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Islamophobia: A Threat for Global Freedom
Anton Minardi
Professor of International Relations Pasundan University
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000360
Received: 12 October 2025; Accepted: 19 October 2025; Published: 12 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Freedom has became the concensus for western multicultural society. In fact, it has became a constitution of the
declaration of human right. In this regard it is written in the Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR),
Article 18, 19, and 20. The humankinds are free to move and express their belief in the frame of honor the each
other belief. Migration of world inhabitants and thoughts are often and regular. But when Islam is included in
Muslims as a minority why is it considered a problem. Rejection of Islam is expressed in various forms such as
rejection of Muslims, ridicule, harassment, prohibition of working in certain places, prohibition of wearing the
hijab, threats, restrictions on places of worship, burning of the Koran, destruction of mosques. This should not
happen on the basis of freedom and the right to make life choices and this Islamophobia is a threat to global
freedom. This article examines the behavior of Islamophobia as movement with the groups, medias and donors,
especially in Europe and America.
Keywords: Islamophobia, Movement, Media, Donor, Threat, global freedom.
INTRODUCTION
The rising of Islamophobia begun on when the Muslims spreads their ideology or way of life to every where.
Moreover when Muslims came into the West countries.
This issue is not so new in social discussion because of the difference of ideology, culture and way of life there
will appear acculturation or maight be conflict. The long story of he haters of Islam have been known since the
crusade war, colonialism until cartoonists in bad way to draw Islam.
When the West promote their propaganda which base on liberty, egality and praternity, there are have been
emerged organized activities and even movements that limit the presence and practice of religious freedom in
various countries especially in the West. They even use froodom as an excuse to rejct the practice of other
religion specially the practice of Islam. This is the reverse logic of freedom, where freedom for himself while
others should not be free to have religion.
In fact, freedom has become the constitution for Western society. In fact, it has become a in the declaration of
human right. In this regard it is written in the Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR), Article 18, 19,
and 20.
Article 18
“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his
religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his
religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance”.
Article 19
“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers”.
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Article 20
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
That it has emphasize with the Article 30,
“Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any
activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein” (Un.org).
This is obvious the UDHR’s Articles as their constitution for their freedom and every one in express their beliefs.
Preventing people from practicing their religion is a violation of human right. This UDHR connect with the other
human right to get a job, live in a country and move to other country.
Islamophobia obviously risen in two sessions, first since the stable presence in the West countries in the 90s
when the Muslims workers became professional workers with high salary and demand the same right as citizents.
Then released a set of policy that corners Muslims society in Europewith their issues “the Islamic invasion”,
“the irreducible difference”, “the female condition”, “the incompatibility”, and “the impossible integration”,
policies of exclusion, identity and security policies, practices of institutional discrimination, acts of violence
(Perocco, Fabio, ANTI-MIGRANT ISLAMOPHOBIA IN EUROPE. SOCIAL ROOTS, MECHANISMS AND
ACTORS, Journal REMHU, Rev. Interdiscip. Mobil. Hum., Brasília, v. 26, n. 53, ago. 2018, p. 25-40.
https://www.scielo.br/j/remhu/a/cKtRfYWVyHHrTvHdvRQzYZj/?format=pdf&lang=en, P. 27-28).
Second, after the WTC bombing 9/11 2001 where the US blames the perpetrators are Muslims and is waging a
war on terrorism. The new phase of Islamophobia that stigmatized Muslims as “threat” more widespreaded and
even officially described (Ahdad, karima, Islamophobia: from Crusaders, to Colonialists, to Cartoonists,
https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/islamophobia-from-crusaders-to-colonialists-to-cartoonists-27126, 30 may
2019).
There are various of Islamophobia occur in the form of hars words, pictures, harassment, rejection, expulsion,
destruction of houses and mosques, murder and even policy.
Base on these facts on the ooccurancy of Islamophobia The United Nations General Assembly adopted
a resolution sponsored by 60 Member-States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which designated 15
March as the International Day to Combat Islamophobia. The document stresses that terrorism and violent extremism
cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization, or ethnic group. It calls for a global
dialogue on the promotion of a culture of tolerance and peace, based on respect for human rights and for the diversity
of religions and belief.
Marking the first International Day to Combat Islamophobia in 2021, UN Secretary-General António Guterres pointed
out that anti-Muslim bigotry is part of a larger trend of a resurgence in ethno-nationalism, neo-Nazism, stigma and
hate speech targeting vulnerable populations including Muslims, Jews, some minority Christian communities, as well
as others. “As the Holy Quran reminds us: nations and tribes were created to know one another. Diversity is a richness,
not a threat,” he added (https://www.un.org/en/observances/anti-islamophobia-day).
Islam
Islam as the way of life is including whole fields of life. The tenets of Islam suitable with its name is salvation,
peace and deliver to welfare which reach the life in the earth and after.
As the truth Islam has taught the belief to the only One God namely Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala and the last
messenger Prophet Muhammad Shollallohu Alaihi wa Sallam. This what Muslims call as Shahadah, is the entry
point to Islam and the confession to obey the tennets of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala (The Most Holy and The
Most High) namely Al Qur’an and the guidance of Prophet Muhammad Shollallohu Alaihi wa Sallam (Peace be
upon Him) namely As Sunnah.
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Al Qur’an and As Sunnah are the main and the fundamental source of Islamic tenets. These et least including
Tauhid the belief that the only One God Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala as the Most Gracious and The Most Merciful
Creator; Sharia including the tennets of how to worship Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala and how to perform in the
daily life since little thing until big thing, from individual performance to social, economy, politics, environment
and governmental matters, from wake to sleep, from life to death; Jinayah including the law of how to avoid
criminal and its sanctions; Da’wah is invitation and guidance to the right path to be servant of Allah Subhanahu
wa Ta’ala; Ukhuwwah is the tennet of brotherhood between Muslims in over the world.
Islam has taught the peoples to live in the way of Islam as the perfect tennet which is the way of all of the
prophetic guidance which has been perfected by Prophet Muhammad Shollallohu Alaihi wa Sallam. The prophet
has sent for all human kind and for whole world whereas the tennets must be obey not only by human but also
by Jinn. This was stated in the Qur’an Surah Al Anbiya (21): 107:
“And We have sent you, (O Muhammad), except as a mercy to the worlds”.
As the quote of George Bernard Shaw said :
“I have always held the religion of Muhammad in high estimation because of its wonderful vitality. It is the only
religion which appears to me to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phase of existence which can
make itself appeal to every age. I have studied him - the wonderful man and in my opinion far from being an
anti-Christ, he must be called the Saviour of Humanity”.
“I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world he would succeed in solving
its problems in a way that would bring it the much needed peace and happiness: I have prophesied about the
faith of Muhammad that it would be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to be acceptable to
the Europe of today” (George Bernard Shaw, The Genuine Islam, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936,
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/7945339-i-have-always-held-the-religion-of-muhammad-in-high).
Tolerance
Tolerance is the core of Islamic tennet. There is no peace and harmony without tolerance. Islam has taught its
followers in truly worship but tolerate to others believers. This is true that Islam has ordered its followers to
invite non believers to Islamic way but must be done with peace and dialogue and far from coercion.
It is very clear in Islam that the teachings of religious tolerance are an inseparable part of Islamic teachings. Al
Qur’an has taught us to do it as in Surah Al Kafirun (109): 1-6:
Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “O you disbelievers!
I do not worship what you worship,
nor do you worship what I worship.
I will never worship what you worship,
nor will you ever worship what I worship.
You have your way, and I have my Way.”
The tolerance also is very clear to honor the other believers but it’s not means to mix up Islamic faith with others
such as praying together with followers of other religions, praying in places of worship of other religions or
taking turns to worship in other religious ways.
Islamophobia
Who are Muslims in Europe Union? this data is not including Muslims in Turkey, Russia and surrounding it.
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Muslims in Europe fall into six categories:
Indigenous Muslims who have lived in Europe for many centuries, mainly in Bosnia, Albania and Kosovo, where
Islam is a foundational element of their history, but also in Romania and Bulgaria, where they are a native
minority, and Poland and Crimea, which is home to an old Tatar Muslim population.
Students and businessmen who come from Muslim countries. In France alone, there are some 70.000 North
African students, and London is the capital of Arab and Muslim businessmen.
Muslims who entered initially without restriction, such as the Commonwealth citizens in Great Britain, Algerians
in France or Surinamese and Indonesians in Holland.
Muslims who came to Western Europe, in the 1950s and the 1960s, as labour migrants.
European Muslims who are born in Europe to migrant parents.
And, finally, asylum seekers and refugees, whose numbers have substantially increased in the last three years.
From January to August 2015, 235.000 refugees poured into Europe, the majority of them from neighbouring
Muslim countries (Khader, Bichara, Muslim in Europe: The Construction of a “Problem”,
https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/muslims-in-europe-the-construction-of-a-problem/).
Than what is Islamophobia? how they view Muslims? is Islamophobia similar to hatred to Islam or anti Islam?
there are some view of Islamophobia. This views are connect to the presence of Muslims population in non
Muslims majority countries.
Islamophobia refers to the fear of and hostility toward Muslims and Islam that is driven by racism and that leads
to exclusionary, discriminatory, and violent actions targeting Muslims and those perceived as Muslim (Green,
Todd, Oxfordbibliographies.com).
Islamophobia was originally developed as a concept in the late 1990s by political activists to draw attention to
rhetoric and actions directed of anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim sentiment in Western liberal democracies
(Cambridige.com).
Islamophobia is defined as the dislike of or prejudice against Islam, and individuals who are Muslims (Elkassem,
Elkassem, Csiernik, Rick, Mantulak, Andrew, Kayssi, Gina, Hussain, Yasmine, Lambert, Kathryn, Bailey,
Pamela and Choudhary, Asad, Growing Up Muslim: The Impact of Islamophobia on Children in a Canadian
Community, Journal of Muslim Mental Health).
Definition of Islamophobia consist of three schools, first Islamophobia as prejudice to Islam and Muslim;
second, Islamophobia as anti Muslim race; and third, Islamophobia as a political thought that Islam and Muslim
is a threat (Hafez, Farid, School of Thought in Islamophobia Studies: Prejudise, Racism, and Decoloniality,
ISLAMOPHOBIA STUDIES JOURNAL VOLUME 4, NO. 2 Spring 2018, PP. 210–225, Islamophobia
Research and Documentation Project, Center for Race and Gender, University of California, Berkeley).
Islamophobia is an outlook toward Islam as a conspiracy religion that will Islamize the West step by step (Uenal,
Fatih, Bergh, Robin, Sidanius, Jim, The Nature of Islamophobia: A Test of a Tripartite View in Five Countries,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0146167220922643).
Basing on some views above we can conclude that Islamophobia is a view on Islam and Muslims that containts
many different point of view including bad prejudice, racism and politics.
Bad prejudice can close the dialogue between different communities, judges other “bad” and behave in the way
that they recognize as a truth.
How the west potrayed Islam these are some:
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All Muslims are Arab, All Muslim women are oppressed, All Muslim women wear or must wear the hijab to be
practicing, The Quran encourages Muslims to commit acts of violence against non-Muslims, Muslims want to
wage holy war by way of Jihad, Muslims worship Allah, their own special god, Muslims don't believe in Jesus
or respect his teachings, Muslims want to bring sharia to the West, All Muslims must take accountability for the
actions of Muslim terrorists (Alsharif, Mirna, edition.cnn.com).
Forms of Islamophobia
Islamophobia appeared in many forms and spreading in many countries not only in Muslims minorities countries
but also now spreading in Muslims majority as in non muslims majority countries.
Islamophobic expressed their hatred and assault in cartoons, flayers, hate speech, expulsion, film, disruptions,
policies, attracts and even killings. Their actions are as individual deeds or organized behaviors.
In Europe Union Muslims population is around 25 million in 28 countries of the member. According to A
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights’ survey indicates 1 of 3 Muslims respondents have experienced
discrimination in the past 12 months. They had experienced on average 8 discrimination incidents. There was
increased 110% Islamophobic cases between January 2014 and January 2015 (www.enar-
eu.org/about/islamophobia/).
Muslims minorities in Europe are increasingly seen as a foreigners and a threat to western societies. The party
who actively voiced it was xenophobic and populist parties entire Europe. Islamophobic also gendered racism
toward Muslims women when they wear their Hijab or religious clothings. In some countries, they impose a
general prohibition on religious and cultural symbols disproportionately (www.enar-
eu.org/about/islamophobia/).
The form of Islamophobia also appeared into some fields are included attitudes and behaviors, policies and
practices of organizations and institutions. Here are examples across countries and time including:
physical or verbal attacks on property, places of worship, and people—especially those who display a visible
manifestation of their religious identity such as women wearing the hijab or niqab verbal or online threats of
violence, vilification, and abuse. policies or legislation that indirectly target or disproportionately affect
Muslims, and unduly restrict their freedom of religion, such as bans on wearing visible religious and cultural
symbols, laws against facial concealment, and bans on building mosques with minarets discrimination in
education, employment, housing, or access to goods and services ethnic and religious profiling and police abuse,
including some provisions of counterterrorism policing public pronouncements by some journalists and
politicians—across the whole political spectrum—that stigmatize Muslims as a group and disregard their
positive contributions to the communities and countries in which they live
(www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/islamophobia-europe).
In America Islamophobia is so blatant, specially after 9/11 attack. There has increased 57% of heinous attacts in
2016. Other data showed Anti-Islamic 28 incidents, 33 offenses, 36 victims and 20 known offenders in 2000.
The next year has increased Anti-Islamic with 481 incidents, 546 offenses, 554 victims, and known offenders
334 in 2001. Next year decreased Anti-Islamic with 155 incidents, 170 offenses, 174 victims, and 103 known
offenders in 2002. But on July 23, 2003 the Justive department handled 500 cases of bias crimes against Muslims
(Kaplan, Jeffrey, Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic Crime, Terrorism and Political
Violence Journal, Routledge, London UK, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248949906 Islamophobia
in America September 11 and Islamophobic Hate Crime).
Along with the increase in the number of Muslims, Islamophobia has been rising. The Muslims have been
victimized on college campuses, mosques have been vandalized and destroyed, Muslim charities have had their
assets frozen, and racial profiling has occurred at airports and on the streets. Many Americans associate Muslims
with fear-related terms such as violence, fanatic, radical, war, and terrorism (Samari, Goleen, Islamophobia and
Public Health in The United States, American Journal of Public Health,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC5055770/).
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In 2015, unsavory attitudes toward Muslim Americans rose to a high of 67%, hate speech and crimes against
Muslim Americans are commonplace since the November 13, 2015, attacks in Paris, France. The Council on
American–Islamic Relations reports a spike in threats, violence, and discriminatory acts, such as denial of
employment and targeting of Muslim Americans. Also they opposed Muslim Americans freely expressed,
including policies for profiling Muslims in a presidential campaign to proposes a “ban on Muslims” into
sociopolitical imvolvement (Samari, Goleen, Islamophobia and Public Health in The United States, American
Journal of Public Health, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055770/).
Apart from misunderstanding and hatred, we also see that political reasons can not be separated from
Islamophobia issues. The presence of Islam and Muslims has been considered as a threat to western life and this
has become an issue to gain voters. The issue can be as the analysing of Islamophobic discourses of the French
National Front, Alternative for Germany and the Dutch Freedom Party and also for the incumbent leaders (Oztig,
Idil, Lacin, Gurkan, Ayda, Turkan, and Aydin, Kenan, The Strategic Logic of Islamophobic Populism,
Government & Opposition An International Journal of Comparative Politics, Volume 56 Issue 3, Cambridge
University Press, July 2021, pp. 446-464).
Buzzers
Who are the buzzers of Islamophobia? they whom feel threatened and scared of the presence of Islam and
Muslims in their environment then they set an arrangement to refuse it and even repel it.
The main buzzers of Islamophobia are alt-right, white supremachy and some social groups ‘Patriotric
Europeans against the Islamization of the Occident such as PEGIDA, MAGIDA, LEGIDA, BARGIDA,
HAGIDA, KOGIDA, DUGIDA and BOGIDA which mainly based in Germany.
In the US, they inarm conservative Christian values and white supremachist nationalism. For example the
presidency of Donald J. Trump as the union between alt-right politics and Islamophobia. We need to take into
account that alt-right is not in Erope and US where they have obsessed to the power. Nowadays Islamophobia
has become a global trend which has outspreaded India, Myanmar, Australia, (New Zealand) and other parts of
the world (Sardar, Ziauddin, Serra, Jordi, and Jordan, Scott, ISLAMOPHOBIA AND THE RISE OF THE ALT-
RIGHT Book Title: Muslim Societies in Postnormal Times, International Institute of Islamic Thought,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10kmcpb.20?seq=1, 2019, pp. 87-92).
Commonly known that the Alternative Right called as “alt-right”, is a set of far-right ideologies, groups and
individuals whose core belief is that “white identity” is under attack by multicultural forces using “political
correctness” and “social justice” to weaken white people and “their” civilization (www.splcenter.org/fighting-
hate/extremist-files/ideology/alt-right).
The data show that anti-Muslim in 1998-2000 is under 50 cases, but significantly peaked afte 9/11 attack and
declined in the next year. Than in 2015 it’s still in number of 257 cases. But as the policy of war of terrorism
has make the Islamophobia spreaded into whole world and has spreaded suspicious and hatred against devote
Muslims in whole world (https://scholar.harvard.edu/jonjay/blog/anti-muslim-hate-crimes-surged-2015-how-
much).
MOVEMENT
From amount of alt-right some parties are blatantly and very violent Islamophobia.
Flemish Block (VNV), French front national and Pim Fortuyin in Netherlands in 1980s and 1990s promoted
Islam as alien, unassimilable and dangerous to ‘European’ liberal culture. In 2005 they rejected the calling of
racist or xenophobic but recognized as ‘Islamophobia’. Rather than multiculturalist they engaged to European
citizen as Islamophobia. The Islamophobic grown in line with immigration, unemployment and pressure on
social services. The Dutch Party for Freedom (PVV) while gained local elections 2010, Geert Wilders invited
the audiences to become less liberal on the issues of immigration, Islam, multiculturalism and human rights. He
empesized as Anti-Islam. The Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban from Comservative Party (Fidesz)
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stated that Hungarian State do not want of large number of Muslims presence. He want to build barb-wire fence
along the border with Serbia to stop migration into Hungary, then claimed that the country is defence of Europe
toward Islam. The Swiss People’s party (SVP) a conservative party that emerged as a major party in 1990s set
a referendum of 100.000 for legal bans of Islamic female dress, then bans for construction of further mosques.
They loud to face Islam, immigration, multiculturalism and security. The Alternative fur Deautchland (AFD)
in Germany an anti immigration and anti Islam, they gained around 15% of European election in 2014 and
around 20% in regional election in 2016, and as the third party in the parliament 12.6% in 2017 (Kallis,
Aristotle, Islamophobia in Europe: The Radical Right and The Mainstream,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311935510_Islamophobia_in_Europe_The_radical_right_and_the_m
ainstream, 2015).
The social group which is dominantly appeared as Islamophobia is Patriotic Europeans Against the
Islamization of the West (PEGIDA). This is a social group that peaked to the public in 2015 with 25.000
protesters in Dresden Germany on the anxiety of the effects of globalization, immigration, multiculturalism and
the economic crisis.
From various party and movements we can identify the common core of their issues. First, create rumors and
panic regarding islamo-hysteria and its effects. Second, their movements are interconnected in national and
international networks. Third, they have close angagement with journalists, mass media, politicians, state
officials, entrepreneurs and busuiness people, scholars and intellectuals. The US network raised $120 million as
private donations from business people, celebrities, newspapers and foundations (Perocco, Fabio, Anti-Migrant
Islamophobia in Europe, Social Roots, Mechanism and Actors, Journal REMHU, Rev. Interdiscip. Mobil. Hum.,
Brasília, v. 26, n. 53, ago. 2018).
Media
Media, TV, internet and social media as tools of Islamophobia. Their movements have been bostered by social
media which they created and connect with mass media. Not infrequently the contenct of the issue is also a lot
of slander aimed at Muslims.
Muslims are to blame for terrorism. Than the issues have been aired by media across Europe for instant the
attack in Paris. The tiny number of Muslims carriers the attack but the responsibility must be hold by all Muslims.
Terrorism attacks in Europe mostly not Islamic terrorism but in connection with separatist groups or with the far
right. The most obvious attack was in Norway where carried out by a far right ideologue against a left party
youth. The shooting of three your Muslims in North Caroline, where police stated that is suspected a militant
atheist. But there is no further investigations to the case that maight be relate with atheist terrorism (German,
Lindsey, ‘Blame the Muslims’: islamophobia is fuelled by government and media,
https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/blame-muslims-islamophobia-fuelled-government-and-media, 2015).
The obvious media which broadcasts the false of Islam and Muslim for instance Fox News. This media
frequently present guests as the experts of terrorism that figure false issues of Islam and Muslim. Fox News
invited Steve Emerson as a terrorism expert. He told that the Birmingham city inhabitant is all Muslim, one of
many zone that Muslim immigrants imposed sharia law and this forbidden for non-muslims. He also stated that
Muslim-Europeans will build mini-caliphate (Fisher, Max, It's not just Fox News: Islamophobia on cable news
is out of control, https://www.vox.com/2014/10/8/6918485/the-overt-islamophobia-on-american-tv-news-is-
out-of-control, 2015).
CNN are active media in the conduct to persecute Muslims. This media also has founded in spreading of the
framework and conflating that Islamic religion and Muslims culture are close to terrorism (Kurebwa, Jeffery and
Muchakabarwa, Prosper, Media Images of Islamophobia on Cable News Network (CNN) and Implications for
International Relations, https://www.igi-global.com/article/media-images-of-islamophobia-on-cable-news-
network-cnn-and-implications-for-international-relations/224948, 2019).
HBO talk show, Bill Maher, a comedian host who is well-known as Islamophobic. Maher said that month that
large of Muslims want to impose their ideas and they have similarity with ISIS. MSNBC's Morning Joe held a
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panel on Mansouri, which the UAE ambassador attended, the hosts repeatedly contrasted the UAE with Saudi
Arabia. Explicitly framed Saudi Arabia as the bad treat for women right (Fisher, Max, 2015).
The media is no less important in fuelling Islamophobia is story in the book, articles and films. The West media
is frequently presents the age of colonialism of the West to Eastern countries which Muslims majority where
Muslims opposed the colonials. Islam and Muslims are often figured as in the 8 century when Muslim ruled
Spain and surrondings and the Ottoman Empire that captured Constantinopel in 1453 (Rane, Halim, Ewart,
Jacqui and Martinkus, John, Media-Generated Muslims and Islamophobia, Palgrave Macmillan London,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137334831_3, 2014).
These framing of Islam and Muslims slowly shape the image that Islam and Muslims are strangers and threats
for western peoples that recognized as non muslims. They also worried Muslims will dominate the West.
Funds
The Islamophobia movements have a large of fund providers. They are as individuals and organizations. The
funds are available since the Islamophobics set up their actions. The providers or funders are across continent,
from Europe to America and vise versa.
A new discovery that there are Islamophobia organizations by Islamophobic by the nation’s largest
Muslim civil rights group received more than $105 million in donations from U.S. charities between
2017 and 2019. The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) said in a Jan. 11 reported titled
“Islamophobia in the Mainstream” base on their research the tax records of 50 organizations it had
previously identified as the largest funders of anti-Muslim causes, and 35 of them were the source for
fund of a total of $105 million (Mansoor, Sanya, U.S. Charities Funneled More Than $105 Million to
Anti-Muslim Groups, New Report Finds, https://time.com/6138552/charities-funded-anti-muslim-
groups-report/, 2022).
In line with the data above, CAIR and University of California Berkeley’s Center for Race and Gender
relesead the report name of 74 groups contributed to Islamophobia in the US. The primary of 33 is to
promote prejudice, hatred against Islam and Muslims (www.theguardian.com/us-
news/2016/jun/20/islamophobia-funding-cair-berkeley-report).
The CAIR noted 1.006 charity foundations funded nearly $125 million (Euro 111 million) to 39 anti-muslim
groups in range of 2014 and 2016. Sears Roebuck distributed $3.2 million to anti-muslim groups, including
nearly $1.9 million for the conspiracy theory promoting Gatestoone Institute. Christian Advocate Serving
Evangelism (CASE) an organization founded by Trump’s personal lawyer Jay Sekulow, a messianic jew, has
funded $32 million to American Center for Law and Justice (ACJL). Fidelity Charitable and Schwab groups
have donated $8.7 million and $5.7 million to anti-muslim groups, also National Christian Foundation and
Jewish Communal Funds have gaved $15.7 million and $3.2 million (www.dw.com/en/us-charities-fund-fringe-
islamophobia-network-report/a-48609434, US charities fund fringe Islamophobia network - report, 2019).
These are some of the funders for Islamophobia:
Donors Capital Fund is dedicated to fund to right-wing, and in many ocassions Islamophobic groups. Donors
Capital Fund and DonorsTrust have donated $27,042,600 between 2005 and 2012 to groups fuelling
Islamophobia.
The Investigative Project on Terrorism, or IPT, is a research organization founded by Steven Emerson in
1995. Since 2001 to 2012, IPT’s revenue was $2.5 million.
The Middle East Forum, or MEF, is a conservative think tank founded by Daniel Pipes in 1990. MEF has
received more than $12 million in funding from donors in the network since 2001 for Islamophobia network,
including Zuhdi Jasser's American Islamic Forum for Democracy; Frank Gaffney's Center for Security Policy;
Robert Spencer's Jihad Watch; and Steven Emerson's Investigative Project on Terrorism. since 2009 to 2012,
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the highest recipients of MEF funding have been Investigative Project on Terrorism ($1,409,585) and Center for
Security Policy ($260,000).
The Clarion Project as the project which promote “the dangers of Islamic extremism." This project recieved
$17 million above from Donors Capital Fund in 2008, in 2012 was $1,374,578.
The David Horowitz Freedom Center was founded 1998 as the connecting group for threating “Muslim
extremism” in the United States was founded 1988. The Freedom Center contributed $170,500 to Jihad Watch
2010-2012.
The Center for Security Policy was funded 1988, or CSP, is a nonprofit conservative think tank and a main
driver of the “creeping Sharia” conspiracy theory. CSP has received more than $7 million from donors and other
organizations in the Islamophobia network since 2001, including $300,000 from Daniel Pipes’s Middle East
Forum between 2008 and 2012. In 2012, CSP’s annual revenue was more than $3.2 million, and Frank Gaffney’s
annual salary was nearly $300,000 as president of the organization. CSP also has received $37,660 from the
Joyce and Donald Rumsfeld Foundation between 2007 and 2012.
Scaife Foundation in 2013 contributed $625,000 to the conservative American Enterprise Institute and
$125,000 to the hawkish American Foreign Policy Council. The Scaife Foundations have contributed
$10,475,000 to groups in the Islamophobia network, including the David Horowitz Freedom Center, Center for
Security Policy, and the Counterterrorism & Security Education and Research Foundation since 2001 to 2012.
The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation is a family group who have a manufacturer of factory automation
equipment. The Bradley Foundation provided $6,540,000 in funding to the Islamophobia network from 2001-
2012. These funds distributed to the David Horowitz Freedom Center ($5,090,000), the Center for Security
Policy ($1,020,000), and the Middle East Forum ($430,000) (Center for American Progress Fear, Inc., Donors
to the Islamophobia network, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-
content/uploads/issues/2011/08/pdf/islamophobia chapter1.pdf).
The Newton D. & Rochelle F. Becker have contributed $1,411,000 between 2001 and 2012 to anti-Islam
organizations such as the Middle East Forum ($464,000), Center for Security Policy ($405,000), David Horowitz
Freedom Center ($87,000), Clarion Project ($80,000), and Act! For America Education ($75,000).
The William Rosenwald Family Fund liquidated its funds to the Alice Rosenwald Family Fund, the Middle
Road Foundation--formerly Anchorage Charitable Fund--and the Abstraction Fund. The Middle Road
Foundation, William Rosenwald Family Fund, and Abstraction Fund contributed $4,952,979 to the
Islamophobia network since 2001-2012. In 2009 and 2012 alone, the Abstraction Fund donated $2,154,750 to
the Islamophobia network, including $1,928,500 to Daniel Pipes's Middle East Forum.
Fairbrook Foundation funded $1,859,450 to the Islamophobia network since 2004-2011.
The David Horowitz Freedom Center was founded 1988 is an amplifying group to treat of “Muslim
extremism” in the United States. The revenue for the David Horowitz Freedom Center was more than $7.2
million in 2012 and The Freedom Center contributed $170,500 to Jihad Watch from 2010-2012.
The Alan and Hope Winters Family Foundation is a new donor to the Islamophobia network. The foundation's
revenue was $1,420,980 in 2012 and their contribution $817,060 to the Islamophobia network in 2008 and 2012.
Their fostered groups are consist of Society of Americans for National Existence ($387,288), Center for Security
Policy ($271,075), American Islamic Forum for Democracy ($75,000), Investigative Project on Terrorism
($75,000), and ACT! for America Education ($8,697). The foundation distributed $387,288 to David
Yerushalmi's organization, Society of Americans for National Existence, or SANE, citing "security and
freedom" as the "purpose" of funding in 2008-2012. Yerushalmi is well known for introducing the model anti-
Sharia legislation introduced in more than 30 states (https://islamophobianetwork.com/funder/donors-capital-
fund-and-donors-trust/).
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Obviously reported that 1.096 foundations, donors and corporations distributes $1.5 billion through 39
Islamophobia network groups for anti-Islam (Khan, Aysha, Report: Over 1,000 charity groups are helping fund
fringe anti-Muslim projects, 2019, https://religionnews.com/2019/05/06/report-over-1000-charity-groups-are-
helping-fund-fringe-anti-muslim-projects/).
CONCLUSION
We knew from the informations above that these issues are part of bad propagandas and misunderstanding
toward Islam. First, Islamophobia appeared against the values of human equality which are as the common
agreement values of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Second, Islamophobia removed the rationality
culture base on suspicion, prejudice and hate on Islam whereas Islamic teachings are rational, peacefull and
tolerance. Third, Islamophobia is a global movement with systematic agenda including agents, propagandas,
medias and funds. Forth, as the respon of Islamophobia movement General Assembly of United Nations
declared to Combat Islamophobia on 15 March 2021; Fifth, request a serious commitment of United Nations to
implement the Declaration of Combating Islamophobia with systematic agenda to treat global freedom.
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