gain and anaemia among domestic animals. An epidemiological study was carried out on ticks of goat in Okitipupa main market in Southern part of Ondo State from September, 2021 to November, 2021. Goats were sampled randomly. Collected ticks species were preserved in 70% ethanol to be counted and morphologically identified to the species level. A total of eighty (80) goats were examined, thirty-five (35) of the goats examined were infested out of which (20) female and (15) male were infested. One hundred and eleven (111) species which were largely Amblyomma variegatum, the most predominant hard tick species was identified. The main attachment\/predilection sites of tick detected were head (33), neck (9), back (13), abdomen (39) and leg (17) which is significant to the tick infestation. The infestation rate of tick was insignificantly different between sex, female (46.5%) and male (40.5%). Therefore, to reduce high prevalence of tick, proper and planned control measure by creating awareness about the importance and control of ectoparasites for farmers is needed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 29-34\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 June 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bagbe, A. S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa. Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bagbe, A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Statistics unit, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Owolabi, D. O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Statistics unit, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abebe R, Tatek M, Megersa B, Sheferaw D (2011). Prevalence of Small Ruminant Ectoparasites and Associated Risk Factors in Selected Districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria 7 (5), 433-437.\r\n[2] Adediminiyi B, George J, Otobo S, Ogunleye J (1992). Louse and mite infestations in domestic animals in Northern Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production 24(2): 121-4.\r\n[3] Adu I F (2000). Sheep farming in Nigeria. Net. Anim. Prod. Res. Inst. Bull. 3:19-46.\r\n[4] Allan, B. F., Keesing, F. and Ostfeld, R. S. (2003). Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk. Conservation Biology, 17(1): 267 &#8211; 272.\r\n[5] Amare, S., Asfaw, Y. and Tolossa, Y. H. (2014). Ectoparasites of Sheep and Goats in North-West Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 17(1), 55-67.\r\n[6] Amuta, E. U., Houmsou, R. S., and Ogubiela, M. (2010). Tick infestation of dogs in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State Nigeria. The International Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 7 (2): 12 -17.\r\n[7] Anaeto, M.B., Tayo, G.I, Chioma, G.O and Afolabi, A. A. (2009) Comparative study of Albendazole and C.papaya seed on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Journal of life and physical sciences.3(1): 25-28.\r\n[8] Ayoade, J. A. (2005). 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Merkel Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, Technical Bulletin No. 41, 1-13.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bagbe, A. S, Bagbe, A., Arosoye, A. S. and Owolabi, D. O. &#8220;Probability of Ticks Infestation in Goats Sold in Okitipupa Main Market, In Southern Part of Ondo State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.29-34 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/29-34.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/probability-of-ticks-infestation-in-goats-sold-in-okitipupa-main-market-in-southern-part-of-ondo-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Probability of Ticks Infestation in Goats Sold in Okitipupa Main Market, In Southern Part of Ondo State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3631b88 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3631b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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data-id=\"3632b7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3632cf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3632cf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3632db8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3632db8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3632f91\" data-id=\"3632f91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3633105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3633105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363320c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363320c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3633415\" data-id=\"3633415\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3633592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3633592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Optimal Control Strategies for Malaria Transmission in Bubanza Province, Burundi<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Venant Niyonkuru, Winifred Mutuku- May 2022 Page No.: 35-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3633670 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3633670\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3633859\" data-id=\"3633859\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3633a06 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"3633a06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Malaria is a parasitic infection ranked among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Sub-Sahara African countries. If recommended interventions measures are well applied, malaria can be prevented and controlled. In many cases, the budget allocated to malaria prevention and treatment project is not enough, using malaria intervention measures properly will guarantee the reduction of infected population while the intervention costs is minimized. This saves the budget and produces the results in economical way. The aim of this article is to understand the cost so that decision makers are well informed when they determine budget allocated to malaria interventions. After ordering different possible strategies from the smallest to the highest, utilizing Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), we studied the Cost-effectiveness of each strategy. This study analyses the cost-effectiveness of all possible optimal control measures to identify which is the intervention strategy is going to save available resources and cost-effective. After analysis, this study shows that malaria can be minimized in Bubanza using preventive measures at the most cost effective way.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 35-43\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 June 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7501<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Venant Niyonkuru <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Winifred Mutuku <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abioye, A. I., Peter, O. J., Oguntolu, F. A., Adebisi, A. F., &amp; Aminu, T. F. (2020). Global stability of seir-sei model of malaria transmission. Adv. Math., Sci. J, 9, 5305-5317.\r\n[2]. Agusto, F. B., Marcus, N., &amp; Okosun, K. O. (2012). Application of optimal control to the epidemiology of malaria.\r\n[3]. Appiah, P. (2020). Optimal Strategy for Effective Control and Possible Eradication of Malaria (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Coast).\r\n[4]. BAWA, M., YUSUF, I., &amp; MAYAKI, Z.(2021). Controlling The Spread Of Malaria: A Mathematical Modelling Approach Sub-Sahara African Academic Research Publications.\r\n[5]. Fleming, W. H., &amp; Rishel, R. W. (2012). Deterministic and stochastic optimal control (Vol. 1). Springer Science &amp; Business Media.\r\n[6]. Guerra, C. A., Gikandi, P. W., Tatem, A. J., Noor, A. M., Smith, D. L., Hay, S. I., &amp; Snow, R. W. (2008). The limits and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. PLoS medicine, 5(2), e38.\r\n[7]. Hansen, K. S., Ndyomugyenyi, R., Magnussen, P., &amp; Clarke, S. E. (2012). Cost-effectiveness analysis of three health interventions to prevent malaria in pregnancy in an area of low transmission in Uganda. International health, 4(1), 38-46.\r\n[8]. La Salle, J. P. (1976). The stability of dynamical systems. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.\r\n[9]. Levin, H. M., &amp; McEwan, P. J. (2000). Cost-effectiveness analysis: Methods and applications (Vol. 4). Sage.\r\n[10]. Minisante.(2020). Annuare des statistiques. Retrieved 2021-07-09 from http\/\/minisante.bi\/donnees-sur-malaria-depuis-2000\/\r\n[11]. Mojeeb, A. L., Adu, I. K., &amp; Yang, C. (2017). A simple seir mathematical model of malaria transmission. Asia Res J Math, 1-27.\r\n[12]. Nkurunziza, H., Gebhardt, A., &amp; Pilz, J. (2011). Geo-additive modelling of malaria in Burundi. Malaria Journal, 10(1), 1-7.\r\n[13]. Ojo, M. M., &amp; Akinpelu, F. O. (2017). Lyapunov functions and global properties of seir epidemic model. Int. J. Chem. Math. Phys, 1(1), 11-16.\r\n[14]. Okosun, K. O., Rachid, O., &amp; Marcus, N. (2013). Optimal control strategies and cost-effectiveness analysis of a malaria model. BioSystems, 111(2), 83-101.\r\n[15]. Olaniyi, S., Okosun, K. O., Adesanya, S. O., &amp; Areo, E. A. (2018). Global stability and optimal control analysis of malaria dynamics in the presence of human travelers. The Open Infectious Diseases Journal, 10(1).\r\n[16]. Otieno, G., Koske, J. K., &amp; Mutiso, J. M. (2016). Cost effectiveness analysis of optimal malaria control strategies in Kenya. Mathematics, 4(1), 14.\r\n[17]. Pontryagin, L. S., Boltyanskii, V. G., Gamkrelidze, R. V., Mishchenko, E. F., Trirogoff, K. N., &amp; Neustadt, L. W. (2018). LS Pontryagin Selected Works: The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes. Routledge.\r\n[18]. Robinson, R. (1993). Cost-effectiveness analysis. British Medical Journal, 307(6907), 793-795.\r\n[19]. Rodrigues, P., Silva, C. J., &amp; Torres, D. F. (2014). Cost-effectiveness analysis of optimal control measures for tuberculosis. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 76(10), 2627-2645.\r\n[20]. Shuai, Z., &amp; van den Driessche, P. (2013). Global stability of infectious disease models using Lyapunov functions. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 73(4), 1513-1532.\r\n[21]. Stuckey, E. M., Stevenson, J., Galactionova, K., Baidjoe, A. Y., Bousema, T., Odongo, W., &amp; Chitnis, N. (2014). Modeling the cost effectiveness of malaria control interventions in the highlands of western Kenya. PloS one, 9(10), e107700.\r\n[22]. Stuckey, E. M., Stevenson, J., Galactionova, K., Baidjoe, A. Y., Bousema, T., Odongo, W., &amp; Chitnis, N. (2014). Modeling the cost effectiveness of malaria control interventions in the highlands of western Kenya. PloS one, 9(10), e107700.\r\n[23]. UNDP (2020), Human Development Report 2020. Retrieved 2022-19- 02 from shorturl.at\/iwEIL.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Venant Niyonkuru, Winifred Mutuku &#8220;Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Optimal Control Strategies for Malaria Transmission in Bubanza Province, Burundi&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.35-43 May 2022\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7501<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/35-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cost-effectiveness-analysis-of-optimal-control-strategies-for-malaria-transmission-in-bubanza-province-burundi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Optimal Control Strategies for Malaria Transmission in Bubanza Province, Burundi<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3634df5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3634df5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3634f19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3634f19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363511e\" data-id=\"363511e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36352b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36352b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363537d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363537d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3635561\" data-id=\"3635561\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36356fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36356fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36357cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36357cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36359e1\" data-id=\"36359e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3635b6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3635b6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3635c33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3635c33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3635e16\" data-id=\"3635e16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3635f8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3635f8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3636055 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3636055\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363622d\" data-id=\"363622d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36363a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36363a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3636465 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3636465\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3636652\" data-id=\"3636652\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36367c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36367c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Record-Keeping on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Uganda in Lira City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okello Apollo- May 2022 Page No.: 44-53<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363689f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363689f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3636a95\" data-id=\"3636a95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3636c35 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"3636c35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The study sought to examine the effect that Record-keeping could have on financial performance of SMEs in Lira city. The researcher used both descriptive and correlational design. The study adopted a quantitative approach. The researcher used simple random sampling in selecting 118 SMEs operators in the service sector that formed the sample size of the study. A structured questionnaire was used as the main instrument of quantitative data collection from the selected SMEs Operators. Completed questionnaires were edited, coded, and entered into and categorized into themes and analyzed using SPSS 20 for Windows. Bivariate analysis in form of Pearson\u2019s product moment correlation was used to show the direction and strength of the relationship between each dimension of Record-keeping and financial performance. Regression analysis was also used to test the effect each construct of Record-keeping on financial performance. The study therefore concludes that Record-keeping has effect on financial performance of SMEs and recommends proper record filling, retention and retrieval in order to improve financial performance of SMEs<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 44-53\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okello Apollo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Uganda Martyrs University P.O. Box 5498 Kampala (U)\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbioye, A. [1]\tAdemola, G. O., James, S., &#038; Olore, I. (2012). The roles of record keeping in the survival and growth of small scale enterprises in Ijumu Local Government Area of Kogi State. Global Journal of Management and Business Research.\r\n[2]\tAmin, M. (2005). Social Research Conception &#8220;Methodology and Analysis. Kampala: Makerere Printery.\r\n[3]\tAmin, M. (2005). Social Science Research Conception: Methodology and Analysis . Kampala: Makerere University Printery.\r\n[4]\tCrane, M. (1997). Record Keeping. Essential to Risk Management NCIS. \r\n[5]\tCronbach, L. (1946). Response sets and tests validating. Journal for Educational &#038; Psychological Measurement, 475 &#8211; 494.\r\n[6]\tEton, M., Barige, G., Nyangomal, M., Mwosi, F., &#038; Ogwal, B. (2018). Financial Literacy, Cash management and Business Growth in Kampala City Council Authority, Uganda. Economics,Commerce and Trade Management. An International Journal (ECTIJ).\r\n[7]\tEton, M., Uwonda, G., Mwosi, F., Ogwal, B., &#038; Obote, D. (2019). Cash management and financial performance of Business Firms in Northern Uganda a case of Lira District. International Journal of Business Management and Technology.\r\n[8]\tFanen, A.-k., &#038; Avanenge, F. (2020). Micro-Finance and Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Makurdi Metropolis. International Journal of Accounting and Finance.\r\n[9]\tKihamaiso, M., Kansiime, C., Asiimwe, B., &#038; Paddy, M. (2018). The Effect of Financial Record Keeping on Financial Performance of Development Groups in Rural Areas of Western Uganda. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 136-145.\r\n[10]\tKizito. (2017). Working capital management, Service quality and financial performance of Hotels in Kampala. Kamapala.\r\n[11]\tKothari, C. R. (2009). Research Methodology. New Delhi: New Age International Publishing Ltd.\r\n[12]\tMcLeod, S. (2018). Questionaires. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/maslow.html \r\n[13]\tMuchira, B. W. (2012). Record Keeping and Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises. A Case Study Municipally in Kenya. Nairobi: Masters of Business Administration (thesis) of Kenyatta University.\r\n[14]\tMukhaye, D. (2020). Uganda Business Impact Survey. Impact of COVID-19 on formal sector small and medium enterprises. Kampala: The observatory of economic complexity. Unlocking Public and Private Finance for the poor.\r\n[15]\tMulajje, M. (2019). Working Capital Management and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kampala Capital City Authority: A Case Study of Kawempe Division Urban Council. Kampala.\r\n[16]\tMutesigensi, D., Eton, M., Ebong, C., &#038; Mwosi, F. (2017). Cash flow and survival of SMES in Arua District, West Nile Region Uganda. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 9-18.\r\n[17]\tNangih, E., Ofor, T., &#038; Onuorah, V. (2020). Cash Flow Management and Financial Performance of Quoted Oil and Gas Firms in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management.\r\n[18]\tNiwemutoni, S., Mulyungi, P., &#038; Jaya, S. (2018). Effect of Cash Management Practices on Financial Performance of Small Medium Enterprises in Rwanda: case study of SMEs in Kicukiro District. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations .\r\n[19]\tNshemereirwe, S. (2018). Economic factors affecting the performance of Small and medium enterprises in Katwe, Kampala, Uganda. Kamapala: Uganda Management Institute.\r\n[20]\tOnaolapo, A., &#038; Adegbite, I. (2014). The Analysis of the Impact of Accounting Records Keeping on the Performance of Small Scale Enterprises. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, .\r\n[21]\tOnaolapo, A., &#038; Adegbite, T. (2014). The Analysis of the impact of Accounting Records Keeping on the Performance of the Small Scale Enterprises. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1-17.\r\n[22]\tOzatambgo, O. (2015). Financial Record Keeping In Religious Organizations: A Case Study of Catholic Church in Enugu Diocese. \r\n[23]\tPandy, D. (2019). Impact of Cash Management on Profitability in Small Manufacturing Organization. Silver Jubliee Issue PRAVAHA.\r\n[24]\tReed, R. (2010). Good Small Business Guide; How to Start and Grow Your Own Business. London: A &#038; C Black publishers Ltd.\r\n[25]\tSalamatu, A., &#038; Muhammad, K. (2021). Exploring the Effect of Financial Record Keeping on Financial Performance of Tertiary Institutions in Yobe state. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, 1607-1612.\r\n[26]\tSibongiseni, S. (2018). Cash-Flow Management Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Occupational Health Enterprises. Walden Dissertation and Doctoral Studies. \r\n[27]\tSsekajugo, D., Tuyishime, E., &#038; Kasenene, E. S. (2013). Performance of Public Institutions in Ngororero District, North Western Rwanda. \r\n[28]\tSsempala, R. (2019). Determinants of Growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Msmes) in Developing Countries. Evidence from Rubaga Division, Kampala District Uganda. Kampala.\r\n[29]\tUBoS. (2020). National Account Statistics and database. Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBoS) .\r\n[30]\tUIA. (2020). Annual Report 2019-2020. Kampala: Uganda Investment Authority.\r\n[31]\tUwonda, G., &#038; Okello, N. (2015). Cash Flow Management and Sustainability of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Northern Uganda. International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention (IJSSEI).\r\n[32]\tWenzhen, M., &#038; Nik-Intan, N. (2021). Short-Selling and Financial Performance of SMEs in China: The Mediating Role of CSR Performance. International Journal of Financial Studies, 2-16.\r\n[33]\tWilliams, P. (2008). Rethinking Decision Usefulness. Austria: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Accounting Conference held in Innsbruck.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okello Apollo &#8220;A multi-sphere project assessment framework for livelihood projects in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.44-53 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/44-53.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/44-53.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-record-keeping-on-financial-performance-of-small-and-medium-scale-enterprises-in-uganda-in-lira-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Record-Keeping on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Uganda in Lira City\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3637fbf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3637fbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3638117 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3638117\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363831d\" data-id=\"363831d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36384bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36384bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36385a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36385a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3638785\" data-id=\"3638785\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3638920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3638920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36389eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36389eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3638bc9\" data-id=\"3638bc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3638d48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3638d48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3638e0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3638e0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3638fe6\" data-id=\"3638fe6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363915d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363915d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3639221 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3639221\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36393fc\" data-id=\"36393fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3639575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3639575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363963a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363963a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3639832\" data-id=\"3639832\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36399ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36399ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Micropropagation of Mokara Orchid by Temporary Immersion System Technique<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tran Van Minh- May 2022 Page No.: 54-58<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3639a6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3639a6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3639c5c\" data-id=\"3639c5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3639e01 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"3639e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Based young leaves of Mokara Leuen Berger Gold were used as cultured materials. Callus was initiated and increase biomass on medium of semisolid and liquid cultures: MS medium supplemented with CW (30%), sucrose (30 g\/l), 2.4D (1 mg\/l). Callus was used as materials for initiation and biomass propagation on medium: (1) MS medium supplemented with NAA (1 mg\/l), B1 (5 mg\/l), Adenin sulfate (10 mg\/l),  peptone (1 g\/l), CW (10%), sucrose (30 g\/l) (2) MS medium supplemented with  2.4D (1 mg\/l), CW (30%), Adenin sulfate (10 mg\/l), peptone (1 g\/l), CW (10%), sucrose (30 g\/l). Semisolid medium for callus cell regeneration and to induce multiple shoots were: MS medium supplemented with  BA (0.5 mg\/l), B1 (5 mg\/l), Adenin sulfate (10 mg\/l), peptone (1 g\/l), CW (10%), sucrose (20 g\/l). Multiple-shoots were propagated on MS medium supplemented with  BA (0.5 mg\/l), B1 (5 mg\/l), CW (10%), sucrose (20 g\/l). Propagation of multiple-shoots in TIS on MS medium supplemented with  BA (0.5 mg\/l), B1 (5 mg\/l), CW (10%), sucrose (20 g\/l). Interval culture time was optimum for 2 hours floating and 1 minute rising. Plantlets were induced roots on MS medium supplemented with  NAA (1 mg\/l), B1 (5 mg\/l), CW (10%), sucrose (20 g\/l). Experiments on callus formation and callus growth of mokara orchids both on semi-solid medium (agar) and liquid medium to create callus suspension, the best medium selected was: MS supplemented with 2.4D (1 mg\/l), CW (30%), sucrose (30 g\/l)<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 54-58\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7502<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tran Van Minh <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInternational University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbioye, A. [1]\tDucus J. P., Bollon H., Pettard V. (1993) Production of carrot somatic embryos in Bioreactor \u2013 Francereco. SA. 101 Avenue Gustave Eiffel, 38390 Notre dame D\u2019Oe. France. Appl. Microbial Biotechol 39 :465-470.\r\n[2]\tDucus J. P., Lambot C., P\u00e9tiard V. (2000) Bioreactors for coffee mass propagation by somatic embryogenesis. International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology, Global Science Books; 2007. \r\n[3]\tMatsumoto K., Kaizer A., Brandao C. (2009) Comparison of temporary and permanent immersion systems for the in vitro culture of banana. InfoMus. 11(2):36 \u2013 37.\r\n[4]\tNguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c Thi\u1ec7n (2009) B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y ng\u1eadp ch\u00ecm t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng Lan H\u1ed3 \u0110i\u1ec7p lai \u2013 Phalaenopsis hydrid. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb CNSH ph\u00eda nam 2009. Vietnam.\r\n[5]\tPaek K. Y., Chakrabarty D., Hahn E. J. (2005) Application of bioreactor systems for large scale production of horticultural and medicinal plants. Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 81: 287-300.\r\n[6]\tPark S. Y., Murthy H. N., Peak K. Y. (2000) Mass multiplication of PLB\u2019s using bioreactor system and subsequent plant regeneration in phalaenopsis \u2013 Research centerfor Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University Cheongju 361-361 Korea. Plant cell, Tissue, and Organ culture 63:67-72. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tran Van Minh &#8220;Micropropagation of Mokara Orchid by Temporary Immersion System Technique&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.54-58 May 2022\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7502<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/54-58.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/micropropagation-of-mokara-orchid-by-temporary-immersion-system-technique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Micropropagation of Mokara Orchid by Temporary Immersion System Technique<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363b175 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"363b175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363b296 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363b296\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363b4c1\" data-id=\"363b4c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363b64e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363b64e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363b731 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363b731\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363b906\" data-id=\"363b906\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363ba91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363ba91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363bb5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363bb5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363bd23\" data-id=\"363bd23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363bea8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363bea8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363bf70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363bf70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363c164\" data-id=\"363c164\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363c30e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363c30e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363c401 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363c401\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363c5fc\" data-id=\"363c5fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363c7b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363c7b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363c891 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363c891\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363caaa\" data-id=\"363caaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363cc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363cc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of The Combination of Precursor and Elicitors Enhance the Taxol Accumulation in Red Pine Cell Cultivation<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tran Van Minh- May 2022 Page No.: 59-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363cd4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363cd4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363cf75\" data-id=\"363cf75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363d15d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"363d15d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The material introduced into the callus culture was the in vitro cloned red pine stem and leaves. Callus obtained through culture from leaves and stems were included in the study on proliferation on agar and liquid media. The suspension obtained after 45 days of culture was determined for biomass, used in proliferation culture, and studied taxol accumulation.\r\nMedia for taxus cell cloning was MS supplemented with 3 mg\/l 2.4D, 3 mg\/l NAA, 0.5 mg\/l kinetin, 0.1 mg\/l BA, 10% CW. Selections were carried out through 8 steps in the year of 2010 with interval cultivation time of 45 days\/each step. It\u2019s could improve the taxol accumulation via cell suspension cultures sourced from leaves 170.1 mg\/gDW and stems 27.3 mg\/gDW. Picloram was not effect on taxol accumulation.\r\nOn the basic media MS supplemented with 3 mg\/l 2.4D, 3 mg\/l NAA, 0.5 mg\/l kinetin, 0.1 mg\/l BA, 10% CW supplemented with precursor of 15mg\/l phenyl alanine (PA) effects on the percentage of FW\/DW (fresh weight\/dried weight) was 9.815 and the taxol accumulation was 0.778%. The effects of elicitors supplemented to media with 10 mg\/l methyl jasmonate (MJ) having 7.183 FW\/DW and 0.273% taxol, 100 mg\/l salysilic acid (SA) having 10.12 FW\/DW and 0.094% taxol, 50mg\/l chitosan having 10.09 FW\/DW and 0.119% taxol, 5mg\/l oligo-chitosan having 9.090 FW\/DW and 0.778% taxol. \r\nThe effects of the combination of precursor and elicitors (15 mg\/l phenyl alanine, 10 mg\/l methyl jasmonate, 5 mg\/l O-chitosan, 100 mg\/l salysilic acid) enhance the taxol accumulation to 1.003% in comparison of separately as PA having 0.114% taxol, PA+Ochi having 0.542% taxol, PA+MJ+Ochi having 0.564%. Cell cloning from leaves (1.701%) had the taxol accumulation more than from stem (0.273%).\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 59-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7503<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tran Van Minh <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInternational University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tFett-Neto A. G., Melanson S. J., Nicholson S. A., Pennington J. J., Dicosmo F. (1994) Improved taxol yield by aromatic carboxylic   acid  and  amino  acid  feeding  to  cell  cultures  of  Taxus  cuspidata.  Biotechnology  and Bioengineering 44:967\u2013971.  \r\n[2].\tJaziri M., Zhiri A., Guo Y. D., Dupont J. P., Shimomura K., Hamada H., Vanhhaelen M., Homes J. (1996) Taxus, sp cell, tissue and organ cultures as alternative sources for taxoids production : a literature survey. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 46:59-75.\r\n[3].\tLinden  J. C.,  Phisalaphong  M. (2000) Oligosaccharides  potentiate  methyl  jasmonate-induced  production  of paclitaxel in Taxus Canadensis. Plant Science 158:41\u201351.  \r\n[4].\tMa R., Guo Y. D., Pulli S. (2003) Somatic embryogenesis and ferile green plant regeneration from suspension cell derived protoplasts of rye. Plant Cell Rep. 22: 320327\r\n[5].\tSrinivasan V., Ciddi V., Bringi V., Shuler M. L. (1996) Metabolic  inhibitors, elicitors and precursors as  tools  for probing  yield  limitation  in  taxane production by Taxus chinensis cell cultures. Biotechnology Progress 12:457\u2013465. \r\n[6].\tWu J. Y., Wang C. G., Mei X. G. (2001) Stimulation of taxol production and excretion in Taxus spp. cell cultures by rare earth chemical lanthanum. Journal of Biotechnology 85:67\u201373. \r\n[7].\tYanpaisan W., King N., Doran P. (1999) Flow cytometry of plant cells with applications in large scale bioprocessing. Biotechnol. Adv. 17: 3-27.\r\n[8].\tYu L. J., Gao W., Hahn E. J., Paek K. Y. (2002) Jasmonic acid improves ginsenoids accumulation in adventitious roots culture of Pinax ginseng. Biochem. Eng. J 11: 211-215.\r\n[9].\tYukimune Y., Tabata H., Higashi Y., Hara H. (1996) Methyl-jasmonate induced overproduction of paclitaxel and baccatin III in Taxus cell suspension cultures. Nature Biotechnology 14:1129\u20131132.\r\n[10].\tZhang C. H., Mei X. G., Liu L., Yu L. G. (2000) Enhanced  paclitaxel  production  induced  by  the  combination  of elicitors  in cell suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis. Biotechnology Letters 22:1561\u20131564.\r\n[11].\tZhong J. J., Wang S. J., Wang H. Q. (1997) A  new  centrifugal  impeller  reactor  and  its  application  to  plant  cell cultures.  In: Horizon  of  Biochemical  Engineering.  The  Society  of  Chemical  Engineers,  Japan,  Tokyo 175\u2013179.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tran Van Minh &#8220;The Effect of The Combination of Precursor and Elicitors Enhance the Taxol Accumulation in Red Pine Cell Cultivation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.59-64 May 2022\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.2022.7503<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/59-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-the-combination-of-precursor-and-elicitors-enhance-the-taxol-accumulation-in-red-pine-cell-cultivation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of The Combination of Precursor and Elicitors Enhance the Taxol Accumulation in Red Pine Cell Cultivation<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363e750 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"363e750\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363f25e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363f468\" data-id=\"363f468\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363f60c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363f60c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363f6f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363f6f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363f90e\" data-id=\"363f90e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363fab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363fab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363fb90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363fb90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363fd85\" data-id=\"363fd85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363ff17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363ff17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363fff5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"363fff5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3640200\" data-id=\"3640200\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364039d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"364039d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Constituents of Cassava (Manihot Esculentus) Tubers and Leaves in Jos North Lga of Plateau State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adeyanju, O, Adeyemi, A. E, Nimmyel.  N. V., Dirikebamoh , S.T, Chukwu, C. S and Okafor, D.C- May 2022 Page No.: 65-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-364046d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"364046d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3640687\" data-id=\"3640687\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364082e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"364082e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study was conducted to determine the nutritional and anti-nutritional content of cassava tubers and leaves in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau state, Nigeria. Proximate analysis was determined by standard method for the percentage moisture content, ash content, crude protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate. Elemental analysis was determined using AAS and UV-Spectrophotometer. The anti-nutritional constituents determined includes; cyanogenic glycosides, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid, tannins and oxalate. The tubesr have moisture content (10.57\u00b10.2%), ash content (2.4\u00b10.001%), crude protein (4.8\u00b10.30%), crude fat (2.4\u00b10.02%), crude fibre (3.9\u00b10.08%), carbohydrate (80.54\u00b12.40%), calcium (29.31\u00b10.14%), potassium (8.94\u00b10.04%), sodium (38.7\u00b10.20%), magnesium (23.5\u00b10.10%), phosphorus (0.150\u00b10.004%), cyanogenic glycosides (2.06\u00b10.008mg\/L), trypsin inhibitor (4.28\u00b10.03TUI\/mg), phytate (31.02\u00b10.34mg\/100g), tannins (3.64\u00b10.009mg\/100g), oxalate (1.29\u00b10.029g\/100g) and the leaves showed moisture content (5.86\u00b10.01%), ash content (1.6\u00b10.01%), crude protein (5.6\u00b10.08%), crude fat(1.8\u00b10.04%), crudefibre (4.6\u00b10.01%), carbohydrate (75.9\u00b10.60%), calcium (38.65\u00b11.35%), Potassium (13.10\u00b10.12%), sodium (58.8\u00b10.58%), magnesium (24.80\u00b10.20%), phosphorus (0.280\u00b10.001%), cyanogenic glycosides (7.31\u00b10.098mg\/L), trypsin inhibitor (10.74\u00b10.012TUI\/mg), phytate (58.47\u00b10.403mg\/100g), tannins (78.67\u00b10.471mg\/100g), oxalate (1.61\u00b10.084g\/100g).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-67\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeyanju, O <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeyemi, A. E <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Basic Sciences, Federal School of Medical Laboratory, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nimmyel.  N. V. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical Sciences, the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dirikebamoh , S.T<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwu, C. S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okafor,D.C <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdewusi, S.R.A, Bradbury, J.H. (1993). Carotenoids in cassava: Comparison of open-column and HPLC methods of analysis. J. Sci Food Agric 62: 375-383.\r\n[2]\tAdeyanju. O  and Emesi. I.C . (2019). Acetylation of Manihot esculentus crantz starch and its potential application in the pharmaceuticals. IOSR. Journal of Applied Chemistry.12(2) : 23 \u2013 28.\r\n[3]\tO. Adeyanju, E.S Egga, J. Plavec, E. A. Ewaoche, (2017). Nutritional evaluation, characterization and potential utilization of under-utilized indigenous livinstone potato(Plecthrantus esculentus) Journal of sustainable Technology 8(2); 1 -11\r\n[4]\tAdeyanju O, Lajide L. and Abayomi Toluwalop G. (2013). Nutritional assessment of Antiaris africana exudate gum: A new emulsifier in food processing.. Photon Journal of Phytochemistry 114: 196-200. \r\n[5]\tAdeyanju Olusola, Olajide Olutayo, Afolayan Michael, Adewusi Adepoju John,  (2012). Antimicrobial activity and Elemental analysis of Cassia siberieana leaves using Atomic Absorption spectrometer. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resource 2(1): 9 \u201318\r\n[6]\tAdeyanju O and Joshua E.C(2020). Nutritional and Structural Evaluation of Sweitenia mycrophylla Exudate gum. A potential excipient and food additive. Advanced Journal of Chemistry. Section A 3; (1);9-14\r\n[7]\tEmesi I. C, Zang .C. U and Adeyanju.O (2019). Nutritional analysis of Manihot esculentus tubers. a potential biomaterial in food processing. International  Journal of current Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceatical Sciences. 6 (6);19-22\r\n[8]\tAOAC. (2005). Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Washington DC, USA.\r\n[9]\tBultman, T. L. (1998). Attempting a collaborative approach to community ecology. Journal of ecology, Ecology society of America, 79 (2) pp. 746-747\r\n[10]\tCock, J.H. (1985). Cassava: New Potential for a Neglected Crop, West view Press Boulder Co. pp 191.\r\n[11]\tEne-Obong, H.N. (2001). Determinants of health and nutritional status of rural Nigerian women. Journal of health, population and nutrition, 19(4), pp. 329-330.\r\n[12]\tFasuyi, A.O. (2005). Nutrient composition and processing effects on cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) Anti-nutrients. Pakistan journal of nutrition, Vol. 4, Iss. 1. pp. 37-42\r\n[13]\tKakade, M. L., N.R. Simon and T.E. Liener, (1971). Biochemical and Nutritional assessment of different varieties of soyabean. J. Agr. Food Chem., 20(87).\r\n[14]\tMarkkar, H. P. S., M. Blummer, N. K. Browy and K. Becker. (1993). Gravimetric of Tannins and their correlation with chemical and protein precipitation methods. J. Sci. Food Agr., 61: 161-165.\r\n[15]\tOke, O. L. (1969). Chemical studies on some Nigerian foodstuffs. Latum W. Afr. J. Biol. Appl. Chem., 8: 53-56\r\n[16]\tSiddig, N. E. (1996). Nitrogen and specific rotation as qualifying indices for gum Arabic derived from Acacia Senegal (L) wild. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum.\r\n[17]\tWobeto, C, Angelita, D.C, Celeste, M.P, Custodio, D.S and Henrique, V. P. (2007). Anti-nutrients in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf powder at three ages of the plant. Journal of food science and technology, Aliment. Vol. 27(1).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adeyanju, O, Adeyemi, A. E, Nimmyel.  N. V., Dirikebamoh , S.T, Chukwu, C. S and Okafor, D.C &#8220;Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Constituents of Cassava (Manihot Esculentus) Tubers and Leaves in Jos North Lga of Plateau State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.65-67 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/65-67.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/65-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/nutritional-and-anti-nutritional-constituents-of-cassava-manihot-esculentus-tubers-and-leaves-in-jos-north-lga-of-plateau-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Constituents of Cassava (Manihot Esculentus) Tubers and Leaves in Jos North Lga of Plateau State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3641c24 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3641c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3641d51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3641d51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3641f7f\" data-id=\"3641f7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3642132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3642132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3642205 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3642205\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36423e7\" data-id=\"36423e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3642572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3642572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-364263c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"364263c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3642817\" data-id=\"3642817\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36429ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36429ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3642a76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3642a76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3642c59\" data-id=\"3642c59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3642dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3642dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3642e99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3642e99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3643074\" data-id=\"3643074\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36431ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36431ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36432b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36432b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36434b0\" data-id=\"36434b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3643634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3643634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>ACO-KNN Predictive Model for Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olukiran Oyenike Adunni, Omidiora Elijah Olusayo, Olabiyisi Stephen Olatunde, Shoyemi Olufemi Segun, Segun Aina- May 2022 Page No.: 68-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3643700 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3643700\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3643908\" data-id=\"3643908\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3643aa8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"3643aa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) remains a worldwide health challenge that is increasing steadily. It is a chronic situation accompanied by an increase in morbidity, mortality, and also a risk of other several diseases like cardiovascular diseases and high healthcare costs. More than two million individuals over the globe receive dialysis or transplanting kidney treatment to stay alive, yet this figure shows only 10% represent people who need treatment to live. Early detection and management of CKD are necessary. It is important to predict the progression of CKD with reasonable accuracy due to its dynamic and covert nature in the early stages and patient heterogeneity. This paper presents a CKD predictive model by the introduction of a nature-inspired computation algorithm known as Ant Colony Optimization for the selection of discriminant attributes from the CKD indigenous dataset and employing some selected machine learning algorithms for classification. The CKD predicted model was evaluated using an indigenous dataset collected from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) teaching hospital, Ogbomoso and Osogbo, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Oyo State and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital (OAUTH), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Experimental results showed that binary classification for CKD predictive model produced the best accuracy of 99.13%, the best specificity of 0.9839, the best sensitivity of 0.9929 in ACO-KNN and also for the multistage CKD predictive model, the best outputs for accuracy, specificity, sensitivity are given respectively with 99.65%, 0.9956 and 1.000 in CKD patients with stage 2 disease Severity using ACO-KNN.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olukiran Oyenike Adunni <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematical and Computing Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences,\r\nKola Daisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omidiora Elijah Olusayo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering,\r\nLadoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olabiyisi Stephen Olatunde<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering,\r\nLadoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shoyemi Olufemi Segun <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Plymouth, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Plymouth, United Kingdom\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Segun Aina <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbioye, A. 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Shardlow, \u201cAn Analysis of Feature Selection Techniques,\u201d Univ. Manchester, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1\u20137, 2016.\r\n[12]\tN. Krishnaveni and V. Radha, \u201cFeature Selection Algorithms for Data Mining Classification: A Survey,\u201d Indian J. Sci. Technol., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1\u201311, 2019.\r\n[13]\tM. Doshi, S. K. Chaturvedi, and D. Ph, \u201cCORRELATION BASED FEATURE SELECTION ( CFS ) TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT STUDENT PERFROMANCE,\u201d Int. J. Comput. Netw. Commun., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 197\u2013206, 2014.\r\n[14]\tM. B. Imani, T. Pourhabibi, M. R. Keyvanpour, and R. Azmi, \u201cA New Feature Selection Method Based on Ant Colony and Genetic Algorithm on Persian Font Recognition,\u201d Int. J. Mach. Learn. Comput., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 278\u2013282, 2012.\r\n[15]\tK. Sheena, Krishan, K., &#038; Gulshan, \u201cAnalysis of Feature Selection Techniques\u202f: A Data Mining Approach,\u201d in International Conference on Engineering &#038; Technology, 2016, pp. 17\u201321.\r\n[16]\tH. Polat, H. Danaei Mehr, and A. Cetin, \u201cDiagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Support Vector Machine by Feature Selection Methods,\u201d J. Med. Syst., vol. 41, no. 4, p. 55, Apr. 2017.\r\n[17]\tR. S. Wahono, N. Suryana, and S. Ahmad, \u201cMetaheuristic Optimization based Feature Selection for Software Defect Prediction,\u201d J. Softw., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1325\u20131333, 2014.\r\n[18]\tS. Beniwal and J. Arora, \u201cClassification and Feature Selection Techniques in Data Mining,\u201d Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 1\u20136, 2012.\r\n[19]\tA. Tripathi, A. Nadaf, and A. K. Yadav, \u201cIdentification of the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease Using Data Mining Approach,\u201d Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 463\u2013467, 2020.\r\n[20]\tN. Oladeji, F A, Idowu, P A, Egejuru, \u201cModel for Predicting the Risk of Kidney Stone using Data Mining Techniques,\u201d Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 182, no. 38, pp. 36\u201356, 2019.\r\n[21]\tM. K. Subhashini, R. &#038; Jeyakumar, \u201cE-Anfis to Diagnose the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease,\u201d Clin. Pract., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1235\u20131244, 2019.\r\n[22]\tM. D. Basar and A. Akan, \u201cDetection of Chronic Kidney Disease by Using Ensemble Classifiers,\u201d in 10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ELECO 2017, 2018, pp. 544\u2013547.\r\n[23]\tM. Alshammari and M. Mezher, \u201cA comparative analysis of data mining techniques on breast cancer diagnosis data using WEKA toolbox,\u201d Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 224\u2013229, 2020.\r\n[24]\tS. Gopika and M. Vanitha, \u201cEfficiency of Data Mining Techniques for Predicting Kidney Disease,\u201d Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 3586\u20133591, 2017.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olukiran Oyenike Adunni, Omidiora Elijah Olusayo, Olabiyisi Stephen Olatunde, Shoyemi Olufemi Segun, Segun Aina &#8220;ACO-KNN Predictive Model for Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-7-issue-5, pp.68-73 May 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-7-issue-5\/68-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3645865\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3645a3c\" data-id=\"3645a3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3645bca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3645bca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3645c92 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Efficacy of Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia hirta Extracts in Control of Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease of Solanum 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