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Public Policies to Mitigate Hunger and Poverty in Angola. Case of the
Municipality of Bembe, Province of Uíge (2021-2023).
José Mário João
1
, António Afonso Bindanda
2
, Moniz Efraim Tunga
3
, Ivano Castelo João Puza
4
,
Henrique Nene Kunietama
5
1,3,4
Master, Kimpa Vita University, Angola
2
PhD, Methodist University of Angola
5
Doctor, Kimpa Vita University, Angola
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000351
Received: 04 October 2025; Accepted: 16 October 2025; Published: 11 November 2025
SUMMARY
This study addresses public policies for hunger and poverty mitigation in Angola, particularly in the municipality
of Bembe, Uíge Province. The overall objective was to analyze the impact of public policies implemented by
the government between 2021 and 2023 on hunger and poverty mitigation in the municipality. The research used
a qualitative and quantitative approach, where data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, using
a digital platform (Google Form), and analyzed using tools (Power BI, LiveGap Charts) and statistical software
(Python and SPSS), which ensured data security, accuracy, reliability, and visualization. Qualitative data were
analyzed using content and thematic analysis techniques to identify patterns and emerging themes, enabling a
broad and multidisciplinary understanding of the perceptions and challenges related to public policies for hunger
and poverty mitigation. Thus, it was concluded that the public policies implemented by the government to
combat hunger and poverty from 2021 to 2023 did not significantly impact the development of the municipality
of Bembe. This essentially leads us to the rush for new actions that enable changes in this paradigm, in ways that
will improve the lifestyle of residents, prioritizing sustainable development, well-being, and quality of life.
Therefore, we accept the study's second hypothesis: that the public policies implemented by the government took
a clinical view of family life but, unfortunately, did not have a significant impact on mitigating hunger and
poverty in the municipality.
Keywords: Public Policies; Hunger; Poverty; Bembe.
Authorship contribution(by author):
José Mario João: Conception of the idea, research and review of literature and statistical analysis, preparation
of tables, graphs and images, preparation of the database.
Antonio Afonso Bindanda:Preparation of instruments, application of instruments, applied information resulting
from the applied instruments, compilation of information resulting from the instruments.
Moniz Efraim Tunga:General advice on the topic covered, writing of the original (first version)
Ivano Castelo João Puza and Henrique Nene Kunietama:Review and final version of the article, correction
of the article, coordination of authorship, translation of terms or information obtained, review of the application
of the applied bibliographic standard.
INTRODUCTION
Hunger and poverty are persistent and multifaceted problems that affect many regions of the world, and Angola's
Uíge Province is no exception. Within this province, the municipality of Bembe faces significant challenges
related to food insecurity, unemployment, and inadequate access to basic services such as health and education.
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These problems not only affect the immediate well-being of the population but also compromise socioeconomic
development in the medium and long term. Between 2021 and 2023, several public policies were implemented
with the aim of mitigating hunger and poverty in the municipality of Bembe. These policies include food security
programs, local economic development initiatives, improvements in infrastructure and basic services, and
actions focused on education and health, but unfortunately, the municipality's development is still weak. It is
important to emphasize that the effectiveness of these policies depends on a number of factors, including the
quality of implementation, the engagement of local communities, the goodwill of policymakers, and the
availability of resources.
Public policies aimed at alleviating poverty in Angola have been extensively studied and discussed in academic
literature, as well as in reports by leading international organizations. These studies address the causes of
poverty, highlighting a series of structural factors in Angola, including a history of armed conflict, poor
governance, corruption, poor distribution of natural resources, inadequate infrastructure, and other factors that
contribute to this social ill. Many studies explore the devastating impact of Angola's long civil war, which lasted
nearly three decades until 2002 (Pearce, J. and Lázaro, 2018). This conflict left a destroyed infrastructure, a
weak economic system, and a legacy of inequality. Poverty, mitigation policies, and anthropological and
sociological perspectives, such as economic and social inequality and the impact of the oil-dependent economy,
negatively affect sustainable development and contribute to population instability (Amaro, 2001). According to
data released by the United Nations, considerable progress has been made in reducing poverty worldwide in
recent decades. Poverty-related issues remain a topic of debate today. Although the global poverty rate has fallen
since 2000, one in ten people in developing regions still live on less than $1.90 a day (the figure used to define
people living in extreme poverty), and millions of others live on little more than this daily amount. The most
recent estimates show that in 2013, 10.7% of the world's population lived on less than $1.90 a day, compared to
35% in 1990 and 44% in 1981, with 42% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa still living below the poverty
line (UN, 2021).
This study aims to analyze public policies adopted in the municipality of Bembe from 2021 to 2023, using an
approach that includes stakeholder interviews, focus groups, and analysis of official documents. This approach
aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how government and partner initiatives are contributing to
the reduction of hunger and poverty in the municipality, while also identifying areas for improvement for future
interventions. By assessing the effectiveness of these policies, this study is expected to offer valuable insights
for policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and other actors involved in the development of the
municipality.
The study aims not only to reflect on progress made to date but also to propose ways to improve hunger and
poverty mitigation policies and strategies in light of future aspirations, at a time when more than 780 million
people live below the International Poverty Line (less than $1.90 a day). More than 11% of the world's population
lives in critical and extreme poverty and struggles to meet basic needs in health, education, and access to water
and sanitation. Most individuals living below the International Poverty Line reside in two regions, namely South
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, according to UN data. It is important to note that to measure poverty, the more
traditional idea proposed by the World Bank is used, which involves dividingGross Domestic Productof a
country (GDP) by the number of inhabitants it has, and countries whose income is below the national standard
are considered poor. Since 2015, it has estimated that the universal poverty line is $3.10 per day and the critical
poverty line is $1.90 per day. For the World Bank, GDP growth is essential for making better decisions about
the region's development and combating poverty.
Measuring poverty and evaluating the effectiveness of programs that combat it is essential to find strategies and
solutions for its mitigation, sinceThis phenomenon results from a combination of socioeconomic and political
factors and is closely related to social exclusion and inequality, constituting one of the greatest concerns of
United Nations member states (Lomasky, L. and Swan, K., 2009). For these reasons, we decided to continue this
highly relevant study, aiming to assess results and propose measures to reduce this problem that so severely
affects communities, such as the municipality of Bembe in the province of Uíge in Angola, where we noted
many families experiencing various difficulties. We hope to present some scientific measures capable of
mitigating hunger and poverty in that region of the country. Hunger and poverty are critical problems affecting
millions of people worldwide, and their implications are profound, affecting the health, education, and economic
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development of communities. In Uíge Province, these problems are especially relevant due to the lack of
effective policies to address this social problem. Many families face various difficulties, such as a lack of
adequate infrastructure, access to decent education, healthcare, employment, food, clean water, and other issues
affecting the region. For these reasons, we will seek to propose measures to implement scientific strategies
capable of solving these problems in the region, addressing the concerns of the local population. Given the
relevance of the topic, the formulation of the problem is based on understanding how public policies
implemented between 2021 and 2023 contributed to mitigating hunger and poverty. To this end, we have posed
the following central study problem:Have the public policies implemented by the government had a significant
impact on alleviating hunger and poverty in the municipality of Bembe? This question will be answered at the
conclusion of this discussion.
Importance and impact of public policies
The importance of public policies is undeniable in any modern society. They represent a set of government
guidelines and actions aimed at responding to the needs of the population, promoting economic and social
development, and ensuring general well-being. Through public policies, the government can influence various
aspects of daily life, from education and health to security and the environment.
The effective implementation of these policies is crucial to building a more just, equitable and sustainable
society.Public policies play a crucial role in guiding and shaping the social, economic, and environmental
development of any country or region. Their impact can be seen in various areas, including the economy, health,
education, the environment, social justice, and infrastructure.
Economy:
It ends up having an impact on the economy, due to the promotion of economic stability, established by fiscal
and monetary policies to control inflation, unemployment and promote sustainable economic growth, which
triggers sectoral development, through incentives and subsidies with the aim of developing specific sectors, such
as technology, agriculture or renewable energy.
Health:
From a health point of view, public policies end up impacting better access to health services: Public health
policies can expand access to medical services, vaccines, and disease prevention programs.
Quality of Life: Public health interventions improve the quality of life and increase the life expectancy of the
population.
Education:
Access and Quality: Educational policies can guarantee universal access to basic education and improve the
quality of teaching, contributing to the development of human capital.
Inclusion: Programs aimed at the educational inclusion of minorities and disadvantaged groups help to reduce
social inequalities.
Environment:
Sustainability: Environmental policies can promote the preservation of natural resources, combat climate change,
and promote sustainable practices.
Public health: Reducing pollution and proper waste management benefit the health of the population.
Social Justice:
Poverty Reduction: Social assistance programs, income transfers, and employment policies help reduce poverty
and inequality.
Human Rights: Policies that guarantee civil, political and social rights promote a more just and equitable society.
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Infrastructure:
Urban and Rural Development: Investments in infrastructure, such as transportation, energy, and sanitation, are
crucial for economic development and improving quality of life. Connectivity: Connectivity policies, including
internet access and telecommunications, are essential in the digital age.
Public policies aimed at social development should have a positive impact on reducing poverty and improving
the population's living conditions. However, in several regions, significant challenges remain, such as high
unemployment rates, social inequality, and the lack of access to decent housing for all. Public policies are,
therefore, powerful instruments for promoting development and the well-being of the population, requiring
careful planning, effective implementation, and constant evaluation to ensure their positive impact on the
community.(Miranda, 2022).
Types of public policies
Public policies are measures created by the government to guarantee rights, assistance, or service provision to
the population. They represent government planning and are designed to improve society and meet citizens'
needs. They can be classified into different categories according to various criteria, such as their objectives,
instruments used, and target audience.The typology of public policies is an analytical tool that helps us classify
and understand the different approaches and strategies used in the formulation and implementation of policies, by
allowing us to identify common patterns, characteristics and guidelines among them.The main concepts and
models for formulating and analyzing public policies also encompass reflections on their various sub-areas,
particularly implementation and evaluation. Theoretical and conceptual knowledge of a given field is fundamental
to its practical application (Lowi, 1972).
Regarding the different types of public policies presented, our research is characterized by redistributive public
policies, which specifically ensure social well-being, aiming to reduce poverty and social inequality through the
redistribution of income and wealth, helping to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, ensuring that
everyone has access to a minimum level of well-being; promoting social justice with the purpose of contributing
to the construction of a more just and egalitarian society, where everyone has the same opportunities for
development; and stimulating economic growth through a fairer distribution of income to increase the demand
for goods and services, capable of driving economic growth.
Public policy cycle
The set of stages a public policy goes through until it's implemented is called the public policy cycle. Learn
about each of these phases:
1. Problem identification: phase of recognizing situations or problems that need a solution or improvement,
2. Agenda formation: definition by the government of which issues have the most social importance or
urgency to be addressed,
3. Formulation of alternatives: phase of study, evaluation and selection of measures that may be useful or
more effective in helping to solve problems,
4. Decision making: stage in which the actions to be implemented are defined. Technical and political
analyses of the consequences and feasibility of the measures are taken into account,
5. Implementation: moment of action, is when public policies are put into practice by governments,
6. Assessment: after the measure is put into practice, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of the results
achieved and what adjustments and improvements may be necessary,
7. Extinction: It is possible that after a period of time, a public policy will cease to exist. This can happen
if the problem that gave rise to it no longer exists, if the actions were not effective in solving it, or if the
problem lost importance in the face of other more relevant needs, even if it has not been resolved.
Agendais nothing more than the list of issues or problems to which participants in the political process are paying
attention. Each participant and each process can act as an incentive or a veto point. Governments set their agendas
in three ways. The first focuses on the problem that enters the agenda when it is assumed that something must
be done about it. The second focuses on politics itself, that is, how collective awareness is built about the need
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to debate a problem. The third focuses on participants who are classified as visible—that is, politicians, media,
parties, pressure groups, etc.—and invisible, such as academics andbureaucracy. Visible participants set the
agenda, and invisible participants set the alternatives. In the alternative identification phase, the theory ofpublic
choiceadopts a skeptical bias regarding the ability of governments to formulate public policies due to self-interest
and the capture of government agencies by private interests. This theory is probably the one that demonstrates
the greatest distrust in the capacity of political decision-making mechanisms, defending the superiority of
decisions made by the market over those made by politicians and bureaucracy. Public policies can be understood
as a system (a set of interconnected elements aimed at achieving a goal: the common good of the population for
whom they are intended), or even as a process, as they have interconnected rituals and steps, aiming for a specific
purpose.
These are normally associated with important steps such as its conception, the negotiation of interlocutors useful
for development (technicians, sponsors, civil society associations and other institutional partners), the research
of applicable solutions, a public consultation agenda (which is an important phase in the process of legitimizing
the program in thepublic spacedemocratic), the selection of reasonable and suitable options for achieving the
purpose, the budgeting and search for resources or partners to support the programs, an opportunity to establish
objectives and evaluation targets. Finally, the direct and/or associated implementation, during the estimated
timeframe agreed upon with managers and financiers, the monitoring (monitoring and readjustment of guidelines
- refinement) and its final evaluation, with objectively measurable data.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical Framework
Analyzing public policies to mitigate hunger and poverty requires a theoretical framework that articulates the
concepts of human development, social justice, and the redistributive function of the State. According to Sen
(1999), poverty should not be understood solely as insufficient income, but as a deprivation of the fundamental
human capacities that allow people to live a dignified life. This approach, known as the capability approach,
emphasizes that public policies should focus not only on the transfer of resources, but above all on creating
opportunities that allow communities to develop their potential.
Along the same lines, Sachs (2005) argues that sustainable development rests on three inseparable pillars:
economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental sustainability. In the Angolan context, rural poverty is
deeply linked to the degradation of infrastructure, dependence on subsistence agriculture, and the absence of
consistent social protection mechanisms.
In the field of public policy, Dye (2013) defines it as "everything that governments choose to do or not do,"
highlighting the decisive role of political will and institutional capacity. Lasswell (1951) introduced the notion
that public policy should be understood as a decision-making process involving multiple actors, from the central
government to local communities, in a movement of shared governance.
In Africa, the debate on hunger and poverty inevitably leads to issues of structural inequality. As Mkandawire
(2001) points out, many African countries remain trapped in an economic model dependent on the export of raw
materials, which weakens food sovereignty and limits social inclusion. This reality is evident in Angola, where
dependence on oil hinders productive diversification, directly affecting the lives of rural populations.
Literature review
The literature on public policies to combat hunger and poverty in Africa highlights both significant progress and
persistent weaknesses.
First, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2020) emphasizes that food insecurity
results not only from food scarcity but also from poor physical and economic access. Therefore, agricultural
investment policies should prioritize family farming, which is responsible for ensuring a large portion of food
security in African countries (FAO, 2017).
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In the Angolan case, the Integrated Municipal Intervention Plan (PIIM) emerges as a relevant instrument for
reducing regional asymmetries through the construction of roads, schools, and hospitals (MPLA, 2021).
However, studies by Marques (2020) demonstrate that the centralization of decisions and insufficient technical
support compromise the effectiveness of these measures.
According to UNDP (2022), poverty in Angola remains high, particularly affecting rural areas such as Bembe,
where access to basic infrastructure and social services is limited. The literature points to the need for more
participatory policies that include the voice of local communities and promote context-adapted solutions.
Ferreira (2019), studying family farming in Angola, concludes that the lack of organized markets and distribution
systems hinders the marketing of cassava and other staples, perpetuating cycles of poverty. In this regard,
Oliveira (2016) emphasizes that land use planning and improved agricultural logistics are crucial for sustainable
development.
Internationally, successful experiences in countries like Brazil, through the Zero Hunger Program, show that the
combination of direct subsidies, support for family farming, and nutritional education policies can significantly
reduce hunger (Silva, 2018). These examples offer important insights for Angola, particularly regarding the need
to combine immediate social assistance measures with long-term structural reforms.
Thus, the literature converges on the idea that the mitigation of hunger and poverty in Bembe must be based on
four main axes:
1. Promotion of sustainable local agriculture;
2. Investment in social and economic infrastructure;
3. Community empowerment and education; and
4. Strengthening social protection mechanisms.
These axes find theoretical support in Sen's (1999) vision of human development, in Sachs' (2005) paradigm of
integrated sustainability and in the conception of public policies as dynamic decision-making processes
(Lasswell, 1951; Dye, 2013).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research adopts a mixed methodology, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to address Public
Policies for Alleviating Hunger and Poverty in Uíge Province, particularly the municipality of Bembe, and to
analyze the population's perceptions of the impact of their implementation on combating hunger and poverty in
the studied area. To achieve the objectives of this research, we used the following research methods and
techniques.
Research methods
- Qualitative: This method aims to answer questions that provide insight into the project and its surroundings,
enabling better analysis of the situation and theorization of the problem (Thiollent, 2007). To this end, adopting
this method for our research allowed us to focus on the analysis of phenomena related to hunger and poverty,
taking into account the social situation of the local residents.
- Quantitative: This method involves reducing social, political, and economic phenomena, which provides a
greater chance of measuring and processing data (Marconi and Lakatos 2003). This method was useful in the
research process because it helped us quantify the data numerically, identify relationships between variables,
develop descriptions using statistical analysis of the collected data, select theories, and draw conclusions. This
method was used by a representative sample of respondents based on the responses obtained in the research
questionnaire, which included a series of questions related to the mechanisms and strategies used by the state to
mitigate hunger and poverty, analyzing their impact on the lives of families in the province of Uíge, particularly
in the municipality of Bembe. Broadly speaking, the qualitative-quantitative method was used to gain a deeper
understanding of public policies, allowing us to explore the perceptions, living conditions, and livelihoods of
communities, providing significant insights from the quantitative data collected.
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Research techniques
- Descriptive Technique: The descriptive technique is an approach in scientific research that focuses on the
detailed analysis and interpretation of data to describe a specific phenomenon or situation. It is characterized by
providing a comprehensive and detailed view of the object of study, without necessarily seeking causal
explanations. This descriptive approach provided a deeper and more contextualized understanding of the
phenomenon, promoting important data and recommendations with plausible arguments to guide future policies
and strategies to mitigate hunger and poverty in the region.
- Exploratory Technique: The exploratory approach in scientific research is a strategy that seeks to investigate a
phenomenon without relying on pre-established hypotheses. This methodology stands out for its flexibility,
allowing for the exploration of new discoveries and an in-depth analysis of the phenomenon in question. In the
study on Public Policies for Alleviating Hunger and Poverty in the Province of Uíge, particularly in the
municipality of Bembe, this technique was useful for understanding the perceptions and difficulties faced by the
population in the study area. Through detailed analysis and group discussions, we were able to identify
significant patterns and trends in the survey data, which could provide a solid foundation for formulating future
proposals and recommendations, thus contributing to a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of
public policies with significant impact on the lives of families in the municipality.
- Documentary Research: Documentary research is a type of research that uses primary sources, that is, data and
information that have not yet been analyzed or analyzed in scientific research. In general, documentary research
serves to answer someresearch problemspecific, especially to complement abibliographic research(Rodrigues,
WC 2007). In the context of our research on Public Policies, the application of the technique allowed us to
examine documents, legislation, institutional reports, books, articles and studies related to the topic, which
allowed us to obtain a broader and more in-depth view of public policies in the constituency under study.
Research procedures
Data collection procedures "are a set of precepts or processes used by a science, and which correspond to the
practical part of the collected and observed content (Lakatos & Marconi 1991). The procedures used in collecting
research data were: bibliographic research, interviews, questionnaires, and observation.The procedures allowed
us to understand how the research was conducted and the steps taken to achieve the desired objectives. Therefore,
in terms of the nature of the research, it was applied research, as it raised a specific problem. The study focused
on determining whether the state's anti-poverty policies have actually impacted communities and on proposing
mechanisms for a new strategic approach to address this situation. Regarding the approach to the problem, the
research is qualitative and quantitative, as the collected data were qualified and subsequently quantified,
analyzed, and interpreted using specific data analysis and processing tools.
Regarding its objectives, it is exploratory, as it involved an exploratory study of the main research objective, as
well as the formulation of hypotheses. Following descriptive statistics, data were tabulated and then graphed
using data analysis procedures. This allowed us to analyze and discuss each question, understanding the
relationship between variables and drawing appropriate conclusions. Suggestions and recommendations may be
useful in mitigating hunger and poverty in the region, as well as providing insights for future researchers who
may develop similar research. Data collection instruments and research techniques vary depending on the type
of research, the research subjects, and the research intent (Kauark, SF et al. 2010).
Development of the Research Instrument
A research instrument is the tool used to collect data and information relevant to answering research questions,
ranging from a simple questionnaire to a complex interview, and the choice will depend on the nature of the
research and the intended objectives.
For our research, the questionnaires and interview guides were compiled based on existing literature, following
the guidelines of the works of Brynjolfsson and Kahin (2000) and Howells and Bain (2001). The studies and
guidelines adopted by these authors provide a solid foundation for the creation of relevant and highly rigorous
data collection instruments for the development of scientific research.
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Data collection and survey
The data were collected through a questionnaire and interview, with the help of a digital platform (Google Form)
for questionnaires directed to children, natives and the population residing and non-residents in the municipality
of Bembe, as well as going to the area under study and distributing and physically collecting the questionnaires
to residents unable to complete them digitally.
Additionally, we conducted interviews with some public policymakers on-site, via WhatsApp and in person.
This method of data collection allowed us to reach a wide range of participants and obtain specific information
regarding public policies to alleviate poverty. Quantitative data were analyzed using tools (Power BI, LiveGap
Charts) and statistical software (Python and SPSS), which ensured data security, accuracy, reliability, and
visualization. Qualitative data were analyzed using content and thematic analysis techniques to identify patterns
and emerging themes, enabling a broad and multidisciplinary understanding of the perceptions and challenges
related to public policies.
Population
This constitutes the larger population from which the sample comes and for which interference is made. The
research covers two specific groups:
Residents of the municipality of Bembe:
Residents of the municipality of Bembe, aged between 18 and over 55 years, an estimated 49,000 inhabitants
spread across three communes, representing around 3.43% of the total population of the province of Uíge,
estimated at 1,426,354, inhabitants spread across 16 municipalities, according to census data released by the
National Institute of Statistics of Angola (INE, 2014).
Natives and children not residing in the municipality of Bembe, as well as opinion makers and public
policy executors:
It involves the age group from 25 to over 55 years old, which considered the natives, friends and supporters of
the area under study, including members of civil society, academics, administrators, public officials and other
local development actors, in order to obtain in-depth information and suggestions on policies to mitigate poverty
in the region.
This group was selected based on relevant age groups, as well as the functions occupied in the public service
apparatus, aiming to guarantee valuable information and a comprehensive analysis that can involve all agents,
for better implementation of policies aimed at combating hunger and poverty in the municipality of Bembe.
Sample size calculation
Calculating sample size requires the use of highly specialized statistical procedures, based on basic formulas for
calculating sample size for a population. For this study, the target audience was previously identified and divided
into four (3) groups, and the sample size was determined for representativeness and practical feasibility.
Therefore, our sample included 366 individuals living in the municipality of Bembe, including 75 individuals
born in the municipality and children not residing in the municipality, and two individuals who were opinion
makers and public policy executors. The total sample size was 443 individuals who responded to the
questionnaire for the study, selected from a universe of approximately 737 families, as reflected in the following
data:
Data:
N= 737 Families
E˳ =0.03 = 3%
n=?
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n˳ =?
Formula
n˳andthe first approachherethe sample size
ANDandthe sampling error toleratedthevel
Note: The margin of error is the range within which one expects to find the data one wants to measure from the
universe of research under development.
N is the Universe
n is the sample size
a) Resolution
n˳ = 1 / (E˳)²
n˳ = 1 / (0.03)²
n˳ = 1111
n˳ = (N x n˳) / (N + no)
n˳ = (737 x 1111) (737 + 1111)
n˳ = 818,807 / 1,848
n˳ = 443.07≈ n = 443 Respondents
With a tolerable sampling error of 3%, 443 was the number of respondents who filled out the questionnaire.
This means that our sample is considered significant because the test result is greater than 50%. According to
Daniel Bernoulli's theory, results are considered significant when the sample significance level is equal to or
greater than 50%.
RESULTS
To analyze and interpret the results, data were collected using a single questionnaire conducted using a script of
closed, mixed, and open-ended questions to gather valuable information with a broader understanding, allowing
us to address public policies to mitigate hunger and poverty from a technical and scientific perspective.
Sociodemographic Data
Table 01. Gender
Gender
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Masculine
311
70
Feminine
132
30
Total
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
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The graph below reveals the sample's gender distribution, highlighting a significant male predominance (311
participants (70%), in contrast to 132 female participants (30%), out of a total of 443 respondents (100%). This
discrepancy suggests that, within the social and economic context of the municipality of Bembe, men participate
more frequently in the dynamics studied, which may be associated with various structural and cultural factors.
However, it is important to emphasize that this lower female representation does not imply a lack of relevance
within the socioeconomic fabric. On the contrary, studies show that women play a crucial role in family farming,
food management, and family livelihoods, particularly in rural areas (FAO, 2020; Ferreira, 2019).
Table 02. Age Group
Age range
Frequency
Percentage (%)
18-25 years old
86
19
26-35 years old
123
28
36-45 years old
132
31
46-55 years old
64
14
Over 55 years old
38
8
Total sample
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
Analysis of the sample reveals a diverse age distribution, with a higher concentration of participants aged 36-45
(31%) and 26-35 (28%), followed by those aged 18-25 (19%), 46-55 (14%), and finally, those over 55 (8%), for
a total of 443 respondents. This age profile suggests that the majority of participants belong to economically
active age groups, that is, between 26 and 45 years old, which together represent 59% of the sample. This data
reveals the importance of this segment in the socioeconomic dynamics of the municipality of Bembe, as this
population has greater productive, decision-making, and social participation capacity (World Bank, 2021). The
18-25 age group (19%) is also relevant, as it corresponds to young people entering the job market and building
life projects. Their presence highlights the potential of youth as a driver of transformation, but it also raises
challenges related to youth unemployment, access to education, and the lack of opportunities in rural settings
(UNDP, 2022). On the other hand, the presence of 14% in the 46-55 age group and 8% over 55 suggests a less
representative, but still crucial, adult and older population. These age groups can play important roles in the
transmission of traditional knowledge, particularly related to agriculture and community organization (Ferreira,
2019). However, they face greater vulnerabilities in accessing health services, social protection, and stable
income, which can increase their exposure to poverty and food insecurity (FAO, 2020).
Table N. 03 LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Level of Education
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Primary Education
230
51.9
High School
157
35.4
Licensed
51
11.5
Teacher
1
0.2
Doctor
4
1
Total
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
Analysis of the sample shows that the majority of respondents had only primary education (51.9%), followed by
secondary education (35.4%). Higher education, however, was quite limited, with 11.5% holding bachelor's
degrees, only 0.2% holding master's degrees, and 1% holding doctorates, out of a total of 443 participants. This
distribution reflects an educational landscape marked by significant asymmetries and the predominance of basic
education levels. The high percentage of individuals with only primary education suggests persistent weaknesses
in access to and retention in the educational system, particularly in rural areas such as the municipality of Bembe,
where school infrastructure is limited and many families face socioeconomic hardships that compromise
continued education (INE, 2023; Marques, 2020). The fact that only 12.7% of the sample had a higher education
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degree (bachelor's, master's, or doctorate) reflects a significant deficit in qualified human capital, which limits
the possibilities for innovation and productive diversification in the region. According to Becker (1993),
investment in education is crucial for increasing individual and collective productivity, serving as one of the
main drivers of economic development. In summary, the educational profile of the sample demonstrates that:
- The municipality of Bembe faces serious challenges in terms of the academic qualifications of its population.
- The prevalence of primary education reflects structural inequalities that compromise access to higher levels of
education.
- The low percentage of senior management limits innovation, local governance and the capacity for
socioeconomic transformation.
Table No.4Knowledge about programs to combat hunger and poverty
Reactions
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
91
21
No
352
79
Total
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
Data analysis reveals that only 21% of respondents (91 people) claimed to be aware of public policies, while the
vast majority, 79% (352 people), stated they were unaware of them. This result highlights a significant lack of
information and awareness among the population regarding the public policies in force in the municipality of
Bembe. This predominant lack of awareness can be interpreted as a structural flaw in the communication and
community engagement mechanisms of the State and local governments. As Habermas (1997) emphasizes, the
legitimacy of public policies depends on the existence of an inclusive public space where citizens can access
information, debate collectively, and actively participate in decision-making processes.
On the other hand, the 21% who claim to be aware of public policies represent a small but important group of
informed citizens who can play a strategic role in increasing knowledge and community awareness. As Freire
(1975) points out, social transformation requires citizens to become active participants in the process, and this is
only possible if they have access to knowledge and a critical awareness of political and social realities. These
data reinforce the need to invest in more inclusive communication strategies, such as awareness-raising
campaigns in local languages, the use of community radio stations, and open assemblies, which bring public
policies closer to the daily lives of the population. Furthermore, as Sen (1999) emphasizes, sustainable
development can only be achieved when citizens actively participate in shaping solutions that affect their quality
of life. In short, the predominance of "no" reflects not only a lack of knowledge, but also a sign of distance
between the State and citizens, which could compromise the success of policies aimed at combating poverty and
promoting development in the municipality of Bembe.
Table 5 - Poverty in the population
Reactions to Poverty
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
292
66
No
37
8
Perhaps
114
26
Total
443
100
Source: Own creation, based on measured data, 2024
Of the sample presented, 292 respondents (66%) admitted to being poor, 37 respondents (8%) claimed not to be
poor, while 114 respondents (26%) expressed uncertainty, making a total of 443 respondents, resulting in a 100%
margin. However, this drew our attention and leads us to conclude that immediate intervention by economic
agents, especially local and central governments, is necessary to improve this situation as quickly as possible.
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This includes real actions aimed at improving access roads, infrastructure, medical centers, technical assistance,
encouraging increased local production, and other initiatives that contribute to the well-being of this region.
Table NO. 6 Main causes of hunger andPOVERTY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BEMBE
Causes of Hunger and Poverty
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Corruption
58
13
Embezzlement
25
6
Nepotism
17
4
Partisanship
48
11
War
74
17
Poor production
51
12
Infrastructure (Access roads)
43
8
Poor distribution of resources
93
21
Lack of food security
22
5
Others
12
3
Total
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
Regarding the causes of poverty in the municipality of Bembe, it was found that 93 elements, corresponding to
21%, claimed to have been the Poor Distribution of Income. In second place, the War factor was highlighted
with 74 elements, corresponding to 17%; in third place comes Corruption with 13%; in fourth place, with 12%,
comes Poor Production; followed by party issues with 11%; then comes Infrastructure with 8%, since access
roads are degraded, as they are unable to carry out some economic activities within and outside the region, as
well as small traders having difficulty reaching the locality, all because access roads are in poor condition, and
transportation has been very difficult to facilitate the mobility of people and goods.
According to Bunga (2015) he highlighted that the causes of poverty in Angola are identified by the conflict, the
displacement of populations, the destruction of traditional systems of economic activity and social solidarity, the
destruction of social infrastructure and communication and distribution routes, the strong demographic pressure;
the destruction and degradation of economic and social infrastructure; the weak functioning of education, health
and social protection services, the very sharp drop in the internal supply of fundamental products, the weakness
of the institutional framework, the disqualification and devaluation of human capital, low wages and the extent
of unemployment and underemployment. But the present study brings us innovative results in that the causes
identified above, many of them are common, but in some cases different, since making a comparative analysis
it is observed that the main causes of poverty in the region, that is, according to the results obtained, are the poor
distribution of income with an intervention in the order of 21%, Corruption with 13%, Weak local Production
with 12%, partisan issues with 11%, the Embezzlement factor with 6%, and the nepotism factor with 4%.
Table No. 7-Impact of public policies on community life
Impact of PP
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
18
4
No
386
87
Perhaps
39
9
Total
443
100
Source: Own creation, based on measured data, 2024
The results show evidence that public policies have not significantly impacted families' lives. This analysis was
made possible by data collected from respondents in the study area, where it was observed that of the 443 sample
members representing the 100% percentage margin, 386 members, corresponding to 87%, confirmed that public
policies have not significantly impacted families' lives. This essentially leads us to the rush for new actions that
enable a shift in this paradigm, transforming the lifestyles of residents, prioritizing sustainable development,
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well-being, and quality of life. These policies shape community life in various ways, directly impacting quality
of life, opportunities, and local development, a fact that does not occur in the region.
Table no 8 Reasons For The Negative Impacts Of Public Policies On The Community
Reasons for negative impacts
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Lack of supervision
127
29
Changing the mindset of public managers
201
45
Lack of momentum
14
3
Policies are not accurate
101
23
Total
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
Table No. 9 The need for a new approach to the National Development Plan (PND) to mitigate hunger and
poverty
Impact of PP
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
416
94
No
11
2
Perhaps
16
4
Total
443
100
Source: Prepared by the author based on measured data, 2024
Public policies, when poorly designed or implemented, generate significant negative impacts on communities.
Understanding the reasons behind these impacts is crucial to seeking solutions and ensuring that public policies
are increasingly effective and fair. In fulfillment of this premise, the results show that the reasons why public
policies have insignificant impacts on the lives of families in the municipality of Bembe are listed as follows:
First, 201 respondents, corresponding to 45% of respondents, say it is a lack of change in the mentality of public
managers in implementing policies; 127 respondents, corresponding to 29%, say it is a lack of oversight in
implementing actions; 101 respondents, corresponding to 23%, say the policies are inaccurate; while 14
respondents, corresponding to 3%, claim it is a lack of impetus, making a total of 443, the research sample size.
Hunger and poverty continue to be two of Angola's greatest social and economic challenges, particularly in rural
areas such as the municipality of Bembe in Uíge province. Although the country has made significant progress
in national reconstruction and economic growth since the end of the armed conflict, persistent structural
inequalities, fragile productive infrastructure, and dependence on the oil sector limit the state's ability to
guarantee food security and social well-being for the entire population (UNDP, 2022; World Bank, 2021). The
public policy approach in this area should be understood as an intervention strategy that articulates the state,
civil society, and the private sector, aiming to promote social inclusion, strengthen family farming, diversify the
economy, and ensure access to essential goods and services (Silva, 2018).
In Angola, mitigating hunger and poverty requires not only emergency measures but also structural policies that
favor local agricultural production, equitable redistribution of resources, and improved living conditions for rural
families (FAO, 2020). The municipality of Bembe is characterized by a strong dependence on subsistence
agriculture, especially cassava, a staple of the diet and the local economy. However, limited access to
transportation, storage, and marketing infrastructure weakens income-generating capacity and perpetuates cycles
of poverty (Ferreira, 2019). Food vulnerability in the region intensified from 2021 to 2023, in part due to national
economic instability, rising inflation, and difficulties in accessing markets, which compromised the acquisition
of basic goods (INE, 2023).
Public Policies in Angola: Advances and Limitations
The Angolan government has implemented various programs aimed at mitigating hunger and poverty, notably
the Poverty Alleviation Program and the Integrated Municipal Intervention Plan (PIIM), which seek to
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strengthen local social and economic infrastructure (MPLA, 2021). However, the effectiveness of these policies
has been limited by factors such as centralized management, a lack of technical support, and insufficient qualified
human resources (Marques, 2020). According to Amartya Sen (1999), poverty should not be understood solely
as a lack of income, but as a deprivation of fundamental capabilities, such as access to education, health, and
nutrition. Therefore, public policies in Angola need to transcend palliative measures and focus on long-term
strategies that ensure the empowerment of rural communities. In the municipality of Bembe, implementing
programs to support family farming, introducing modern agricultural techniques, and improving access roads
are key to ensuring the circulation of goods and stimulating the local economy. As Sachs (2005) points out,
sustainable development requires a balance between social justice, economic efficiency, and environmental
preservation, dimensions that should be at the heart of public policies for the region.
Strategies for Mitigating Hunger and Poverty in the municipality of Bembe
- Promotion of Sustainable Family Farming:Strengthening local agriculture should be a priority, through
technical support, the provision of improved seeds, and irrigation programs. Studies show that family farming is
responsible for a large portion of food security in African countries (FAO, 2017). Therefore, investing in
increasing local production through the provision of agricultural credit, technical support, and training for small
farmers and cooperatives can improve the municipality's current situation.
- Improvement of Rural Infrastructure:Investments in roads, education, energy, and clean water significantly
increase opportunities for economic and social development. Without these conditions, agricultural production
loses its competitive value (World Bank, 2021). Education and Community Empowerment. Poverty reduction
also depends on the population's qualifications. Policies that integrate technical and vocational training are
essential to diversify income sources and create greater social resilience (Silva & Tavares, 2020).
- Social Transfer and Nutrition Programs:In contexts of extreme vulnerability, direct social support programs,
including food subsidies and the distribution of basic food baskets, are essential tools for mitigating the short-
term impacts of hunger (UNDP, 2022). Angola uses the Kwenda program to mitigate this situation, but this
program is being reinforced, as unfortunately, the residents of the region under study have never benefited from
this cash transfer program aimed at needy families and farmers.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Analysis of data collected in the municipality of Bembe, Uíge Province, from 2021 to 2023 allowed us to gain
an in-depth understanding of the structural and social weaknesses that hinder the effectiveness of public policies
to mitigate hunger and poverty. The results reveal that 79% of the population surveyed stated they were unaware
of existing public policies, while only 21% acknowledged their existence, highlighting a lack of communication
between the state and its citizens.
This data suggests that, despite the formulation of government programs aimed at reducing poverty and food
insecurity, their dissemination and implementation lack greater proximity to local communities. As Sen (1999)
emphasizes, development should not be understood solely as economic growth, but rather as the expansion of
people's real freedoms, which requires information, participation, and access to opportunities. A lack of
knowledge about policies limits families' ability to take advantage of existing support, perpetuating cycles of
exclusion and vulnerability.
Another relevant point lies in the sample's sociodemographic profile. The male predominance (70%) can be
interpreted as a reflection of men's greater involvement in activities or greater willingness to respond to the
survey. However, this should not obscure the reality that women are often the most affected by structural poverty
and food insecurity (Silva, 2018). Similarly, the concentration of the population in the 36-45 age group (31%)
indicates that the most economically active segment of the community faces barriers to accessing effective public
policies, which compromises agricultural productivity and family income.
Regarding educational attainment, 51.9% of the population has only completed primary education, significantly
limiting access to information and the capacity for social mobilization. As Freire (1987) and Castel (2008) argue,
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education is an essential tool for social emancipation and combating inequality, and is one of the fundamental
pillars of poverty reduction. Low educational attainment, therefore, compromises the understanding of public
policies and their appropriation by communities.
These results point to the need for more inclusive, participatory, and territorialized policies. According to
Chambers (1997), combating poverty requires an approach centered on local populations, valuing community
knowledge and encouraging citizen involvement in decision-making processes. In contexts like Bembe, the
effectiveness of public policies depends not only on the design of government strategies but also on their ability
to communicate, adapt to cultural specificities, and create participatory monitoring mechanisms.
Thus, the discussion of the results reinforces the idea that poverty in Angola, and particularly in Uíge, is not
simply a matter of economic deprivation, but rather a lack of social inclusion, accessible information, and
effectively implemented public policies. Mitigating hunger and poverty, therefore, requires a coordinated effort
between the State, municipal administrations, civil society organizations, and the community itself, so that
development programs translate into concrete improvements in the population's quality of life.
CONCLUSION
The results obtained in the municipality of Bembe, Uíge Province, allow us to conclude that hunger and poverty
remain one of the greatest challenges to local and national development. Despite the existence of public policies
aimed at mitigating these vulnerabilities, the lack of accessible information and effective implementation
mechanisms has contributed to a large percentage of the population failing to recognize or benefit from these
programs. This reflects a disconnect between the state's intentions and the real needs of communities, confirming
the idea that policies only become effective when they engage with local contexts and are appropriated by
citizens (Chambers, 1997). The prevalence of low educational attainment, combined with a lack of institutional
communication, weakens the population's ability to access opportunities for socioeconomic improvement. This
reality reinforces Sen's (1999) argument that development should be understood as the expansion of real
freedoms, which include education, information, and active participation in public life. Without these elements,
policies remain distant, technocratic and not very transformative.
It was also found that, although the municipality has agricultural potential, the lack of adequate infrastructure
and consistent institutional support limits productivity and income generation, perpetuating dependence and
social vulnerability. As Castel (2008) warns, poverty is not simply a state of economic deprivation, but a
multidimensional phenomenon involving exclusion, inequality, and the absence of social safety nets. The central
conclusion of this study, therefore, points to the urgent need to reformulate public strategies, making them more
inclusive, participatory, and culturally rooted. It is imperative that policies to combat hunger and poverty in Uíge
cease to be merely formal instruments and begin to translate into tangible, sustainable, and perceptible results
for communities. To this end, citizen involvement in the planning, implementation, and monitoring processes is
essential, as only through a shared approach will it be possible to transform realities marked by scarcity into
scenarios of dignity and prosperity. In a culminating gesture, the research demonstrates that the reduction of
hunger and poverty in Angola, and in the Municipality of Bembe in particular, depends less on the formal
existence of policies and more on their capacity for social inclusion, territorialization and practical effectiveness.
According to the results, of the 443 elements in the sample representing the 100% percentage margin, 386
elements corresponding to 87% confirmed that public policies have not significantly impacted the lives of
families.The specific reasons for the negative impacts are related tothere is a lack of change in the mentality of
Public Managers in the implementation of policies, the Lack of Supervision in the implementation of actions,
often the policies are not accurate, as well as the Lack of Impulse, according to the results obtained. Faced with
these situations, the Government, through the National Development Plan, has created good policies to combat
this social evil, but due to the lack of oversight and change in the mentality of managers, the impacts of these
policies have not been visible in the communities andhas not impacted the municipality of Bembe,
whichessentially leads us to the rush for new actions that allow for a change in this paradigm, in ways that will
change the lifestyle of citizens, prioritizing sustainable development, well-being, and the quality of life of the
population. Therefore, it leads us to accept the hypothesis of our study, which states thatthe public policies
implemented by the government took a clinical look at the lives of families, but unfortunately did not have a
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significant impact on mitigating hunger and poverty in the municipality of Bembe, which is why it requires a
new approach.strategic approach, focused on theNational Development Plan 2023 – 2027 in order to resolve the
problems of social instability existing in the municipality.
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APPENDIX
Research Questionnaire
Dear respondent:
This questionnaire aims to collect data on Public Policies for Alleviating Hunger and Poverty in Uíge Province,
particularly the municipality of Bembe, as well as to analyze the population's perceptions of their implementation
in combating hunger and poverty. The target audience of the questionnaire is both resident and non-resident
communities (natives of the study area) and will be used for analysis, interpretation, identification of the main
causes, and concrete proposals for possible solutions and improvements to this social problem. Therefore, we
undertake to treat the data confidentially. We ask for your understanding and cooperation in answering the
questions below, marking them with an X and filling in where necessary.
PART 1: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1. Identification
Full name________________________________________________________
Gender: Male________ Female_______
Resident of the municipality_____ Born and son of the municipality______ Service mission______
2. What is your age range?
- 18-25 years___________
- 26-35 years___________
- 36-45 years___________
- 46-55 years___________
- Over 55 years old_______
3. What is your level of education?
- Primary Education_______
- High School_________
- Graduate___________
- Teacher______________
- Doctor______________
4. What is your employment status?
Employed_____ Unemployed_____ Self-employed_______
5. What are your housing conditions?
Own house______ Rented house_____ Neither own nor rented house_____
6. If you have one, what type of house is it?
Adobe house_____ Wattle and daub house____ Final House_____
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7. How many members live in your household?
From 1 to 5______________ From 6 to 10___________ More than 11____________
8. How many meals have you eaten a day?
1 Meal____ 2 Meals____ 3 Meals____ More than 3 Meals_______
9. What has been the source of financial income?
Salary______ Agriculture_______ Commerce_______ Other______________
10. Do you have decent access to public health services?
Yes________ No________ Sometimes_______________
PART 2: KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION ABOUT PUBLIC POLICIES
11. Are you aware of programs to combat hunger and poverty?
Yes________ No______ (If no, you do not need to answer the following question)
12. How did you acquire knowledge about the National Development Plan?
Municipal administration________ Media (newspapers, television, radio)______________
Internet (news sites, social networks)___________ Other____________________
13. Which of the government programs aimed at combating hunger and poverty do you know?
PIDLCP (Integrated Local Development and Poverty Alleviation Program)
Social Monetary Transfer Program (Kwenda)_____________________________
Support for production, import substitution and export diversification
(PRODESI)__________________________________________________________________
Action Plan for Promoting Employability (PAPE)___________________________
Integrated Municipal Intervention Program (PIIM)_____________________________
National Staff Training Plan (PNFQ)____________________________________
Agricultural Development Support Fund (FADA)_________________________________
Others______________________________________________________________________
14. How do you evaluate public policies to combat hunger and poverty?
Good________ Very good_______ Reasonable________ Terrible_______________
15. What is the main benefit you or your family have obtained from these programs?
__________________________________________________________________________
16. In your opinion, are the planned public policies effective in combating hunger and poverty?
Yes____ No_____ In some cases_____
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PART 3: PERCEPTION OF HUNGER AND POVERTY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BEMBE AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR MITIGATION
17. Do you consider yourself a poor individual?
Yes______ No______ Maybe______
18. What have you been doing to feed yourself?
Agriculture_____ Commerce___ Biscato____ I hope for donations_____ Others_____
19. Have you received assistance from the Government or a Non-Governmental Organization?
Yes__________ No______ Sometimes________
20. In your opinion, what are the main causes of hunger and poverty in the region?
Corruption________ Embezzlement_______ Nepotism_______ Partisanship_________
War_______ Poor production________ Infrastructure (Access roads)___________ Poor distribution of
resources________ Lack of food security______ Others_______
21. Have the public policies implemented by the government had a significant impact on improving the
quality of life in communities?
Yes____ No_____ Maybe________ (If no and maybe, say Why?)
Lack of supervision______ Change in the mentality of public managers________
Lack of Impulse _______ Policies are not accurate________
22. Do you believe the government is doing enough to combat hunger and poverty in the municipality of
Bembe?
Yes________ No______ Maybe_______
23. Is it essential to take a new approach to the municipality's development plan to mitigate hunger and
poverty in the region?
Yes_________ No_______ Maybe____
24. What other types of programs do you think would be important to combat hunger and poverty in the
municipality of Bembe?
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Thank you very much for your well-deserved attention...
AUTHOR: JOSE MÁRIO JOAO
