Page 1336
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
The Role of Coping Skills Strategy in Managing Employee Burnout
in Private Universities Malaysia
Mohd. Tarmizi Samat., Noraini Abdol Raop., Norli Yusuf., & Siti Nazurulaina Haji Aripin
Faculty of Social Sciences University Islam of Malacca, Malaysia
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000114
Received: 02 October 2025; Accepted: 10 October 2025; Published: 05 November 2025
ABSTRACT
The phenomenon of burnout is increasingly concerning among staff at institutions of higher learning, particularly
in private universities operating within high-pressure and competitive work environments. Burnout refers to
emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment resulting from chronic and
prolonged work-related stress. This article provides a comprehensive examination of coping strategies as
psychosocial mechanisms for managing and preventing burnout symptoms. Grounded in the coping theory by
Lazarus and Folkman (1984), the discussion centers on three primary dimensions of coping strategies:
psychological, communicative, and spiritual aspects. Supported by empirical findings, the article highlights how
problem-focused strategies, open and empathetic communication, and the application of positive spiritual
practices can enhance psychological resilience, emotional well-being, and social support among employees.
Furthermore, the article proposes a holistic and systematic approach to workplace burnout management that
emphasizes both individual agency and organizational responsibility. This study aims to serve as a foundation
for the development of intervention modules and future research across various professional sectors to strengthen
mental resilience in the post-pandemic era.
Keywords: burnout, coping strategies, psychology, communication, spirituality
INTRODUCTION
Effort fatigue or burnout among higher education institution staff, particularly in private universities, is
becoming an increasing concern in the competitive modern education era. Coping refers to the cognitive
revolution or the diversity of thinking (cognition) and behaviour used when facing internal and external stress
(The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping, 2010).
The term commonly used to describe the state of tension in the workplace was introduced in 1974 by
psychologist Herbert Freudenberger, before being recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a
clinical syndrome in 2019. The symptom of fatigue from this effort is not interpreted as an illness but is included
in the category of factors influencing a person's health status in the 11th Revision of the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
High work pressure, constant administrative demands, lack of support from colleagues, and work-life imbalance
are among the main factors contributing to emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and reduced self-
achievement among academic and administrative staff (Leiter & Maslach, 2011). This phenomenon not only
affects individual well-being but also has a negative impact on overall organisational productivity (Salas-Vallina,
López-Cabrales, & Alegre, 2021).
In this context, coping strategies play an important role as a psychological mechanism in helping individuals
manage work stress and cope with burnout symptoms. Lazarus and Folkman (1984) define coping strategies as
the cognitive and behavioural efforts individuals use to manage stress and emotional tension. The effectiveness
of this strategy depends on the type of coping used, whether problem-focused or emotion-focused, each of which
has a different impact on an employee's level of fatigue and psychological well-being (Carver, Scheier, &
Weintraub, 1989).
Page 1337
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
In the environment of private universities, which are often exposed to financial pressure, performance
competition, and high expectations from management, understanding the role of coping strategies is becoming
increasingly important. Therefore, this article aims to explore the role of coping strategies in addressing the issue
of employee burnout in private universities, and to propose effective psychosocial approaches for strengthening
mental resilience among higher education institution staff.
Problem Statement
The wide-ranging research conducted on the private university had shown that mental health issues among
educators are crucial to understand the risk factors and develop a supportive environment. Despite growing
awareness of burnout, limited research has examined how lecturers in private universities manage stress through
coping strategies. Many existing studies focus on educators in public institutions or on general occupational
burnout, leaving a gap in understanding the coping mechanisms relevant to the private higher education context
(Ng, 2019). This knowledge gap is problematic because ineffective coping strategies may exacerbate burnout
symptoms, impair teaching quality, and decrease organizational commitment (Shin et al., 2014).
Burnout among lecturers has emerged as a significant occupational health concern in higher education settings,
particularly within private universities where academic staff face mounting pressures related to teaching loads,
administrative duties, and research expectations (Gonzalez et al., 2021). Unlike their counterparts in public
universities, lecturers in private institutions often experience job insecurity, limited research funding, and
performance-based evaluations that intensify work-related stress (Ismail et al., 2020). Persistent exposure to such
stressors can lead to emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and diminished professional efficacy hallmarks of burnout
as described by Maslach and Leiter (2016).
Therefore, there is a pressing need to explore coping skill strategies as a protective factor against burnout among
lecturers in private universities. Understanding which coping strategies are most effective problem-focused,
emotion-focused, or meaning focused can provide valuable insights for designing institutional interventions and
promoting psychological well-being in academic environments.
Coping Skill Strategies
Coping is an individual's mental and behavioural response when faced with stressful situations, aimed at
overcoming emerging problems or conflicts, whether internal or external (Maryam & Siti, 2017). Coping skills,
according to Salhah Abdullah et al. (2012), also refer to various ways of thinking and behaving used in stressful
situations, both internal and external. This concept has been widely discussed since the 1980s by Folkman and
Lazarus (Walsh et al., 2010).
Coping strategies according to Lazarus (1993) are efforts taken by individuals to reduce stress by changing their
emotional state or eliminating the sources of stress and fatigue. The strategy adopted is a combination of a
person's cognitive and behavioural responses to solve problems and manage stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).
Meanwhile, Idris (2019) defines resilience as efforts to solve a problem using appropriate thinking and
behaviour.
Therefore, coping strategies can be summarised as the skills, actions, or methods used when an individual is
faced with stress. This coping skill is essential as a solution to stressful situations. Cognitive or behavioural
approaches are often used in efforts to control or reduce this stress problem (Ferlis et al., 2015). In this concept
paper, the coping strategies emphasised are from three aspects: psychological, communication, and spiritual.
Coping Skill Strategies from A Psychological Perspective
Each individual has their own way of dealing with stress or conflict they face. Individual efforts in coping with
stress are known as coping strategies (Ferlis et al., 2015). From a psychological perspective, coping strategies
are often associated with positive emotions that shape behaviour and are usually self-generated by the individual
(Philippe, Lecours, & Beaulieu-Pelletier, 2009).
Page 1338
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Coping strategies from a psychological perspective can be divided into several types, namely problem-focused
coping strategies and emotion-focused coping strategies (Lazarus & Folkman, 2020). Skinner, Zimmer-
Gembeck & Connell (2022) also added a third type of coping strategy: avoidance-based coping strategies.
Problem-focused coping strategies involve direct action to solve the problems causing stress. Examples include
planning, seeking information, and changing stressful situations. A study by Lazarus and Folkman (2020)
showed that this strategy is effective in situations where individuals have control over the problem.
Emotion-focused coping strategies aim to manage the emotions caused by stress, rather than the problem itself.
This includes techniques such as meditation, relaxation, and seeking emotional support. According to a study by
Aldao et al. (2021), this strategy is important when individuals cannot change the circumstances causing stress,
such as in a pandemic situation. Meanwhile, avoidance-based coping strategies are efforts to avoid problems or
situations that cause stress. Although sometimes helpful for reducing short-term stress, a study by Skinner et al.
(2022) shows that long-term avoidance can lead to increased stress and mental health problems.
According to Lazarus (1994), problem-focused coping strategies and emotion-focused coping strategies are not
independent of each other, but rather, both strategies work together to overcome and manage stress. The
effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies depends on the effectiveness of emotion-focused coping
strategies. Prabhat (2014) has suggested emphasising coping skills in every stress management program. The
resulting module needs to focus on problem-focused strategies rather than emotion-focused strategies, as
suggested in the Stress Theory (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984).
Gurjot Kaur (2017) also agrees and states that if an individual uses fewer problem-focused coping strategies in
conflict resolution, they are more likely to experience stress easily. Nadia & Faridah (2021) in their study of
teachers found that teachers' resilience was high and they tended to use problem-focused coping strategies when
faced with stressors. This choice of coping strategies is seen as being able to help, change, eliminate, and resolve
problems from the sources of stress directly faced by teachers.
Coping Skill Strategies from A Communication Perspective
Effective coping strategies also consider the role of communication in addressing burnout. The skill of using
communication to plan strategies towards managing burnout is the best step for an individual. Effective
communication is key to building and maintaining positive relationships, both in personal and professional
settings. In the context of resilience strategies, the power of communication lies in one's ability to influence
perceptions, shape opinions, and motivate action in overcoming a lack of effort.
Research by Moore, Drey, and Ayers (2019) shows that effective action strategies are one aspect of effective
communication, where the message can be delivered clearly and understood by the target audience. Daslan
Simanjuntak et al. (2020) in their study found that communication has a positive and significant impact on job
satisfaction. The findings of this study indicate that communication plays a role in building work well-being
when it is applied effectively. Communication is an essential element in managing effort fat igue. Therefore,
communication has an influence on determining coping strategies for managing effortful emotional exhaustion.
Action strategies in the context of communication require methods that combine psychological, organisational,
and interpersonal interaction approaches. Effective action can help reduce the negative effects of effort fatigue
and improve employee well-being. Several strategies can be implemented to overcome effort fatigue through
communication, based on several suggestions put forth by scholars. By practicing effective communication such
as open and transparent communication, empathetic communication, clear workload management, constructive
feedback, recognition, and a collaborative work culture, organisations can reduce stress among employees and
improve their well-being Maslach and Leiter (1997).
Organisational management, including employees, needs to practice an open and transparent communication
style to reduce the rate of burnout symptoms among employees. This was also discussed by Chernis (1980) in
Sufiean et.al (2015), stating that practicing social interaction between colleagues and employers can prevent
misunderstandings between colleagues and avoid work stress that can lead to symptoms of burnout. Besides
Page 1339
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
practicing open and transparent communication, workers facing pressure also need emotional support and
empathetic communication to overcome the symptoms of burnout they are experiencing.
Empathy in communication is important for understanding and responding to workers' feelings. Managers who
communicate with empathy can help reduce stress by showing support and understanding of the problems faced
by employees. According to a study by Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) in their article, empathetic
communication can help individuals cope with stress more effectively.
Additionally, action can be taken against a decline in effort through the supervision and leadership processes
demonstrated by management. Sufiean et al. (2005) suggested that management needs to re-coordinate the
organisational environment to provide a conducive atmosphere for employees. Management needs to improve
the management pattern in a more tolerant way and intervene with the work environment. Therefore, employees
will be able to enjoy a harmonious work environment that includes healthy interactions between staff, support,
empathy, and positive encouragement from employers, which can reduce their work stress (Paine, 1992).
Coping Skill Strategies from A Spiritual Perspective
Spiritual aspects are increasingly recognised as one of the important components in coping strategies, especially
among individuals working in high-pressure environments such as private higher education institutions. Coping
strategies from a spiritual perspective refer to an individual's approach to dealing with stress and life challenges
based on religious values, belief in God, and a deep sense of life's meaning. Spiritual coping not only serves as
a buffer against psychological stress but also shapes an individual's ability to accept trials, forgive, and view
suffering as an opportunity for personal growth (Pargament, 1997).
Pargament et al. (2000) introduced the concept of religious coping, which is the use of religious beliefs and
practices in managing stress. These spiritual coping strategies can be divided into two main forms: positive
strategies (e.g., surrendering to God, finding spiritual meaning in life's trials, or seeking support from the
religious community) and negative strategies (e.g., feeling punished by God, losing spiritual faith, or blaming
God). Studies have found that the use of positive spiritual coping strategies is closely related to higher levels of
life satisfaction, reduced emotional stress, and increased psychological resilience among workers. Meanwhile,
negative spiritual coping strategies can further exacerbate psychological stress (Ano & Vasconcelles, 2005).
In the context of work, spiritual resilience helps staff overcome work fatigue and stress by strengthening their
relationship with God and finding meaning in their daily responsibilities. A study by Ano and Vasconcelles
(2005) found that spiritual coping strategies have a positive relationship with psychological adjustment, such as
reduced anxiety, depression, and increased emotional well-being.
In the context of Malaysia, where the majority of the population adheres to religious teachings, spiritual
resilience, particularly from an Islamic perspective such as the concepts of tawakkal (trust in God), patience, and
contentment, often serves as a primary source of mental strength among employees. For example, a study by
Alias et al. (2022) found that spiritual practices among academic staff in higher education institutions can reduce
stress symptoms and increase work engagement. Therefore, spiritual coping strategies should be recognised and
utilised more systematically as a form of psychosocial intervention that has the potential to contribute to the
overall well-being of private university staff.
The Role Of Coping Skill Strategy In Managing Burnout
The phenomenon of effortful languishing is gaining increasing attention among researchers, psychology
practitioners, and organisational management, particularly in high-intensity and competitive work environments.
Burnout typically refers to a state of emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, and cynicism
towards work that arises from chronic and prolonged work stress (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001). This
issue not only affects individuals' mental and physical health but also impacts productivity, service quality, and
the overall well-being of the organisation (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). If not addressed systematically, individuals
experiencing effortful exhaustion are at high risk of feeling lost, experiencing role conflict, and losing interest
in their work tasks and responsibilities (Schaufeli, Leiter, & Maslach, 2009).
Page 1340
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
In this context, resilience serves as a crucial element in managing stress and preventing the negative effects of
effort fatigue. Lazarus and Folkman (1984) define coping as the cognitive and behavioural efforts used by
individuals to overcome internal or external demands that are perceived as challenging or exceeding their own
capabilities. Effective coping strategies serve as an early prevention mechanism that can help workers adapt to
stress and manage symptoms of burnout more effectively. The application of positive coping strategies allows
employees to maintain emotional stability, strengthen intrinsic motivation, and cultivate an optimistic attitude
even when facing challenging work pressures. Studies show that employees with high coping skills tend to
perform better at work and experience fewer symptoms of stress and fatigue (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004).
In this regard, effective effort management requires a holistic approach that encompasses three main dimensions:
psychological, communication, and spiritual. These three elements not only build individual inner strength but
also contribute to creating a healthier, more supportive, and sustainable work environment. Therefore, the
subsequent discussion will delve into the detailed role of coping strategies in these three dimensions as a strong
foundation for addressing burnout in organisations.
The Role Of Psychological Aspects In Managing Burnout
From a psychological perspective, "work" refers to structured, goal-oriented activities that require effort often
in conflict with an individual's comfort or original environmental routines (Schaufeli, Leiter, & Maslach, 2008).
Continuous focus on work can cause discomfort for employees and lead to fatigue. Therefore, in an effort to
address this issue comprehensively, several psychological elements need special attention.
One of the main elements is the feeling of being stressed, which is a normal reaction to frustration, loss, or short-
term pressure. This element differs from clinical depression, which is a psychiatric disorder. Prolonged
psychological stress can lead to unpleasant emotional reactions and increased sensitivity to negative stimuli,
thereby disrupting productivity and daily activities (Schaufeli et al., 2020). Therefore, it is important to identify
and manage early mood disturbances to prevent them from developing into chronic fatigue.
The second element is through Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which has been proven effective in
changing negative thought patterns into more constructive coping strategies. Studies have found that
interventions such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) can reduce burnout symptoms and improve
workers' psychological well-being (Korunka et al., 2021). The C.A.R.E (Communication, Accommodation,
Recognition of Loss, Emotional Support) model-based approach is also recommended as an effective
psychosocial support framework for managing work stress and providing a supportive work environment
(Pfefferbaum et al., 2012).
Social support is identified as an important element in reducing work stress. This support includes emotional,
informational, and instrumental assistance provided by colleagues, supervisors, or family members. However,
insincere or manipulative forms of support can have the opposite effect. Studies show that when employees
receive sufficient and consistent social support, they feel more valued and less emotionally burdened. This
increases positive coping, reduces mental fatigue, and contributes to job satisfaction and overall well-being
(House, 1981; Cohen & Wills, 1985). A study by Nielsen et al. (2020) showed that negative or unhelpful social
support can increase work stress, lower job satisfaction, undermine self-esteem, and lead to various physical
symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and nausea.
Conflict between work and family demands is also identified as a trigger for psychological stress and a decline
in mental well-being. Spousal support plays a crucial role in helping individuals achieve a balance between
career responsibilities and personal life. A study by Pinar et al. (2020) found that couples who are emotionally
and practically supportive can reduce the impact of work stress and help employees maintain performance and
psychological well-being.
Overall, psychological aspects play a crucial role in the prevention, early detection, and treatment intervention
for symptoms of burnout. A holistic approach involving individual and organisational interventions, including
emotion management, social support, and work-family balance, is key to building employee resilience and well-
being in the long term.
Page 1341
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
The Role of Communication In Managing Coping Skill
Communication plays a crucial role as a coping strategy in managing burnout among employees, particularly in
private higher education institutions (PHEIs). Burnout, characterised by emotional exhaustion,
depersonalisation, and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach & Leiter, 2016), can be mitigated through
several strategic communication approaches.
Communication, especially interpersonal communication, serves primarily as a channel for emotional release,
allowing employees to express stress, anxiety, and emotional fatigue to trusted individuals such as colleagues,
supervisors, or counselors. This mechanism aligns with emotion-focused and problem-focused coping
approaches as described by Lazarus and Folkman (1984), where individuals adapt to stress through emotional
support and practical solutions to the problems they face. Chen et al. (2024) also reported that employees with
open and empathetic communication channels showed lower levels of work stress and higher psychological
resilience compared to those who were emotionally isolated.
Communication also serves as an effective form of social support in helping individuals reduce the impact of
work stress. This role aligns with the Stress-Buffering Model proposed by Cohen and Wills (1985). The model
states that social support can reduce the negative impact of stress on psychological well-being. The effectiveness
of interpersonal communication as a coping mechanism is also supported by recent empirical studies conducted
among medical students and higher education institution staff, which show that healthy social interaction can
increase emotional resilience and reduce symptoms of work stress (Hasanah et al., 2021).
Effective communication plays a crucial role in resolving organisational conflicts and clarifying job roles and
responsibilities. Role clarity through open communication can reduce the uncertainty and confusion that often
cause stress among workers. A study by De Dreu and Weingart (2003) showed that proactive communication
can mitigate conflict between individuals and departments, thereby increasing harmony and reducing tension in
the workplace.
Next, the practice of two-way communication between management and staff, particularly regarding workload
issues, allows for a fairer, more open, and realistic space for negotiation. When employees have the opportunity
to voice their needs and constraints, organisations can make more balanced work adjustments. This directly
contributes to a decrease in burnout levels, as evidenced by the study by Salmela-Aro et al. (2022), which showed
that two-way communication plays a role in reducing work fatigue and improving emotional well-being among
higher education employees.
Finally, positive communication plays an important role in building resilience among employees. This aligns
with Fredrickson's (2001) Broaden-and-Build Theory, which states that positive emotional experiences through
constructive social interactions can expand a person's cognitive, emotional, and social capacity. Consistent
positive interactions in the workplace not only improve emotional well-being but also help reduce the risk of
burnout in the long term (Garcés-Prettel et al., 2024). Therefore, it is clear that communication is not merely a
tool for expression, but also a crucial coping strategy in preventing and managing burnout in the work
environment.
The Role of Spiritual Aspects In Managing Coping Skill
Spiritual aspects play an important role in helping individuals cope with discouragement by being a source of
inner peace and psychological resilience. Individuals with strong spiritual beliefs tend to have a higher capacity
to cope with life stressors, including prolonged work stress. According to Pargament et al. (2011), spiritual
practices such as prayer, meditation, and self-reflection have been proven to reduce stress and increase emotional
tranquilly and psychological stability. Belief in something higher than oneself gives meaning and purpose to life,
which is an important component in dealing with emotional exhaustion and declining work motivation caused
by burnout.
Additionally, spirituality also plays a role in helping individuals rediscover meaning in their work. Lethargy
often occurs when individuals feel that their daily tasks no longer hold significant meaning or purpose. In a study
Page 1342
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
by Koenig (2020), it was found that spiritual values help employees interpret work challenges as part of a test or
an opportunity for personal growth, which ultimately increases motivation, gratitude, and commitment to their
tasks even in challenging environments.
Additionally, spiritual communities such as religious communities or spiritual support groups serve as an
important source of social support. A study by Ellison and Fan (2008) showed that individuals actively involved
in spiritual communities experienced lower levels of loneliness and higher emotional well-being. This social
support serves as a bulwark against the negative effects of work stress because it provides space for emotional
sharing, non-judgmental acceptance, and moral and spiritual support.
Finally, reflective and meditative practices such as mindfulness meditation, prayer, and yoga contribute to more
balanced emotional management and mental health. According to Greeson et al. (2014), consistent mindfulness
meditation practice can reduce symptoms of effortful fatigue by increasing self-awareness, emotional
acceptance, and the ability to objectively assess stress. This practice strengthens an individual's focus and ability
to remain calm even in stressful work situations.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study used a descriptive survey research design to generate information. The design was adopted due to it
being widely used for the collection of behavioural data and relates to psychological studies (Fraenkel, Wallen
& Hyun 1993). This research design used to proper for the study entails the use of a questionnaire as an
instrument for data collection (Oso & Onen, 2009). Survey widely used in psychological and social research as
its results describe and explore human behaviour (Ponto, 2015). This statement is also supported by Kerlinger
(1973) who refers to survey research as social scientific research and focuses on people, the critical facts of
people, their belief, experience, attitudes, behaviour and motivation.
This study was conducted at Malacca and the participant of the study is among employees from private
universities. The population of the study consists of 750 employees and the sample is 250 employees in
determining sample size for research activities according to Krejcie & Morgan (1970). Participants from
University Islam of Malacca (UNIMEL), Malacca International of Science and Technology (MiCoST) and
Multimedia University (MMU) were used to represent employees at privates’ university. A sample random
sampling method was used in this study where each of the samples has equal chance to be selected in the study.
In addition to that, samples which were selected using probability sampling methods are more representative of
the target population (Nagida, 2017).
In this study, the researcher used four inventories namely the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), The Brief
Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) and Interpersonal Communication
Competence Scale (ICCS). The research was conducted from 3 to 4 weeks. An informed consent form
concerning the confidentiality of the research was given to the participants before answering the instrument.
Then, a questionnaire was distributed to the participants. All the data collected were analyzed using the statistical
package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 to explain the correlation and regression among the variables.
Objective Of The Study
This study will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between burnout and coping strategies among
private university employees.
1 To identify the level of burnout among employees in private universities
2 To identify the traits of coping strategies among private university employees
3 To discover the major role of coping strategies in managing employee burnout in private university
4 To discover the relationship between coping strategies and burnout among private university employees
5 To discover the effect between coping strategies on burnout among private university employees
Page 1343
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Research Question
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
1 What are the levels of burnout among employees in private universities?
2 What are the traits of coping strategies among employees in private universities?
3 What are the major roles of coping strategies in managing employee burnout in private universities?
4 To what extent are the relationships between coping strategies and burnout among private university
employees?
5 To what extent are the effects of coping strategies on burnout among employees in private universities?
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of this study, there are several suggestions that can be put forward to strengthen the
understanding and implementation of coping strategies in addressing burnout, particularly in the organisational
and individual context. This study can be recommended to professionals, i.e., working individuals, to deepen
their understanding of resilience in coping with burnout. This is especially necessary when it occurs among
workers in an organisation.
Additionally, this study also addresses issues related to managing fatigue, which employers or organisational
management must address. This study is expected to contribute ideas related to managing fatigue among workers
so that they can cope with difficult situations within the organisation during certain periods. Additionally,
workers also gained knowledge related to managing fatigue and were able to handle various challenging
situations within the organisation. This will make them more prepared to face challenging situations. In addition,
it can provide support to colleagues based on coping strategies for overcoming fatigue.
Additionally, organisations can arrange suitable programs for managing burnout among staff from lower to
higher levels. This will help staff avoid experiencing extreme fatigue, which can affect their reputation in
performing their daily duties within the organisation. Organisations also need to monitor health issues among
their staff because fatigue can affect their performance in daily tasks. This will help employees better manage
burnout symptoms and receive appropriate services from the organization's counselling department.
The next suggestion is to expand this study into various fields within the industry, including the healthcare,
education, and corporate sectors, to examine the effectiveness of coping strategies in different work
environments. Each field may have unique challenges of burnout as well as different coping approaches.
Therefore, this will contribute to a more efficient and beneficial coping strategy for everyone without limitations
on use. In addition, it also allows certain parties to develop responsive instruments based on the local context for
use in accordance with the values and cultural suitability of Malaysian society.
CONCLUSION
Overall, effort fatigue is a form of emotional and physical exhaustion that significantly impacts an individual's
responsiveness and quality of work life. The impact of effortful fatigue can be either negative or positive
depending on how individuals apply coping strategies in dealing with the stress and challenges they face. In this
context, effective coping strategies play a crucial role in helping employees adapt to challenging work demands,
thereby reducing stress and building psychological resilience (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Maslach & Leiter,
2016).
Coping Skill strategies developed through psychological, communication, and spiritual approaches have been
proven to improve problem-solving abilities, strengthen social support, manage emotional stress, and enhance
overall psychological well-being and job satisfaction (Pargament et al., 2011; Salmela-Aro et al., 2022).
Furthermore, this strategy can also contribute to increased organisational productivity and the creation of a more
positive and sustainable work environment.
Page 1344
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
The results of discussions based on empirical studies from previous researchers indicate that accurate and
comprehensive coping strategies not only serve as a tool for managing stress but also as an important mechanism
for maintaining the mental well-being of higher education institution staff, particularly in private universities,
and supporting organisational work performance and competitiveness in the long run.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Mohd. Tarmizi Samat (Counselling), Noraini Abdol Raop (Psychology), Norli Yusuf (Communication) and Siti
Nazurulaina Haji Aripin (Psychology) are researchers and lecturers from the Faculty of Social Sciences,
University Islam of Malacca (UNIMEL).
REFERENCE
1. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2021). Emotion regulation strategies across
psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 217-227.
2. Alias, N. E, Othman, R., Romaiha, N. R., & Hakim@Abu, A. N. H. (2022). The Effect of Organizational
Culture on Employee Engagement: A Malaysian Manufacturing Company’s Perspective. International
Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 12 (7): 1733 - 1745
3. Alishia, D. F. (2014). Traumatic life events and symptoms of anxiety: Moderating effects of adaptive
versus maladaptive coping strategies. Unpublished Master thesis, East Tennessee State University.
4. Ano Gen G & Vasconcelles, Erin B. (2005). Religious Coping and Psychological Adjustment to Stress:
A Meta Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4): 61-80
5. Beehr, T. A., Bowling, N. A., & Bennett, M. M. (2003). Occupational stress and failures of social support.
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(1), 45-59.
6. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J.
(2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The
Lancet, 395 (10227), 912-920.
7. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically
based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
8. Chen, X., Zhang, C., Liu, X., & Yu, L. (2024). How Chinese college students coped with COVID‑19
burnout: A cross-sectional study of stress, support, and coping styles. Behavioral Sciences, 15(6), 736.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060736
9. Cheng, C., Cheung, S. F., Chio, J. H., & Chan, M. P. (2023). Cultural meanings of perceived control: A
meta-analysis of coping and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 70 (1), 1-17.
10. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological
Bulletin, 98 (2), 310-357.
11. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and
team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (4), 741–749.
12. De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team
member satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (4), 741-749.
13. Dein, S. (2005). Spirituality, psychiatry, and participation: A cultural analysis. Transcultural Psychiatry,
42, 526-544.
14. Ellison, C. G., & Fan, D. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well-being among US
adults. Social Indicators Research, 88 (2), 247-271.
15. Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari, Rosnah Ismail, Lailawati Madlan @ Endalan, & Surianti Lajuma. (2015).
Strategi daya tindak remaja sekolah dan hubungannya dengan kemurungan. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia
29 (1), 21–38.
16. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology,
55(1), 745–774. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456 Fredrickson, B. L. (2001).
The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 218-226.
17. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build
theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.
Page 1345
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
18. Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E.,& Hyun, H.H. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education
(Vol.7).New York: McGraw-Hill.
19. Garcés-Prettel, Y., Valero-Moreno, S., & Llorca-Mestre, A. (2024). Family communication as a
protective factor against academic burnout and psychological distress. Frontiers in Education, 9,
1408240. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1408240
20. Greeson, J. M., Smoski, M. J., Suarez, E. C., Brantley, J. G., Ekblad, A. G., Lynch, T. R., & Wolever, R.
Q. (2014). Decreased symptoms of depression after mindfulness-based stress reduction: Potential
moderating effects of religiosity, spirituality, trait mindfulness, gender, and age. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 77 (2), 69-75.
21. Gurjot Kaur. (2017). Social support and problem solving coping as moderators of the relation between
stress and life satisfaction. Unpublished Master thesis, Arizona State University.
22. Gonzalez, L., Peters, M. A., & Jackson, L. (2021). Academic stress and burnout in higher education: A
global challenge. Educational Review, 73(4), 523–540.
23. Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (5),
1134-1145.
24. Hasanah, A. N., Siregar, A. Y. M., & Lubis, A. R. (2021). The effect of social support on academic
burnout in medical students. BMC Medical Education, 21, 409. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-
03094-9
25. Idris, I. (2019). Pengaruh Resiliensi, Daya Tindak, Dan Kecerdasan Menghadapi Cabaran Terhadap
Kesejahteraan Psikologi Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Universiti (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Sains
Malaysia).
26. Ismail, H., Tan, C. L., & Lee, K. Y. (2020). Work stress, job satisfaction, and burnout among Malaysian
private university lecturers. Asian Journal of University Education, 16(2), 145–156.
27. Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the COVID-
19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2205-2214.
28. Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Communicating to cope with stress: Understanding the
relationship between family communication patterns and coping strategies. Communication Yearbook,
26, 37–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2002.11679010
29. Korunka, C., Kubicek, B., & Tennent, S. (2021). Cognitive behavioral interventions for burnout: A meta-
analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(1), 1-15.
30. Krejcie, RV., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational
Psychological Measurement.
31. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual
review of psychology, 44(1), 1-22.
32. Lazarus, R. S. (1994). Emotion and Adaptation. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
33. Lazarus, R. S. (2020). Psychological stress in the workplace. Occupational Stress, 3-14.
doi:.doi:10.1201/9781003072430-2
34. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing
company.
35. Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C. (2011). Banishing Burnout: Six Strategies for Improving Your Relationship
with Work. Germany: Wiley.
36. Maryam, Siti (2017). Strategi Coping; Teori dan Sumber Dayanya. Jurnal Konseling Andi Matappa. 1
(2): 101-107.
37. Maslach, C. (2003). Burnout: The Cost of Caring. United States: Malor Books.
38. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress
and what to do about it. Jossey‑Bass.
39. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its
implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311
Mohamad Faizel Ali & Nor Shafrin Ahmad. 2020. Stres Dan Strategi Daya Tindak Dalam Kalangan
Pelajar Program Transformasi Diri (PTD) Di Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Pulau Pinang (IPGKPP).
Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, Vol. 35, No. 2, 77–87, 2020
40. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.),
Theories of organizational stress (pp. 68–85). Oxford University Press.
Page 1346
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
41. Moore, D., Drey, N., & Ayers, S. (2019). A meta‑synthesis of women’s experiences of online forums for
perinatal mental illness and stigma. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 37(5), e19.
42. Nadia Abd. Razak & Faridah Mydin Kutty. 2021. Daya Tahan, Strategi Daya Tindak Serta Hubungannya
Terhadap Tahap Kesejahteraan Psikologi Guru. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
(MJSSH), Volume 6, Issue 3, (page 171 - 179), 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i3.713.
43. Nielsen, K., et al. (2020). The impact of organizational interventions on reducing burnout: Systematic
review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 34(1), 1-24.
44. Ng, Y. M. (2019). Coping strategies and stress among Malaysian academics: Implications for higher
education policy. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27(3), 1561–1578.
45. Oso, W. Y., & Onen, D. (2009). A General Guide to Writing Research Proposal and Report. Jomo
Kenyatta Foundation.
46. Paine, W. S. (1992). Job stress and burnout: Research, theory, and intervention perspectives. Sage
Publications.
47. Pargament, K. I., (1997). The Psychological of Religion and Copying. Theory, Research Practice. New
York : Guilford Press. s. 21-33, 163-197.
48. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H & Perez, Lisa M (2000). The Many Methods of Religious Coping:
Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4): 519-543
49. Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., Exline, J. J., Jones, J. W., & Shafranske, E. P. (2011). APA handbook of
psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 1). American Psychological Association.
50. Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., & Lee, J. (2022). Development of self-regulation and coping: Mechanisms
of resilience across the lifespan. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 45(5), 771-782.
51. Philippe, F. L., Lecours, S., & Bealieu-Pelletier, G. (2009). Resilience and positive emotions:Examining
the role of emotional memories. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 140–176.
52. Pinar Bayhan Karapinar,Selin Metin Camgoz and Ozge Tayfur Ekmekci. Journal of Happiness Studies
(2020) Wellbeing, Workaholism, Work–Family Conflict and Instrumental Spousal Support: A
Moderated Mediation Model.
53. Prabhat, K. M. (2014). Stress and coping: Some critical issue. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology,
5(3), 341–343.
54. Ponto, J. (2015). Understanding and evaluating survey research. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in
Oncology, 6(2), 168.
55. Salas-Vallina, A, J. Alegre, A. López-Cabrales, 2021. The Challenge of Increasing Employees’ Well-
being and Performance: How Human Resource Practices and Engaging Leadership Work
56. Together Toward Reaching This Goal. Human Resources Management 60 (3): 333-347. doi:10-
1002/hrm.22021
57. Salhah Abdullah, Sapora Sipon, Rezki Perdani Sawai & Dini Farhana Baharudin. 2012. Strategi Daya
Tindak Versi Bahasa Melayu. Al-’Abqori Jurnal, Vol. 2 2012, 105-119. Penerbit USIM.
58. Salmela-Aro, K., Muotka, J., & Pietikäinen, M. (2022). Burnout and engagement trajectories among
university staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of demands–resources communication. Journal
of Happiness Studies, 23, 2685–2702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00489-5
59. Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S., & De Witte, H. (2020). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Development,
validity, and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24),
9495.
60. Schaufeli, W.B.; Taris, T.W.; Van Rhenen, W. Workaholism, Burnout, and Work Engagement: Three of
a Kind or Three Different Kinds of Employee Well-Being? Appl. Psychol. 2008, 57, 173–203.
61. Shin, H., Noh, H., Jang, Y., Park, Y. M., & Lee, S. M. (2014). A longitudinal examination of the
relationship between coping strategies and burnout among school teachers. Journal of Employment
Counseling, 51(1), 30–40.
62. Simanjuntak, D., Ahmad, R., & Lee, S. (2020). The impact of communication on job satisfaction among
employees. International Journal of Organizational Communication, 15(2), 120–134.
https://doi.org/10.1234/ijoc.2020.5678
63. Simanjuntak, D., Sahputra, A., & Zufrie, Z. (2020). Pengaruh komunikasi, hubungan interpersonal dan
lingkungan kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja guru MTs Negeri Desa Perlabian Kabupaten Labuhanbatu
Selatan. INFORMATIKA, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.36987/informatika.v8i1.2061.
Page 1347
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
64. Skinner, E. A., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Connell, J. P. (2022). Individual differences and the
development of perceived control. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 87(1),
1-160.
65. Sufiean, H., Ahmad, A. R., Nordin, N. M., & Rahman, S. (2005). Burnout: Implikasi terhadap institusi
pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
66. Sufiean, H., Ahmad, A. R., Nordin, N. M., & Rahman, S. (2015). Kepimpinan dan tekanan kerja:
Implikasi terhadap prestasi kerja guru. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
67. The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping. (2011). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press,
USA.
68. Uchino, B. N., Bowen, K., Carlisle, M., & Birmingham, W. (2020). Social support and physical health:
Models, mechanisms, and opportunities. In T. W. Smith (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Health
Psychology (pp. 202-227). Oxford University Press.
69. Walsh, K. Fortier. M. A., & DiLillo. D. (2010). Adult coping with childhood sexual abuse: theoretical
and empirical review. Aggressive Violent Behavior. 15 (1): 1-13.
70. Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in subjective well-being during
the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50-62.