INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3129
www.rsisinternational.org
Cultural Preservation Practices of Selected Cultural Sites, Province
of Bohol
Gigi L. Ancog
*
Graduate School, University of Cebu - Main, Philippines
*
Corresponding Author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000251
Received: 25 October 2025; Accepted: 31 October 2025; Published: 10 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Preservation is the key to extend the value of cultural sites. The study was conducted to determine the cultural
preservation practices of selected cultural sites, Province of Bohol. The findings served as the basis of a proposed
cultural preservation manual. Specifically, the study sought to identify the profile of respondents in terms of:
age; gender; highest educational attainment; and length of service. Identify cultural preservation practices of the
cultural site in terms of: protection from natural disasters; documentation/research; conservation/restoration;
cultural knowledge; community involvement; and supportive policy and legislation. Determine the challenges
encountered in implementing the cultural preservation practices and analyze if there is a significant relationship
between profile of respondents and their cultural preservation practices. The study used descriptive-correlational
research with researcher-made survey questionnaire. The respondents of the study were employees from 8
identified cultural sites with 42 respondents. The researcher used purposive sampling method. The study was
conducted in selected cultural sites, particularly, Alburquerque; Baclayon; Dauis; Dimiao; Loay; Loboc; Panglao
and Maribojoc. The instrument has 3 parts: profile of respondents; cultural preservation practices; and challenges
encountered in implementing cultural preservation practices. Statistical tools include frequency count; per cent;
weighted mean; ranking; one-way ANOVA; and multiple regression analysis were used in the study. The
majority of respondents were 50-59 ages, females, holding college degrees and have served 0-5 years.
Respondents regarded conservation and restoration efforts as highly practiced. Furthermore, protection from
natural disasters; documentation and research; cultural education/knowledge; community
engagement/involvement and supportive policy and legislation were regarded as moderately practiced. Lack of
funds and resources; and natural calamities were identified as challenges to preservation. The analysis revealed
no significant relationship between respondents’ profiles and their cultural preservation practices. Protecting
cultural sites involves preventive conservation practices for sustainability. Recommendations include
implementation of proposed cultural preservation manual and conduct further studies.
Keywords: practices, cultural preservation, sustainability, cultural site in Bohol, preservation
INTRODUCTION
A cultural site is a priceless historical place that provides knowledge and connection to the ancestors with their
beliefs and achievements. Cultural sites are breathtaking manifestations of artistic expression and creativity.
Through cultural preservation, future generations can understand the heritage, comprehend the legacy, and form
a sense of identity of the cultural site. Preserving cultural sites is crucial in appreciating the past and will be
shared in the present and future.
Tourists are attracted to well-preserved cultural assets, which strengthen local economies by creating jobs,
generating income, and fostering the growth of associated enterprises. Preservation initiatives can boost pride,
enhance the quality of life, and strengthen communities. In cultural preservation, the cultural site will be valued
and maintained. The community is responsible for protecting and preserving the priceless historical place.
Cultural site is considered as one of the most visited destinations and is valued, mesmerizing tourists with its
natural, unique, and scenic beauty. Moreover, the tourists' beliefs, culture, and traditions are the factors that urge
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3130
www.rsisinternational.org
them to visit cultural sites. Tourists with an intimate connection with architectural designs, sculptures, and
monuments and determined religious vow tend to visit cultural heritage sites, and tourists attract sustainable
cultural heritage sites. However, if the cultural site is not developed or valued, it will lessen tourists' interest to
visit.
Sustainable tourism is essential to conserve the site's natural beauty, maintain its positive potential, and prevail
over negative ones. Preserving the cultural heritage helps tourism bloom and attracts tourists to the site.
Significantly, Bohol is named the Philippines' first UNESCO Global Geopark, and this identity dramatically
helps to expand the cultural tourism on the island. Tourism sustainability is a considerable opportunity to
maintain its identity and captivate more tourists.
Literature research revealed that the tourism and hospitality industry need an intercultural and sustainable
approach. Moreover, the professionals must develop and implement integrated and participatory management
approaches and practices to understand heritage value, specifically in the historical construction of values. People
should engage in aligned and balanced heritage and ecosystem-based management, and cultural and natural
heritage should be appreciated and preserved for the betterment of the resources and the persons living in the
community (Azzopardi et al., 2023). Professionals must manage tourism in the same way, respect the cultural
significance of the destination, and involve locals in the planning and promotion of tourism to attain
sustainability and positive cultural impact. However, the UNESCO and World Heritage Committee indicate that
locals and the community are a significant part of the planning and implementation of the UNESCO heritage
sites, not just professionals, as the sustainability of the cultural sites significantly impacts them (Jang & Mennis,
2021). Cultural preservation is essential to understanding our history, preserving our cultural identity, fostering
economic development, and guaranteeing a more fulfilling future.
The researcher aspired to fill the gap in preserving the cultural sites, how cultural sites impacts the professionals
and locals, and how professionals and locals engage in the initiatives and implementations of the cultural sites
in Bohol. Moreover, the researcher pursues to identify the ways or practices to preserve cultural sites and cite
impacts that would help professionals and locals implement the guidelines potential for the sustainability of
cultural sites. This study aimed to extend the value of the cultural sites through the promotion provided by the
professionals and locals given to the tourists and treasure the identification of Bohol as the Philippines' first
UNESCO Global Geopark. Additionally, the researcher considered cultural heritage tourism sustainability to
maintain the identity of Bohol and captivate more tourists to visit cultural sites.
Objectives
This study determined the cultural preservation practices of selected cultural sites, Province of Bohol. The
findings served as the basis of a proposed cultural preservation manual. Specifically, this study sought to:
Determine the profile of the respondents in terms of: age, gender, highest educational attainment, and length of
service.
Determine the cultural preservation practices of selected cultural sites in Bohol in terms of: protection from
natural disasters, documentation and research, conservation and restoration, cultural education or knowledge,
community engagement or knowledge, and supportive policy and legislation.
Identify the challenges encountered in implementing the cultural preservation practices.
Analyze the relationship between the profile of the respondents and the cultural preservation practices.
Establish cultural preservation manual.
METHODOLOGY
Design
The study used descriptive-correlational research with a researcher-made survey questionnaire to determine
cultural preservation practices of selected cultural sites, Province of Bohol. The study determined the cultural
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3131
www.rsisinternational.org
preservation practices and the findings served as the basis of a proposed cultural preservation manual. The
cultural preservation manual presents the guidelines and protocols to be followed in implementing the cultural
preservation practices. The manual provides information to strengthen the preservation of the cultural sites.
Environment
The study was conducted in selected cultural sites, particularly, eight (8) parishes or churches in Bohol. The
identified churches are Alburquerque, Baclayon, Dauis, Dimiao, Loboc, Loay, Maribojoc and Panglao. Bohol is
identified as the first UNESCO Global Geopark and consists of different cultural heritage sites on the island.
Professionals provide quality service or service excellence to tourists by showing the preserved culture of the
island.
Respondents
The respondents of the study were the employees or staff, parish priests and officers of the Parish Pastoral
Council of the identified churches. The researcher used a purposive sampling method to gather the survey data.
There were at least 5 respondents on every site with at least 40 respondents from the 8 identified cultural sites.
However, a total of 42 respondents were considered.
Instruments
The researcher utilized the researcher-made survey questionnaire. In formulating the questionnaire, the practices
were based on the study of Hiswara et al. (2023). The questionnaire was validated through proofreading the
contents by the experts and pilot-tested to 20 non-participating respondents through a convenience sampling
method gathered from other cultural sites and analyzed through Cronbach's alpha with the result of 0.9646 for
the questionnaire’s reliability. The first part of the questionnaire is about the profile of the respondents, and the
respondents filled in the blanks and check items that accord with their answers. The second part of the
questionnaire is about the cultural preservation practices of the cultural site using the Likert scale, and the
respondents checked the box corresponding to their answers. A 4-point Likert scale was used for the
questionnaire based on the rating scale and categorical response of: 4 – Highly Practiced (manifest a highly
practiced cultural preservation practices; 3 – Moderately Practiced (manifest a moderately practiced cultural
preservation practices); 2 – Less Practiced (manifest a less practiced cultural preservation practices); and 1 – Not
Practiced (manifest not practiced cultural preservation practices). The third part of the questionnaire is about the
challenges encountered in implementing the cultural preservation practices. The respondents checked the
identified challenges that corresponds to their answers and used the multiple responses.
Data Gathering Procedure
Before the data gathering, the researcher asked permission from the Local Government Units of Alburquerque,
Baclayon, Dauis, Dimiao, Loay, Loboc, Panglao, Maribojoc, and other authorized persons, such as the Bishop
of Diocese of Tagbilaran and the Parish Priests of the churches on the said municipalities to conduct research in
the cultural sites. After being permitted to conduct research, the researcher gathered data from the respondents
using the researcher-made survey questionnaire. The collected data was summarized right after being gathered.
Once the tabulation and computation were done, the researcher analyzed and interpreted the data.
Data Analysis
Frequency Count and Per Cent was used to summarize, analyze, and interpret the profile of the respondents.
Weighted Mean and Ranking was used to summarize, analyze, and interpret the cultural preservation practices
of the cultural site.
One-way ANOVA and Multiple Correlational Analysis was used to determine the significance of the relationship
between the profile of the respondents and their cultural preservation practices. One-way ANOVA was used for
categorical variables, while Multiple Correlational Analysis was used for continuous variables.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3132
www.rsisinternational.org
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section presents the demographic profile of the respondents; determine the cultural preservation practices
of the cultural site in terms of protection from natural disasters, documentation and research, conservation and
restoration, cultural education or knowledge, community engagement or involvement, and supportive policy and
legislation; identify the challenges encountered as manifested by the respondents in implementing the cultural
preservation practices; and analyze the significance of the relationship between the profile of the respondents in
terms of age, gender, educational attainment, length of service in relation to their cultural preservation practices.
A. Profile of the Respondents
Presented in the table below is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, educational
attainment, and length of service.
TABLE I PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
The data highlights vital trends among the respondents by showing the category with the highest frequency for
each variable. As to the age of the respondents, the majority are in the 50 - 59 age group, with a frequency of 16
respondents (38.10%). Regarding gender, female respondents are the most common, with 25 individuals
(59.52%). For educational attainment, the highest frequency is seen among college graduates, totaling 22
respondents (52.38%). Regarding length of service, the largest group has served 0 - 5 years, with 17 respondents
(40.48%). The data suggests that most respondents are experienced individuals aged 50-59, where this age range
are being trusted in handling cultural preservation practices, predominantly female, where they are enthusiastic
in terms of preservation as they observed from the household and applied to the cultural sites, and mostly college
graduates where these individuals have own knowledge and expertise on the cultural preservation practices. This
demographic profile may imply a well-educated workforce with relatively fresh tenure in cultural preservation
roles, potentially impacting their approach to and understanding of preservation practices. Knowledgeable
individuals are the trusted people to handle a preservation process.
The findings are supported by Achille & Fiorillo (2022), when they said that the employees can attain the
Sustainable Development Goals by preserving cultural heritage through employees’ education and training.
Excellent academic and practical abilities and an understanding of the worth of heritage are essential components
of transforming the cultural heritage professional figure. Professionals with a broad range of knowledge are
necessary to protect and preserve cultural heritage. Training is an excellent opportunity for professionals to
understand the importance of cultural heritage. Hence, education and training are crucial. Employees' awareness
and comprehension of cultural heritage preservation constitute a vital contribution to the community,
encouraging a responsible and mature connection with its cultural resources.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3133
www.rsisinternational.org
B. Cultural Preservation Practices
Presented in the table below is the cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of protection from
natural disasters, documentation and research, conservation and restoration, cultural education or knowledge,
community engagement or involvement, and supportive policy and legislation.
TABLE 2 PROTECTION FROM NATURAL DISASTERS
The data shows that the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of protection
from natural disasters is 2.91 and described as moderately practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator 1,
early warning systems and preparedness, with a mean of 3.05, described as moderately practiced. The least-rated
indicator is indicator 3, investment in infrastructure for disaster risk reduction, with a mean of 2.76, also
described as moderately practiced. The findings imply that while early warning systems are prioritized, there is
a need to improve investment in disaster risk reduction infrastructure. Early warning system is a good practice
for any establishments; however, disaster risk reduction infrastructure is a great investment to be resilient in all
natural calamities may occur. This finding is supported by Romão & Bertolin (2022). They said that the value of
cultural heritage in promoting social, economic, and environmental well-being is becoming more widely
acknowledged. Cultural heritage can sustain significant losses and destruction due to natural and artificial threats.
In risk management planning, management should have considered cultural heritage despite increased
awareness. Particularly in risk assessment, emergency response, damage assessment, and post-disaster recovery,
there are significant areas for improvement in the knowledge and application of disaster risk management for
cultural resources.
TABLE 3 DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH
The data shows that the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of documentation
and research is 3.02 and described as moderately practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator 1, inventory
and cataloging cultural sites assets, with a mean of 3.29, described as highly practiced. The least-rated indicator
is indicator 3, create digital archives and databases, with a mean of 2.48, described as less practiced. The findings
imply that while a strong emphasis is on cataloging cultural assets, more effort is needed to improve digital
archiving and database creation for enhanced preservation.
This finding is supported by Schorlemer (2020) when she said that digital cultural heritage is in danger of
disappearing in large quantities. UNESCO has demonstrated its proactive approach to tackling the difficulties
associated with digital resource preservation and has acquired specialized skills and a thorough comprehension
of digital heritage. To conserve digital cultural property, UNESCO has implemented several methods, like
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3134
www.rsisinternational.org
technical aid, policy creation, and capacity building. On the other hand, digitalization needs careful application
since it creates new issues if not handled carefully.
The finding is further supported by Liu (2022) that explained digital technology can significantly contribute to
cultural heritage preservation. Digital cultural preservation has disadvantages despite its advantages, such as
technological difficulties and the requirement for efficient management techniques. Comprehending the unique
characteristics of digital cultural heritage is necessary to implement practical preservation approaches.
TABLE 4 CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION
The data shows that the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of conservation
and restoration is 3.34 and described as highly practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator 1, preserve and
protect from deterioration, damage, and loss, with a mean of 3.55, described as highly practiced. The least-rated
indicator is indicator 4, protect biological and cultural diversity and ecosystem services and benefits, with a mean
of 3.19, described as moderately practiced. The findings imply that while the site is highly committed to
preventing damage and loss, there is a need to enhance further efforts in protecting biodiversity and cultural
ecosystem services.
This finding is supported by Bülbül Bahtiyar & Dişli (2022) when they said that preventive conservation
practices can lengthen the cultural heritage sites through preventing loss and damage. The building's location,
construction techniques, materials, and potential hazards should all be covered in a risk assessment. Monitoring
the condition of the structure, controlling environmental factors, and implementing appropriate maintenance
protocols are all necessary to prevent loss and damage.
TABLE 5 CULTURAL EDUCATION /KNOWLEDGE
The data shows that the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of cultural
education/knowledge is 3.12 and described as moderately practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator 1,
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3135
www.rsisinternational.org
raise public awareness, with a mean of 3.26, described as highly practiced. The least-rated indicator is indicator
5, regular workshops and seminars, with a mean of 2.86, described as moderately practiced. The findings imply
that while efforts to raise public awareness are strong, there is room to improve the frequency and impact of
workshops and seminars to enhance cultural education further. Cultural education may be achieved by means of
workshops and seminars, in a sense that this program is needed to be enhanced to raise cultural knowledge.
Maintaining public awareness is a great move for cultural preservation.
This finding is supported by Santos et al. (2020) when they said that a larger audience can better understand
complex material by using infographics and audiovisual languages to simplify it. Well-designed visualizations
can attract visitors to certain features of historical sites through well-designed visualizations. Infographics can
contribute to preserving and disseminating cultural material for future generations by employing creative
strategies. Heritage communication products have a more significant overall impact with a consistent visual
appearance that may attract wide range of tourists and other interested individuals.
TABLE 6 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT/INVOLVEMENT
The data shows that the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of community
engagement/involvement is 3.14 and described as moderately practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator
2, integrate knowledge and practices, with a mean of 3.21, described as moderately practiced. The least-rated
indicator is indicator 4, contribute to inclusion and equity, with a mean of 3.07, also described as moderately
practiced. The findings imply that while knowledge integration is a priority, there is a need to strengthen efforts
to promote inclusion and equity within community engagement initiatives.
This finding is supported by Li et al. (2020) when they said that community-based approaches have supported
better integration of cultural heritage management. The continuity of the social networks and cultural traditions
of the community can be maintained by including the community in decision-making to prevent the exclusion
of socially marginalized groups and to gain a thorough understanding of local requirements. To integrate history
into broader urbanization and modernization, current heritage management procedures are changing from
centralized and exclusive to inclusive and participatory. Heritage sites can better protect cultural and social
qualities and guarantee sustainability by encouraging greater community involvement.
TABLE 7 SUPPORTIVE POLICY AND LEGISLATION
The data shows that the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site in terms of supportive
policy and legislation is 3.17 and described as moderately practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator 1,
strengthen involvement in government system as part of the preservation, with a mean of 3.21, described as
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3136
www.rsisinternational.org
moderately practiced. The least-rated indicator is indicator 2, promote technical cooperation and capacity-
building to ensure effective rights-based approaches, with a mean of 3.12, also described as moderately practiced.
The findings suggest that although there is a significant level of government engagement in conservation efforts,
there is a need for further work to improve technical collaboration and the development of capabilities for
preservation strategies that are centered on rights.
This finding is supported by Ghayoumi et al. (2023) when they said that a broad understanding on a global scale
of the value of community-based conservation for cultural sites is to promote sustainable development. Support
from the government and adherence to regional traditions and values are essential for successfully executing
preservation. Collaboration between the community and the government is a great contribution to community-
based conserved areas, which entails fostering community-led projects, acknowledging local expertise and
customs, and offering sufficient assistance. The planning, carrying out, and overseeing of the heritage
conservation and restoration process should involve the local communities, private travel and tourism
companies, and governmental entities.
TABLE 8 SUMMARY OF CULTURAL PRESERVATION PRACTICES
The data presents the overall mean cultural preservation practices of the cultural site is 3.12 and described as
moderately practiced. The highest-rated indicator is indicator 3, conservation and restoration, with a mean of
3.34, described as highly practiced. The least-rated indicator is indicator 1, protection from natural disasters,
with a mean of 2.91, described as moderately practiced. The findings suggest that while there is a high level of
engagement in conservation and restoration, especially in preserving sites from deterioration, there is a need to
priority the protection from natural disasters.
C. Challenges Encountered
Presented in the table below is the challenges encountered as manifested by the respondents in implementing the
cultural preservation practices.
TABLE 9 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN IMPLEMENTING THE CULTURAL PRESERVATION
PRACTICES
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3137
www.rsisinternational.org
The top five challenges encountered in implementing cultural preservation practices include a need for more
funds, which ranks first with 38 responses (90.48%), indicating that financial constraints significantly hinder
preservation efforts. The lack of resources is closely followed by 36 respondents (85.71%), highlighting
insufficient materials and tools necessary for adequate preservation. Natural calamities, noted by 33 respondents
(78.57%), pose a substantial threat to the maintenance and stability of cultural sites. Additionally, community
attitude, with 26 responses (61.90%), emphasizes the critical need for community support and engagement in
cultural preservation initiatives. Finally, rapid societal change (modernization), reported by 19 respondents
(45.24%), reflects the challenges posed by shifting societal values and norms that can affect preservation efforts.
These findings imply that addressing financial limitations and resource shortages, improving community
attitudes, and engaging stakeholders are vital for successfully implementing cultural preservation practices.
The findings are supported by Mekonnen et al. (2022) when they said that the significance of combining
sustainable development and historic protection is to guarantee the long-term preservation of cultural resources.
Urbanization, agricultural practices, vandalism, illegal trafficking, natural disasters, and a lack of funds,
management, and stakeholder involvement are just a few of the many problems most heritage sites face. There
are numerous ways to protect cultural heritage: following preservation guidelines, creating management plans
for heritage sites, and community involvement as conservation initiatives. Heritage preservation funds must be
considered by implementing bodies and managed carefully to support conservation activities.
D. Relationship of the Profile of the Respondents and Cultural Preservation Practices
Presented in the table below are the results of the test of the significance of the relationship between the profile
of the respondents in terms of age, gender, educational attainment, length of service in relation to their cultural
preservation practices.
TABLE 10SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AGEAND THEIR CULTURAL
PRESERVATION PRACTICES
The data presents the significance of the relationship between the age and their cultural preservation practices.
The analysis reveals no significant relationship between age and the different aspects of cultural preservation
practices. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted for all indicators, indicating that age does not significantly
influence cultural preservation practices. The findings suggest that people may be motivated to participate in
cultural preservation activities for a variety of reasons, regardless of age.
TABLE 11SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GENDERAND THEIR CULTURAL
PRESERVATION PRACTICES
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3138
www.rsisinternational.org
The data presents the significance of the relationship between the gender and their cultural preservation practices.
The data show that gender does not significantly relate to cultural preservation practices. Consequently, the null
hypothesis is again not rejected, suggesting that gender does not significantly impact the respondents' cultural
preservation practices. The findings imply that people of any gender may be inspired to actively engage in
cultural preservation if they have a strong sense of cultural identification.
TABLE 12SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
AND THEIR CULTURAL PRESERVATION PRACTICES
The data presents the significance of the relationship between the educational attainment and their cultural
preservation practices. The findings for educational attainment also indicate no significant relationships with
cultural preservation practices. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not rejected, signifying that educational
attainment does not significantly affect cultural preservation practices. The findings suggest that cultural
preservation might not require educational attainment as cultural knowledge and skills may be obtained through
family, community, and cultural organizations.
TABLE 13SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LENGTH OF SERVICE AND THEIR
CULTURAL PRESERVATION PRACTICES
The data presents the significance of the relationship between the length of service and their cultural preservation
practices. The relationship between length of service and cultural preservation practices shows no significant
impact. Thus, the null hypothesis remains unchallenged, indicating that length of service does not significantly
relate to cultural preservation practices. The above analysis reveals that neither age, gender, educational
attainment, nor length of service shows a significant relationship with the cultural preservation practices of the
respondents. These findings suggest that other factors beyond length of service plays a more critical role in
influencing the effectiveness of cultural preservation efforts.
The findings are supported by O’Connor et al. (2005) when they said that religious groups take different adheres
when it comes to education and cultural preservation. Depending on the social learning idea, individual ideas
and behaviors can affect preservations by religious modeling and practices within a denomination. The theory
of cultural diversification emphasizes how crucial supportive communities are to preserving religious
convictions in a multicultural society. A community's social context and cultural standards can influence
individual views toward preservation. Moreover, human perspectives and behaviors can influence the cultural
preservation practices.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3140
www.rsisinternational.org
Fig 2. Cultural Preservation Principles
Fig 3. Site Inspection/Inventory
CONCLUSION
Protecting the cultural heritage of a particular place involves taking steps to follow the idea of preventive
conservation, which focuses on being proactive to avoid potential problems. Considering the idea of
contemporary cultural practices, the communities' involvement plays a vital role in managing wisely the cultural
sites for future generations. Ultimately, stakeholders are encouraged to work together and emphasize the
interconnectedness of cultural preservation, community participation, and sustainable practices.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 3141
www.rsisinternational.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher desire to convey her sincere gratitude, endless, appreciation and heartfelt indebtedness to the
Almighty Father for his bountiful blessings, and guidance bestowed upon across all the endeavors to make the
completion of this work possible. Heartfelt thanks and gratitude are also extended to the following persons for
their invaluable assistance, guidance, support, and encouragement in the realization of this work. Special mention
to the chairman of the panel of evaluators and panel members for the support; professional guidance, valuable
ideas, and encouragement in the pursuit of this study. Acknowledgement to diocese of Tagbilaran and municipal
mayors of Alburquerque, Baclayon, Dauis, Dimiao, Loboc, Loay, Maribojoc and Panglao, Bohol for the
permission to conduct the study to the employees, for the time to answer the questionnaire seriously. Lastly, the
researcher conveys grateful acknowledgement to the loving and understanding family members for the moral,
emotional, spiritual and financial support. The completion of this study would not be realized without the
contributions of the mentioned individuals.
REFERENCES
1. Achille, C. & Fiorillo, F. (2022). Teaching and Learning of Cultural Heritage: Engaging Education,
Professional Training, and Experimental Activities. Heritage, 5(3), Article 3.
https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030134.
2. Azzopardi, E., Kenter, J. O., Young, J., Leakey, C., O’Connor, S., Martino, S., Flannery, W., Sousa, L. P.,
Mylona, D. & Frangoudes, K. (2023). What are heritage values? Integrating natural and cultural heritage
into environmental valuation. People and Nature, 5(2), 368–383.
3. Bülbül Bahtiyar, T. & Dişli, G. (2022). Risk management and preventive conservation of historic
buildings: The case of Karatay Madrasah (Museum). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,
77, 103079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103079
4. Ghayoumi, R., Charles, A. & Mousavi, S. M. (2023). A multi-level analysis of links between government
institutions and community-based conservation: Insights from Iran. Ecology and Society, 28(2).
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-14217-280233
5. Hiswara, A., Aziz, A. M. & Pujowati, Y. (2023). Cultural preservation in a globalized world: Strategies
for sustaining heritage. West Science Social and Humanities Studies, 1(03), 98–106.
6. Jang, H. & Mennis, J. (2021). The role of local communities and well-being in Unesco world heritage
site conservation: An analysis of the operational guidelines, 1994–2019. Sustainability, 13(13), 7144.
7. Li, J., Krishnamurthy, S., Pereira Roders, A. & Van Wesemael, P. (2020). State-of-the-practice: Assessing
community participation within chinese cultural world heritage properties. Habitat International, 96,
102107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102107
8. Liu, Y. (2022). Application of Digital Technology in Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection. Mobile
Information Systems, 2022(1), 7471121.
9. Mekonnen, H., Bires, Z. & Berhanu, K. (2022). Practices and challenges of cultural heritage conservation
in historical and religious heritage sites: Evidence from North Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.
Heritage Science, 10(1), 172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00802-6
10. O’Connor, T. P., Hoge, D. R. & Alexander, E. (2005). The relative influence of youth and adult
experiences on personal spirituality and church involvement. In experiencing social research. New York,
NY: Routledge.
11. Romão, X. & Bertolin, C. (2022). Risk protection for cultural heritage and historic centres: Current
knowledge and further research needs. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 67, 102652.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102652
12. Santos, C., Neto, M. J. P. & Neves, M. (2020). Information design in presentation, interpretation and
dissemination of natural and cultural heritage. In F. Rebelo & M. M. Soares (Eds.), Advances in
Ergonomics in Design (pp. 413–423). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
030-20227-9_38
13. Schorlemer S. Von. (2020). UNESCO and the Challenge of Preserving the Digital Cultural Heritage.
Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 6(2), 33–64.
