{"id":8081,"date":"2023-03-29T05:06:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-29T05:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/?page_id=8081"},"modified":"2024-01-23T08:58:44","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T08:58:44","slug":"volume-viii-issue-iii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/archive\/volume-viii-issue-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VIII Issue III"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8081\" class=\"elementor elementor-8081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9ae3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9ae3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9b14a\" data-id=\"ff9b14a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9b33c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9b33c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Transactional Committal Portal and Database Resolution Controller For Mobile Banking Transactions<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Felix. U Ogban, Ndifon Godswill Brendan, Ceasar E. Eko- March 2023 Page No.: 01-15<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9b454 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9b454\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9b6f9\" data-id=\"ff9b6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9b8ed elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ff9b8ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Mobile banking has become a bulging feature in banking operations in Nigeria as more and more banks are accepting this technology to provide the growing population of their clients with fast, accessible, reliable, and quality services. However, there are numerous problems associated with mobile banking: non-committals and non-reversal is the utmost. In this paper, a few scenarios such as Debit without dispense, Debit without Committal, and Debit without credit were considered. Information has it that it takes some banks 24hrs to 72hrs or more to reverse failed transactions, and some bank customers have forfeited their money through this means. The problem therefore can be narrowed to outright failures due to timeout in the network during committals into a database or failures to resolve transactions since there should be no gain without a loss or vice versa. A controller bridge was developed to mirror or sniff mobile transactions from bank to bank; internally (bank A to A) or externally (bank A to B), ascertain the success (full committals) of the transactions, or initiate a resolution if a transaction fails. The Waterfall software development model was adopted for use. The software bridge was tested by simulation using mockup data. The system was developed with PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript (Ajax and jQuery), and Bootstrap framework. The implementation was done on a local host with two different browsers housing the banks and the bridge residing in any of them. The results in time concerning sniffing, confirmation, and resolution were outstanding. Implying that, the bridge can improve transactional resolutions faster than ever. Banks should be encouraged to adopt or integrated this new committal bridge into their existing system so that failed transactions can be resolved within a minutes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-15\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Felix. U Ogban <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ndifon Godswill Brendan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ceasar E. Eko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Essien Eyo (2011). Proposed algorithm for automated teller machine. Elixir International Journal, Elixir Adoc Network 36 (2011) 3164-3167.\r\n2. Garuba. A. O. (2008). Fundamentals of Banking, Vol.1 Benin Ambik Press Ltd. Ikhilae, E. (2010). Bank PHB Opposes CBN\u2019s Move to Free Self from ATM Fraud Suit. The Nation, July 5th P25.\r\n3. Madawaki Mohammed, Mohammed AlhajiAudu and Alexander Solomon Oghoyone (Nov. 2014). \u201cThe Effects of Customers Experience on ATM Refund System for Failed Bank Transactions: A Study of Deposit Money Banks in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria\u201d.\r\n4. Ndifon, E. and Okpa, I. (2014). Challenges and benefits of the cash-less policy Implementation in the Nigerian economy. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(26): 24-32.\r\n5. Ogban, F.U and Asagba, P (2011). Issues on concurrency controls in a transactional database system: The automatic teller machine (ATM) problem. international Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (ijnas), vol. 6, nos.1&amp; 2; p. 63 \u2013 71\r\n6. Osazevbaru, H. O. and Yomere, G. O. (2015). Benefits and challenges of Nigeria\u2019s cashless policy. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 4(9): 1-10.\r\n7. Sriramya P, R.A. Karthika(2020). Android App For Atm Refund System For Failed Banking Transactions, Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020.\r\n8. http:\/\/www.knowreserve.com\/2021\/08\/what-is-failedatm-transaction.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Felix. U Ogban, Ndifon Godswill Brendan, Ceasar E. Eko &#8220;Transactional Committal Portal and Database Resolution Controller For Mobile Banking Transactions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.01-15 March 2023\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/01-15.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/01-15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/transactional-committal-portal-and-database-resolution-controller-for-mobile-banking-transactions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transactional Committal Portal and Database Resolution Controller For Mobile Banking Transactions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9cd56 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ff9cd56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9cea6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9cea6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d0e9\" data-id=\"ff9d0e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d2dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9d2dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9d3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d5b1\" data-id=\"ff9d5b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9d735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d7fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9d7fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9d9e1\" data-id=\"ff9d9e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9db5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9db5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9dc1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9dc1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9de59\" data-id=\"ff9de59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9dfe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9dfe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e0bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9e0bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e2bc\" data-id=\"ff9e2bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e43f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9e43f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e518 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9e518\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e711\" data-id=\"ff9e711\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e8a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff9e8a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Design and Construction of a Digital Bidirectional Visitor Counter (DBVC) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Azeez , W.A., Oyerinde S. A.- March 2023 Page No.: 16-22<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e96e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9e96e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff9eb50\" data-id=\"ff9eb50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff9ed04 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ff9ed04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study presents the Design and Construction of a Digital Bidirectional Visitor Counter (DBVC). The DBVC is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of counting number of persons\/visitors in the room very accurately. Depends on the number of visitors, when the number of visitors reach the maximum required, the number will show on display board to indicate that the Hall is full. When somebody enters the Hall then the counter is incremented by one (+1) and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one (-1). The total number of persons inside the Hall is also displayed on the (P10 Display board). The microcontroller is used for detecting an entry or exit action and computing the figures (addition and subtraction) to acquire accurate results. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of embedded programming code which is stored in ROM of the microcontroller. The microcontroller continuously monitors the Ultrasonic Receivers. When any object pass through the Ultrasonic Receiver&#8217;s then the Ultrasonic Rays falling on the receivers are obstructed. The obstruction occurs under two circumstances, either you obstruct sensor 1 (i.e. outside the building) before sensor 2 (i.e. which is inside the building) this shows that you are entering the building or you do it the other way round, which is obstructing sensor 2 before sensor 1 to indicates an exit movement. This obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller, computed and displayed by a P10 Displayed board.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 16-22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Azeez , W.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oyerinde S. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. &#8220;Design and Construction of Bidirectional Visitors Counter Using Micro Controller,&#8221; 2020. https:\/\/eduprojecttopics.com\/product\/design-constructionbidirectional-visitors-counter-using-micro-controller\/. (2021).\r\n2. Anjali Sinha (2017). &#8220;Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter,&#8221; International Journal on Emerging Technologies ,ISSN 0975-8346 (Paper), ISSN 2249-3255 (Online), no. NCETST-2017, pp. pp 172-175.\r\n3. Banuchandar, J., Kaliraj, J., Balasubramanian, P., Deepa, S. &amp; Thamilarasi, N. (2012). Automated Unmanned Railway Level Crossing System, IJMER 2 (1): 458-463.\r\n4. Debasis Parida (2019). LED Display Board using P10 LED Matrix Display and Arduino. Microcontroller Based Projects. https:\/\/circuitdigest.com\r\n5. Jothibasu, M. Aakash, B., Ebanesh, K. S., Vinayak G. L. (2019). &#8220;Automatic Room Monitoring with Visitor Counter (ARM\u2013VC),&#8221; International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 8: 1379-1383\r\n6. Krishna M. C. (2020). &#8220;Implementation of Arduino-based Counter System,&#8221; International Journal of Engineering Research &amp; Technology (IJERT), Vol. 9, No. Issue 09.\r\n7. Obah P.J. (2021). Development of Arduino-Based Counter System. Baze University Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n8. Kumar S. (2021). 8051 Microcontroller based Frequency Counter, Available: https:\/\/circuitdigest.com\/microcontroller-projects\/8051-microcontrollerbased-frequency-counter.\r\n9. Shenton, C. (2012). The Day Parliament Burned Down, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n10. Horne, P. M., Catchpoole, D. W. and Ella, A. (1998). Cutting management of tree and shrub legumes. In: Blair G J. Ivory D A and Evans T R (Eds), Forages in Southeast Asian and South Pacific agriculture. Proceedings of an international workshop held at Cisarua, Indonesia, 19-23 August 1985. ACIAR Proceedings Series 12. ACIAR (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), Canberra, Australia. pp. 164-169.\r\n11. Yuan X., Yu X., Lee T., (1993) Essex M. Mutations in the N-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein block intracellular transport of the gag precursor. J. Virol. 1993;67:6387\u20136394\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Azeez , W.A., Oyerinde S. A. &#8220;Design and Construction of a Digital Bidirectional Visitor Counter (DBVC) &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.16-22 March 2023\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/16-22.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/16-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/design-and-construction-of-a-digital-bidirectional-visitor-counter-dbvc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Design and Construction of a Digital Bidirectional Visitor Counter (DBVC) <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa01bb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffa01bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa02e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa02e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa04ff\" data-id=\"ffa04ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa068f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa068f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa0762 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa0762\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa098a\" data-id=\"ffa098a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa0b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa0b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa0c08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa0c08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa0ded\" data-id=\"ffa0ded\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa0f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa0f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1045 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa1045\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1211\" data-id=\"ffa1211\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1395 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa1395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa145c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa145c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa161e\" data-id=\"ffa161e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa17a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa17a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1866 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa1866\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1a47\" data-id=\"ffa1a47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1bea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa1bea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Study on the effects of sulphuric acid attack on Normal Concrete Replaced with fine Plastic Wastes<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M. M. Aliyu, Bishir Kado, Sikiru Siyanbola Abdulganiyu- March Page No.: 23-31<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1cb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa1cb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa1e9c\" data-id=\"ffa1e9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa203e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffa203e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study investigated the performance of normal-concrete with fine waste plastic particles replacement against sulphuric acid attack by determining the workability, reduction of compressive strengths of cured specimens, and water absorption of waste plastic-concrete when exposed to sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Waste plastic was incorporated as a partial replacement for fine aggregate at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. A total of one hundred and twenty cubes were cast, and they were cured in water for up to 56 days. The first 60 cubes underwent a compressive strength test at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, whereas the remaining 60 cubes were cured in water for 28 days and later exposed to a 5% solution of sulphuric acid, and then tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Compressive strength test, water absorption test and Slump test were performed according to BS EN 12350-2 (2009), BS 1881-122 (2011), and BS EN 12350-2 (2009) respectively. According to the test result, the workability (slump) of waste plastic\u2013concrete increases with an increase in waste plastic replacing fine aggregate in the mix. The compressive strength of waste plastic concrete shows an increase in strength with an increase in curing days even at and the incorporation of a higher percentage of waste plastic. The percentage increase of waste plastic in the mix yields more resistance to sulphuric acid. The research has shown a reduction in the weight of concrete with an increase in the percentage of waste plastic and an exposure period, while an increase in water absorption was observed. To increase concrete&#8217;s resistance against sulphuric acid attack, it is concluded that an optimum replacement of fine aggregate with waste plastic in concrete production should be limited to 5% replacement<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 23-31\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. M. Aliyu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bishir Kado <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sikiru Siyanbola Abdulganiyu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPGDCE Student Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Ghannam, S., Najm, H., and Vasconez, R. (2014). Experimental study of concrete made with granite and iron powders as partial replacement of sand, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Volume 9, 2016, Pages 1-9, ISSN 2214-9937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.susmat.2016.06.001.\r\n2. Tangchirapat, W., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Chindaprasirt, P. (2009). Use of palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 23, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 2641-2646, ISSN 0950-0618, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.01.008.\r\n3. Nagpal, L., Dewangan, A., Dhiman, S. and Kumar, S. (2013). Evaluation of strength characteristics of concrete using crushed stone dust as fine aggregate. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2(6): 102-104.\r\n4. F. Krausman, S. Gingrich, N. EisenMenger, K. H. Erb, H. Haber and M. Fischer-Kowalski, (2009). &#8220;Growth in Global Material use, GDP and Population During the 20th Century,&#8221; Ecological Economics, vol. 63, pp. 2696-2705, 2009.\r\n5. S. Sonak, P. Pangam, M. Sonak and D. Mayekar, (2006). &#8220;Impact of sand Mining on Local Ecology in Multiple Dimension of Global Environmental Change,&#8221; The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India, 2006.\r\n6. Ch. Sivanarayana1, K Pratyusha, P V Rambabu, and G V Ramarao (2014). A Study on Sulphuric Acid Attack on Concrete with Rice Husk Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2014), PP.43-49.\r\n7. Abioye, O.P., Abioye, A.A., Afolalu, S.A., Ongbali, S.O., Akinlabi, S.A., 2018. A review of biodegradable plastics in Nigeria. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol. 9, 1172\u20131185.\r\n8. Saibuatrong, W., Cheroennet, N. &amp; Suwanmanee, U., (2017). Life cycle assessment focusing on the waste management of conventional and bio-based garbage bags. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 158, pp. 319-334.\r\n9. Xu, W. et al., (2020). Evolution of the global polyethylene waste trade system. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability.\r\n10. M. A. Kamaruddin, M. M. A. Abdullah, M. H. Zawawi, and M. R. R. A. Zaino (2018). Potential use of Plastic Waste as Construction Materials: Recent Progress and Future Prospect. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 267 (2017) 012011 doi:10.1088\/1757-899X\/267\/1\/012011\r\n11. Ghernouti, Y., Rabehi, B., Safi, B., &amp; Chaid, R. (2009). USE OF RECYCLED PLASTIC BAG WASTE IN THE CONCRETE Youcef Ghernouti, Bahia Rabehi, Brahim Safi and Rabah Chaid Research Unit: Materials, Processes and Environment, University M\u2019Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes. Algeria. Journal of International Scientific Publications: Materials, Methods and Technologies, 8, 480\u2013487.\r\n12. Suganthy, P., Dinesh Chandrasekar, &amp; Sathish Kumar. P. K. (2013). Utilization of pulverizes plastic in cement concrete as fine aggregate. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(6), 1015\u20131019.\r\n13. Amalu, R. G., Azeef, A., Muhammad, H., Rejith, K. U., and Vijitha, V, R. (2016). Use of Waste Plastic as Fine Aggregate Substitute in. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research, 7(4), 172\u2013177.\r\n14. Jaffe, N., Koppitz, M., &amp; Weimer, W. (2015). Concrete Mixture with Plastic as Fine Aggregate, (4), 49\u201353.\r\n15. Sreenath, S., &amp; Harishankar, S. (2017). Effect of partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete with low density polypropylene. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 644\u2013647.\r\n16. A.J. Boyd, S. Mindess, J. Skalny, (2001). Designing concrete for durability, Mater. Constr. 51 (2001) 263\u2013264.\r\n17. S.A. Hadigheh, R.J. Gravina, S.T. Smith (2017). Effect of acid attack on FRP-to-concrete bonded interfaces. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 152, 2017, Pages 285-303, ISSN 0950-0618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.140.\r\n18. Richardson, M. G. (2002). Fundamentals of durable reinforced concrete. Spon Press.\r\n19. Sakr, M. R., Bassuoni, M. T., Hooton, R. D., Drimalas, T., Haynes, H., &amp; Folliard, K. J. (2020). Physical Salt Attack on Concrete: Mechanisms, Influential Factors, and Protection. ACI Materials Journal, 117(6), 253+. https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A681543434\/AONE?u=anon~bb053bbf&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;xid=939b3897.\r\n20. Almeshal, I.,Basam A. T., Rayed A,. Hisham A.,Mustafa A. M.(2020) Eco-friendly concrete containing recycled plastic as partial replacement for sand. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. Vol 9, issue 3 pg4631-4643.\r\n21. Ismail Z. Z., and El-Hashmi E. A.,(2008): Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as aggregate replacement. Journal of waste Management.vol. 28, issue 11. Pg 2041-2047\r\n22. B. Kim, A.J. Boyd, H.S. Kim, and S.H. Lee (2015). Steel and synthetic types of fiber-reinforced concrete are exposed to chemical erosion. \/ Construction and Building Materials 93 (2015) 720\u2013728.\r\n23. Musa Adamu and O.A.U. Uche (2014). Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Scrap Tyre as Fine &amp; Coarse Aggregate In Concrete. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 11, November-2014 ISSN 2229-5518.\r\n24. Babafemi, A. J., Sirba N., Paul S. C., and Miah M. J. (2022): Mechanical and Durability Assessment of Recycled Waste Plastic (Resins and PET) Eco-Aggregate Concrete. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5725. https:\/\/dio.org\/10.3390\/su14095725.\r\n25. P. Murthi and V. Sivakumar, (2008). Studies on acid Resistance of Ternary Blended Concrete. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing) Vol. 9, No. 5 (2008) Pages 473-486.\r\n26. British Standard Institution (1996) BS 12: Specification for Portland Cement. British Standard Institution, London.\r\n27. BS 882, Part 2, (1992). Grading limits for fine aggregates, British Standard Institution, London.\r\n28. British Standard Institution (1995) BS 812: Methods for Sampling and Testing of Mineral Aggregates, Sands and Fillers. Part 103. British Standard Institution, London.\r\n29. British Standards Institution (2002) BS EN 1008: 2002. Mixing Water for Concrete. Specification for Sampling, Testing and Assessing the Suitability of Water, Including Water Recovered from Processes in the Concrete Industry, as Mixing Water for Concrete. British Standards Institution, London.\r\n30. BS 812-103.2 (1989), \u201cMethod of determination of particle size distribution\u201d\r\n31. BS 812 &#8211; Part 112 (1990), \u201cMethods for The Determination of The Aggregate Impact Value\u201d\r\n32. BS EN 12350, Part 2, (2009). Slump Test, British Standard Institution, London.\r\n33. BS EN 12390, Part 3, (2009). Method for Determination of Compressive strength of Concrete Cubes, British Standard Institution, London.\r\n34. BS 1881-122, (2011), \u201cMethod for determination of water absorption\u201d.\r\n35. ASTM C188-17 (2017). \u201cStandard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement\u201d\r\n36. BS EN 197, Part 1, (2011). Composition, Specification and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements. British Standard Institution, London.\r\n37. BS 812, Part 110, (1990), \u201cMethods for The Determination of The Aggregate Crushing Value\u201d\r\n38. BS 812, Part 3, (1989), \u201cMethods for Determination of Mechanical Properties\u201d.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. M. Aliyu, Bishir Kado, Sikiru Siyanbola Abdulganiyu &#8220;Study on the effects of sulphuric acid attack on Normal Concrete Replaced with fine Plastic Wastes&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.23-31 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/23-31.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/23-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/study-on-the-effects-of-sulphuric-acid-attack-on-normal-concrete-replaced-with-fine-plastic-wastes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Study on the effects of sulphuric acid attack on Normal Concrete Replaced with fine Plastic Wastes<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa340d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffa340d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa3532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa3532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa373f\" data-id=\"ffa373f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa38d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa38d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa399d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa399d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa3b9e\" data-id=\"ffa3b9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa3d25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa3d25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa3dec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa3dec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa3fcb\" data-id=\"ffa3fcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa413e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa413e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4201 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa4201\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa43d7\" data-id=\"ffa43d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa4549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4608 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa4608\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa47de\" data-id=\"ffa47de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4952 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa4952\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4a13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa4a13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4c21\" data-id=\"ffa4c21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4d9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa4d9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>English Teachers in Vietnam and the Relationship Between their Resilience and Emotional Intelligence<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Frederick Edward T. Fabella, Mary Grace Relacion Ramos- March Page No.: 32-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa4e74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa4e74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa5057\" data-id=\"ffa5057\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa51e4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffa51e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Various studies have demonstrated the importance of emotional intelligence (EI) and resilience as abilities that teachers should possess in order to be effective. It has even been shown that there is a significant positive connection between EI and resilience. This study aimed to investigate the levels of emotional intelligence and resilience of English teachers in Vietnam. It further sought to confirm the connection between EI and resilience. Through snowball sampling, 11 Filipino and 16 Vietnamese English teachers were selected to be the respondents of this study. The Schutte emotional intelligence test was used to measure the respondents\u2019 EI while the Brief Resiliency Scale was utilized to measure their resilience. The findings showed that 40.74% of all the respondents had moderate EI scores while 59.26% had high EI scores. In addition, the results found that the Vietnamese, the females and those without a romantic partner had higher EI. However, these differences were not statistically significant. In terms of resilience, 7.4% of all the respondents had low resilience scores, 70.27% had moderate resilience scores while 22.22% had high resilience scores. The results showed further that the Vietnamese, the males and the respondents with a romantic partner had higher resilience. However, these differences were not statistically significant. A low positive relationship between the respondents\u2019 EI and resilience scale scores was found but this relationship was not statistically significant. The findings of this study were unable to confirm the connection between EI and resilience among the respondents.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 32-43\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Frederick Edward T. Fabella <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFEU Roosevelt Graduate School, Cainta, Rizal, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Grace Relacion Ramos <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDong Nai University, Vietnam\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Vietnam. Worldometer. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2023, from ttps:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/viet-nam\/\r\n2. Tran, B., &amp; Jordan, L. (2022). Vietnam\u2019s success in covid-19 pandemic: What are consequences to its higher education? Journal of Comparative &amp; International Higher Education, 14(3b). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32674\/jcihe.v14i3b.4759\r\n3. Thoa, N. T., &amp; Dung, M. Q. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the education and training sector in Vietnam. International Journal of Health Sciences, 2072\u20132085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53730\/ijhs.v6ns2.4965\r\n4. Thu Huong, N. (2022, August 2). The continuing impact of the pandemic on education in Vietnam: How the &#8216;new normal&#8217; is affecting children and young people.: Young lives. University of Oxford Young Lives. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/www.younglives.org.uk\/news\/continuing-impact-pandemic-education-vietnam-how-new-normal-affecting-children-and-young\r\n5. Thao, H. T. (2020, February 27). The demand for native English teachers in Vietnam. Vietnam Teaching Jobs. Retrieved February 25, 2023, from https:\/\/vietnamteachingjobs.com\/demand-native-english-teachers-vietnam\/\r\n6. Lenard, D. M. (n.d.). Demand in Vietnam to learn English means jobs for teachers. Transitions Abroad. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/www.transitionsabroad.com\/publications\/magazine\/0701\/teaching_english_in_vietnam.shtml\r\n7. Khoa, D., &amp; Ly , H. (2022, September 29). Demand for native English-speaking teachers zooms post-Covid &#8211; vnexpress international. VnExpress International \u2013 Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/e.vnexpress.net\/news\/trend\/demand-for-native-english-speaking-teachers-zooms-post-covid-4516851.html\r\n8. The importance of emotional intelligence in teachers. Exploring your mind. (2020, August 21). Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/exploringyourmind.com\/importance-emotional-intelligence-teachers\/\r\n9. Valente, S., Louren\u00e7o, A. A., Alves, P., &amp; Dominguez-Lara, S. (2020). The role of the teacher\u2019s emotional intelligence for efficacy and classroom management. CES Psicolog\u00eda, 13(2), 18\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21615\/cesp.13.2.2\r\n10. Sussex Publishers. (n.d.). Emotional intelligence. Psychology Today. Retrieved February 25, 2023, from https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/emotional-intelligence\r\n11. Dham, S. N. (2019, September 5). Why teachers with emotional intelligence are a boon to society. Entrepreneur India. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/en-in\/news-and-trends\/why-teachers-with-emotional-intelligence-are-a-boon-to\/339112\r\n12. Yang, M., Oh, Y., Lim, S., &amp; Kim, T. (2023). Teaching with resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Korean teachers and collective professionalism. Teaching and Teacher Education, 104051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2023.104051\r\n13. Mallon, R. (n.d.). Why Is Teacher Resilience Important? Twinkl.com.ph. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/www.twinkl.com.ph\/blog\/why-is-teacher-resilience-important\r\n14. Lucey, C. (2022, January 26). Top tips for resilience: Understanding teacher resilience. My College. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/my.chartered.college\/early-career-hub\/top-tips-for-resilience-understanding-teacher-resilience\/\r\n15. Shuman, C. (2020, August 24). Emotional intelligence can improve resilience. Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/blog\/trial-triumph\/202008\/emotional-intelligence-can-improve-resilience\r\n16. L\u00f3pez-Angulo, Y., Mella-Norambuena, J., S\u00e1ez-Delgado, F., Portillo Pe\u00f1uelas, S. A., &amp; Reynoso Gonz\u00e1lez, O. U. (2022). Association between teachers\u2019 resilience and emotional intelligence during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Revista Latinoamericana De Psicolog\u00eda, 54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14349\/rlp.2022.v54.6\r\n17. Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., &amp; Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167\u2013177.\r\n18. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., &amp; Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194-200.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Frederick Edward T. Fabella, Mary Grace Relacion Ramos &#8220;English Teachers in Vietnam and the Relationship Between their Resilience and Emotional Intelligence&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.32-43 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/32-43.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/32-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/english-teachers-in-vietnam-and-the-relationship-between-their-resilience-and-emotional-intelligence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">English Teachers in Vietnam and the Relationship Between their Resilience and Emotional Intelligence<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6552 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffa6552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6696 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa6696\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa688c\" data-id=\"ffa688c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6a3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa6a3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6b0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa6b0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6ce1\" data-id=\"ffa6ce1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6e9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa6e9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa6f75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa6f75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa717a\" data-id=\"ffa717a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7314 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa7314\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa73ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa73ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa75ef\" data-id=\"ffa75ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7784 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa7784\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7855 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa7855\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7a8d\" data-id=\"ffa7a8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7c39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa7c39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7d31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa7d31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa7f46\" data-id=\"ffa7f46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa8114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa8114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sporting clubs and grassroots sport development in Bulawayo Metropolitan in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jenitha Ndlovu- March Page No.: 44-52<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa81f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa81f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa83ee\" data-id=\"ffa83ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa85a8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffa85a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Countries that invest in sporting clubs have not only performed well in sports, but identified talent and nurtured athletes. Zimbabwe has been no exception, sporting clubs and academies were established. This paper sought to establish grassroots sport challenges that coaches encounter in an attempt to educate, inspire and mobilise young athletes. The study is grounded on Tinning, Kirk and Evans (1993) and Green\u2019s (2005) Pyramid Sport Development Model in trying to understand issues of grassroots sport in Bulawayo. The study adopted a mixed method research design. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to collect views and perceptions of club administrators and coaches. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data that sought to establish the role of clubs in the development of grassroots sport.Ten participants, comprising of two females and eight males were recruited. All the participants were aged between 30- 40 years at the beginning of the study. Participants were voluntarily selected while anonymity and confidentiality was ensured. Findings from the interviews indicate that grassroots sport development appear to be influenced by availability of facilities and equipment, human and financial input, attendance, and parental support among other issues. From the study, 80% of the participants indicate lack of facilities and equipment in the clubs. On the other hand, (70%) of administrators\u2019 point at the closure of youth clubs as a factor of participation. The recommendations put forward were that the government injects a special fund to resuscitate youth clubs. Sound grassroots sport development programmes and structures are likely to influence performance at Olympic Games.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 44-52\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jenitha Ndlovu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nZimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Adejumo, A. A. (2020). Grassroots sport development: Towards the rejuvenation of school sports in Nigeria.www.the news-chronicle.com\r\n2. Adejumo, A. A. (2017). Grassroots sport development: Towards the rejuvenation of school sports in Nigeria.www.the news-chronicle.com\r\n3. Akaranga, S. L., &amp; Makau, B .K. (2016). Ethical consideration and their applications to Research: A case of University of Nairobi. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research 3 (2): 1-9.\r\n4. Aussie sport skills. (2013). Retrieved from http;\/\/www.aussiesportskills.com.au\/\r\n5. Brandt, H., &amp; Bangs, S. (2012). Good governance in grassroots sport. Vorster Volgade, Copenhagen, Denmark.\r\n6. Chalip, L., Johnson, A. &amp; Stachura, L. (1996). National sports policies: An international handbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood.\r\n7. Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. 2018. (8TH Edition).Research methods in education.Routledge, NewYork.\r\n8. Diejomaoh, S.O.E., Akarah, E., &amp; Tayire, F.O. (2015). Availability of Facilities and Equipment for Sports Administration at the Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,4(2): 307-311.\r\n9. Eady, J. (1993). Practical sports development. London: Pitman\r\n10. Ekpe, S. (2001). Problems of Sports Development in Nigeria. (Report of National Committee on Problem of Sports Development in Nigeria 3) pp 583-602.\r\n11. Etikan, I. &amp; Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics&amp; Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6): 1-3.\r\n12. Fawole, O. (2020). Strategies for grassroots sport development. http:\/\/radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng\/2020\/01\/17\/strategies-for-grassroots-sport- development\/\r\n13. Ghazali, N.H. Md. (2016). A reliability and validity of an instrument to evaluate the school-based Assessment system: Pilot study. International Journal of Evaluation and Research, 5(2):148-157.\r\n14. Green, B.C. (2005). Building sports programmes to optimise athlete recruitment, retention and transition: Towards a normative theory of sport development. Journal of Sport Management, 19:233-253.\r\n15. Harris, S. (2019). The global challenge of growing sport: News conference play the game.www. playthegame\/news\/news-article\/2019\r\n16. Houlihan, B. (2000). Sporting Excellence, Schools and Sports Development: The Politics of Crowded Policy Spaces. Sage Publication, 6(2):171-193.\r\n17. Hylton, K., &amp; Bramham, P. (2008). Models of sports development. In V. Girginov (Ed.), Management of sports development (pp. 41-58). Oxford: Elsevier\/Butterworth-Heinemann.\r\n18. Jaiyesinni, A.S. (1978). Physical Education needs fair deals. Daily Times, Lagos, Nigeria.\r\n19. Jeroh, E.J. (2012). Grassroots Sport: Conveyor belt for sports development in Nigeria. An International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(1):265-276.\r\n20. KultureHub (2020). The importance of youth playing grassroots sport\r\n21. Lindsey, I. (2010). Governance of lottery sport programmes: National direction of local partnerships in the new opportunities for PE and sport programme. Managing Leisure,15(3): 198-213.\r\n22. Manerikar, V., &amp; Manerikar, S. (2015). \u201cCronbach\u2019s Alpha\u201d. A Peer Research Journal \u2013 aWEshkar 19 (1): 117-119.\r\n23. Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture Secretary\u2019s Circular number 2 of 1994, 1994.\r\n24. Moyo, S. (2013). Games help develop sport at grassroots level. 23 August 2013. wwww.chronicle.co.zw\/gameshelpdevelopsportatgrassrootlevel.\r\n25. Nhamo, E., &amp; Magonde, S. (2014). The founding principles of sport for development programmes in Zimbabwe and challenges impeding effective programme implementation. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education,1(5): 23-28.\r\n26. Odegbanni, S. (2017). The dearth of grassroots sport in Nigeria. www.guardian.ng\/sport\/the dearth of grassroots sport in Nigeria\r\n27. Relationship Marketing and Partnership in not \u2013for \u2013profit Sport in Australia. (2006). Sport Marketing Quarterly,15(3): 167-180.\r\n28. Russell, R. (2013). Development of grassroots and youth football in India: Current and future opportunities. Sport path International Limited.www.sportspath.com\r\n29. Shashank, S.T. (2017). Grassroots sport development Innovation and Strategy. Sports line Operations at Adani Group. LinkedIn.\r\n30. Sotiriadou. K., Shilbury. D., &amp; Quick, S. (2008). The attraction, retention\/transition and nurturing process of sport development: Some Australian evidence. Journal of Sport Management, 22:247-272.\r\n31. Taber, K. S. (2017). The Use of Cronbach\u2019s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 1-24.\r\n32. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R., &amp; De Vault, M. L. 2016. Introduction to qualitative research methods. (4th edition). JohnWiley&amp;sons Publication, New Jersey.\r\n33. Thomas, J. E, &amp; Chalip, L. (1996). Sport governance in global community. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.\r\n34. Tinning, R., Kirk, D., &amp; Evans, J. (1993). Learning to Teach Physical Education. Sydney: Prentice-Hall.\r\n35. Tsengwa, S. (2014). Heath Streak sports academy officially opened in Bulawayo. Bulawayo 24 News.www.radiodialogue, com\r\n36. Tolulope, R. (2020). Why grassroots sport development is very important? OJB Sport,www.ojb.com\/2020\/07\/12\r\n37. Wold, P.W. (2019). Grassroots sport coaching in crisis? The state of sports coaching in the UK 2019.www.sportspartnership.co.uk\r\n38. Zililo, R. (2020). Thabiso Youth Centre: Budding football hub. www.chronicle.co.zw\/Thabiso-youth-centre-budding-football-hub\/\r\n39. Zimmerman, K. (2013). The importance of sport at grassroots level. Research paper(Unpublished)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jenitha Ndlovu &#8220;Sporting clubs and grassroots sport development in Bulawayo Metropolitan in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.44-52 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/44-52.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/44-52.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sporting-clubs-and-grassroots-sport-development-in-bulawayo-metropolitan-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sporting clubs and grassroots sport development in Bulawayo Metropolitan in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa998b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffa998b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa9ab5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa9ab5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffa9ccc\" data-id=\"ffa9ccc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa9e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffa9e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa9f21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffa9f21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa117\" data-id=\"ffaa117\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa29d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaa29d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa365 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffaa365\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa54c\" data-id=\"ffaa54c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa6d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaa6d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa7ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffaa7ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffaa9b1\" data-id=\"ffaa9b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaab29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaab29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffaac0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffaac0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffaadd7\" data-id=\"ffaadd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaaf48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaaf48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffab01b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffab01b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffab1fe\" data-id=\"ffab1fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffab37f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffab37f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Performance Analysis and Optimization of HF Communication Over Bangladesh <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md Arifuzzaman Pramanik, A. A. M Shah Sadman, Meherab Hossain Mahim, Md Hossam-E-Haider- March Page No.: 53-59<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffab452 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffab452\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffab629\" data-id=\"ffab629\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffab7ce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffab7ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Solar activity has a significant impact on the ionosphere, which can lead to adverse effects on the performance of high-frequency (HF) communication systems. Solar discharges cause expanded ionization, resulting in signal propagation that can cause disturbances. During a solar maximum, the ionosphere experiences even more dramatic changes due to the increased solar emissions, such as coronal mass discharges and solar flares. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation from the Sun, producing free electrons and ions, which can be measured through Total Electron Content (TEC) observations. TEC observations have become an essential tool for understanding the ionosphere&#8217;s structure and variations. The relationship between solar activity and the ionosphere is complex and dynamic, requiring ongoing research and monitoring to improve our understanding and predict potential impacts on high-frequency communication systems. By understanding the effects of solar activity on the ionosphere, we can better mitigate the risks to these systems and ensure their continued operation. This investigation led us to a better analysis of HF communication from the perspective of Bangladesh. Maximum usable frequency (MUF) is taken into the consideration for improving the performance of HF propagation. So that four different locations were used to take data that represents all the major parts of the country. In this context, TEC observations play a critical role in helping us to comprehend the ionosphere&#8217;s behavior and the effects of solar activity on it over Bangladesh.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 53-59\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Arifuzzaman Pramanik<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of EECE, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A. A. M Shah Sadman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of EECE, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Meherab Hossain Mahim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of EECE, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Hossam-E-Haider<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of EECE, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. R. C. Moore, S. Fujimaru, D. A. Kotovsky, and M. Go\u0142kowski, \u201cObservations of Ionospheric ELF and VLF Wave Generation by Excitation of the Thermal Cubic Nonlinearity,\u201d Phys Rev Lett, vol. 111, no. 23, p. 235007, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.235007.\r\n2. K. Hocke and K. Igarashi, \u201cWave-optical simulation of the oblique HF radio field,\u201d Radio Sci, vol. 38, no. 3, p. n\/a-n\/a, Jun. 2003, doi: 10.1029\/2002RS002691.\r\n3. S. M. Buhari et al., \u201cClimatology of successive equatorial plasma bubbles observed by GPS ROTI over Malaysia,\u201d J Geophys Res Space Phys, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 2174\u20132184, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1002\/2016JA023202.\r\n4. K. A.-K. Hadi and M. D. Abdulkareem, \u201cThe Suggested Reciprocal Relationship between Maximum, Minimum and Optimum Usable Frequency Parameters Over Iraqi Zone,\u201d Baghdad Science Journal, vol. 17, no. 3(Suppl.), p. 1058, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.21123\/bsj.2020.17.3(Suppl.).1058.\r\n5. J. Hu, \u201cDesign and Implementation of a High-frequency Signal Generator using the DDS Mixing Principle,\u201d International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 59\u201368, May 2016, doi: 10.14257\/ijsip.2016.9.5.06.\r\n6. J. Wang, Y. Xiao, T. Li, and C. L. P. Chen, \u201cA Survey of Technologies for Unmanned Merchant Ships,\u201d IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 224461\u2013224486, 2020, doi: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3044040.\r\n7. J. Vil\u00e0\u2010Valls, N. Linty, P. Closas, F. Dovis, and J. T. Curran, \u201cSurvey on signal processing for GNSS under ionospheric scintillation: Detection, monitoring, and mitigation,\u201d NAVIGATION, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 511\u2013536, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1002\/navi.379.\r\n8. R. Shahzad, A. Hafeez, J. F. de Oliveira-J\u00fanior, A. Ahmed, P. Jamjareegulgarn, and N. A. Naqvi, \u201cWavelet analysis based VTEC variability over mid-latitude region Sukkur, Pakistan and its comparison with IRI models during 2019-2020,\u201d Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 13\u201333, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.47264\/idea.nasij\/3.1.2.\r\n9. J. Klobuchar, \u201cIonospheric Time-Delay Algorithm for Single-Frequency GPS Users,\u201d IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, vol. AES-23, no. 3, pp. 325\u2013331, May 1987, doi: 10.1109\/TAES.1987.310829.\r\n10. M. Darnell, \u201cProblems of mobile HF communication and techniques for performance improvement,\u201d IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing, vol. 132, no. 5, p. 433, 1985, doi: 10.1049\/ip-f-1.1985.0083.\r\n11. C. Mudzingwa, \u201cRadio Propagation Prediction for HF Communications,\u201d Communications, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 5, 2018, doi: 10.11648\/j.com.20180601.12.\r\n12. D. Shrestha, X. Mestre, and M. Payar\u00f3, \u201cOn channel estimation for power line communication systems in the presence of impulsive noise,\u201d Computers &amp; Electrical Engineering, vol. 72, pp. 406\u2013419, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.10.006.\r\n13. I. Juwiler, I. Bronfman, and N. Blaunstein, \u201cAnalysis of total signal decay and capacity of information data in wireless atmospheric communication links. Part 2,\u201d Information and Control Systems, no. 1, pp. 54\u201362, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.31799\/1684-8853-2020-1-54-62.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md Arifuzzaman Pramanik, A. A. M Shah Sadman, Meherab Hossain Mahim, Md Hossam-E-Haider &#8220;Performance Analysis and Optimization of HF Communication Over Bangladesh &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.53-59 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/53-59.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/53-59.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/performance-analysis-and-optimization-of-hf-communication-over-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Performance Analysis and Optimization of HF Communication Over Bangladesh <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffacb2f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffacb2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffacc72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffacc72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fface86\" data-id=\"fface86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffad0ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffad0ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffad1d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffad1d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffad3e9\" data-id=\"ffad3e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffad572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffad572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffad63a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffad63a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffad815\" data-id=\"ffad815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffad98b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffad98b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffada4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffada4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffadc21\" data-id=\"ffadc21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffadda6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffadda6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffade75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffade75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffae05a\" data-id=\"ffae05a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffae1cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffae1cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffae2a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffae2a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffae493\" data-id=\"ffae493\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffae60e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffae60e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>On the physical significance and di-electric response of Castor oil processed in Nigeria as transformer insulating fluid<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Oyinkanola L.O.A, Aremu O.A, Fajemiroye J. A, Makinde .S.O- March Page No.: 60-66<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffae6fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffae6fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffae8f2\" data-id=\"ffae8f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaeb0f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffaeb0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">In view of castor oil as non-toxicity and good di-electric properties which can be used as dielectric fluid inside transformer. Castor oil, a polar liquid dielectric of vegetables origin is studied. This paper presents a description of frequency domain dielectric response technique with the physical and mathematics background.\r\nThe measurements were made using the L-C-R meter connected by co-axial cable and signal generator. Relative permittivity of castor oil was determined at frequency ranging from 25Hz to 150 KHz and temperature ranging from 270C to 1000C.\r\nThe data obtained have been statistically analysed. It was observed that the real part of the relative complex permittivity was frequency independent. It also shows that there is a slight deviation between complex permeability of the oil sample and temperature increases compared with the result of typical transformer oil.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 60-66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oyinkanola L.O.A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aremu O.A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fajemiroye J. A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Makinde .S.O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics Department, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Brendan S.E (1998): \u201cPrinciples of dielectric\u201d monographs on the Physics and Chemistry materials. 2nd Ed. Pp448.oxford University press.\r\n2. Boonchoo somboonpen (2007): \u201cDesign and test of vegetable oil impregnated polypropylene film capacitors.\u201d King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology, North Bangkok.\r\n3. Cigre Task Force (2003): \u201cDielectric reponse methods for diagnostics power transformers\u201d IEEE Elect. Insul. Mag, Vol 19, No 3, pp 12-18\r\n4. Dervos C.T Paraskevas C.D and Skafida. P (2005): \u201cDielectric characterization of power Transformer oils as a Diagnostic life prediction method\u201d, IEEE. Insul. Mag, Vol, 21, No 1. Pp 11-19\r\n5. Nosaki R, Obzut J. and Anopchenko. A (2005) \u201cBroadband permittivity measurement of high Dielectric constant film\u201d Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement Technology PP 1350-1353, Ottawa.\r\n6. Paranjpe G.R and Deshpande P.Y (1935): \u201cDielectric properties of some vegetable oils\u201d Physics Laboratory, Royal Institute of Science, Bombay.\r\n7. Rawlins, A.D (1985): Note on the capacitance of two closely separated spherea\u2019 IMA Journal of applied mathematics 34 (1); pp. 119-120. Dol 10\r\n8. Schneuwly A., Groning P. and Schlapach L.\u201d Breakdown Behaviour of oil impregnated polypropylene as Dielectric in film Capacitors\u201d IEEE transaction on dielectric and electrical insulation. Vol.5.1990:562-868.\r\n9. Tarrev. B (1975): \u201cPhysics of dielectric materials\u201d, pp 28-32 Mir publishers, Moscow\r\n10. Zaengil W.S (2003): Dielectric spectroscopy in time and frequency domain for HV power equipment, par 1: Theoretical considerations, \u201cIEEE. Insul mag, Vol 19 no 5 pp 5-19\r\n11. www.cigre-canada.org\/ondielectric constant of vegetable oil\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oyinkanola L.O.A, Aremu O.A, Fajemiroye J. A, Makinde .S.O &#8220;On the physical significance and di-electric response of Castor oil processed in Nigeria as transformer insulating fluid&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.60-66 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/60-66.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/60-66.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/on-the-physical-significance-and-di-electric-response-of-castor-oil-processed-in-nigeria-as-transformer-insulating-fluid\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">On the physical significance and di-electric response of Castor oil processed in Nigeria as transformer insulating fluid<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaff99 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffaff99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb00c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb00c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb02e4\" data-id=\"ffb02e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb047d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb047d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb054a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb054a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb0755\" data-id=\"ffb0755\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb08da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb08da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb09b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb09b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb0b80\" data-id=\"ffb0b80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb0cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb0cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb0dc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb0dc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb0f8e\" data-id=\"ffb0f8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb10fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb10fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb11c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb11c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb1389\" data-id=\"ffb1389\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb14f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb14f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb15dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb15dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb17cf\" data-id=\"ffb17cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb1957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb1957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Industrial Cannabis sativa (Hemp fiber): Hempcrete-A Plant Based and Eco-friendly Building Construction Material <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ravindra B. Malabadi, Kiran P. Kolkar, Raju K. Chalannavar- March Page No.: 67-78<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb2447 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb2447\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb2712\" data-id=\"ffb2712\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb28ea elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffb28ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This review paper highlights about the Industrial hemp (fiber type) used as a plant based building construction material, Hempcrete. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an emerging food and fibre crop. It is a non-drug variety of Cannabis sativa with low \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of less than 0.3 per cent. The use and performance of hempcrete suggested that hempcrete can be considered as an environmentally friendly material. In a first of its kind in India, an architect couple, Namrata Kandwal and Gaurav Dixit have built a house made of using hemp fibre- hempcrete in Uttarakhand state, India. Industrial Hemp (fiber-type) is both an agricultural and industrial commodity and stem supplies both cellulosic and woody fibers. Hempcrete is a construction material made from hemp fibres, lime and water. Hemprete showed a negative carbon footprint making it a suitable material in the construction industry. This composite, hempcrete breathes, as well as having a good thermal and acoustic-insulation properties. However, hempcrete does have several key drawbacks that make it less than ideal as a building material. In addition to poor mechanical performance, hempcrete also has a high capacity to absorb and retain water. Therefore, future in detail study is warranted for the commercialization of hempcrete as a building material.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 67-78\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ravindra B. Malabadi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kiran P. Kolkar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka State, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raju K. Chalannavar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Grof CPL. Cannabis, from plant to pill. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2018; 84: 2463\u20132467.\r\n2. Hall J, Bhattarai SP, Midmore DJ. Review of flowering control in industrial hemp. J. Nat. Fibers. 2012; 9: 23\u201336.\r\n3. Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Giupponi L, Leoni V, Citti C, Cattaneo C, Cavaletto M, Giorgi A. Phytochemical and Ecological Analysis of Two Varieties of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Grown in a Mountain Environment of Italian Alps. Front. Plant Sci. 2019; 10:1265.\r\n4. Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Challenges towards revitalizing hemp: a multifaceted crop. Trends Plant Sci. 2017; 22 (11): 917\u2013929.\r\n5. Struik PC, Amaducci S, Bullard MJ, Stutterheim NC, Venturi G, Cromack HTH. Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe. Ind. Crops Prod. 2000;11: 107\u2013118.\r\n6. Baldini M, Ferfuia C, Piani B, Sepulcri A, Dorigo G, Zuliani F. et al. The performance and potentiality of monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars as a multipurpose crop. Agronomy. 2018; 162, 1\u201316.\r\n7. Nath MK. Benefits of Cultivating Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa)\u2014A Versatile Plant for a Sustainable Future. Chem. Proc. 2022; 10: 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ IOCAG2022-12359.\r\n8. de Bruijn PB, Jeppsson KH, Sandin K, Nilsson C. 2009. Mechanical properties of lime-hemp concrete containing shives and fibres. Biosystems Engineering. 2009; 103: 474-479.\r\n9. Evrard A, De Herde A, Minet J. Dynamical interactions between heat and mass flows in lime-hemp concrete. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Building Physics Conference \u2013 Research in Building Physics and Building Engineering, 69-76. Montreal, PQ. Aug 27-31. 2006.\r\n10. Hirst EAJ, Walker P, Paine KA, Yates T. Characterization of low density hemplime composite building materials under compression loading. In Second International Conference on Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 1395-1406. Ancona, Italy. June 28-30, 2010.\r\n11. Jeremy Pinkos. The Effectiveness of Hempcrete as an Infill Insulation in the Prairies Compared to a Standard Building Based on Power Consumption. By Jeremy Pinkos. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 2014.\r\n12. Updike J, Felker T. Hempcrete as a Sustainable Building Material. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology ASCE Student Member 7296671 501 E. Saint Joseph St. Rapid City, SD 57701 605-890-3981.\r\n13. Bedliv\u00e1 H, Isaacs N. Hempcrete \u2013 An environmentally friendly material?. Advanced Materials Research. 2014; 1041: 83-86.\r\n14. Arnaud L, Amziane S, Nozahic, V, Gourlay E. Bio-Aggregate-Based Building Materials: Applications to Hemp Concretes. Mechanical Behavior. 2013; 153-178. ISTE Ltd, United Kingdom. Wiley. New Jersey.\r\n15. Arnaud L, Samri D, Gourlay E. Bio-Aggregate-Based Building Materials: Applications to Hemp Concretes. Hygrothermal Behavior of Hempcrete. 2013; 179-243. ISTE Ltd, United Kingdom. Wiley. New Jersey.\r\n16. Arizzi A, Brummer M, Martin-Sanchez I, Cultrone G, Viles H. The Influence of the Type of Lime on the Hygric Behaviour and Bio-Receptivity of Hemp Lime Composites Used for Rendering Applications in Sustainable New Construction and Repair Works. PLoS One. 2015;10(5): 1-19.\r\n17. Gle P, Gourdon E, Arnaud L. Bio-Aggregate-Based Building Materials: Applications to Hemp Concretes. Acoustical Properties of Hemp Concretes. 2013; 242-265. ISTE Ltd, United Kingdom. Wiley. New Jersey.\r\n18. Lanos C, Collet F, Lenain G, Hustache Y. Bio-Aggregate-Based Building Materials: Applications to Hemp Concretes. Formulation and Implementation. 2013; 118-152. ISTE Ltd, United Kingdom. Wiley. New Jersey.\r\n19. Lu N, Korman TM. Engineering Sustainable Construction Material: Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Composite with Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Matrix. Journal of Architectural Engineering. 2013; 19(3): 204-208.\r\n20. Johnson R. \u201cHemp as an Agricultural Commodity.\u201d Congressional Research Service. 2015; http:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/RL32725.pdf&gt; (Feb. 13th, 2016).\r\n21. Zuabi W, Memari AM. Review of Hempcrete as a Sustainable Building Material. International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction. 2021; 10(1):1-17. 22021001. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7492\/IJAEC.2021.004.\r\n22. Sparrow A. Building with hempcrete (hemplime): Essential tips for the beginner (part 2). The Last Straw. 2014; 65.\r\n23. Stanwix W, Sparrow A. The Hempcrete Book: Designing and Building with Hemp-Lime. 2014; Green Books, West Berkshire, UK.\r\n24. Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Challenges towards revitalizing hemp: A multifaceted crop. Trends in Plant Science. 2017; 22(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j. tplants.2017.08.004.\r\n25. Protchenko T. Prototype of hempcrete noise barrier wall. Bachelor thesis, Hame, University of Applied Sciences, 2019; Hameenlinna, Finland.\r\n26. Pure Earth. Different mixes used for the hempcrete wall. Available at &lt;https:\/\/uku.eu&gt; (accessed on 2020\/9\/5). 2020.\r\n27. Rhydwen R. Building with hemp and lime. Available at &lt;https:\/\/www.votehemp.com\/wp-content\/ uploads\/2018\/09&gt; (accessed on 2020\/8\/10) 1999.\r\n28. Tran Le AD, Maalouf C, Mai TH, Wurtz E, Collet F. (2010). Transient hygrothermal behavior of a hemp concrete building envelope. Energy and Buildings. 2010; 42(10): 1797\u20131806.\r\n29. Pretot S, Collet F, Garnier C. Life cycle assessment of a hemp concrete wall: Impact of thickness and coating. Building and Environment. 2014; 72: 223\u2013 23.\r\n30. Strandberg P. Hemp Concretes: Mechanical Properties using both Shives and Fibers. Bachelors thesis, 2008, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.\r\n31. O\u2019Dowd J, Quinn D. Investigating Properties of Hemp and Lime Construction. Bachelor thesis, University College Dublin, Dublin, 2005, Ireland.\r\n32. Stevulova N, Cigasova, J, Schwarzova I, Sicakova A, Junak J. Sustainable bio-aggregatebased composited containing hemp hurds and alternative binder. Buildings. 2018; 8(25): 1\u201314.\r\n33. Ministry of Hemp. Building hemp homes in Alaska could save millions in heating cost. 2020; Available at https:\/\/ministryofhemp.com (accessed on 2020\/07\/21).\r\n34. Kennedy B. You can build your own tiny hemp home, he\u2019ll show you. Available at https:\/\/www. thecannabist.co (accessed on 2020\/08\/25). 2018.\r\n35. Kinnane O, Reilly A, Grimes J, Pavia S, Walker, R. Acoustic absorption of hemp-lime construction. Construction and Building Materials. 2016;122: 674\u2013682.\r\n36. Dashore A. Hempcrete blocks for construction. Available at https:\/\/theconstructor.org (accessed on 2020\/08\/03). 2020.\r\n37. De Bruijn P, Pohansson P. Moisture fixation and thermal properties of lime-hemp concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2013; 47: 1235\u20131242.\r\n38. Collet F, Pretot S. Thermal conductivity of hemp concrete: Variation with formulation, density, and water content. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 65: 612\u2013619.\r\n39. Cerezo V. Mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties of a plant particle-based material: an experiment approach and theoretical modeling. PhD thesis, University of Lyon, Lyon, France. 2005.\r\n40. Florentin Y, Pearlmutter D, Givoni B, Gal E. A life-cycle energy and carbon analysis of hemp-lime bio-composite building materials. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 156: 303\u2013304.\r\n41. Evrard A, De Herde A. Hygrothermal performance of lime-hemp wall assemblies. Journal of Building Physics. 2010; 34(1): 5\u201325.\r\n42. Elfordy S, Lucas F, Tancret F, Scudeller Y, Goudet L. Mechanical and thermal properties of lime and hemp concrete (\u201chempcrete\u201d) manufactured by a projection process. Construction and Building Materials. 2008; 22: 2116\u20132123.\r\n43. Asdrubali F, Schiavoni S, Horoshenkov K. A review of sustainable materials for acoustic applications. Building Acoustics. 2012; 19(4): 283\u2013312.\r\n44. Florentin Y, Pearlmutter D, Givoni B, Gal E. A life-cycle energy and carbon analysis of hemp-lime bio-composite building materials. Energy and Buildings, 2017;156: 303\u2013304.\r\n45. Fourmentin M, Faure P, Pelupessy P, Sarou-Kanian V, Peter U, Lesueur D, Rodts S, Daviller D, Coussot P. NMR and MRI observation of water absorption\/uptake in hemp shives used for hemp concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 124: 405\u2013413.\r\n46. Canna Systems Canada Incorporation. Hempcrete block system. Available at https:\/\/www.cannasystems. ca (accessed on 2020\/08\/29). 2015.\r\n47. Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance. Fiber production: Retting of Hemp fiber. Available at www.hemptrade. ca (accessed on 2020\/08\/29). 2020.\r\n48. Wilson C. The future for hemp, An environmental perspective-what can hemp offer? Available at http:\/\/eiha.org\/media\/2019\/08\/Catherine_Wilson- CannaWellness-EIHA_2019.pdf (accessed on 2020\/ 9\/25). 2020.\r\n49. Sheel A. Why Is Hempcrete Perfect for India\u2019s Climatic Diversity? June 15, 2022 (Why Is Hempcrete Perfect for India\u2019s Climatic Diversity? &#8211; Sativa Media).\r\n50. Azad S. In a first in India, house built using hemp fibre in Uttarakhand \/TNN \/ Updated: Nov 28, 2021, 18:09 IST. In a first in India, house built using hemp fibre in Uttarakhand | Dehradun News &#8211; Times of India (indiatimes.com).\r\n51. Made with Bhang: India&#8217;s first house built using hemp in Uttarakhand. Nov 28, 2021, 06:07PM ISTSource: TOI.in\r\n52. Chaudhary S. Stay At India\u2019s First House Built With Hemp Fibre In Uttarakhand. Published on : 27 Jun, 2022, 9:16 am. (Himalayan Hemp Eco Stay\u2014India&#8217;s First House Made From Hemp Fibre In Uttarakhand (homegrown.co.in).\r\n53. Mathew M. India\u2019s First Hemp-Based Cloud Kitchen Is Now Open In Mumbai. ublished on : 20 Jun, 2022, 2:31 am. Hemp In India: BOHECO &amp; The Hemp Factory Open India\u2019s First Hemp-Based Cloud Kitchen (homegrown.co.in).\r\n54. Mathew M. Homegrown Hemp &amp; Cannabis Brands Paving The Way In India. Published on : 20 Apr, 2022, 12:00 am (homegrown.co.in).\r\n55. Mathew M. Head To Asia\u2019s First Cannabis &amp; Ayurvedic Wellness Retreat In Kerala Published on : 18 Apr, 2022, 5:11 am (homegrown.co.in).\r\n56. Mathew M. 7 Homegrown Companies Paving The Way For Hemp Acceptance. Published on : 8 Jun, 2021, 6:29 am (homegrown.co.in).\r\n57. Homegrown Staff. 4 Indian Fashion Labels Using Hemp To Make Eco-Friendly Clothes. Published on : 8 Jun, 2021, 6:26 am(homegrown.co.in).\r\n58. Himalayan Hemp Jan 20, 2020. Can Hemp integrate with the sustainable housing projects in India?. Can Hemp integrate with the sustainable housing projects in India? (himalayanhemp.in).\r\n59. Divendra Singh | Updated: January 9th, 2021 A start-up in Uttarakhand uses hemp fibre in construction; makes it to top five at Global Housing Technology Challenge- India (himalayanhemp.in).\r\n60. Malabadi RB, Kolkar KP, Chalannavar RK. Cannabis sativa: Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry. International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review. 2023; 5(2): 3990-3998.\r\n61. Malabadi RB, Kolkar KP, Acharya M, Chalannavar RK. Cannabis sativa: CANNABIS SATIVA:MEDICINAL PLANT WITH 1000 MOLECULES of Pharmaceutical Interest. International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review. 2023; 5 (2):3999-4005.\r\n62. Kore SD, Sudarsan JS. Hemp Concrete: A Sustainable Green Material for Conventional Concrete. Journal of Building Material Science. 2021; 3(2): 1-7.\r\n63. Malabadi RB, Kolkar KP, Chalannavar RK. CANNABIS SATIVA: Industrial hemp (fiber type) &#8211; An Ayurvedic Traditional Herbal Medicine. International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review. 2023; 5 (2):\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ravindra B. Malabadi, Kiran P. Kolkar, Raju K. Chalannavar &#8220;Industrial Cannabis sativa (Hemp fiber): Hempcrete-A Plant Based and Eco-friendly Building Construction Material &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.67-78 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/67-78.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/67-78.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/industrial-cannabis-sativa-hemp-fiber-hempcrete-a-plant-based-and-eco-friendly-building-construction-material\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Industrial Cannabis sativa (Hemp fiber): Hempcrete-A Plant Based and Eco-friendly Building Construction Material <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb3c9d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffb3c9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb3dc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb3dc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb3fc3\" data-id=\"ffb3fc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4160 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb4160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4227 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb4227\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb43f5\" data-id=\"ffb43f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb461f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb461f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb46fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb46fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb48f1\" data-id=\"ffb48f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4a6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb4a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4b30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb4b30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4d0a\" data-id=\"ffb4d0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4e7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb4e7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb4f40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb4f40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb5119\" data-id=\"ffb5119\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb528d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb528d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb534d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb534d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb5557\" data-id=\"ffb5557\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb56da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb56da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Elevation Angles, Soil Textures, Soil Settlements and Water-Holding Capacity on Landslides: An Experimental Case Study in the Province of Iloilo, Philippines<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Donna Hembra Gabor- March Page No.: 79-92<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb57a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb57a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb5991\" data-id=\"ffb5991\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb5b19 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffb5b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The soil textures, soil settlements, soil water-holding capacity, and elevation angles are parameters for landslides in the Province of Iloilo. They are usually triggered during heavy rainstorms, causing severe property damage and sometimes causing casualties. This experimental study aims to determine how these parameters are factors for landslides and flood monitoring and uses three methods to provide ease and continuity of measurements. The Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy analysis for soil textures, the Imhoff cone for the settling and water-holding capacity of the soil, and an improvised apparatus to test how the slopes affect the transportation of soil materials. FTIR Soil analysis reveals that contents of clay and organic matter directly affect soil water-holding capacity due to the larger surface area. The smaller particle sizes, such as clay, have a larger surface area leading to a higher water-holding ability. A landslide-prone zone has a lesser settling time except for the sand that settles fastest due to larger masses. An angle of 20 degrees has more mass movement too much higher slopes like 55 and 85 degrees. The increase in height or angle of the elevation decreases stability, leading to less mass movement. Less mass movement leads to the conclusion that there are rare landslides in the very high slope range due to fewer vibrations or soil movements caused by human activities and being compact or stable. This study is crucial for forecasting and preventing geohydrological processes and developing better landslide warning strategies to mitigate risks and reduce socioeconomic damage.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 79-92\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Donna Hembra Gabor<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDivision of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Alamanis, N., Papageorgiou, G., Xafoulis, N., &amp; Chouliaras, I. (2020). Effects of Landslides and Soil Settlements on the Built Environment: A Meta-analysis. 7. 6-15.\r\n2. Babaeian, E., Homaee, M., Montzka, C., Vereecken, H., and Norouzi. A.A. (2015). Towards retrieving soil hydraulic properties by hyperspectral remote sensing. Vadoze Zone J. 14(3),doi: 10.2136\/ vzj2014.07.0080.\r\n3. Bridge, J.S., &amp; Demicco, R.V. (2008). Earth Surface Processes. Landforms and Sediment Deposits. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.\r\n4. \u00c7ellek, S. (2020). Effect of the Slope Angle and Its Classification on Landslide. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussion( preprint) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-2020-87,2020.\r\n5. Claessens, L., Schoorl, J.M., Veldkamp, A., (2007). Modeling the location of shallow landslides and their effects on landscape dynamics in large watersheds: an application for northern New Zealand. Geomorphology 87(1\u20132), 16\u201327.\r\n6. Dariagan, J.D., Atando, R.B. &amp; Asis, J.L.B. (2021) Disaster preparedness of local governments in Panay Island, Philippines. Nat Hazards 105, 1923\u20131944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-020-04383-0.\r\n7. Guerrero, C., Viscarra R.R.A, &amp; Mouazen, A. M. (2010). Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in soil science and land resource assessment. Geoderma. 158: 1-2.\r\n8. Hassani, A., Bahrami, H., Noroozi, A., &amp; Oustan, S. (2014). Visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for assessment of soil properties in gypseous and calcareous soils. Journal of Watershed Engineering and Management, 6(2), 125- 138.\r\n9. Iurian, A. R, Cosma, C. (2014). A practical experimental approach for the determination of gamma-emitting radionuclides in environmental samples. Nucl. is unknown and the path forwards. Plant and Soil 375, 1e19.\r\n10. Jaggi, N., and Vij, D. (2006). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In Handbook of Applied Solid State Spectroscopy. Boston: Springer, 411-450.\r\n11. Kang, X., Wang, S., Wu, W. Xu, G., Zhao, J., &amp; Liu, F. (2022). Soil\u2013water interaction affecting a deep-seated landslide: From field monitoring to experimental analysis. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10064-021-02556-0.\r\n12. Kayastha, P. (2015): Landslide Susceptibility mapping and factor effect analysis using frequency ratio in a catchment scale: a case study from Garuwa sub-basin, East Nepal, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8, 10, 8601-8613, doi: 10.1007\/s12517-015-1831- 6.\r\n13. Luino, F., De Graff, J., Biddoccu, M., Faccini, F., Freppaz, M., Roccati, A., Ungaro, F., Amico, M., Turconi, L. (2022). The Role of Soil Type in Triggering Shallow Landslides in the Alps (Lombardy, Northern Italy). Land 2022, 11, 1125. https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.3390\/land11081125.\r\n14. Margenot A.J., Calder\u00f3n F.J., Goyne K.W., Mukome F.N.D and Parikh S.J. (2017). IR Spectroscopy, Soil Analysis Applications. In: Lindon, J.C., Tranter, G.E., and Koppenaal, D.W. (eds.) The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, 3(2), 448-454. Oxford: Academic Press.\r\n15. Meral, R., Dogan, E., &amp; Demir, Y. (2010). Turbidity measurements and modified Imhoff cone method for estimation of suspended sediment concentration. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 19. 3066-3072.\r\n16. Mohamed, E., Saleh, A., Belal, A., &amp; Gad, A. (2018). Application of near-infrared reflectance for quantitative assessment of soil properties. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 21(1), 1-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrs.2017.02.001.\r\n17. Nandiyanto, A. B.D., Oktiani,R., Ragadhita, R. ( 2019). How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material, Journal of Science &amp; Technology,4(1), 97-118. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17509\/ijost.v4i1.15806.\r\n18. Nguyen, T., Janik, L.J. &amp; Raupach, M. (1991) \u201cDiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy in soil studies\u201d, Aust. J. Soil Res. 29(1), 49\u201367. doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1071\/SR9910049.\r\n19. Pajalic, S., Peranic, J., Maksimovic, S., Ceh, N., Jagodnik, V., Arbanas, \u017d. (2021). Monitoring and Data Analysis in Small-Scale Landslide Physical Model. Applied Sciences, 11, 5040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ app11115040.\r\n20. Reichert, J.M., Albuquerque, J.A., Kaiser, D., Reinert, D.J., Urach, F., &amp; Carlesso, R. (2009). ESTIMATION OF WATER RETENTION AND AVAILABILITY IN SOILS OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 33:1547-1560,\r\n21. Robertson, A.H.J., Shand, C., &amp; Perez-Fernandez, E. (2016). The application of Fourier transforms infrared, near-infrared and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to soil analysis, Spectroscopy Europe\/World, 28 (4), 1-5.\r\n22. Saikia, B., Parthasarathy, G., Borah, R. and Borthakur, R. (2016) Raman and FTIR Spectroscopic Evaluation of Clay Minerals and Estimation of Metal Contaminations in Natural Deposition of Surface Sediments from Brahmaputra River. International Journal of Geosciences, 7, 873-883. doi: 10.4236\/ijg.2016.77064.\r\n23. Saxena, N., Kumar,S., &amp; Mandal, A.( 2018). Adsorption characteristics and kinetics of synthesized anionic surfactant and polymeric surfactant on sand surface for application in enhanced oil recovery. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering.13(4), 1-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/apj.2211\r\n24. Sojka,R.E., Carter, D.L., &amp; Brown, M.J. ( 1992). Imhoff Cone Determination of Sediment in Irrigation Runoff, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 56:884-890.\r\n25. Soriano-Disla, J.M., Janik, L.J., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Macdonald, L.M., McLaughlin, M.J. (2014). The performance of visible, near-, and mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for prediction of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Appl. Spectrosc. Ver. 49, 139e186. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/ 05704928.2013.811081.\r\n26. Stenberg, B., Viscarra, R.A., Mouazen, R. A.M., &amp; Wetterlind, J. (2010). Visible and near infrared spectroscopy in soil science, Adv. Agron. 107, 163\u2013215. doi: http:\/\/ dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2113(10)07005-7.\r\n27. Summers, D., Lewis, M., Ostendorf, B., and Chittleborough, D. (2011). Visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a predictive indicator of soil properties. Ecological Indicators, 11(1), 123-131\r\n28. Tkachenko, Y., &amp; Niedzielski, P. (2022). FTIR as a Method for Qualitative Assessment of Solid Samples in Geochemical Research: A Review. Molecules, 27, 8846. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27248846.\r\n29. Viscarra R.R. A, Walvoort, DJJ, McBratney AB, Janik LJ, &amp; Skjemstad JO. (2006). Visible, near infrared, mid infrared or combined diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for simultaneous assessment of various soil properties. Geoderma. 2006; 131:59\u201375.\r\n30. Y\u0131lmaz, \u00c7., Topal, T., &amp; S\u00fczen, M. L. (2012). GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using bivariate statistical analysis in Devrek (Zonguldak-Turkey), Environmental Earth Sciences, 65(7), 2161-2178, doi:10.1007\/s12665-011-1196-4.\r\n31. Young, H., Freedman, R., Ford LA., Sears, FW., (2004). Sears and Zemansky\u2019s University Physics with Modern Physics, 11th ed. Pearson Addison Wesley, San Francisco. P. 167-187.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Donna Hembra Gabor &#8220;Elevation Angles, Soil Textures, Soil Settlements and Water-Holding Capacity on Landslides: An Experimental Case Study in the Province of Iloilo, Philippines&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.79-92 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/79-92.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/79-92.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/elevation-angles-soil-textures-soil-settlements-and-water-holding-capacity-on-landslides-an-experimental-case-study-in-the-province-of-iloilo-philippines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elevation Angles, Soil Textures, Soil Settlements and Water-Holding Capacity on Landslides: An Experimental Case Study in the Province of Iloilo, Philippines<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb6f0a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffb6f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7055 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb7055\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7255\" data-id=\"ffb7255\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb7420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb74f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb74f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb76c5\" data-id=\"ffb76c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb7851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7914 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb7914\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7aea\" data-id=\"ffb7aea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7c63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb7c63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7d28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb7d28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7f01\" data-id=\"ffb7f01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb8075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8136 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb8136\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8321\" data-id=\"ffb8321\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb84a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb84a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8566 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb8566\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb875a\" data-id=\"ffb875a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb88d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb88d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dual Solution Synthesis of Alloyed Compound Thin Films of CuCdPbS<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> for Possible Device Applications<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Ijeoma Onwuemeka, Ph.D., Okechukwu Kelechi Nwofor, Ph.D., and Ngozi Patricia Ebosie, M.Sc.- March Page No.: 93-101<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8999 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffb8999\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8b82\" data-id=\"ffb8b82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb8d10 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffb8d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The need to improve on the basic applications on already existing binary and ternary thin films led to the development of compound material of CuCdPbS2O4 alloyed thin films through the simultaneous combinations of CuS, CdO and PbS thin films derived from their different precursor materials. CuCdPbS2O4 alloyed thin films have been fabricated on 76mm x 26mm x 1mm commercial-quality glass microscopic substrates using dual solution synthesis(DSS) from aqueous solutions of precursor materials of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrated copper sulphate (CuSO4), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and thiourea in which aqueous ammonia solution was employed as complexing agent. The samples were annealed at the temperatures, of 100 \u1d52C, 150 \u1d52C, 200 \u1d52C, and 250 \u1d52C.\r\nThe crystallographic studies were done using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD patterns of CuCdPbS2O4 alloyed thin films of samples A and B have diffraction peaks at 2\u03b8=12.89 \u1d52\u1d52 and 2\u03b8=24.93 \u1d52. The grain sizes of samples A and B are 89.690nm and 62.733nm respectively. The deposited film compound with chemical formula CuCdPbS2O4 has dickite structure with monoclinic crystal system. Sample A, B, C and D have low optical transmittance in the ultraviolet region, high in the visible and high in the near infrared regions of electromagnetic spectrum.\r\nThe two samples, have average direct wide band gap of 3.91\u00b10.05eV. The films can be found useful in cold and heat mirror applications, active layer in various types of solar cells, liquid crystal displays, flat panel displays for optoelectronic applications, gas sensor, photovoltaics, photoconductive cells and photo-electrochemical sensing devices.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 93-101\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Ijeoma Onwuemeka, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Postal code 460222.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okechukwu Kelechi Nwofor, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Postal code 460222.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngozi Patricia Ebosie, M.Sc.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Postal code 460222.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Umair S, Raja A H and Amin B 2016 J. Sol. Chem. 238 25\r\n2. Weck P F, Kim E and Czerwinski K R 2013 J. Dalton Transact. 42 15288\r\n3. Benameur M, Radiasavljevic B, Heron J, Sahoo S and Berger H 2011 J. nanotech. 22 125\r\n4. McCandless B and Dobson K 2004 J. Solar Energy 77 839\r\n5. Novoselov K, Geim A, Morozov S, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S et al 2004 J. of Thin Film Sci. 306 669\r\n6. Han S, Kwon H, Kim S, Ryu S, Yun W, Kim D et al 2011 J. Physic. Rev. 84 45\r\n7. Johari P and Shenoy V 2012 J. ACS Nanotech. 6 5449\r\n8. Sabah F A, Ahmed N M and Hassan Z 2017 J. Electron. Mater. 46 218\r\n9. Poulomi R and Suneel K S 2006 J. Cryst. Growth and Design 6 1921\r\n10. Chung J S and Sohn, H J 2002 J. Power Sources 108 226\r\n11. Sahin B, Bayansal F, Yunsel M and Getinkara H A 2014 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Proc. 18 135\r\n12. Bulankhe and Lokhande 2013 Sensors and Actuators B: Chemica, 200 245\r\n13. Thangarajju B and Kaliannan P 2000 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 159 849\r\n14. Abdallah B, Ismail A, Kashoua H and Zetoun W 2018 J. Nanomater. 6 1\r\n15. Sandip V, Bhatt M P, Deshpande B H S, Nitya G and Sunil H C 2013 Sol. Stat. Phenom. 209 111\r\n16. Mosiori C O, Njoroge W N and Okumu J 2014 Int. J. Adv. Res. in Physic. Sci. (IJARPS) 1 25\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Ijeoma Onwuemeka, Ph.D., Okechukwu Kelechi Nwofor, Ph.D., and Ngozi Patricia Ebosie, M.Sc. &#8220;Dual Solution Synthesis of Alloyed Compound Thin Films of CuCdPbS<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> for Possible Device Applications&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.93-101 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/93-101.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/93-101.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/dual-solution-synthesis-of-alloyed-compound-thin-films-of-cucdpbs2o4-for-possible-device-applications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dual Solution Synthesis of Alloyed Compound Thin Films of CuCdPbS<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> for Possible Device Applications<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffba0bb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffba0bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffba21a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffba21a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffba440\" data-id=\"ffba440\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffba5ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffba5ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffba6e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffba6e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffba8c0\" data-id=\"ffba8c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbaa51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbaa51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbab1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbab1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbace6\" data-id=\"ffbace6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbae70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbae70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbaf36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbaf36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb101\" data-id=\"ffbb101\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb281 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbb281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb345 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbb345\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb50b\" data-id=\"ffbb50b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb6b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbb6b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb77f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbb77f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbb975\" data-id=\"ffbb975\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbbb0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbbb0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Optimized Hybrid Photovoltaic Diesel Storage Battery Mini-Grid System for Rural Electrification in Ethiopia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amare Gebermedhin Admassu, Dr. Tafese Asrat, Getie Tesfaye Zelie, Kassahun Kebede Ayele &#8211; March Page No.: 102-112<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbbbda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbbbda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbbdd3\" data-id=\"ffbbdd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbbf67 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffbbf67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Hybrid power systems based on new and renewable energy sources, especially solar PV and Diesel Generator are an effective option to solve the power-supply problem for remote and detached areas from the national grids. Hybrid renewable set-up indicates that various combinations based on the renewable sources could be applied simultaneously to play energy in the form of employed in an off-gird supporting with diesel generator and battery energy storage system as backup systems. In this paper, solar PV\/Diesel Generator\/battery bank\/converter have been simulated and optimized for the rural area of Albasa village among the woreda of Metekel Zone in Benshangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia. Based on the design of hybrid system Primary load demand of the village was 279kWh\/day, peak load of 67kW, deferrable energy is about 29kWh\/day, and deferrable peak load of 1.9kW with COE $0.010\/kWh were involved during optimization of the power system. Well known freeware HOMER and programmable logic controller modeling tool have been used to design optimal off-grid system and energy management system respectively. Solar PV was considered as primary sources to supply electricity directly to the load and to charge battery bank when there were excess energy generation. However, either in peak load times or low generation of primary sources storage battery bank discharged and Diesel Generator could also be used as a source. The load has been suggested for residential loads and deferrable load. During design of this power system set-up, the simulation and optimization was done based on the load demand, climatic data, economics of integrated system components and other parameters in which the total NPC and levelized COE have to be minimized to select economically feasible and technically capable hybrid power system. Furthermore; a programmable logic controller modeling is also modeled to compare the possible potentials available and take a decision. The decision of programmable logic controller modeling is based on the instructional rules written on it.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 102-112\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amare Gebermedhin Admassu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdama science and Technology University (ASTU)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Tafese Asrat<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdama science and Technology University (ASTU)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Getie Tesfaye Zelie<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdama science and Technology University (ASTU)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kassahun Kebede Ayele<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdama science and Technology University (ASTU)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (online) .Available: http:\/\/www.eepco.gov.et\/. Accessed on 10, Apr,2011\r\n2. Alliance for Rural Electrification, \u201cHybrid power systems based on renewable Energies; suitable and cost competitive solution for rural Electrification\u201d\r\n3. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Rural Electrification Projects Frame Work Documents, 2002.\r\n4. J.A. Trinnaman N. Zupanc, A. W. Clarke. Survey of Energy Resources, World Energy Council. Regency House 1-4 Warwick Street, London W1B 5LT United Kingdom, ISBN: 0 946121 26 5, 2007.\r\n5. Gosaye Mengistie Abayneh. Ethiopia&#8217;s Experience on Renewable Energy Development and Sector Strategy, 2012.\r\n6. The Solar Future: Deserts of Africa, hosted by solar plaza on 2-4 July 2019 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\r\n7. IRENA (2015) Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems: Status and Methodological Issues. Available at: grid_Renewable_Systems_WP_2015.pdf.\r\n8. Marissa, B.T., Raestad, J., Anderson, R.G. and Sainju, P. (2012) Rural Electrification: The Potential of Solar PV-Off-Grid Systems, NORPLAN.\r\n9. Halder, P., Paul, N, Joardder, M., and Sarker, M, \u201cEnergy scarcity and potential of renewable energy in Bangladesh\u201d, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.51, pp. 1636\u20131649, 2015.\r\n10. Reiniger, K, Schott, T, and Zeidler, A, \u201cOptimization of hybrid stand-alone systems\u201d, European Wind Energy Association Conference and Exhibition, 1986.\r\n11. Gourbi, A., Bousmaha, I., Brahami, M., and Tilmatine, A., \u201cNumerical study of a hybrid photovoltaic power supply system\u201d, Journal of Power Technologies, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 137\u2013144, 2016.\r\n12. Contaxis, G. and Kabouris, J, \u201cShort term scheduling in a wind\/diesel autonomous energy system\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1161\u20131167, 1991.\r\n13. Phuangpornpitak, N. and Kumar, S, \u201cPV hybrid systems for rural electrification in Thailand\u201d, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1530\u2013 1543, 2007.\r\n14. Rehman, S. and Al-Hadhrami, L. M., \u201cStudy of a solar PV\u2013diesel\u2013battery hybrid power system for a remotely located population near Rafha, Saudi Arabia\u201d, Energy, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 4986\u20134995, 2010.\r\n15. P. Nema, R. Nema, and S. Rangnekar, \u201cA current and future state of art development of hybrid energy system using wind and pv-solar: A review,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 2096\u20132103, 2009.\r\n16. G. Riesch, \u201cEuropean rural and other off-grid electrifications,\u201d Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 47, no. 1-4, pp. 265\u2013269, 1997.\r\n17. J. Paska, P. Biczel, and M. KC\u00b8 os, \u201cHybrid power systems &#8211; an effective way of utilizing primary energy sources,\u201d Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2414\u20132421, 2009.\r\n18. Kaundinya, P. Balachandra, and N. Ravindranath, \u201cGrid-connected versus stand-alone energy systems for decentralized power-a review of literature,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 2041\u20132050, 2009.\r\n19. Nfah, J. Ngundam, and R. Tchinda, \u201cModelling of solar\/diesel\/battery hybrid power systems for far-north cameroon,\u201d Renewable Energy, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 832\u2013844, 2007.\r\n20. N. Phuangpornpitak and S. Kumar, \u201cPv hybrid systems for rural electrification in thailand,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1530\u20131543, 2007.\r\n21. S. Shaahid and I. El-Amin, \u201cTechno-economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic diesel- battery power systems for rural electrification in saudi arabia-a way forward for sustainable development,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 625\u2013 633, 2009.\r\n22. S. Shaahid and M. Elhadidy, \u201cTechnical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1794\u20131810, 2007.\r\n23. Nfah and J. Ngundam, \u201cFeasibility of pico-hydro and photovoltaic hybrid power systems for remote villages in cameroon,\u201d Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1445\u20131450, 2009.\r\n24. Kumar, P. Mohanty, D. Palit, and A. Chaurey, \u201cApproach for standardization of off-grid electrification projects,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1946\u20131956, 2009.\r\n25. Dmowski, P. Biczel, and B. Kras, \u201cStand-alone telecom power system supplied by pem fuel cell and renewable sources,\u201d in International Fuel Cell Workshop 2001, 2001.\r\n26. M. Elhadidy and S. Shaahid, \u201cDecentralized\/stand-alone hybrid wind-diesel power systems to meet residential loads of hot coastal regions,\u201d Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, no. 15-16, pp. 2501\u20132513, 2005.\r\n27. J. Munoz, L. Narvarte, and E. Lorenzo, \u201cExperience with pv-diesel hybrid village power systems in southern morocco,\u201d Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 529\u2013539, 2007.\r\n28. \u201cPotential of off- and mini-grid application in remote regions,\u201d SHYCA Project, Tech. Rep., 2005. [Online]. Available: www.shyca.org\/results\/others\/Offgrid.pdf.\r\n29. Nfah, J. Ngundam, M. Vandenbergh, and J. Schmid, \u201cSimulation of off-grid generation options for remote villages in cameroon,\u201d Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1064\u20131072, 2008.\r\n30. M. Michael, D. Turcotte, and S. Roussin. Comparison of ac, dc, and ac\/dc bus configurations for pv hybrid systems. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcanrncan.gc.ca\/eng\/renewables\/standalone pv\/publications\/2005126.html.\r\n31. Cramer, J. Reekers, M. Rothert, and M. Wollny, \u201cThe future of village electrification,\u201d SMA Regelsysteme GmBH, Tech. Rep. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/download.sma.de\/smaprosa\/dateien\/1376\/Future-village-electrification.pdf\r\n32. Sinha, S. and Chandel, S., \u201cReview of software tools for hybrid renewable energy systems\u201d, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 192\u2013205, 2014.\r\n33. Mondal, A. H. and Denich, M., \u201cHybrid systems for decentralized power generation in Bangladesh\u201d, Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 48\u201355, 2010.\r\n34. Mondal, M. A. H. and Islam, A. S., \u201cPotential and viability of grid-connected solar PV system in Bangladesh\u201d, Renewable energy, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1869\u20131874, 2011.\r\n35. Nandi, S. K. and Ghosh, H. R., \u201cA wind\u2013PV-battery hybrid power system at Sitakunda in Bangladesh\u201d, Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 3659\u20133664, 2009.\r\n36. Micangeli, A., Del Citto, R., Santori, S. G., Gambino, V., Kiplagat, J., Vigan\u00f2, D., Poli, D., Fioriti, D., Del Citto, R., and Kiva, I. N., \u201cEnergy Production Analysis and Optimization of Mini-Grid in Remote Areas: The Case Study of Habaswein, Kenya\u201d, Energies, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 2041, 2017.\r\n37. Halabi, L. M., Mekhilef, S., Olatomiwa, L., and Hazelton, J., \u201cPerformance analysis of hybrid PV\/diesel\/battery system using HOMER: A case study Sabah, Malaysia\u201d, Energy conversion and management, vol. 144, pp. 322\u2013339, 2017.\r\n38. AE 868(Commercial Solar Electric Systems): PV System Types and Components. (2018), [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.e- education.psu.edu\/ae868\/node\/872 (visited on Oct. 20, 2018).\r\n39. The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC): Types of PV Systems. (2018), [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.fsec.ucf.edu\/en\/consumer\/solar_electricity\/basics\/types_of_ pv.htm (visited on Oct. 20, 2018).\r\n40. Nayar, C., Phillips, S., James,W., Pryor, T., and Remmer, D, \u201cNovel wind\/diesel\/battery hybrid energy system\u201d, Solar energy, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 65\u201378, 1993.\r\n41. Plug The Sun : Off Grid Solutions. (2018), [Online]. Available: https : \/ \/www. plugthesun.com\/off-grid-solutions\/ (visited on Jul. 20, 2018).\r\n42. Roland, S and Glania, G, \u201cHybrid mini-grids for rural electrification: Lessons learnt\u201d, Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE)\/USAID. Brussels, Belgium, 2011.\r\n43. Setiawan, A. A., Zhao, Y., and Nayar, C. V., \u201cDesign, economic analysis and environmental considerations of mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas\u201d, Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 374\u2013383, 2009.\r\n44. Kumar, Y. P. and Bhimasingu, R., \u201cRenewable energy based microgrid system sizing and energy management for green buildings\u201d, Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1\u201313, 2015.\r\n45. Weldemariam, L. E., \u201cGenset-solar-wind hybrid power system of off-grid power station for rural applications\u201d, Master\u2019s thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2010.\r\n46. Meinhardt, M., Rothert, M., Wollny, M., and Engler, A., \u201cPure ac-coupling\u2013the concept for simplified design of scalable pv-hybrid systems using voltage\/frequency statics controlled battery inverters\u201d, Proceedings of PVSEC-14, pp. 1\u20134, 2004.\r\n47. Chen, W., Shen, H., Shu, B., Qin, H., and Deng, T., \u201cEvaluation of performance of MPPT devices in PV systems with storage batteries\u201d, Renewable Energy, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1611\u20131622, 2007.\r\n48. Ninad, N. A., \u201cControl Strategies for Power Electronic Interfaces in Unbalanced Diesel Hybrid Mini-Grids with Renewable Sources and Storage\u201d, Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University, 2013.\r\n49. Grant, J. A., \u201cDesign and simulation of a dc microgrid for a small island in belize\u201d, Doctoral dissertation, 2018.\r\n50. Kabir, M. A., Hasan, A. M., Sakib, T. H., and Hamim, S., \u201cChallenges of photovoltaic based hybrid minigrid for off-grid rural electrification in Bangladesh\u201d, 2017 4th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), IEEE, pp. 686\u2013690, 2017.\r\n51. Blackburn, J. L. and Domin, T. J., Protective relaying: Principles and applications. CRC press, 2006.\r\n52. Girgis, A. and Brahma, S., \u201cEffect of distributed generation on protective device coordination in distribution system\u201d, Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering, (LESCOPE \u201901), IEEE, pp. 115\u2013119, 2001.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amare Gebermedhin Admassu, Dr. Tafese Asrat, Getie Tesfaye Zelie, Kassahun Kebede Ayele &#8220;Optimized Hybrid Photovoltaic Diesel Storage Battery Mini-Grid System for Rural Electrification in Ethiopia &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.102-112 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/102-112.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/102-112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/optimized-hybrid-photovoltaic-diesel-storage-battery-mini-grid-system-for-rural-electrification-in-ethiopia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Optimized Hybrid Photovoltaic Diesel Storage Battery Mini-Grid System for Rural Electrification in Ethiopia <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbd338 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffbd338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbd459 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbd459\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbd685\" data-id=\"ffbd685\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbd81b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbd81b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbd8fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbd8fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbdace\" data-id=\"ffbdace\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbdc47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbdc47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbdd1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbdd1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbdee4\" data-id=\"ffbdee4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe05d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbe05d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe12c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbe12c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe310\" data-id=\"ffbe310\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe4af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbe4af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe57b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbe57b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe746\" data-id=\"ffbe746\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe8cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbe8cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbe990 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbe990\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbeb76\" data-id=\"ffbeb76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbed0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffbed0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Travelling Salesman\u2019s Problem-Based Model Application for Mail Routing and Delivery with Minimal Cost <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ndifon Godswill Brendan, Ceasar E. Eko- March Page No.: 113-129<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbeddf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffbeddf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffbefd8\" data-id=\"ffbefd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbf1c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffbf1c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">In ancient history, messages were hand-delivered using a variety of methods, including runners, homing pigeons, and riders on horseback. Before the introduction of mechanized courier services, foot messengers physically ran miles to their destinations. However, over the years, the employed methods have changed for the better, but not optimal enough. As in a traveling salesman problem, a delivery agent has a set of cities to visit, a set of parcels or goods of variable weight, a medium of movement, etc, with the specific objectives to minimize the cost of visiting the cities vis-a-vis the constraints. The problem was reduced to a graph problem and handled by linear programming. The researcher developed a model or a scenario whereby courier mail or goods can be delivered by touring cities, using the constraints available in courier services as in the traveling salesman problem. object-oriented design model was adopted for use. The researcher had to develop a platform, including the Google map tool to view the entire route spread depending on where the courier man intends to visit. The weight of the parcels, location for which the parcel(s) is to be delivered, medium of transport, amount to be paid, longitude, and latitude were also considered to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the dispatch. HTML was used to design the interface while javascript was used to code the system. The result of the study was very revealing as there were indications of the fact that dispatches were anticipated faster by 46% than before. The minimal cost was efficient enough with better optimality and the visual effects on graphs, gave encouraging perceptions for users.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 113-129\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ndifon Godswill Brendan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ceasar E. Eko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Aldous, D. (1996), &#8220;Probability distributions on cladograms&#8221;, in Aldous, David; Pemantle, Robin, Random Discrete Structures, The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, 76, Springer-Verlag, pp. 1\u201318.\r\n2. Ben-Tal, A. and Nemirovski A. (1998). Robust convex optimization.Mathematics of Operations Research 23, 769\u2013805.\r\n3. Ben-Tal, A. and Nemirovski A. (1999). Robust solutions to uncertain programs.Operations Research Letters 25, 1\u201313.\r\n4. &#8220;Cyclop\u00e6dia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences: Alguazil &#8211; anagram&#8221;. digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-10.\r\n5. &#8220;City Council Districts Archived January 17, 2010, at the WaybackMachin..&#8221; City of Sandy\r\n6. Devroye, Luc (1986), &#8220;A note on the height of binary search trees&#8221;, Journal of the ACM, 33 (3): 489\u2013498, doi:10.1145\/5925.5930\r\n7. Devroye, L; Kruszewski, P. (1996), &#8220;The botanical beauty of random binary trees&#8221;, in Brandenburg, Franz J., Graph Drawing: 3rd Int. Symp., GD&#8217;95, Passau, Germany, September 20-22, 1995, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1027, Springer-Verlag, pp. 166\u2013177, doi:10.1007\/BFb0021801, ISBN 3-540-60723-4.\r\n8. Drmota, M. (2009), Random Trees: An Interplay between Combinatorics and Probability, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-211-75355-2.\r\n9. Devroye, L; Kruszewski, P. (1995), &#8220;A note on the Horton-Strahler number for random trees&#8221;, Information Processing Letters, 56 (2): 95\u201399, doi:10.1016\/0020-0190(95)00114-R.\r\n10. Flajolet, P.; Raoult, J. C.; Vuillemin, J. (1979), &#8220;The number of registers required for evaluating arithmetic expressions&#8221;, Theoretical Computer Science, 9 (1): 99\u2013125, doi:10.1016\/0304-3975(79)90009-4.\r\n11. Hibbard, T. N. (1962), &#8220;Some combinatorial properties of certain trees with applications to searching and sorting&#8221;, Journal of the ACM, 9 (1): 13\u201328, doi:10.1145\/321105.321108.\r\n12. https:\/\/next.ft.com\/content\/7acf8a4e-9ef3-11e4-ba25-00144feab7de\r\n13. Hofmann, J. J.. &#8220;Lexicon Universale: ANA-&#8220;. www.uni-mannheim.de. Retrieved 2017-03-10.\r\n14. https:\/\/www.seas.gwu.edu\/~bell\/csci212\/Branch_and_Bound.pdf\r\n15. http:\/\/research.ijcaonline.org\/volume65\/number5\/pxc3885866.pdf\r\n16. IlgazSungura, Yingtao Rena, Fernando Ord\u00b4on\u02dcezaet, 2009\r\n17. Knuth, D. M. (1973), &#8220;6.2.2 Binary Tree Searching&#8221;, The Art of Computer Programming, III, Addison-Wesley, pp. 422\u2013451.\r\n18. Knuth, Donald M. (2005), &#8220;Draft of Section 7.2.1.6: Generating All Trees&#8221;, The Art of Computer Programming, IV\r\n19. IlgazSungura, Yingtao Rena, Fernando Ord\u00b4on\u02dcezaet (2009).A Model and Algorithm for the Courier Delivery Problem with Uncertainty.Research supported by NSF under grant CMS-0409887 and by METRANS under grant 06-11\r\n20. M. Mataija, M. Rakamari\u0107\u0160egi\u0107, F. Jozi\u0107: Solving the traveling salesman problem using the Branch and&#8230; ZbornikVeleu\u010dili\u0161ta u Rijeci, Vol. 4 (2016.), No. 1, pp. 259-\r\n21. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Courier#cite_note-1, 2017\r\n22. Sungur, I. (2009). The Robust Vehicle Routing Problem: A novel approach to uncertainty in a classical transportation problem with real-life application.VDM Verlag Dr. Mller.\r\n23. Sungur, I., F. Ord\u00b4on\u02dcez, and M. M. Dessouky (2008).A robust optimization approach for the capacitated vehicle routing problem with demand uncertainty.IIE Transactions 40, 509\u2013523.\r\n24. Springs.Retrieved on July 4, 2009.\r\n25. &#8221; SEC 2014 Form 10-K Item 1 Business Overview.\r\n26. United Parcel Service.Retrieved on May 17, 2016.\r\n27. ab&#8221;UPS Fact Sheet&#8221;. Retrieved June 24, 2016\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ndifon Godswill Brendan, Ceasar E. Eko, &#8220;Travelling Salesman\u2019s Problem-Based Model Application for Mail Routing and Delivery with Minimal Cost &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.113-129 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/113-129.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/113-129.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/travelling-salesmans-problem-based-model-application-for-mail-routing-and-delivery-with-minimal-cost\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Travelling Salesman\u2019s Problem-Based Model Application for Mail Routing and Delivery with Minimal Cost <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc064c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffc064c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc0785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc0785\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc099c\" data-id=\"ffc099c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc0b3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc0b3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc0c1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc0c1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc0df3\" data-id=\"ffc0df3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc0f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc0f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1041 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc1041\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1208\" data-id=\"ffc1208\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc13a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc13a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1476 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc1476\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1648\" data-id=\"ffc1648\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc17d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc17d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc189c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc189c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1a65\" data-id=\"ffc1a65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1bee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc1bee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1cb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc1cb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc1ea0\" data-id=\"ffc1ea0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc205b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc205b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Radiation Exposure Rate and Determination of Excess Life Time Cancer Risk in Lecture Halls in Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ogobiri E. Godwin, Anyalebechi Onyebuchi, Godwill Ziriki- March Page No.: 130-134<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc214d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc214d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc2378\" data-id=\"ffc2378\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc2522 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffc2522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The radiation exposure rate (ER) in lecture halls in Niger Delta University (NDU) Bayelsa State Nigeria has been evaluated and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) determined, including the corresponding annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE). The exposure rate was measured using Radalert 100XTM Device which uses a Geiger muller tube to detect radiation in the Four (4) Lecture Halls in the university. The highest average indoor ADR, AEDE and ELCR of: 463.280nGy\/h, 2.270msv\/y and 7.900&#215;10-3 respectively were reported in Hall 1 code named LH1. Comparatively Hall 4 (LH4) had the lowest values of ADR 226.20nGy\/h, AEDE 1.110msv\/y and ELCR 3.880 x 10-3. The organ evaluation shows the teste with reported value of 1.490msv\/y and the ovaries 0.570msv\/y. These values are higher than the world average as submitted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 130-134\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogobiri E. Godwin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics Department, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anyalebechi Onyebuchi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhysics Department, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godwill Ziriki<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBayelsa Medical University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Anyalebechi Onyebuchi Godwin E. Ogobiri, Woyengitonye Abadani Butler and Ogan O. Favour (2021) Assessment of Excess Life time risk from gamma, radiation exposure rate in two tertiary institutions in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Research Journal of pure and applied Physics Vol. 8, No. 1 PP, 37-44, Published by ECRTD-UK. ISSN 2055-099X (Print), ISN 2055-10103-(Oline).\r\n2. Ogobiri Godwin, Anyalebechi Onyebuchi and Godwill Ziriki (2022) Estimation of Radiation Exposure rate and evaluation of lifetime cancer risk in two waste dump sites in Yenegoa metropolis in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research Publications (IJRP.org) ISSN 27083578 (Oline) PP 382-386.\r\n3. Annamalai Marcikavasagan and Hemantha Jaya Suriya (2016) Imaging with electromagnetic spectrum Springer nature Customer Servicse Centre LLC. ISBN: 9783667511589.\r\n4. Kenji Kamiya, Katuro Ozsa Suminori Akiba, Ohstura Miwa, Kazunori Kodama, Noboru Takamura, Elnak Zaharieva, Yuko Kimura and Richard Wakeford (2015) Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health.\r\n5. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/50140-6735(15)611679\r\n6. Pubmed.ncbi.NM.rub.gov\r\n7. UNSCEAR; United Nations Scientific Committee on the effect of atomic radiation, report on the sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Report to the general assembly with scientific Annexes. United nations 2008, New York.\r\n8. ICRP &#8211; recommendations of international commission on radiological protection: Annak of the ICRP Publication 103 (2007) 37:1-332.\r\n9. Pierce, D.A. and Preston D.L. (2000) Radiation related cancer risk at how doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat RCS 154(2), 178-186, ICRP 99 how-does Entrapelation of Radiation Related Cancer Risk. Vol 35(4) 2005.\r\n10. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICPR) Publication 103 Ann. ICPR 37 (2-14).\r\n11. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharcentricals: Addendiem 3 ICPR Publication 53. Elsevier ICRP Publication 106, 2008.\r\n12. National Council on radiation protection and measurements (NCRP) Report No. 160\r\n13. Marjan Hashemi, Leila Akhoondi, Mohammand Hossien Saghi and Akbar Esiami (2018) Assessment of indoor Gamma radiation and determination of excess lifetime cancer risk, Tehran in winter and spring 2017. Radiation protection Dosimatry, Vol. 184, Issue 2, 2019, pp148-154 https:11doi: org\/10-1093\/rpd\/ncy 193.\r\n14. I.C. Okyode, D. Al \u2013 Azmi (2019) indoor gamma dose rate in the high background radiation area of Abeokuta south western Nigeria. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied sciences. Vol. 12, issue 1, pp.72-77.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogobiri E. Godwin, Anyalebechi Onyebuchi, Godwill Ziriki &#8220;Evaluation of Radiation Exposure Rate and Determination of Excess Life Time Cancer Risk in Lecture Halls in Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.130-134 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/130-134.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/130-134.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-radiation-exposure-rate-and-determination-of-excess-life-time-cancer-risk-in-lecture-halls-in-niger-delta-university-bayelsa-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Evaluation of Radiation Exposure Rate and Determination of Excess Life Time Cancer Risk in Lecture Halls in Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc3928 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffc3928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc3a66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc3a66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc3c76\" data-id=\"ffc3c76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc3e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc3e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc3ee3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc3ee3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc40c1\" data-id=\"ffc40c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc4261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4334 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc4334\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc451b\" data-id=\"ffc451b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc46bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc46bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4781 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc4781\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4946\" data-id=\"ffc4946\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc4ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4b9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc4b9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4d5e\" data-id=\"ffc4d5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4edf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc4edf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc4fa2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc4fa2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc5184\" data-id=\"ffc5184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc5352 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc5352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Frequency Attribute Analysis at Euchis Field, Niger Delta, South-Southern Nigeria for Structural and Hydrocarbon Delineation <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Egwuonwu, Gabriel Ndubuisi, Anigbogu, Eucharia Oluchukwu, Didi, Chekwube Nnamdi, Ibe, Stephen Onyejiuwaka and Ezeobi, Chika Franklin &#8211; March Page No.: 135-146<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc5428 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc5428\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc5624\" data-id=\"ffc5624\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc57b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffc57b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Aimed at enhancing hydrocarbon exploration in the Niger Delta, Nigeria; structural interpretation of at Euchis field was undertaken by analysing the frequency attribute of the reservoirs therein. Schlumberger\u2019s Petrel 2017 software was used for data processing and interpretation of the field\u2019s Well logs. In order to facilitate the lithostratigraphic interpretation of the field, seismic-to-well tie was carried out using three dimensional 3D seismic data provided. Seismic attribute analysis and prospects identification were carried out for structural analysis. Lithostratigraphic interpretation shows that the Euchis field is predominantly characterized by sand-shale interbeddings. The frequency attributes map analysis indicated three distinct reservoirs with frequency ranges of \u2248 -9 to 48 Hz, \u2248 -9 to 51 Hz and \u2248 -6 \u2013 54 Hz respectively. Based on the inverse proportionality between the thicknesses of rock layers in the subsurface and peak frequencies of the seismic reflection, the lower frequency were delineated as indicators of hydrocarbon occurrence at the field. Lithologic correlation at the field showed that the occurrence of the Basin within the Euchis field fall within the depth range of 2500 m and 3360 m and the presence of intra-reservoir seals. The structural analysis revealed occurrences of normal, listric, regional and minor faults at various depths. The regional faults were observed to have cut across the three reservoirs, forming a conduit for hydrocarbon migration; whereas the minor faults serve as traps within the second and third reservoirs. The other faults were observed to have a predominant trend in northnorth-west south-south east direction<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 135-146\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Egwuonwu, Gabriel Ndubuisi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anigbogu, Eucharia Oluchukwu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Didi, Chekwube Nnamdi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Peoples&#8217; Friendship University (RUDN) Moscow, Russia.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibe, Stephen Onyejiuwaka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezeobi, Chika Franklin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Adepoju, Y. O., Ebeniro, J. O. and Ehirim, C. N. (2013). DHI analysis using seismic frequency attribute on field-AN Niger Delta, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 1(1), 5-10.\r\n2. Bilal, A.B. and Brown, R.J. (2016). Low-frequency seismic analysis and direct hydrocarbon indicators, https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/307880640, DOI:10.1190\/segam2016-13858356.1. Retrieved 3 November, 2020.\r\n3. Brown, A. R. (2004). Interpretation of 3-D seismic data: America Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir,42: 12 -197.\r\n4. Burke, K. (1972), Long shore drift, submarine canyons and submarine fansin development of Nigerdelta: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56: 1975-1983.\r\n5. Castagna, J. P., Sun, S. and Siegfried, R.W. (2003). Instantaneous spectral analysis: Detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons: The Leading Edge, 22: 120\u2013127.\r\n6. Chris, H. (2019). Spectral Decomposition AVO attributes for Identifying potential hydrocarbon related frequency anomalies, First Break Journal, 37: 89-97.\r\n7. Fatoke, O.A. (2010). Sequence stratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene strata and Shelf-Margin Deltas of the Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. [Dissertation]. Houston: University of Houston.\r\n8. Fazlikhani, H., Back, S., Kukla, P. A. and Fossen, H. (2017). Interaction between gravity-driven listric normal fault linkage and their hanging-wall rollover development: a case study from the western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439(1), 169-186.\r\n9. Goloshubin, G., Van Shuyver, C., Korneev, V., Silin, D. and Vingalov, V. (2006). Reservoir imaging using low frequencies of seismic reflections, The Leading Edge, 25, 527\u2013531.\r\n10. Goloshubin, G., Tsimbalyuk, Y., Privalova, I. and Rusakov, P. (2014). Low frequency amplitude analysis for oil detection within the Middle Jurassic sediments in the southern part of Western Siberia, Interpretation, 2, SP35\u2013SP43.\r\n11. Ibe, S.O. and Iduma, K. U. (2021). Basin Model of Oloibiri and Environs, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Deduced from Magnetic Data. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), vol. 9 (4), pp. 01 \u2013 10.\r\n12. Li, D., Castagna, J. and Goloshubin, G. (2016). Investigation of generalized S-transform analysis windows for time-frequency analysis of seismic reflection data, Geophysics, 81, V235\u2013V247.\r\n13. Marc-Andre, L., Stefan, M.S., Erik, H.S. and Brian, S. (2009). Low-frequency microtremor anomalies at an oil and gas field in Voitsdorf, Austria, Geophysical Prospecting,57: 393-411\r\n14. Michael, H. C. (2013). \u2018Niger Delta\u2019 in M. McGinley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth, Washington, DC: National Council for science and Environment, 2013.\r\n15. Osaki, L. J., Opara, A. I., Okereke, C. N., Adiela, U. P., Njoku, I. O., Emberga, T. T., &amp; Eluwa, N. (2016). 3-D seismic interpretation and volumetric estimation of \u201cOsaja Field\u201d Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 59.\r\n16. Raji, A.Y. and Abejide T.S. (2013) Shell D\u2019arcy Exploration &amp; The Discovery Of Oil As Important Foreign Exchange Earnings In Ijawland Of Niger Delta, C. 1940s-1970 Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) 2: 11. 6.\r\n17. Ryan, N. J. O. (2007): Seismic and well log attribute analysis of the Jurassic Entrada\/Curtis interval within the north hill creek 3-D seismic survey, Uinta basin, Utah, a case history. An unpublished Thesis, Brigham Young University.\r\n18. Shenghong, T., Charles, P. and Castagna, J. P. (2009). Local frequency as a direct hydrocarbon indicator. SEG Houston 2009 international exposition and annual meeting, http:\/\/segdl.org\/. Retrieved 12 January, 2021.\r\n19. Shengie, L. and Ying R. (2019). Seismic low-frequency amplitude analysis for identifying gas reservoirs within thinly layered media, Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 17: 175-188\r\n20. Sheriff, R. E. (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics (4th Ed.). Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 50: 609-614\r\n21. Stoneley, R. (1966).TheNigerdeltaregioninthelightofthetheoryofcontinentaldrift:Geology and Magnetism,105: 385-397.\r\n22. Taner, M. T., Koehler, F. and Sheriff, R.E. (1979). Complex seismic trace analysis: Geophysics, 44: 1041\u20131063.\r\n23. Tuttle, W. L. M., Brownfield, E.M. and Charpentier, R. R. (1999). The Niger-Delta Petroleum System. Chapter A: Tertiary Niger-Delta (Akata-Agbada) Petroleum System, Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, Africa. U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report. 99-50-H.\r\n24. Yan, D. and Jing R. Z. (2011). Reviews of seismic exploration methods and techniques for metallic ore deposits\uff0eMineral resources and Geology\uff0c25 (2): 158- 162.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Egwuonwu, Gabriel Ndubuisi, Anigbogu, Eucharia Oluchukwu, Didi, Chekwube Nnamdi, Ibe, Stephen Onyejiuwaka and Ezeobi, Chika Franklin &#8220;Frequency Attribute Analysis at Euchis Field, Niger Delta, South-Southern Nigeria for Structural and Hydrocarbon Delineation &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.135-146 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/135-146.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/135-146.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/frequency-attribute-analysis-at-euchis-field-niger-delta-south-southern-nigeria-for-structural-and-hydrocarbon-delineation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Frequency Attribute Analysis at Euchis Field, Niger Delta, South-Southern Nigeria for Structural and Hydrocarbon Delineation <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6c57 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffc6c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6d8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc6d8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6f87\" data-id=\"ffc6f87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7141 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc7141\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc721f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc721f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc73f9\" data-id=\"ffc73f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7595 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc7595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc765d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc765d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7824\" data-id=\"ffc7824\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc79ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc79ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7a75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc7a75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7c38\" data-id=\"ffc7c38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc7db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc7e7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc7e7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc805d\" data-id=\"ffc805d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc8207 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc8207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc82fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc82fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc850b\" data-id=\"ffc850b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc8687 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffc8687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Integration of Advanced Vehicle Monitoring and Alcohol Sensing System for Modern Vehicles to Prevent Road Accident <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdul Wadud, Md Hossam-E-Haider- March Page No.: 147-154<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc8762 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc8762\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffc896a\" data-id=\"ffc896a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc8afd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffc8afd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Road Traffic accident has become a very common issue in Bangladesh. There are several reasons behind those accident. But the most common reasons are unfit vehicle and drunk driver. For that reason, we have developed this project which detects the drunk driver and checks the document like vehicle fitness certificate. We have developed this project based on microcontroller where the microcontroller gets the input from Alcohol and eyeblink sensor. Multiple sensors are installed on the steering wheel and adjacent to the driving seat which can detect the alcohol level from the breath of the driver and monitor the eyeblink. If the level of alcohol crosses a certain level and eyes remain closed for certain time the microcontroller will stop the engine ignition. A document checking algorithm is formulated in the microcontroller which checks the fitness validity of the vehicle. A GSM and a GPS module is also integrated with the system which shares the location of vehicle with related personnel and authority if any anomaly is found. Implementation of this idea in our country, certainly can reduce a large number of vehicle accident due to drunk driver and unfit vehicle and at the same time can increase government revenue.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 147-154\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdul Wadud<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Hossam-E-Haider<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. M. M. R. N. S. K. M. A. Solaiman, &#8220;AVRA Bangladesh collection, analysis &amp; visualization of road accident data in Bangladesh,&#8221; in 2013 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2013.\r\n2. T. Asjad, &#8220;Road safety is still a far cry,&#8221; The Financial express, Dhaka, October 21, 2022.\r\n3. A. S. R. M. M. H. A. K. D. F. N. M. F. Labib, &#8220;Road Accident Analysis and Prediction of Accident Severity by Using Machine Learning in Bangladesh Sarawak,&#8221; in 2019 7th International Conference on Smart Computing &amp; Communications (ICSCC), Sarawak, Malaysia, 2019.\r\n4. M. M. a. M. S. R. Z. M. S. Mahamud, &#8220;An arduino based accident prevention and identification system for vehicles,&#8221; 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017.\r\n5. R. D. M. A. A. M. M. R. a. S. K. A. A. Jecko, &#8220;Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based Driver Impairment Monitoring System,&#8221; 2018 International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, 2018.\r\n6. P. Manikandan, &#8220;Drunk and Drive Controller for Vehicles,&#8221; 2021 International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE), Greater Noida, India, 2021.\r\n7. M. R. H. F. S. C. S. A. A. N. a. K. S. S. Rana, &#8220;Road Accident Prevention by Detecting Drowsiness &amp; Ensure Safety Issues,&#8221; 2021 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), DHAKA, Bangladesh, 2021.\r\n8. E. M. I. K. N. K. S. Miah, &#8220;An Innovative Multi-Sensor Fusion Algorithm to Enhance Positioning Accuracy of an Instrumented Bicycle,&#8221; in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, March 2020.\r\n9. P. S. D. K. P. P. B. D. H. Patel, &#8220;IoT based Obligatory usage of Safety Equipment for Alcohol and Accident Detection,&#8221; in 3rd International conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India, 2019.\r\n10. F. S. A. T. S. U. K. Akkaya, &#8220;Distributed recovery from network partitioning in movable sensor\/actor networks via controlled mobility,&#8221; in IEEE Trans. Comput., Feb 2010.\r\n11. M. Y. K. Akkaya, &#8220;COLA: A coverage and latency aware actor placement for wireless sensor and actor networks,&#8221; in Proc. IEEE VTC, Montreal, QC, Canada, Sep. 2006.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdul Wadud, Md Hossam-E-Haider &#8220;Integration of Advanced Vehicle Monitoring and Alcohol Sensing System for Modern Vehicles to Prevent Road Accident &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.147-154 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/147-154.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/147-154.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/integration-of-advanced-vehicle-monitoring-and-alcohol-sensing-system-for-modern-vehicles-to-prevent-road-accident\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integration of Advanced Vehicle Monitoring and Alcohol Sensing System for Modern Vehicles to Prevent Road Accident <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc9e2f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffc9e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc9f50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc9f50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffca17f\" data-id=\"ffca17f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffca331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffca331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffca410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffca410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffca608\" data-id=\"ffca608\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffca7b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffca7b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffca885 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffca885\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcaa57\" data-id=\"ffcaa57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcabe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcabe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcacaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcacaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcae72\" data-id=\"ffcae72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcb038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb10e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcb10e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb2da\" data-id=\"ffcb2da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb461 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcb461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb524 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcb524\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb701\" data-id=\"ffcb701\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcb886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Enhancing Reading Skills of Grade 6 Pupils Through TaTiToRe (Take Time to Read) Program: An Action Research <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emily A. Ibo, Rey Avila Mangarin &#8211; March Page No.: 155-160<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcb947 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcb947\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcbb1f\" data-id=\"ffcbb1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcbcb2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffcbcb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study is a participatory action research that aims to enhance the reading levels of 16 Grade 6 pupils who were in frustration level while those who were in instructional and independent levels were not included in the study. These 16 pupils found difficulty to read text to make sufficient progress. Further, their word recognition levels tend to be below 92% accuracy while comprehension drops below 70%. Phil-IRI was used to identify the reading level before the intervention and after the intervention. The intervention program is called TaTiToRe (Take Time To Read) conducted for three weeks among theses 16 pupils. The intervention is composed of free reading, forced reading, and watching videos. After the three-week of TaTiToRe Program, these 16 pupils enhanced their reading level. Out of 16 pupils, 12 moved to instructional level which their word recognition is at 92% accuracy with 70% to 85% comprehension. While the other four (4) pupils jumped to independent level which means that they can already read text without help with 97%-100% accuracy while the comprehension level ranged between 90% to 100% accuracy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 155-160\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emily A. Ibo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHead Teacher III, Department of Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rey Avila Mangarin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Professor, The University of Mindanao, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Balinbin, A. (2020). Filipino students falling behind in reading, writing levels in Southeast Asia. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bworldonline.com\/editors-picks\/2020\/12\/03\/331914\/filipino-students-falling-behind-in-reading-writing-levels-in-southeast-asia\/.\r\n2. Baum, F., MacDougall, C., &amp; Smith, D. (2006). Participatory action research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60,854-857.\r\n3. Boyle, M. (2012). Research in action: A guide to Participatory Action Research (Research Report). Canberra: Department of Social Services. Retrieved from www.dss.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/06_2012\/research_in_action.pdf\r\n4. Department of Education. (2018). Revised Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.teacherph.com\/revised-phil-iri\/.\r\n5. Ose\u00f1a-Paez, D. (2022). Why 9 out of 10 Filipino children can&#8217;t read. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.manilatimes.net\/2022\/08\/10\/opinion\/columns\/why-9-out-of-10-filipino-children-cant-read\/1854046.\r\n6. Pain, R., Whitman, G., Milledge, D., &amp; Lune Rivers Trust. (2011). Participatory action research toolkit: An introduction to using PAR as an approach to learning, research and action. Durham: Durham University.\r\n7. Patton, M. Q. (2008). Utilization-focused evaluation (4th ed.). London: SAGE.\r\n8. Thulla, P. F. Y., Moriba, S., Adom, D., &amp; Mensah-Gborie, M. (2022). The rate of reading poverty after the COVID-19 pandemic school shutdown and specific intervention strategies for lower primary school pupils in the southern province and western area of sierra leone. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 13(4), 689-696. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/jltr.1304.01\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emily A. Ibo, Rey Avila Mangarin &#8220;Enhancing Reading Skills of Grade 6 Pupils Through TaTiToRe (Take Time to Read) Program: An Action Research &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.155-160 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/155-160.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/155-160.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/enhancing-reading-skills-of-grade-6-pupils-through-tatitore-take-time-to-read-program-an-action-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Enhancing Reading Skills of Grade 6 Pupils Through TaTiToRe (Take Time to Read) Program: An Action Research <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffccfff elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffccfff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd125 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcd125\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd32b\" data-id=\"ffcd32b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd4b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcd4b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd577 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcd577\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd784\" data-id=\"ffcd784\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcd912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcd9e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcd9e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffcdbd4\" data-id=\"ffcdbd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcdd5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcdd5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffcde26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffcde26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffce094\" data-id=\"ffce094\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffce214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffce214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffce2ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffce2ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffce4c4\" data-id=\"ffce4c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffce64e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffce64e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffce718 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffce718\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffce8fd\" data-id=\"ffce8fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcea8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffcea8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining Members Commitment, Heterogeneity and Social Capital Within the Membership Base of Agricultural Cooperatives in Udenu Local Government Area Enugu State <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther, Michael Maureen Chinenye, Dr. Okafo OKOREAFFIA- March Page No.: 161-170<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffceb5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffceb5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffced57\" data-id=\"ffced57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffcef31 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ffcef31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The study examined the membership commitment, heterogeneity and social capital within the membership of agricultural cooperative in Udenu Local Government Area. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the societies from which the samples were drawn. The main research instrument used for the collection of data was the questionnaire. The sample size used was 100. The result revealed that social capital influences sustenance of capacity for collective action, lowers transaction costs in contracting via trust, offers access information via networks of contacts, helps companies enhance their competitive advantage and promote performance, facilitates information exchange and resource flow and motivates product innovation. It was also revealed that gender of agricultural cooperative membership has no effect on social capital. Thus men and women have equal structural social capital, social connections and relationships with other members, and have equal extent of sharing information and resources that can improve their participation in economic activities in the cooperatives. Social capital diversity impact agricultural productivity and economic sustainability. Finally, it was revealed that social capital diversity enhances social responsibility by promoting the use of sustainable agricultural farming practices and thereby contributing to environmental sustainable development. The study recommended that attention to should be given on gender differences in social network formation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 161-170\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 April 2023<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperative Economics &amp; Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael Maureen Chinenye<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Okafo OKOREAFFIA<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">1. Adler P.S. &amp; Kwon S.W. (2009) Social Capital: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. SSRN Electronic Journal DOI: 10.2139\/ssrn.186928\r\n2. Bechky, B. A., &amp; Okhuysen, G. A. 2011. Expecting the unexpected? How SWAT officers and film crews handle surprises. Academy of Management Journal, 54: 239\u2013261.\r\n3. Bijman, J., and Hanisch M. (2012). Support for Farmers\u2019 Cooperatives; Developing atypology of cooperatives and producer organisations in the EU. Wageningen:Wageningen UR. (16) (PDF) Support for Farmers&#8217; Cooperatives : developing a typology of cooperatives and producer organisations in the EU. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/283419411_Support_for_Farmers&#8217;_Cooperatives_developing_a_typology_of_cooperatives_and_producer_organisations_in_the_EU [accessed Feb 23 2023].\r\n4. Carey, S., Lawson, B. and Krause, D.R. (2011). Social capital configuration, legal bonds and performance in buyer\u2013supplier relationships. J. Oper. Manag. 29: 277\u2013288.\r\n5. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology 94, S95-S120\r\n6. Constantine I, Michael L,&amp; Fabio C.(2016) Agricultural cooperatives in net chains. Journal on Chain and Network Science 16(1):1-6 DOI: 10.3920\/JCNS2016.x003\r\n7. Cook M.L. Iliopoulos1, &amp; Chaddad F. (2016) Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Terma Alkmanos Street, 11528 Athens, Greece; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-6200, USA; 3INSPER, Rua Quat\u00e1, 300, Vila Ol\u00edmpia, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, CEP04546-042, Brazil;\r\n(16) (PDF) Agricultural cooperatives in netchains. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308124999_Agricultural_cooperatives_in_netchains [accessed Feb 23 2023].\r\n8. Dyer, J.H. and Nobeoka, K. (2010). Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strateg. Manag. J. 21: 345\u2013367\r\n9. Edelman, D. J. (2014). Managing the Urban Environment\u2014Mysore, India. Saarbr\u00fccken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing\r\n10. Field, J. (2008). Job Satisfaction Model. Online. Available from:http:\/\/talentedapps.wordpress.com\/2008\/04\/11\/job-satisfaction-model-for-retention\/. Date accessed: 31 October 2021.\r\n11. Fukuyama F. (1999) Social Capital and Civil Society. The Institute of Public Policy George Mason University. International Monetary Fund. George Mason University. International Monetary Fund. All rights reserved. For requests for permission to reproduce articles\r\n12. Gargiulo M. &amp;Benassi M. Trapped in Your Own Net? Network Cohesion, Structural Holes, and the Adaptation of Social Capital Organization Science Vol. 11, No. 2 (Mar. &#8211; Apr., 2000), pp. 183-196 (14 pages) https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2640283\r\n13. Hansmann, R. &amp; Steimer, N. (2016). A field experiment on behavioural effects of humorous, environmentally oriented and authoritarian posters against littering. Journal of Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 72(1), 35-44.DOI: 10.5755\/j01.erem.72.1.14974\r\n14. Hinds, P. &amp;Mortensen M. (2015) Understanding Conflict in Geographically Distributed Teams: The Moderating Effects of Shared Identity, Shared Context, and Spontaneous Communication\r\n15. Johnson, N.L., Suarez, R. and Lundy, M. (2013). The importance of social capital in Colombian rural agro-enterprises. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Agriculture Economic (IAAE), Event Dynamics, Durban, Africa, 16\u201322 August 2003; pp. 1152\u20131158.\r\n16. Hohler J. &amp; Kuhl R. (2018). &#8220;Dimensions Of Member Heterogeneity In Cooperatives and Their Impact on Organization \u2013 A Literature Review,&#8221; Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 89(4), pages 697-712, December. Handle: RePEc: bla: annpce: v:89:y:2018:i:4:p:697-712 DOI: 10.1111\/apce.12177\r\n17. Jussila I.&amp; Goel S. (2012) Member Commitment in Co-operatives: The Utilitarian Approach (English)In: World Review of Business Research, ISSN 1838-3955, E-ISSN 1839-1176, Vol. 2, no 5, p. 86-9 DOI: 10.5430\/bmr.v1n\r\n18. Karina P. Aber J.&amp; Audirac I. (2009.) The future of shrinking cities &#8211; problems, patterns and strategies of urban transformation in a global context. Institute of Urban and Regional International Research Network Monograph Series, 2009\r\n19. Lins K.V., Henri S.&amp; Tamayo A. (2016) Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis. The Journal of Finance 72(4 DOI: 10.1111\/jofi.12505\r\n20. Loof, R. and Sigurd, K. (2020). Membership Heterogeneity and the Cooperative`s Choice of Strategy. Uppsala: Sweden. 60pp\r\n21. M\u00e4kel\u00e4 M. &amp; Maula M. (2005)Cross-Border Venture Capital and New Venture Internationalization: An Isomorphism Perspective DOI: 10.1080\/13691060500258877\r\n22. Marshall. G. (1998) Human-Capital Theory. A Dictionary of Sociology.\r\n23. Meyer, J. P.; Allen, N. J.; Gellatly, I. R. (1990). Affective and continuance commitment to the organization: Evaluation of measures and analysis of current and time-lagged relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 710-720\r\n24. Meyer J.P Herscovitch L. David J.S &amp; Topolnvtsky L.(2002)Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences Journal of Vocational Behavior 61(1):20-52 DOI: 10.1006\/jvbe.2001.1842\r\n25. Michael D. M. &amp; Ostrom E. (2014) Social-Ecological System Framework: Initial 19(2)DOI: 10.5751\/ES-06387-19 Changes and Continuing Challenges ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY0230\r\n26. Nahapiet J. &amp; Ghoshal S. (1998) Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review; Apr 1998; 23, 2; ABI\/INFORM Global (19) (PDF) Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228314367_Social_Capital_Intellectual_Capital_and_the_Organizational_Advantage [accessed Mar 08 2023].PP 242\r\n27. Olson DM, Dinerstein E. 1998. The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth\u2019s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology 12: 502\u2013515 Varughese G. &amp; Ostrom E.(2001) The Contested Role of Heterogeneity in Collective Action: Some Evidence from Community Forestry in Nepal. World Development 29(5):747-765 DOI: 10.1016\/S0305-750X(01)00012-2\r\n28. Park, H., Tsusaka, T.W., Pede, V.O. and Kim, K.M. (2017). The Impact of a Local Development Project on Social Capital: Evidence from the Bohol Irrigation Scheme in the Philippines. Water 9: 202 \u2013 211.\r\n29. Roxenhall, Tommy Affective, Calculative and Normative Commitment: An Assesment of Relationship Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.(Strategiska n\u00e4tverk)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9441-2919Andr\u00e9sen, Edith Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences. (Strategiska n\u00e4tverk)\r\n30. Ruben R.&amp; Heras J (2012) Social Capital, Governance and Performance of Ethiopian Coffee Cooperatives First published: 26 October 2012 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8292.2012.00473.x Volume83, Issue4 December 2012 Pages 463-484\r\n31. Scheer L. K, Steenkamp E. M &amp; Nirmalya. K (1995). &#8220;The Effects of Supplier Faimess on Vulner-able Resellers,&#8221; Journal of Marketing Re.search, 32 (February (19) (PDF) The Effects of Perceived Interdependence on Dealer Attitudes. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/271690674_The_Effects_of_Perceived_Interdependence_on_Dealer_Attitudes [accessed Mar 08 2023].\r\n32. Semrau T. &amp; Hopp C. (2016) Complementary or compensatory? A contingency perspective on how entrepreneurs\u2019 human and social capital interact in shaping start-up progress. Small Business Economics, 2016, vol. 46, issue 3, No 4, 407-423. http:\/\/www.springer. &#8230; 29\/journal\/11187\/PS2 DOI: 10.1007\/s11187-015-9691-8\r\n33. Shaoling, F., Hua, L., Kim, H., Yuanzhu, Z., Yalan, D. and Wene, Q. (2018). How Social Capital Affects the Quality Performance of Agricultural Products: Evidence from a Binary Perspective of China. Sustainability 10: 30 &#8211; 39.\r\n34. Scheele D., Nadine S.,Gunturkun O &amp; Hurlemann R. (2012) Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32(46):16074-16079 DOI: 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2755-12.2012\r\n35. Van Kleef G.A , De Dreu C.K.W(2004) The Interpersonal Effects of Anger and Happiness in Negotiations The Academy of Management Annals Vol. 3, No. 1, 2009, 463\u2013502 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 43 463 ISSN 1941-6520 print\/ISSN 1941-6067 online \u00a9 2009 Academy of Management DOI: 10.1080\/19416520903047533 http:\/\/www.informaworld.com 10 Coordination in Organizations: An Integrative Perspective GERARDO A. OKHUYSEN* David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah BETH A. BECHKY Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86(1):57-76 DOI: 10.1037\/0022-3514.86.1.57\r\n36. Varughese G. &amp; Ostrom E.(2001) The Contested Role of Heterogeneity in Collective Action: Some Evidence from Community Forestry in Nepal World Development 29(5):747-765 DOI: 10.1016\/S0305-750X(01)00012-2\r\n37. Westermann S., Claude D., Guido G. &amp; Kaab A. (2015) Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. GIAGEM &#8211; The Role of Green Innovation Areas in Revitalizing German and Mexican City.\r\n38. World Bank (2019) 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org\r\n39. Yining, X. Qiao, L. and Zuhui, H. (2018). Benefits and pitfalls of social capital for farmer cooperatives: evidence from China. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21 (8): 1137 \u2013 1152.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther, Michael Maureen Chinenye, Dr. Okafo OKOREAFFIA &#8220;Examining Members Commitment, Heterogeneity and Social Capital Within the Membership Base of Agricultural Cooperatives in Udenu Local Government Area Enugu State &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) volume-8-issue-3, pp.161-170 March\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/161-170.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/DigitalLibrary\/volume-8-issue-3\/161-170.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-members-commitment-heterogeneity-and-social-capital-within-the-membership-base-of-agricultural-cooperatives-in-udenu-local-government-area-enugu-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Examining Members Commitment, Heterogeneity and Social Capital Within the Membership Base of Agricultural Cooperatives in Udenu Local Government Area Enugu State <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd0328 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffd0328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffd0449 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffd0449\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffd065d\" data-id=\"ffd065d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd07eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd07eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffd08b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffd08b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffd0a9c\" data-id=\"ffd0a9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd0c16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd0c16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffd0cda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffd0cda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffd0ed8\" data-id=\"ffd0ed8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd1056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd1056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffd112c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffd112c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffd12f3\" data-id=\"ffd12f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd1464 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd1464\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffd1533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffd1533\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffd1721\" data-id=\"ffd1721\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd18a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd18a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Transactional Committal Portal and Database Resolution Controller For Mobile Banking Transactions Felix. U Ogban, Ndifon Godswill Brendan, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7116,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8081","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8081\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrias\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}