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Integrating GIS into Traffic Incident Management: A Web-Based
System
Aina Najeehah Anuar
1,
Kurk Wei Yi
2
, Safiza Suhana Kamal Baharin
3
, Nisfariza Mohd Noor
4
1,2,3
Faculty Technology Maklumat dan Komunikasi, University Technical Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),
Durian Tunggal, Melaka, 76100, Malaysia
4
Faculty of Arts and Social Science University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
DOI:
https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000136
Received: 30 September 2025; Accepted: 06 October 2025; Published: 06 November 2025
ABSTRACT
The increasing frequency and severity of road accidents in Malaysia, driven by a significant disparity between
vehicle growth and infrastructure capacity, present a pressing need for advanced traffic management solutions.
This study details the design, development, and evaluation of a Web-GIS Traffic Incident Management System
(WGTIMS), an integrated platform designed to enhance incident reporting, spatial visualization, and multi-
stakeholder coordination. The system was constructed using a structured methodology of planning, design,
development, and implementation, with deliberate integrations for performance and security. Built on an open-
source stack (PHP, MySQL, Leaflet.js), WGTIMS employs a role-based architecture to serve administrators,
police officers, and public users. A rigorous evaluation strategy was employed, combining black-box testing
with preliminary user feedback. The technical testing demonstrated that the system successfully met all specified
functional requirements, with test cases for critical workflows—including user authentication, incident reporting,
and spatial data visualization, yielding the expected outcomes and robust error handling. User sessions indicated
that the interface was intuitive and the GIS visualization was particularly effective for situational awareness.
These findings confirm that WGTIMS is a viable and robust platform for improving response times and
analytical decision-making in traffic incident management. Future work will focus on large-scale field
deployment, cloud integration, and incorporating AI models for predictive analytics to further elevate its
operational impact.
Keywords— Web-GIS, Traffic Incident Management, Road Accidents, Geographic Information System,
Database Life Cycle
INTRODUCTION
Traffic accidents remain a critical global issue, causing significant public safety risks and economic losses. In
Malaysia, escalating vehicle ownership and insufficient monitoring infrastructure have led to high accident rates,
especially during festive seasons and in urbanized states [1], [2]. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have
emerged as a powerful tool to address these challenges, enabling the mapping of spatial distributions,
identification of accident hotspots, and analysis of temporal patterns [3],[4].
Recent research combines GIS with data mining and machine learning to improve incident prediction and
detection. For instance, ElSahly & Abdelfatah (2024) developed a machine-learning-based Automatic Incident
Detection (AID) system with a 95.6% detection rate [5]. Similarly, Alsahfi (2024) employed spatial-temporal
analyses like DBSCAN and KDE to identify accident clusters in Californian cities [6]. In the Malaysian context,
studies show clear seasonal accident patterns, underscoring the need for dynamic management tools [7].
Despite these advances, many existing systems lack real-time reporting capabilities and comprehensive GIS
integration accessible to multiple stakeholders. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation
of the Web-GIS Traffic Incident Management System (WGTIMS), a unified platform that consolidates incident
reporting, spatial visualization, and database management for police, administrators, and drivers. By building on
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proven methodologies and modern technologies, WGTIMS aims to enhance decision-making and accelerate
emergency response.
Background
Traffic management in Malaysia has increasingly adopted digital and geospatial technologies to improve
congestion control, safety, and incident response. One notable initiative is the Smart Traffic Analytics and
Recognition System (STARS), developed by TM One. The system uses real-time data from cameras and sensors
to optimise traffic signal timings, reportedly reducing waiting time at intersections by up to 65%. Its enhanced
version, STARS 2.0, integrates predictive analytics by considering external factors such as weather, public
events, and holiday travel patterns [8].
Beyond signal optimisation, recent efforts have focused on real-time traffic intelligence through artificial
intelligence (AI) platforms. For instance, CelcomDigi, in collaboration with MyDigital, Digital Nasional Berhad
(DNB), and Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya (MBPJ), launched Malaysia’s first AI-driven traffic management
platform. This system leverages AI and 5G to generate real-time traffic insights, aiming to improve congestion
management, accident response, and road safety monitoring [9]. Similarly, the Malaysian Highway Authority is
piloting the Automatic Road Incident Detection System (ARIDS), which seeks to detect accidents on
expressways and federal routes in real time, thereby reducing emergency response delays [10].
Parallel to these national initiatives, research worldwide has demonstrated the effectiveness of combining GIS
with predictive modelling techniques. Ulu, Kilic, and Türkan (2024) developed a geohash-based model
integrated with machine learning algorithms to improve spatial accuracy in predicting traffic incident locations
[11]. Likewise, Chen (2024) showed that integrating AI with GIS for real-time accident prediction in high-risk
urban areas can achieve prediction accuracy of around 85% while reducing emergency response times by 20%
[12].
These technological advances underscore a growing trend towards integrating GIS, AI, and real-time analytics
for traffic incident management. However, most implementations remain either pilot projects or limited to large
urban centres. A significant gap exists in providing a unified, Web-GIS based solution that can deliver real-time
reporting, spatial visualization, and data analytics accessible to multiple stakeholders such as police, drivers, and
administrators. Addressing this gap motivates the development of the proposed Web-GIS Traffic Incident
Management System.
Related Works
GIS and spatial analysis have been widely adopted in traffic safety and accident management research. In
Nigeria, Geospatial Probability Mapping of Road Incidents used GIS to compute the likelihood of road traffic
accidents based on historical data, helping to prioritize road safety awareness and planning [13].
A study from China introduced a geo-parsing approach to extract geographic information from textual news
articles about traffic crash incidents, enabling mapping and spatial analysis of incidents beyond official databases
[14]. In Saudi Arabia, A GIS Approach for Analysis of Traffic Accident Hotspots studied road crash distributions
in Abha and Bisha, employing hotspot techniques to show strong correlations between accident frequency and
road type, offering insight into spatial clustering of incidents [15]
Web-based systems for managing accident data in GIS environments are also emerging. A Development of Web
Based Road Accident Data Management System in GIS Environment case study described how a GIS-integrated
web platform was built using MapInfo and web technologies to manage and visualize accident data [16]. Another
project, the Online Road Traffic Accident Monitoring System (RTAMS) in Nigeria, developed a web interface
that allows stakeholders (e.g. road safety officers, policy makers) to submit, query, and visualize accident reports
via PHP/MySQL, thus replacing paper-based systems [17].
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These works demonstrate capabilities in spatial analysis, data extraction, and web deployment for traffic incident
systems. However, gaps remain in integrating real-time reporting, multi-user interfaces (drivers, police, admin),
and combining these functionalities into an operational Web-GIS traffic incident management system.
Table 1 Comparison Between Existed and Proposed System
Ref
Method / Tool Used
Key Findings
Identified Gaps
[13]
GIS-based probability
mapping, spatial
modelling
Identified high-risk roads and
prioritized safety awareness
campaigns
Focused on risk mapping only, no
web-based system or multi-user
interface
[14]
Geo-parsing of text data,
GIS visualization
Extracted geographic information
from news reports, expanding
accident datasets
Limited to secondary data (news
articles); lacks real-time reporting
[15]
GIS hotspot analysis
(KDE, clustering)
Identified blackspots in Abha and
Bisha; linked accident risk to road
types
Purely spatial analysis; no
integration with web systems or
user roles
[16]
MapInfo, GIS, Web-
based system
Demonstrated ability to manage
accident records online with
visualization
Prototype-level; lacks real-time
updates and multi-role
accessibility
[17]
Web-based accident
monitoring
(PHP/MySQL)
Allowed submission, querying, and
visualization of accident data online
Limited scalability, no GIS
integration, no predictive
analytics
METHODOLOGY
The development of the Web-GIS Traffic Incident Management System (WGTIMS) followed a structured
methodology adapted from four main phases: Planning, System Design, Development, and Evaluation, ensuring
a systematic and iterative approach.
Planning
The planning phase was the foundation of the Web-GIS Traffic Incident Management System (WGTIMS)
development. It involved identifying the scope of the project, defining objectives, and gathering requirements
from relevant stakeholders. At this stage, traffic accident statistics and trends in Malaysia were reviewed to
highlight the urgent need for an integrated system capable of supporting real-time reporting and visualization.
Stakeholders, including police officers, system administrators, and drivers, were consulted to ensure that the
system addressed practical needs in traffic incident management.
The functional requirements identified during this phase included modules for user registration and authentication,
incident reporting, accident visualization on interactive maps, and report generation for administrative decision-
making. Non-functional requirements such as usability, reliability, and scalability were also outlined to ensure the
system could operate efficiently in real-world conditions. Specific performance metrics were defined, including
system response time for database queries and map loading, and data refresh rates for near-real-time updates.
In addition, this phase established the project's constraints and assumptions, including the reliance on open-source
tools (PHP, MySQL, Leaflet.js), the use of a local hosting environment for initial deployment, and the availability
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of internet access for end-users. The planning phase concluded with the formulation of a project roadmap, serving
as a guideline for subsequent phases of design, development, and evaluation.
System Design
The system design phase focused on translating the functional requirements identified during planning into a
structured architecture for the Web-GIS Traffic Incident Management System (WGTIMS). The design
emphasizes modularity, role-based access, and centralized management of data related to incidents, vehicles,
users, and police stations.
Fig 1. Dfd Level 0 Wgtims
As shown in Fig. 1, WGTIMS operates as the central platform that integrates multiple modules and user roles.
Administrators manage system configurations, user credentials, and overall data integrity. Police officers interact
with the system to input, update, or delete traffic incident records and associated police station information.
Guests are provided with limited access, allowing them to view general traffic incident data without modification
privileges. Vehicles and police stations are managed as separate modules, providing structured data that can be
linked to individual incidents.
Each module communicates directly with the central system. For example, the Incident Module accepts inputs
such as accident details, location, and related vehicle or police data. Similarly, the Vehicle Module stores vehicle
information associated with reported incidents, while the Police Station Module manages station-specific data.
Input, update, and delete operations are restricted to authorized users based on their login credentials, ensuring
controlled data flow and integrity. Security measures including role-based authentication protocols were
incorporated into the design to ensure data privacy and system security.
To enhance usability and visualization, the system incorporates a GIS mapping component that spatially
represents reported incidents. This enables stakeholders to monitor accident locations in real time and supports
decision-making in traffic management. By integrating role-based access with GIS functionality, the design
ensures that data collection, storage, and visualization are streamlined within a single platform.
Development
The development WGTIMS was carried out using open-source technologies to ensure efficiency and scalability.
The system was implemented in PHP with MySQL as the database, managed through phpMyAdmin, and hosted
locally using XAMPP.
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The back-end logic handled operations such as incident reporting, vehicle registration, and police station
management, while the front-end used HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to provide an intuitive interface. An
interactive GIS component was integrated using Leaflet.js to display accident locations and police stations on
real-time maps. Additional SQL features, including indexes and triggers, were applied to automate data
operations and maintain consistency. Database optimization techniques were implemented to ensure acceptable
response times for data queries and map rendering.
Security measures were implemented during development, including role-based authentication to control data
access and protect sensitive information. The system architecture was designed to support future enhancements
such as data encryption and secure API integrations.
This phase successfully transformed the system design into a functional Web-GIS platform capable of supporting
traffic incident reporting, visualization, and decision-making for multiple user roles.
Evaluation
The evaluation of WGTIMS was conducted through a comprehensive approach combining technical verification
and user feedback. Black-box testing was employed to validate whether system functionalities met their
requirements by examining inputs and outputs without reference to internal code structure. Each module was
tested by providing different types of input through the interface and observing the system's response.
The results showed that valid inputs produced the expected outcomes, such as successful logins, incident
reporting, and data visualization on maps. Invalid or incomplete inputs triggered error messages and prevented
data submission, confirming the system's ability to enforce data integrity. System performance was evaluated
through response time measurements for critical operations including database queries and map loading, which
demonstrated acceptable performance levels for initial deployment.
Table 2 Black-Box Testing Results For Proposed System
Test Case
Input
Expected Output
Actual Output
Result
TC01
Correct username
& password
Access to
dashboard
Access granted
Pass
TC02
Wrong username/
password
Error message,
deny access
Error displayed
Pass
TC03
All fields
correctly filled
Incident saved &
displayed on map
Incident saved &
mapped
Pass
TC04
Missing required
fields
Error message,
form not
submitted
Error displayed
Pass
TC05
Valid vehicle data
Vehicle record
stored in database
Record stored
Pass
TC06
Stored incident
coordinates
Pinpoint incident
on interactive map
Incident shown on
map
Pass
TC07
Query request
System displays
accurate report
Report generated
Pass
In addition to technical testing, preliminary user feedback was gathered from potential stakeholders including
police officers and system administrators. Feedback indicated that the interface was intuitive and easy to
navigate, with particular appreciation for the spatial visualization capabilities. Users reported that the system
showed potential for improving situational awareness and incident response coordination.
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The evaluation confirmed that the system satisfied its functional requirements while identifying areas for future
enhancement, such as implementing data encryption for sensitive information and incorporating automated
backup features to improve system robustness.
RESULT
The WGTIMS was successfully implemented as a functional web-based platform with comprehensive role-based
access. The system's performance was validated through rigorous testing, and its interface was refined based on
preliminary user feedback to ensure usability and effectiveness for all stakeholder groups.
System Implementation and Performance
The WGTIMS platform was deployed on a local server using XAMPP, with PHP handling server-side operations
and MySQL managing the database. The front-end interface, developed with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript,
provided an intuitive and responsive experience across different user roles. The integration of Leaflet.js enabled
dynamic spatial visualization of accident data and police stations, enhancing situational awareness for users.
Black-box testing results demonstrated that all critical functional requirements were met. Key performance
metrics, including system response times for database queries and map rendering, were measured and found to
be within acceptable limits for initial deployment. The database optimization techniques, such as indexing,
contributed to efficient data retrieval and management. Security protocols, including role-based authentication,
were successfully implemented to ensure controlled access to sensitive information.
Role-Based Modules and Features
Guest Module
The guest module provided public users with limited access to essential features. The Home Page (Fig. 2)
featured an interactive map displaying accident locations, allowing guests to visualize spatial distributions of
incidents. The Incident List Page (Fig. 3) enabled users to browse reported traffic accidents with basic details,
while the Police Station List Page (Fig. 4) provided information on enforcement stations, including locations
and contact details.
Fig 1 Home Page
Fig 2 Incident List Page
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Fig 3 Police Station List Page
Administrator Module
Administrators were granted comprehensive system management capabilities. The Manage Incident Data Page
(Fig. 5) allowed full CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on accident records. Vehicle records were
managed through the Manage Vehicle Page (Fig. 6), while police station and administrator accounts were handled
via the Manage Police Station Page (Fig. 7) and Manage Admin Page (Fig. 8) respectively. Spatial management
of accidents was facilitated through the Manage Incident Map Page (Fig. 9), and user management was handled
through dedicated pages for guest and police data (Fig. 10 and Fig. 11). The Admin Report Page (Fig. 12) enabled
generation of statistical summaries for decision-making purposes.
Fig 1 Manage Incident Data Page
Fig 2 Manage Vehicle Page
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Fig 3 Manage Police Station Page
Fig 4 Manage Admin Page
Fig 5 Manage Incident Map Page
Fig 6 Manage Guest Data Page
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Fig 7 Manage Police Data Page
Fig 8 Admin Report Page
Police Officer Module
The police officer module supported law enforcement activities with tailored functionalities. After
authentication, officers could add and update traffic accident data using the Manage Incident Map Page (Fig. 9)
and manage station-specific details through the Manage Police Station Page (Fig. 7). The Police Station Map
Page (Fig. 13) provided spatial visualization of enforcement stations, while the Police Officer Data Page (Fig.
14) maintained accurate records of officer assignments and responsibilities.
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Fig 1 Police Station Map Page
Fig 2 Police Officer Data Page
User Feedback and System Validation
Preliminary user testing with representative stakeholders, including traffic police officers and system
administrators, yielded positive feedback regarding the system's usability and functionality. Participants reported
that the interface was intuitive to navigate and that the spatial visualization capabilities significantly enhanced
their understanding of accident patterns. The role-based access system was found to be effective in maintaining
data security while providing appropriate functionality for different user types.
The system successfully demonstrated its capability to handle multiple simultaneous users and manage large
datasets of incident information. The integration of GIS functionality with traditional database management
proved particularly valuable for spatial analysis and decision-making processes. All test cases for critical
workflows, including data entry, retrieval, and visualization, were executed successfully, confirming the system's
reliability and readiness for operational deployment.
CONCLUSION
This study developed the Web-GIS Traffic Incident Management System (WGTIMS) to improve the reporting,
management, and visualization of road accidents. By integrating web technologies with GIS, the system supports
real-time incident reporting, structured data storage, and spatial analysis. Administrators manage incidents,
vehicles, and users; police officers record and update cases, while guests can view accident and station data.
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Black-box testing confirmed that all modules performed as expected, with accurate outputs for valid inputs and
proper handling of invalid data. The system proved to be functional, user-friendly, and effective in enhancing
decision-making for traffic management.
In future work, the system could be expanded with cloud deployment, mobile applications, and AI-based
analytics to provide broader accessibility and predictive capabilities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FTMK) at
University Technical Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing essential resources and institutional support. We
extend our sincere thanks to all research participants and finally, we recognize the foundational role of open-
source technologies that enabled this project's development.
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