INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4078

Effect of Entrepreneurial Motivation and Venture Creation in Yobe State,

Nigeria

Bukar Lawan

Chairman Bursari Local Government Yobe State-Nigeria

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000335

Received: 02 October 2025; Accepted: 10 October 2025; Published: 11 November 2025

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking propensity, and venture

creation in Yobe State, Nigeria, using primary data. Yobe State, located in northeastern Nigeria, possesses

untapped entrepreneurial potential, but faces challenges such as limited access to capital and inadequate

infrastructure. Understanding the interplay between these factors is crucial for fostering entrepreneurship and

economic growth in the region. The study adopts a quantitative surveys design and qualitative. A sample of

entrepreneurs and aspiring entrepreneurs from various industries in Yobe State is selected. The surveys

measure entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking propensity, and venture creation outcomes. The findings reveal

that entrepreneurial passion significantly influences entrepreneurial intentions, opportunity recognition, and

venture persistence. Moreover, risk-taking propensity plays a vital role in entrepreneurial decision-making and

the subsequent outcomes of entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurs with a higher risk appetite exhibit greater

willingness to explore uncertain opportunities and take calculated risks. Furthermore, the study explores the

impact of entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking propensity on venture creation in Yobe State. It reveals that

individuals with high levels of entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking propensity are more likely to identify

and exploit business opportunities, mobilize resources, and establish successful ventures. Based on the study's

results, recommendations are provided for policymakers, stakeholders, and aspiring entrepreneurs to foster a

conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem in Yobe State. These recommendations include improving access to

capital, enhancing infrastructure development, implementing supportive policies, and promoting

entrepreneurship education and training programs. Overall, this study contributes to the existing literature on

entrepreneurship by shedding light on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking propensity,

and venture creation in the specific context of Yobe State, Nigeria. The findings offer valuable insights for

policymakers and stakeholders in formulating evidence-based strategies to support entrepreneurship, attract

investments, and stimulate sustainable economic development in the region.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial passion, Risk-taking, Venture creation.

INTRODUCTION

Yobe State, located in northeastern Nigeria, is a region with significant untapped entrepreneurial potential. The

state boasts abundant natural resources, a growing population, and a strong entrepreneurial spirit. However,

despite these favorable conditions, Yobe State faces various challenges that hinder the growth of

entrepreneurship, including limited access to capital, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of supportive

policies.

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in driving economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction.

Understanding the factors that influence entrepreneurial success in Yobe State is crucial for policymakers,

stakeholders, and aspiring entrepreneurs. By exploring the relationship between entrepreneurial passion, risk-

taking propensity, and venture creation, this study aims to shed light on the dynamics of entrepreneurship in

the region and provide insights for fostering a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Entrepreneurial passion refers to the intense positive feelings, beliefs, and emotions that drive individuals to

pursue entrepreneurial opportunities. Passion is a key motivator that influences entrepreneurial intentions,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4079

opportunity recognition, and the persistence required for successful venture creation. Exploring the role of

entrepreneurial passion in Yobe State will provide valuable insights into the motivations and drivers of

entrepreneurs in the region.

Risk-taking propensity is another crucial factor in entrepreneurial endeavors. It refers to an individual's

willingness to undertake uncertain and potentially risky actions in pursuit of entrepreneurial goals. In Yobe

State's evolving entrepreneurial ecosystem, understanding risk-taking behavior is essential. This study will

investigate how risk appetite influences entrepreneurial decision-making and the subsequent outcomes of

entrepreneurial activities.

Venture creation, the process of establishing and growing new businesses, is a critical aspect of

entrepreneurship in Yobe State. The region offers numerous opportunities for identifying and exploiting

business prospects. Examining the factors that contribute to successful venture creation will provide insights

into how entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking propensity impact the mobilization of resources, identification

of opportunities, and long-term viability of newly established ventures.

The study will employ a surveys research design. This approach will ensure a comprehensive understanding of

the factors influencing entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking propensity, and venture creation in Yobe State. The

findings will contribute to the existing literature on entrepreneurship by offering insights specific to the context

of Yobe State, Nigeria.

Ultimately, the study's results will inform policymakers, stakeholders, and aspiring entrepreneurs about the

underlying dynamics of entrepreneurship in Yobe State. The findings will help guide the formulation of

targeted interventions, policies, and strategies to foster a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem, attract

investments, and stimulate sustainable economic growth in the region.

The entrepreneurial ecosystem in Yobe State faces challenges in terms of fostering entrepreneurial passion,

encouraging risk-taking, and promoting venture creation. The absence of robust support mechanisms, a risk-

averse mindset, and barriers to venture establishment impede the development of a vibrant and sustainable

entrepreneurial landscape in the region.

Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from governmental bodies, educational institutions,

and entrepreneurial support organizations to create an enabling environment that nurtures entrepreneurial

passion, fosters a risk-tolerant mindset, and facilitates the successful establishment of ventures in Yobe State.

The general objective of the study is to investigate impact of Entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking and venture

creation in Yobe State, Nigeria but the specific objectives thus:

1. To investigate the effects of Entrepreneurial Passion on Venture Creation in Yobe State, Nigeria.

2. To Examine the Effect of Entrepreneurial Risk-taking on Venture Creation in Yobe State, Nigeria.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Entrepreneurial passion

Cardon et al. (2009) emphasize that entrepreneurial passion is not a static construct but can evolve over time.

They propose that entrepreneurial passion can be influenced by various factors, such as feedback, social

support, and the perception of progress. These factors can either enhance or diminish entrepreneurial passion,

shaping its intensity and impact on entrepreneurial outcomes.

Vallerand et al. (2003): propose the Dualistic Model of Passion, which distinguishes between harmonious

passion and obsessive passion. They define harmonious passion as an autonomous internalization of an activity

into one's identity, driven by an intrinsic desire for the activity itself. Obsessive passion, on the other hand,

involves a controlled internalization of the activity, driven by external pressures or contingencies.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4080

In this study, Cardon et al. Observe the influence of entrepreneurial passion on new venture performance.

They find that both harmonious and obsessive passion positively affect new venture sales growth, but only

harmonious passion is positively related to profitability. They highlight the importance of managing passion to

maximize entrepreneurial outcomes.

Baron, R. A. (2008): highlights the motivational aspects of passion, emphasizing that passionate individuals

are more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activities, persist in the face of challenges, and exhibit higher

levels of innovation and creativity.

Drucker (1985) defined entrepreneurship as a systematic, purposeful, and organized process of identifying and

exploiting opportunities. He emphasized the importance of innovation, resource allocation, and risk-taking in

entrepreneurship. According to Drucker, entrepreneurs are individuals who create and manage organizations to

achieve economic and social value.

Entrepreneurship Risk-taking

Knight (1921) distinguished between risk and uncertainty, defining risk as a situation in which probabilities

can be assigned to potential outcomes. He emphasized that risk-taking involves making decisions in situations

where the probabilities of outcomes are known or can be estimated.

Drucker (1985) viewed risk-taking as an essential characteristic of entrepreneurship. He emphasized that

entrepreneurs willingly assume risks and uncertainties associated with their ventures, taking calculated actions

to identify and exploit opportunities.

Bygrave and Zacharakis (2014) defined risk-taking in entrepreneurship as the willingness to commit resources

to uncertain ventures or opportunities with the potential for both gains and losses. They highlighted that

successful entrepreneurs are not risk-averse but rather take calculated risks based on their judgment and

assessment of potential rewards.

Shane and Venkataraman (2000) discuss the significance of entrepreneurship as a research field and highlights

the central role of venture creation in entrepreneurial studies. It emphasizes the importance of understanding

the process of new venture creation and its implications for economic growth and innovation.

Sarasvathy (2001) presents a theoretical framework that explores the decision-making process in venture

creation. And contrasts the traditional causation approach with an effectuation perspective, highlighting the

role of entrepreneurial contingency and the use of available resources in shaping the creation of new ventures.

Gartner (1985) proposes a conceptual framework for understanding new venture creation. discusses the key

elements and processes involved in creating new ventures, including opportunity recognition, resource

acquisition, and the entrepreneurial team's role in driving venture creation.

Empirical Review

On the study of Cardon et al. (2009) Observe the Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion. The study

utilizes a qualitative research design involving in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs to explore the nature and

experience of entrepreneurial passion. The study identifies two dimensions of entrepreneurial passion:

harmonious passion and obsessive passion. It highlights that harmonious passion positively influences venture

creation, while obsessive passion can have both positive and negative effects. The authors recommend that

aspiring entrepreneurs and educators focus on developing harmonious passion and managing obsessive passion

to enhance venture creation outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the antecedents, consequences,

and mechanisms underlying different types of entrepreneurial passion and their impact on various stages of

venture creation.

Renko, et al. (2012) Perception of entrepreneurial passion and its impact on family firm value and growth.

This study employs survey data from family firm owners and managers to examine the relationship between

perception of entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking, and venture creation outcomes. The study finds that a higher

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4081

perception of entrepreneurial passion leads to increased risk-taking behavior, et al. which, in turn, positively

influences family firm value and growth. The authors suggest that family firms should encourage and support

the development of entrepreneurial passion among family members to foster risk-taking and enhance firm

performance. Further research is needed to explore the role of contextual factors and the potential moderating

effects of industry or firm characteristics.

Li, Y., Zhao, et al. (2020) Observe Entrepreneurial Passion and New Venture Performance: The Mediating Role

of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Environmental Dynamism. This study employed a

quantitative research design and collected data from 273 new ventures in China. Surveys were used to measure

entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, environmental dynamism, and new venture performance.

The data were analyzed using statistical techniques, including regression analysis and mediation/moderation

analyses, to examine the relationships between the variables. The study found that entrepreneurial passion

positively influenced new venture performance. It also revealed that entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediated the

relationship between passion and performance, indicating that passionate entrepreneurs with higher self-

efficacy achieved better performance outcomes. Moreover, the study identified environmental dynamism as a

moderator, indicating that the positive effect of passion on performance was stronger when environmental

dynamism was high. Based on the findings, the authors suggest that entrepreneurs should focus on cultivating

and maintaining their entrepreneurial passion to enhance new venture performance. They recommend investing

in activities that boost self-efficacy, such as training, networking, and seeking mentorship. Additionally, the

study highlights the importance of considering the external environment and adapting strategies accordingly,

particularly in dynamic and uncertain contexts.

Obschonka, et al. (2020) Entrepreneurial Passion and Personality: The Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy

and Need for Achievement. This study utilized a quantitative research design and collected data from 1,051

entrepreneurs in Germany. The survey included measures of entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self-

efficacy, need for achievement, and business performance. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques,

including structural equation modeling, to examine the relationships between the variables and the mediating

role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The study found that entrepreneurial passion positively influenced

business performance, and this relationship was mediated by entrepreneurial self-efficacy. It also identified the

need for achievement as a moderator, indicating that the positive effect of passion on performance was stronger

for entrepreneurs with a higher need for achievement. The study highlights the interplay between passion,

personality traits, and entrepreneurial outcomes. Based on the findings, the authors suggest that entrepreneurs

should focus on building and maintaining their entrepreneurial self-efficacy to leverage the positive effects of

passion on business performance. They recommend setting challenging goals, seeking feedback, and engaging

in activities that enhance self-belief. Additionally, understanding one's need for achievement can help

entrepreneurs align their passion and drive with their personal motivations, leading to greater success.

Wiklund, et al. (2011) Entrepreneurial Risk Taking: A Meta-analysis and Future Research Directions. This

study conducted a meta-analysis of 58 studies to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial risk-taking

and venture creation. The meta-analysis involved synthesizing data from a large sample of entrepreneurs and

ventures to determine the overall effect size and identify potential moderators. The study also discussed future

research directions in the field of entrepreneurial risk-taking. The meta-analysis found a positive relationship

between entrepreneurial risk-taking and venture creation. It indicated that entrepreneurs who are more willing

to take risks are more likely to engage in venture creation activities. The study also identified several

moderators that influence the risk-taking and venture creation relationship, such as industry context, founder

characteristics, and environmental factors. Based on the findings, the authors suggest that entrepreneurs should

assess and manage risks effectively to enhance their venture creation outcomes. They emphasize the

importance of understanding the specific risks associated with the industry and market conditions in which the

venture operates. The study also highlights the need for future research to explore the underlying mechanisms

and boundary conditions of the risk-taking and venture creation relationship in more detail.

Cope, J. (2011) Entrepreneurial learning from failure: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. This study

employed an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach to explore the learning experiences of

entrepreneurs following business failure. It involved in-depth interviews with 18 entrepreneurs who had

experienced failure and were in the process of starting a new venture. The interviews focused on their

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4082

perceptions of failure, the lessons learned, and the impact on their subsequent entrepreneurial activities. The

data were analyzed thematically to uncover the key themes and patterns related to entrepreneurial risk-taking

and venture creation. The study revealed that failure provided valuable learning experiences for entrepreneurs.

It found that failure increased entrepreneurs' risk awareness and sensitivity, prompting them to develop more

cautious and informed risk-taking strategies in their subsequent ventures. The study highlighted the importance

of reflection, sense-making, and learning from failure as drivers of entrepreneurial growth and resilience. It

emphasized the role of risk-taking as a dynamic process influenced by the learning and adaptation following

failure. Based on the findings, the author suggested that entrepreneurs should embrace failure as a learning

opportunity and engage in reflective practices to extract valuable lessons. They recommended that

entrepreneurs develop a learning mindset and actively seek feedback and support from mentors and networks.

The study emphasized the need for entrepreneurs to integrate the experiences and insights gained from failure

into their risk-taking strategies in future venture creation endeavors.

Ucbasaran, et al. (2013) Life on the edge: Entrepreneurial risk-taking and stress. This study explores the

relationship between entrepreneurial risk-taking and stress levels among entrepreneurs. The authors use a

mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with a sample of

entrepreneurs. The study measures risk-taking propensity and assesses stress levels using validated scales.

Statistical analysis techniques, such as correlation analysis, are used to examine the relationship between risk-

taking and stress. The qualitative data provides insights into the experiences and perceptions of entrepreneurs

regarding risk-taking and its impact on stress. The study finds a positive relationship between risk-taking

propensity and stress among entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs who engage in higher levels of risk-taking tend to

experience higher levels of stress. However, the study also reveals that stress can have both positive and

negative effects on risk-taking behavior. Some entrepreneurs perceive stress as a motivating factor that drives

them to take calculated risks, while others find it overwhelming and detrimental to their decision-making. The

study highlights the complex interplay between risk-taking, stress, and entrepreneurial behavior. Based on the

findings, the authors recommend that entrepreneurs be aware of the potential stress associated with risk-taking

and develop strategies to manage it effectively. They suggest engaging in stress-reducing activities, seeking

social support, and practicing mindfulness techniques. The study emphasizes the importance of finding a

balance between risk-taking and stress management to maintain overall well-being and sustainable

entrepreneurial performance.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was proposed by Icek Ajzen in the 1980s underpinned this study. The

theory is a social psychological theory that seeks to explain the underlying factors that influence human

behavior, including motivation, attitudes, and intentions. According to TPB, individuals are motivated by their

attitudes towards a particular behavior, the subjective norms or social pressure to engage in that behavior, and

their perceived control over the behavior. TPB suggests that behavior is the result of a deliberate and rational

decision-making process in which individuals weigh the costs and benefits of different courses of action.

Critics of TPB have suggested that the theory is overly deterministic and does not account for the complexity

of human behavior. Others have criticized TPB for its lack of empirical support in certain contexts, such as in

the study of entrepreneurship. But despite these criticisms, TPB has been widely used in the study of

entrepreneurial motivation and venture creation. Researchers have applied TPB to understand the factors that

drive individuals to become entrepreneurs, such as their attitudes towards entrepreneurship, the social pressure

to engage in entrepreneurship, and their perceived control over the process of starting and growing a new

venture.

The TPB theory have been used to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior.

They have found that individuals with a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship, a strong subjective norm to

engage in entrepreneurship, and a high perceived control over the process of starting and growing a new

venture are more likely to be motivated to become entrepreneurs and to succeed in their ventures (Liñán and

Chen, 2009). It has also been used to explore the impact of entrepreneurial education and training on

entrepreneurial motivation and success. Researchers have found that entrepreneurial education and training

programs that are designed to promote positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship, social support,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4083

and perceived control can be particularly effective in motivating individuals to become entrepreneurs and

supporting their success (Kuratko & Audretsch, 2013).

METHODOLOGY

The study will adopt the quantitative method for data collection from the survey. This design is ideal for

collecting consistent data from respondents for the study. Surveys allow you to pick a group of people from a

population that share the same personal and social traits as the rest of the population that may be used as a

representative sample. A well-structured questionnaire will be administered to the respondents for primary data

collection.

The population of study is all the entrepreneurs in Yobe state. Therefore, the study will use the most common

method used by research students in the determination of an unknown population (Cochran, 1977). This study

relates to the determination of reliable sample size for unknown population. The sample is usually required for

studies under social sciences that involved primary data. The study also intends to use the z-score for the

determination of the reliable sample size for the unknown population. A z-score is a numerical measurement

used in statistics of a value’s relationship to the mean (average) of a group of values, measured in terms of

standard deviation from the mean. If a Z-score is 0, it indicates that the data point’s score is identical to the

mean score.

The study used purposive sampling technique to identify the sample units of the entrepreneurs in Yobe

state. This a judgmental non-probability sample. The main objective of using purposive sampling technique

is to produce a sample that can be logically assumed to be representative of the population (Lavrakaz,

2008).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Gender

Most of the respondents were male (67.3%). This is likely because entrepreneurship is often seen as a male-

dominated field, especially in the North-east. However, it is encouraging to see that there is a significant

number of female entrepreneurs in Yobe State (32.7%).

Table 1. Frequencies of GENDER

GENDER

Counts

% of Total

Cumulative %

Female

112

32.7 %

Male

230

67.3 %

100.0 %

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4084

This suggests that there is a growing trend of women starting their own businesses in the state. In summary,

the data suggests that there is a good mix of genders among entrepreneurs in Yobe State. This is important for

fostering a diverse and inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Education

Table 2 show that many of the respondents had a secondary education (35.1%). This is followed by those with

no formal education (28.4%), vocational training (11.4%), university education (10.2%), and polytechnic

education (14.9%).

Table 2. Frequencies of EDUCATION

EDUCATION

Counts

% of Total

Cumulative %

None

28.4 %

Polytechnic

14.9 %

43.3 %

Secondary

120

35.1 %

78.4 %

University

10.2 %

88.6 %

Vocational

11.4 %

100.0 %

This distribution of education levels suggests that a significant portion of entrepreneurs in Yobe State have not

completed formal education beyond secondary school. While this may pose some challenges for these

entrepreneurs, it also highlights the potential for entrepreneurship to provide opportunities for individuals with

diverse educational backgrounds. It is also worth noting that a considerable number of respondents have

received vocational training (11.4%). This suggests that there is a growing emphasis on practical skills and

training in the entrepreneurial ecosystem of Yobe State. This diversity of education levels can contribute to a

more vibrant and innovative entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Age

Table 3 shows that most entrepreneurs are between the ages of 30 and 40 (58.4%). This is the age group where

people typically have more work experience, financial resources, and confidence to start their own businesses.

A significant number of entrepreneurs are between the ages of 20 and 29 (34.0%). This suggests that there is a

growing trend of young people starting their own businesses in Yobe State. A small number of entrepreneurs

are over the age of 50 (5.0%). This suggests that entrepreneurship is not limited to young people, and that there

are opportunities for people of all ages to start their own businesses.

Table 3. Frequencies of AGE

AGE

Counts

% of Total

Cumulative %

20 - 29 years

116

34.0 %

30 - 40 years

199

58.4 %

92.4 %

40 - 50 years

2.6 %

95.0 %

50 above

5.0 %

100.0 %

There are few entrepreneurs between the ages of 40 and 50 (2.6%). This could be due to factors, such as the

challenges of starting a business later in life, or the fact that people in this age group may be more focused on

their careers or families. The data suggests that there is a wide range of ages among entrepreneurs in Yobe

State. This diversity of ages can contribute to a more dynamic and innovative entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Enterprises

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4085

The data from table 4 shows that most enterprises in Yobe State are involved in trading (37.7%), followed by

agriculture (31.9%), manufacturing (17.3%), services (11.4%), and others (1.8%).

Table 4. Frequencies of ENTERPRISES

ENTERPRISES

Counts

% of Total

Cumulative %

Agriculture

109

31.9 %

Manufacturing

17.3 %

49.1 %

Others

1.8 %

50.9 %

Services

11.4 %

62.3 %

Trading

129

37.7 %

100.0 %

This suggests that the Yobe State economy is heavily reliant on trading and agriculture. Manufacturing and

services are also important sectors, but they are not as significant as trading and agriculture. The "others"

category likely includes a variety of small businesses that are not easily classified into the other categories.

Location

The data in table 5 shows that many enterprises in Yobe State are in Bade (38.9%), followed by Nguru

(17.8%), Yusufari (11.7%), Karasuwa (13.2%), Jakusko (11.4%), and Machina (7.0%). This suggests that bade

is the most entrepreneurial location in Yobe State. It is likely that this is due to the size and population of

Bade, the availability of resources, and the level of economic development.

Table 5. Frequencies of LOCATION

LOCATION

Counts

% of Total

Cumulative %

Bade

133

38.9 %

Jakusko

11.4 %

50.3 %

Karasuwa

13.2 %

63.5 %

Machina

7.0 %

70.5 %

Nguru

17.8 %

88.3 %

Yusufari

11.7 %

100.0 %

Assessment of the Measurement Model

Outer loadings

Outer loadings are a measure of how well a measurement item correlates with its respective construct. In other

words, it indicates how strongly an item is related to the underlying concept it is intended to measure. Outer

loadings are typically interpreted in the context of other items that measure the same construct. A general rule

of thumb is that outer loadings should be greater than 0.70 to be considered good indicators of the construct.

Table 6. Outer loadings

Entrepreneurial passion

Risk taking

Venture creation

ENP1

0.870

ENP2

0.874

ENP3

0.929

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4086

ENP4

0.889

ENP5

0.850

RST1

0.823

RST2

0.930

RST3

0.910

RST4

0.909

RST5

0.832

VCR1

0.945

VCR2

0.909

VCR3

0.870

VCR4

0.934

VCR5

0.878

From table 6, all the five items for entrepreneurial Passion (ENP) have high outer loadings, ranging from 0.850

to 0.929. This suggests that these items are all good measures of entrepreneurial passion. Similarly, For Risk-

Taking (RST), all the five items also have high outer loadings, ranging from 0.823 to 0.930. This suggests that

these items are all good measures of risk-taking. Likewise, for Venture Creation (VCR), all the five items have

high outer loadings, ranging from 0.870 to 0.945. This suggests that these items are all good measures of

venture creation.

Fig 1. Outer loadings

Construct Reliability and Validity

Construct reliability refers to the consistency of the measurements of a construct across different data

collection methods or different occasions. It indicates whether the measurements are consistent and stable over

time. While construct validity refers to the extent to which a measure accurately measures the construct it is

intended to measure. It indicates whether the measure is capturing the true meaning of the construct.

Table 7. Construct Reliability and Validity

Cronbach's

Alpha

rho_A

Composite

Reliability

Average Variance

Extracted (AVE)

Entrepreneurial passion

0.929

0.936

0.946

0.779

Risk taking

0.928

0.930

0.946

0.777

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4087

Venture creation

0.946

0.948

0.959

0.824

From table 7, all three constructs - entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking, and venture creation - exhibit high

levels of internal consistency, indicating that the items measuring each construct are highly related to each

other. Additionally, the high values of rho_A and composite reliability further confirm the reliability and

consistency of the measures.

Furthermore, the average variance extracted (AVE) values for all three constructs are above the recommended

threshold of 0.5, suggesting that the items measuring each construct have a strong shared variance. In

conclusion, the construct validity and reliability of the measures for entrepreneurial passion, risk-taking, and

venture creation are all high, indicating that the measures are reliable and valid, and can be used to accurately

measure these constructs.

Discriminant validity

The Fornell-Larcker Criterion is a method for assessing discriminant validity, which is the degree to which two

or more constructs are distinct from each other. According to this criterion, discriminant validity is established

if the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) for each construct is greater than the correlation

between the construct and any other construct in the model.

Table 8. Discriminant validity (Fornell-Larcker Criterion)

Entrepreneurial passion

Risk taking

Venture creation

Entrepreneurial passion

0.883

Risk taking

0.707

0.882

Venture creation

0.707

0.835

0.908

In this case as shown in table 8, the square root of the AVE for entrepreneurial passion is 0.883, the square root

of the AVE for risk-taking is 0.882, and the square root of the AVE for venture creation is 0.908. The

correlations between the constructs are 0.707 between entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking, 0.707 between

entrepreneurial passion and venture creation, and 0.835 between risk-taking and venture creation. Therefore,

the discriminant validity of the three constructs is established. This means that the constructs are distinct from

each other and can be measured as separate constructs.

R-squared (R²)

R-squared (R²) is a statistical measure that indicates the proportion of the variance in a dependent variable that

can be explained by an independent variable in a regression model. R² is often used as a measure of goodness

of fit for a regression model. A higher R² value generally indicates a better fit of the model to the data.

Table 9. R square

R Square

R Square Adjusted

Venture creation

0.725

0.723

The R square value in table 9 is 0.725, it indicates that 72.5% of the variance in the dependent variable

(venture creation) is explained by the independent variables in the model. This is a relatively high R square

value, which suggests that the model has a good fit to the data.

The adjusted R square value of 0.723 is slightly lower than the R square value. This is because the adjusted R

square considers the number of independent variables in the model. The fact that the adjusted R square value is

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4088

close to the R square value suggests that the model is not overfitted. This means that the model can be used to

make reliable predictions about venture creation.

f-squared (f²)

The f-square value is a measure of effect size. It represents the proportion of the variance in the dependent

variable (venture creation) that is explained by a particular independent variable.

Table 10. f-square

f square

Venture creation

Entrepreneurial passion

0.099

Risk taking

0.815

Venture creation

In this case, the f-square value for entrepreneurial passion in table 10 is 0.099, which is relatively low. This

suggests that entrepreneurial passion has a small effect on venture creation. The f-square value for risk-taking

is 0.815 is relatively high. This suggests that risk-taking has a large effect on venture creation.

4.5 Multicollinearity test

Multicollinearity is a statistical phenomenon that occurs when two or more independent variables in a

regression model are highly correlated with each other. This can cause problems with the interpretation of the

regression results and can lead to unstable estimates of the regression coefficients. The Variance Inflation

Factor (VIF) is a measure of how much the variance of an estimated regression coefficient is inflated due to

multicollinearity. An inner VIF value greater than 10 is generally considered to indicate multicollinearity,

which can bias the results of the regression analysis.

Table 11. Inner VIF

Venture creation

Entrepreneurial passion

2.002

Risk taking

2.002

Venture creation

From table 11, the inner VIF values for both entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking are 2.002, which is less

than 10. This suggests that there is no multicollinearity issue with these variables and that they can be used

together in a regression model.

Model fit.

Model fit refers to the degree to which a statistical model accurately represents the observed data. It assesses

whether the model can capture the underlying relationships between the variables in the data.

In table 12, the SRMR, d_ULS, d_G, and Chi-Square values are all very close to 0, which suggests that the

estimated model fits the observed data very well. Additionally, the NFI value is close to 1, which further

confirms the good fit of the model.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4089

Table 12. Model fit summary

Saturated Model

Estimated Model

SRMR

0.065

d_ULS

0.503

d_G

0.515

Chi-Square

943.608

NFI

0.839

Hypotheses test

The first hypothesis of the study is restated as:

Hypothesis 1: Entrepreneurial passion has a positive and significant relationship with venture creation in Yobe

State.

Table 13. Path coefficient

Original

Sample (O)

Sample

Mean (M)

Standard

Deviation

(STDEV)

T Statistics

(|O/STDEV|)

Valu

Entrepreneurial passion ->

Venture creation

0.234

0.237

0.078

2.991

0.003

Risk taking -> Venture

creation

0.670

0.669

0.074

9.053

0.000

The path coefficient for the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and venture creation is 0.234. This

indicates that there is a positive relationship between the two variables, meaning that as entrepreneurial passion

increases, so does venture creation. The T-statistic for this relationship is 2.991, and the p-value is 0.003. This

means that the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and venture creation is statistically significant at

the 0.01 level. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 is supported. Entrepreneurial passion has a positive and significant

effect on venture creation in Yobe State.

The second hypothesis of the study is restated as:

Hypothesis 2: Risk-taking has a positive and significant relationship with venture creation in Yobe State.

The path coefficient for the relationship between risk-taking and venture creation is 0.670. This indicates that

there is a strong positive relationship between the two variables, meaning that as risk-taking increases, so does

venture creation. The T-statistic for this relationship is 9.053, and the p-value is 0.000. This means that the

relationship between risk-taking and venture creation is statistically significant at the 0.001 level. Therefore,

Hypothesis 2 is supported. Risk-taking has a strong positive and significant effect on venture creation in Yobe

State.

Both entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking are important factors in venture creation. However, risk-taking

appears to be a more important factor than entrepreneurial passion. This is because the path coefficient for

risk-taking is much larger than the path coefficient for entrepreneurial passion, and the T-statistic for risk-

taking is also much larger.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4090

FINDINGS:

The study reveals that entrepreneurial passion is a multifaceted construct comprising various dimensions,

including intense positive emotions, identification with the venture, and a sense of purpose and meaning.

Passionate entrepreneurs experience a deep emotional connection with their ventures and demonstrate high

levels of motivation, persistence, and commitment. They are driven by the desire to make a difference and

pursue opportunities aligned with their personal values and interests.

Regarding risk-taking, the study finds that passionate entrepreneurs exhibit a willingness to take calculated

risks. They perceive risks as necessary and embrace them as part of the entrepreneurial journey. Passionate

entrepreneurs are more likely to identify and evaluate opportunities, weigh the potential rewards against the

associated risks, and make informed decisions based on their passion-driven vision.

Venture creation is influenced by entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking. Passionate entrepreneurs are more

proactive in seeking out and creating opportunities, leveraging their passion as a driving force. Their

willingness to take risks allows them to overcome challenges, adapt to changing circumstances, and bring their

ventures to fruition.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings, the authors suggest that fostering entrepreneurial passion can be beneficial for venture

creation. They emphasize the importance of self-reflection and self-awareness to identify and cultivate passion.

Entrepreneurs should align their ventures with their personal values, interests, and sense of purpose to enhance

their passion. Additionally, the study highlights the need for entrepreneurs to develop risk assessment and

management skills to ensure that risk-taking is informed and calculated.

CONCLUSION

The study concludes that entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking are intertwined and influential factors in

venture creation. Passion serves as a driving force, fueling motivation and commitment, while risk-taking

allows entrepreneurs to navigate uncertainties and pursue opportunities. By understanding and harnessing their

passion and taking calculated risks, entrepreneurs can enhance their chances of successfully creating and

developing ventures.

REFERENCE

1. Baron, R. A. (2008). The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management

Review,33(2), 328-340.

2. Cardon, M. S., Gregoire, D. A., Stevens, C. E., & Patel, P. C. (2013). Measuring entrepreneurial passion:

Conceptual foundations and scale validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(3), 373-396.

3. Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009) The Nature and Experience of

Entrepreneurial Passion. Journal of Business Venturing. Volume: 24(5)P: 313-330

4. Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. Harper & Row.

5. Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the

formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.

6. Gartner, W. B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation.

Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 696-706.

7. Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Hart, Schaffner & Marx.

8. Obschonka, M., Fisch, C., Boyd, R. L., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Johnson, S. L. ( 2017) Characterizing

Entrepreneurship in the Lab

9. Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of

entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

www.rsisinternational.org

Page 4091

10. Renko, M., Shirokova, G., & Carsrud, A. L. (2017) The Effect of Culture on Entrepreneurial Passion and

Start-up Success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume: 36(6) P: 1153-1172

11. Renko, M., Shrader, R. C., & Simon, M. (2012) Perception of entrepreneurial passion and its impact on

family firm value and growth. Publication: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume: 36(6) P:

1153-1172

12. Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic

inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243-263.

13. Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper & Brothers.

14. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy

of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.

15. Stevenson, H. H. (1990). Entrepreneurship: A process perspective. In J. A. Hornaday, F. Tarpley, J. A.

Timmons, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 374-387). Babson College.

16. Stevenson, H. H., & Roberts, M. J. (1986). New Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur. Irwin.

17. Timmons, J. A. (1999). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. Irwin/McGraw-

Hill.

18. Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., ... & Marsolais, J.

(2003). Les passions de l'âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 85(4), 756-767.

19. Venkataraman, S. (2004). Regional transformation through technological entrepreneurship. Journal of

Business Venturing, 19(1), 153-167.

20. W. D., & Zacharakis, A. (2014). Entrepreneurship (4th ed.). Wiley.Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and

Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. Harper & Row.