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ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
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Challenges Facing Women Entrepreneurs in Accessing Market for
Wash Products: A Case of Maji Safi Project in Iringa Region
Hakam Mohamed, Dr. Blandina Kisawike
Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Iringa
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000362
Received: 20 October 2025; Accepted: 27 October 2025; Published: 12 November 2025
ABSTRACT
The study aimed at determining the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing market for WASH
Products in Iringa region. The study employed a mixed method approach, integrating both quantitative and
qualitative data. The sample size comprised 200 respondents selected from four districts of Iringa region, Kilolo
Dc, Iringa Dc, Mufindi Dc, and Iringa Municipal. Primary data and secondary data were used in this study.
Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics analysis with SPSS, while qualitative data were
thematically analyzed to capture deeper insights. The study found that inadequate market information remains a
critical barrier for women entrepreneurs from fully capitalizing on market opportunities. The findings revealed
that many women entrepreneurs struggle with limited access to affordable credit facilities, with high interest
rates. The study revealed that establishing linkages with suppliers were limited among women, reducing their
ability to build strong business relationships. The study highlighted the need for interventions that enhance
market information flow to empower women and financial institutions to design financing options with favorable
terms as well as facilitating inclusive networking for promoting sustainable market access and business
development in the WASH sector.
Keywords: Women entrepreneurs, Sanitation Marketing, WASH Products.
INTRODUCTION
Women Entrepreneurs means the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business
enterprise, (Ansam, 2021). Women entrepreneurs contribute significantly to economic growth and social
development, particularly in emerging markets (Ansam, 2021). Women entrepreneurs are playing a very
important role in business, industry. Studies proved, women entrepreneurship as a mechanism not only
contribute to economic growth but also help in alleviating poverty, improve confidence, creativity and innovation
of women and simultaneously, create employment opportunities for others (Ansam, 2021).
In Africa, women entrepreneurs are making notable contributions to economic growth by engaging in diverse
sectors, including WASH. However, they continue to face unique challenges that limit their full participation in
business. Studies indicate that women-owned enterprises in Africa experience slower growth rates than male-
owned businesses due to factors such as gender discrimination, lack of access to capital, and cultural norms
restricting women's mobility and decision-making power (Leahy, 2017). The WASH sector in Africa presents a
significant opportunity for women entrepreneurs. As governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
push for increased access to clean water and sanitation services, female-led businesses have emerged to provide
water purification, waste management, and hygiene products (Mutebe,2024).
In Tanzanian, the government recognizes the critical role women play in economic growth and has introduced
several policies and programs aimed at fostering their entrepreneurial spirit. Some of the key initiatives include
Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Program which focuses on providing training, resources, and access
to capital for women entrepreneurs, particularly in rural areas. The government supports women through grants,
microfinancing, and business training programs, aiming to increase women’s participation in the formal
economy (Etinosa 2024).
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Government programmes to private sector initiatives & non-profit organizations provide a variety of resources
– to support women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. The Tanzania Women Chamber of Commerce (TWCC) provides
training, mentorship and networking opportunities, while the Small Industries Development Organization
(SIDO) offers funding & business development support (Lahiri 2025). International organizations initiatives
such as the African Women’s Development Fund, the Women’s Entrepreneurship Access Center (WEAC) and
a USAID funded Maji Safi Project are equipping women with the skills and resources they need, to launch and
grow successful enterprises.
Despite these efforts, women entrepreneurs, particularly those in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
sector, continue to face substantial challenges. Studies indicate that women-owned enterprises (WOEs)
constitute approximately 54% of MSMEs in Tanzania (Mori, 2014), yet the majority remain in the informal,
micro, low-growth, and low-profit sectors. Women’s limited access to financial resources, markets, and business
networks further constrains their entrepreneurial potential. Only 3% of women-led enterprises in Tanzania
participate in international trade, limiting their ability to scale and compete globally (Agarwal, 2014).
In the WASH sector, gender disparities persist despite women’s extensive involvement in household water
collection, sanitation management, and hygiene education (Mutebe, 2024). An estimated 71% of Tanzanian
women are responsible for collecting water, making them key stakeholders in WASH-related enterprises (Leahy,
2017). However, their participation in the business aspects of WASH remains below 10%, mainly due to limited
technical skills, lack of financial access, and restricted market opportunities (Mutebe, 2024).
Given these challenges, there was an urgent need to examine the barriers women entrepreneurs face in accessing
markets for their WASH products and services. This study explored the factors limiting their market reach,
identify strategies for overcoming these barriers, and propose sustainable solutions to empower women
entrepreneurs in the WASH sector. Enhancing women's participation in WASH entrepreneurship is crucial for
both economic development and gender equality, aligning with Tanzania’s national policies and Sustainable
Development Goal (SDG) 5 on gender equality and SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theories reviewed in this chapter included the Liquidity Theory, and Social Capital Theory, which served as
the supporting theoretical foundations for the research. Each theory was explored to understand how it explains
or supports different aspects of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing markets for WASH
products.
Liquidity Theory
Liquidity Theory was proposed by Simpeh (2011), emphasizing the role of financial resources in entrepreneurial
success. The theory suggests that individuals with financial capital are better positioned to acquire the necessary
resources to identify and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities.
One of the strengths of this theory is its ability to highlight the importance of financial resources in
entrepreneurship. It provides a strong foundation for understanding why individuals with sufficient financial
capital are more likely to start and sustain businesses. This theory is closely related to the financial resource
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing markets for WASH products in Iringa. It helps explain
how financial constraints limit their ability to expand their businesses and compete in the market. Based on these
insights, several recommendations for action can be made. First, governments and financial institutions should
develop tailored loan and grant programs to improve financial accessibility for women entrepreneurs. Second,
capacity-building programs should include financial management training to help entrepreneurs maximize
available resources and explore alternative funding methods.
Social Capital Theory
The Social Capital Theory emphasizes the role of social connections in entrepreneurial success. Simpeh (2011)
highlights that stronger social ties to resource providers facilitate resource acquisition and enhance the
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probability of opportunity exploitation. Entrepreneurs who have access to well-established social networks can
benefit from shared knowledge, mentorship, and business opportunities, making it easier to establish and grow
their ventures. One of the key strengths of this theory is that it highlights the importance of social relationships
in business success. It explains why some entrepreneurs, despite having limited financial resources, succeed
through strong networks that provide mentorship, funding opportunities, and market linkages.
This theory is closely related to the business network challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing
markets for WASH products in Iringa. Limited social capital can hinder women entrepreneurs from accessing
key business resources, such as market information, financial support, and mentorship. To address these
challenges, women entrepreneurs should be encouraged to join business associations, cooperatives, and
networking groups to expand their connections and improve market access.
Empirical Review
Al-Dajani and Marlow (2021) conducted a study titled, “Women’s Entrepreneurship and Development in the
Middle East.” This qualitative research used in-depth interviews with 45 women entrepreneurs across Jordan,
Lebanon, and Egypt. Findings showed that cultural norms, restricted mobility, and exclusion from male-
dominated networks limited women’s access to critical business intelligence. The lack of reliable market
information restricted their ability to compete in high-growth industries, forcing many to operate in low-margin,
saturated markets. The authors emphasized the need for policy-driven interventions to democratize access to
business networks and data-sharing systems.
Kabeer (2019) conducted a study about, “financial access and women entrepreneurs: Overcoming barriers in
developing countries”, examined the financial constraints affecting women entrepreneurs in South Asia. Using
a mixed-methods approach and a descriptive research design, the study focused on women-led SMEs, with 250
participants selected through stratified random sampling. Data was collected through surveys and key informant
interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Findings revealed that limited
access to finance, due to lack of collateral, high interest rates, and stringent banking requirements, significantly
impeded women's ability to access and sustain markets. The study recommended gender-sensitive lending
policies and targeted financial literacy initiatives. It also suggested further research into how digital financial
services could support market access for women entrepreneurs dealing in essential products such as those in the
WASH sector.
Smith and Johnson (2018), “Business Networks and Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges in Accessing Markets
for WASH Products in East Africa”, investigated business network constraints affecting women entrepreneurs
in the WASH sector. Using a qualitative case study design, the study targeted 25 women from Kenya, Uganda,
and Tanzania selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and
analyzed using thematic analysis. The study found that women in the WASH sector struggle with limited access
to formal business networks, gender-based exclusion in informal networks, and difficulty forming partnerships
with suppliers and distributors. These constraints significantly restricted their ability to expand into wider
markets. The researchers recommended establishing women-focused networking platforms, mentorship
opportunities, and partnerships with NGOs.
While existing literature provides insights into the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing
markets, significant gaps remain in understanding the specific market information challenges for women
involved in WASH product businesses. Agarwal (2014) and Ansam (2021) highlight general market access
issues such as limited knowledge and gender biases in funding and investments. However, these studies lack a
specific focus on the WASH sector, where women face unique challenges due to the nature of the products and
services they provide. Additionally, there is limited research that explores how digital tools could effectively
bridge these gaps for women entrepreneurs in the WASH sector, leaving room for further investigation into the
specific barriers they face in accessing relevant market information.
Methodologically, most of the studies on women entrepreneurs’ market access challenges, such as those by
Agarwal (2014), Singer, and Ansar (2022), use qualitative or quantitative approaches that focus on general
business sectors. However, there is a lack of sector-specific studies focusing on women in the WASH industry.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
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Contextually, while studies like those of Ovens (2025) and Aterido, Beck, and Iacovone (2013) examine barriers
women face in developed and developing countries, they do not address the specific challenges within low-
resource settings where WASH products are crucial. For instance, Asonga, Adegbayo and Nnana (2021) focus
on Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Africa but fail to highlight how socio-political contexts, such as government
policies and cultural norms, directly influence women’s market access in the WASH sector specifically in the
Tanzania context. Research needs to take into account the specific cultural, economic, and institutional contexts
that women entrepreneurs in the WASH sector face in different regions, especially in countries with varying
degrees of market maturity and government support.
Finally, while digital tools and fintech solutions have been identified as key areas for bridging gaps in access to
market information and financial resources, as suggested by Agarwal (2014) and Iskenderian (2025), there is
insufficient research on how these tools specifically impact women entrepreneurs in the WASH sector. This gap
is critical, as digital platforms may play a transformative role in reducing market information challenges,
especially in regions where traditional business networks are inaccessible or gender-biased.
METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted in Iringa region, specifically targeting Iringa District Council (DC), Kilolo district,
Mufindi district, and Iringa Municipality. The research design employed a descriptive research approach, which
aimed to systematically describe the characteristics, challenges, and experiences of female entrepreneurs in the
WASH sector. The target population comprised women entrepreneurs engaged in marketing and distributing
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) products in Iringa region, Tanzania, including Iringa Municipality,
Iringa District Council, Kilolo District Council, and Mufindi District Council. With a total regional population
of approximately 1,122,100 people (NBS, 2022), of whom about 569,400 were women, local estimates from
Community Development Officers, district trade offices, and NGOs indicated that between 400 and 600 women
were involved in small-scale WASH entrepreneurship activities. These activities included soap making, selling
reusable sanitary pads, menstrual hygiene education, and water treatment products, either formally or informally,
across these districts.
Table 1: Target Population
Sn Area Target Population
1 Iringa DC 50
2 Kilolo DC 50
3 Mufindi DC 50
4 Iringa MC 150
Total
400
Source: Researcher, (2025).
The study used purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques. Purposive sampling was used to
select women entrepreneurs who were directly engaged in the marketing and distribution of WASH products
such as those involved in soap production, menstrual hygiene items, and sanitation hardware in the four selected
districts of Iringa region. Simple random sampling was applied after purposive identification of eligible women
entrepreneurs, where participants were randomly chosen from this refined group. A sample of 200 women
entrepreneurs who participated in the Maji Safi Project MSMEs support program was selected. The target
population comprised 400 entrepreneurs from Iringa Region. Using Morgan’s formula, the sample size was
calculated as follows:
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Table 2: Sample Size
n=
N
1+Ne^2
n=
400
1+400(0.05)^2
n=
400
1+400(0.0025)
n= 200
Source: Researcher, (2025)
Table 3: Area-wise Distribution of Sample Size
Area (District) Population of Women
Entrepreneurs (N)
Proportion (%) Sample Size (n)
Iringa Municipality 150 37.5% 75
Iringa District Council 50 12.5% 25
Kilolo District Council 50 12.5% 25
Mufindi District Council 150 37.5% 75
Total 400 100% 200
Source: Researcher, (2025)
The research utilized primary and secondary data sources to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
Primary data were collected through interviews with female entrepreneurs engaged in WASH product marketing,
as well as key stakeholders such as policymakers and NGO representatives. Secondary data were gathered from
scholarly journals and articles, reports from international organizations such as the World Bank and UN Women,
government and NGO reports, conference papers, and case studies.
In this study, the researcher employed questionnaires, interviews and FGD to collect information from women
entrepreneurs in Iringa region. The interviews were conducted with a purposive subset of women entrepreneurs
selected from the 200 respondents who participated in the study. Two FGDs were conducted with women
entrepreneurs from Iringa, each consisting of 8 to 10 participants. Questionnaire was administered to women
entrepreneurs to quantitatively assess the extent of market access challenges they faced in marketing WASH
products. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was utilized to efficiently organize and
present quantitative data in tabular and graphical formats, facilitating interpretation and reporting of findings.
For qualitative data, thematic analysis was employed.
DATA ANALYSIS
Market Information Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs
This section presents and discusses the findings on the extent to which limited access to market information
affects women entrepreneurs in Iringa Region, drawing on both field data and existing literature to provide a
comprehensive understanding of this challenge.
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Table 4: Market information challenges facing women entrepreneurs
Kinds of responses Agree Neutral Disagree Total
Market information F % F % F % F&%
Customer demand 100 50 30 15 70 35 200 100%
Pricing information 80 40 40 20 80 40 200 100%
Market channels 120 60 20 10 60 30 200 100%
Source: Researchers’ Data 2025
The findings on table 4 shows that, 50% of respondents agreed to have sufficient information about customer
demand for WASH products. Conversely, 35% disagreed, while 15% remained neutral. These results indicate
that only half of the women entrepreneurs feel adequately informed about customer demand, which is critical
for aligning their products with market needs. The sizeable proportion of entrepreneurs lacking this information
may struggle with inventory decisions, product relevance, and meeting customer expectations. This gap can
reduce competitiveness, limit sales, and hinder business growth. Moreover, it may reflect insufficient support
systems or poor access to market intelligence for women in this sector. In explaining this phenomenon; the
Woman Entrepreneur explained the following during the interview;
“I usually need information about customer demand, such as which hygiene products are most needed in my
area. I also rely on up-to-date pricing information to stay competitive, and I need to know the best distribution
channels to reach more customers. Additionally, I look for updates on government policies or support programs
related to WASH, and I value customer feedback to improve my products and services.” (Respondent number
1; 15/07/2025)
During the focus group discussion, participants collectively emphasized the critical importance of having access
to accurate and up-to-date market information in order to effectively sell WASH products. Specifically, they
highlighted the need for data on consumer preferences, purchasing behaviors, and demand fluctuations,
particularly during specific seasons or health awareness campaigns. The women also stressed the necessity of
receiving real-time information on pricing trends, which enables them to competitively price their products while
ensuring profitability.
The findings also indicate that, 40% of respondents agreed that they regularly receive reliable pricing information
for WASH products. However, 40% disagreed, while 20% were neutral. The data suggest that less than half of
the women entrepreneurs have access to pricing information, which is essential for effective pricing strategies
and negotiation. Lack of reliable price information can result in pricing products either too high or too low,
adversely affecting profitability and market competitiveness.
In the aspect of Market Channels for Distributing WASH Products, 60% of respondents agreed that they are
aware of various market channels available for distributing WASH products. Meanwhile, 30% disagreed, with
10% remaining neutral. The majority awareness suggests that many women entrepreneurs understand where and
how to sell their products, which is a positive indicator for market participation. Nevertheless, the 30% who lack
such awareness face significant barriers to expanding their reach and increasing sales. This lack of knowledge
may limit their access to potentially more profitable or stable market outlets and reduce opportunities for growth
and sustainability.
Financial Resource Challenges
This section presents and discusses the findings on financial barriers experienced by women entrepreneurs in
Iringa Region and examines how these constraints influence their ability to compete and expand within the
WASH sector, while also linking the results with insights from existing literature.
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Table 5: Financial Resource challenges
Kinds of responses Agree Neutral Disagree Total
Financial Resources F % F % F % F&%
Credit Facilities 63 30.5 30 15 107 53.5 200 100%
Affordable interest rates 50 25 33 16.5 117 58.5 200 100%
Suitable loan terms 55 27.5 39 19.5 106 53 200 100%
Source: Researchers’ Data 2025
The findings on table 5 shows that, 53.5% respondents have difficulties in accessing credit. These findings imply
that access to credit remains a significant barrier for many women entrepreneurs operating in the WASH sector.
The limited access to credit facilities may hinder business expansion, reduce investment in hygiene-related
innovations, and ultimately limit the scale at which these women can serve their communities. Neutral responses
may suggest a lack of awareness or uncertainty about the available financial options. In explaining this
phenomenon; the Woman Entrepreneur explained the following during the interview;
"Yes, there are a few financial institutions and organizations in Iringa that offer support to women in WASH
businesses, but the support is not always easy to access. Institutions like BRAC, FINCA, and some SACCOs
provide small business loans, but the interest rates are often high, and the requirements can be strict, especially
for women without collateral. Some organizations like Maji Safi and World SIDO, have offered financial literacy
training and occasional financial assistance, but it's not consistent or large-scale. More targeted financial
programs and flexible loan terms would really help women like me grow our WASH-related businesses."
(Respondent number 8; 15/07/2025)
In the focus group discussion, participants shared that financial support for women-owned WASH businesses in
Iringa remains limited. While a few women mentioned accessing small loans from microfinance institutions and
village community banks, these facilities often come with high interest rates and rigid repayment terms that are
not tailored to enterprise cash flow realities. Several participants also reported participating in NGO-led savings
and loan groups, as well as informal rotating credit associations (‘vico stadi’), which provided modest support
but lacked formal structure and scalability.
The findings on table 5 also shows that, 58.5% of respondents disagreed that the interest rates offered to them
were affordable and supportive of business growth. This indicate that interest rates are unaffordable to the
majority of women entrepreneurs and constraint their WASH-related enterprises. According to Demirgüç-Kunt
et al. (2022), high interest rates are one of the leading deterrents to women’s entrepreneurship, particularly in
developing countries where microfinance institutions often charge rates above 30 percent annually.
On the other hand, the findings on table 5 shows that, 53% of disagreed that the loan terms they received were
suitable for their business needs. The data reveal that most women feel that loan terms such as repayment
duration, grace period, or installment amounts do not match the practical needs of running WASH-related
enterprises. Inflexible loan terms can increase the risk of default or discourage women from applying for
financial support altogether. The neutrality again signals possible financial illiteracy or lack of clear
communication from financial institutions. In explaining this phenomenon; the Woman Entrepreneur explained
the following during the interview;
"The lack of financial resources affects my ability to market my WASH products in many ways. Without enough
capital, I cannot invest in proper packaging, advertising, or transport to reach more customers. Sometimes, I
even fail to restock the products that are in demand. If I had better access to financial support, I could expand
my business, participate in trade fairs, and even use social media for promotion. But with limited funds, I mostly
rely on word-of-mouth and local customers, which slows down business growth." (Respondent number 3;
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17/07/2025)
During the focus group discussion with women entrepreneurs, they agreed that limited financial resources
significantly hinder their ability to effectively market their WASH products. Many participants pointed out that
without adequate funding, they are unable to invest in proper branding, advertise through radio or posters, or
even transport their products to wider markets. One participant explained that due to financial constraints, she
only sells within her village, missing out on customers in nearby towns. Another added that they often cannot
afford to stock enough products, especially during high-demand seasons, which limits their sales.
Business Network challenges
This section presents and discusses the findings on the extent to which network-related challenges affect women
entrepreneurs in Iringa Region, integrating field data with relevant literature to provide a comprehensive
understanding of this barrier.
Table 6: Network Challenges Facing Women Entrepreneurs
Kinds of responses Agree Neutral Disagree Total
Market Access F % F % F % F&%
Participation in trade fairs 68 34 40 20 92 46 200 100%
Participation in networking events 64 32 36 18 100 50 200 100%
Linkages with suppliers 52 26 42 21 106 53 200 100%
Source: Researchers’ Data 2025
In this study, only 34% of women reported to have active participation in trade fairs, which suggests that while
some women are leveraging such opportunities, a significant portion remains disengaged. This limited
participation may reduce opportunities for product exposure, business visibility, and networking, ultimately
constraining their ability to expand their markets. Trade fairs are essential for entrepreneurs to showcase
products, meet buyers, and learn market trends. In explaining this phenomenon; one woman entrepreneur
explained the following during the interview;
"I usually interact with other women involved in similar WASH businesses on a weekly basis, especially during
local market days or community meetings. These interactions provide opportunities to share information about
customers, suppliers, and marketing strategies. However, sometimes the frequency is limited due to busy
schedules and lack of organized networking platforms." (Respondent number 4; 17/07/2025)
During focus group discussion with women entrepreneurs, the women expressed that they interact regularly,
mostly on a weekly or biweekly basis, depending on market activities and community events. These interactions
often happen informally at local markets, women’s groups, or during trade fairs. They highlighted that such
meetings are important for sharing experiences, exchanging information about suppliers and customers, and
providing mutual support. However, some participants noted challenges such as limited organized platforms for
networking and time constraints due to household responsibilities, which sometimes reduce the frequency of
their interactions. Overall, they agreed that stronger and more frequent networking would significantly help
improve their business performance.
Concerning women entrepreneurs’ participation in the networking events to build business relationships, the
findings on table 6 shows that, 14% strongly agreed and 18% agreed that they attend networking events. An
equal number 18%, remained neutral. Meanwhile, 26% disagreed and 24% strongly disagreed, suggesting that
about half of the women do not engage in networking events. This implies that most women entrepreneurs do
not regularly participate in networking events, which could hinder their ability to form valuable business
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relationships, access market intelligence, and create strategic alliances.
The findings indicate that most women entrepreneurs (53%) lack strong and reliable relationships with product
suppliers, which may lead to inconsistent supply, limited negotiation power, and higher costs. This weakens
their market competitiveness and reduces their ability to meet customer demand effectively. In explaining this
phenomenon; the Woman Entrepreneur explained the following during the interview;
“The support we receive from our business networks varies but is crucial for our success. Many women
mentioned getting valuable information about where to source quality WASH products at better prices, as well
as tips on marketing strategies and customer preferences. Some networks also offer moral support and
encouragement, which boosts confidence. A few women reported receiving referrals and leads for potential
customers through these connections. However, not all participants felt their networks provided substantial
financial support or formal training, indicating a need for more structured assistance within these groups.”
(Respondent number 7; 17/07/2025)
During the focus group discussion, participants emphasized that their business networks primarily provide
informational and emotional support. Many women shared that through these networks, they learn about reliable
suppliers, pricing trends, and new market opportunities, which helps them make better business decisions. They
also highlighted the importance of peer encouragement and sharing experiences, which fosters motivation and
resilience. However, several participants pointed out that while the networks are strong in sharing knowledge,
they lack formal financial support such as loans or grants. They expressed a desire for these networks to facilitate
more training programs and access to funding to better support their business growth.
Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in Accessing Market for WASH products
This section provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors that hinder women’s participation, growth,
and competitiveness in the WASH sector in Iringa Region drawing on the findings from the previous sections
Table 7: Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in Accessing Market for WASH products
Kinds of responses Agree Neutral Disagree Total
Market Access F % F % F % F&%
Distribution channels 80 40 40 22 80 45 200 100%
Business Networks and linkages 70 47.5 50 25 80 40 200 100%
Market information 60 30 55 27.5 85 42.5 200 100%
Source: Researchers’ Data 2025
Limited Availability of Distribution Channels to Access Target Markets
The findings on table 7 shows that, 40% agreed that there are enough distribution channels available, while 40%
of respondents do not believe adequate distribution channels exist. Another 20% remained neutral. The findings
indicate that many women entrepreneurs’ experience difficulty accessing sufficient distribution channels for
WASH products. This can significantly restrict their ability to expand their customer base and scale up their
businesses. Neutral responses suggest uncertainty or variability depending on the business location or network
strength.
According to Manfre and Rubin (2016), women-led enterprises often face restricted mobility and limited access
to commercial infrastructure, which affects their ability to distribute products effectively. Similarly, the World
Bank (2019) reported that female entrepreneurs in Tanzania face challenges with rural outreach, transportation,
and warehousing due to low investment in logistics and transport services tailored to women-owned businesses.
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These findings reinforce the present study’s results by demonstrating that inadequate distribution channels are a
widespread structural issue that continues to undermine the growth potential of women entrepreneurs across the
region.
Inadequate Business Networks and Linkages for Market Access
The findings on table 7 shows that, 12.5% strongly agreed and 22.5% agreed that they benefit from business
networks. A considerable 30% disagreed and 10% strongly disagreed, totaling 40% who believe they don’t
benefit from networks. A further 25% were neutral. This suggests that many women entrepreneurs lack access
to strong professional networks or partnerships that could facilitate market entry and expansion. Without these
networks, they may struggle to connect with suppliers, customers, or institutional buyers, which limits growth
and profitability.
The data indicate that just 35% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they benefit from business networks
and linkages, while 40% disagreed. This trend supports earlier research by Brush et al. (2017), who emphasized
that women are often excluded from influential business networks, which are critical for market penetration,
especially in male-dominated sectors like manufacturing and WASH-related ventures. Additionally, the African
Development Bank (2018) noted that access to networks and mentorship in the WASH sector is not only gender-
skewed but also geographically uneven, with urban entrepreneurs benefiting more than those in peri-urban or
rural regions.
Furthermore, Munyua and Wanjiru (2021) examined the relationship between business network participation
and market performance, measuring outcomes such as sales growth, supplier relationships, and access to
institutional buyers. Results showed that women with stronger networks reported higher sales, increased
customer bases, and more reliable supplier linkages. Conversely, those with limited networking opportunities
struggled to expand their market presence and access timely market information. The study concluded that
inadequate business networks act as a structural barrier for women entrepreneurs and recommended government
and NGO-led initiatives to facilitate inclusive networking, including mentorship schemes, peer learning
platforms, and targeted workshops for women in SMEs.
Limited Access to Timely and Relevant Market Information
The findings on table 7 shows that, 30% agreed they have access to timely and relevant market information.
However, 42.5% disagreed, while 27.5% were neutral. This shows a majority either disagreed or were uncertain
about access to market information. Limited access to market data (e.g., pricing trends, customer preferences,
demand forecasts) may prevent women entrepreneurs from making informed decisions about product pricing,
inventory, and marketing. The high percentage of disagreement and neutrality may also reflect a lack of digital
tools or training.
Only 30% of respondents in the current study reported having access to timely and relevant market information,
and this finding is consistent with earlier studies. A study by Chinomona and Maziriri (2017) in South Africa
revealed that many women-owned small and medium enterprises lack access to market intelligence, particularly
data on customer preferences, pricing trends, and competitor strategies. This inadequacy restricts their ability to
develop market-responsive strategies. Additionally, according to UN Women (2016), the digital gender gap
contributes to limited access to online market platforms and resources, which are crucial in modern marketing.
Similarly, Kapinga and Montero (2017), in their research on women entrepreneurs in Tanzania, noted that even
when information is available, it is not always accessible or affordable for female entrepreneurs, due to digital
illiteracy or cost barriers.
Mwangi et al. (2019) found that inadequate access to information on pricing trends, seasonal demand variations,
and customer feedback limited women’s ability to plan inventories, adapt products, and expand their businesses.
Women entrepreneurs often relied on informal networks and word-of-mouth, which was inconsistent and
unreliable. The study recommended implementing digital platforms, training programs, and community-based
information hubs to enhance access to timely market intelligence, thereby supporting better business planning
and market competitiveness. Therefore, the current findings reinforce the conclusion that poor access to market
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
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information continues to be a systemic barrier affecting women's business growth, particularly in specialized
sectors like WASH.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
The study concludes that access to adequate market information remains a critical challenge for women
entrepreneurs in the WASH sector in Iringa Region. Many women lack timely and reliable data on customer
demand, pricing trends, and distribution channels, which limits their ability to make informed business decisions.
This information gap reduces their competitiveness and restricts their market reach, ultimately affecting the
growth and sustainability of their enterprises. Furthermore, the significant positive relationship between market
information and market access indicates that improving information flow can substantially enhance women’s
ability to penetrate and thrive in the WASH market. Therefore, strategies that enhance the availability and
accessibility of market data through digital platforms, training, and organized market forums are essential to
empower women entrepreneurs and support their business development.
Regarding financial resources, the study concludes that limited access to affordable credit and unfavorable loan
conditions are major barriers hindering women entrepreneurs’ market participation. High interest rates,
unsuitable repayment terms, and lack of tailored financial products restrict women’s capacity to invest in
business expansion, improve product quality, and increase distribution, which are necessary for effective market
access. The strong influence of financial resources on market access underscores the need for financial
institutions and policymakers to develop inclusive financing schemes targeting women-led businesses in the
WASH sector. Enhancing financial literacy and creating supportive loan environments would enable women to
overcome capital constraints and stimulate business growth, thereby improving their competitiveness in the
market.
The study finds that weak business networks significantly limit women entrepreneurs’ ability to access markets
for WASH products. Many women do not actively participate in trade fairs, networking events, or build strong
supplier linkages, which reduces opportunities for information exchange, collaboration, and access to new
markets. These limitations hinder their business expansion and ability to compete effectively. Given the positive
correlation between business networks and market access, strengthening women’s participation in networking
activities is crucial. Creating inclusive platforms and support systems that encourage women to form and
maintain business relationships can enhance their market visibility, increase resource access, and foster
sustainable business growth within the WASH sector.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the level of market information challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing markets for
WASH products, the study recommends that relevant stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, and
local business associations, establish centralized market information centers and digital platforms to provide
timely and accurate data on customer preferences, pricing, and distribution channels. These platforms could
include mobile applications, SMS services, and online portals tailored to the needs of women entrepreneurs. By
improving access to market information, women entrepreneurs will be able to make informed decisions
regarding product offerings, pricing strategies, and target customers.
Additionally, the study recommends that capacity-building initiatives such as workshops, seminars, and training
programs be organized regularly. These initiatives should focus on equipping women entrepreneurs with skills
in market research, data interpretation, and marketing strategies. By enhancing their understanding of market
trends and customer demands, women will be better positioned to compete effectively and increase their market
share. Continuous engagement with industry experts and mentors can further strengthen their knowledge and
confidence in navigating market challenges.
On the financial resource challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing markets for WASH products,
the study recommends that financial institutions develop credit facilities specifically designed for women-led
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
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WASH businesses. These products should have lower interest rates, flexible repayment terms, and simplified
application processes that consider the realities of small-scale enterprises. By providing accessible and affordable
financing, women entrepreneurs can invest in inventory, equipment, and marketing, which are crucial for
expanding their businesses and improving market access. Furthermore, financial literacy programs should be
offered to empower women with knowledge and skills to manage their finances effectively. Such programs can
cover budgeting, record-keeping, savings strategies, and understanding of credit systems. Enhanced financial
literacy will not only help women maintain sustainable businesses but also improve their ability to negotiate
favorable financial terms, build creditworthiness, and access additional funding opportunities in the future.
Based on the business network challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing markets for WASH
products, the study recommends that women be encouraged and supported to participate in trade fairs,
networking events, and peer mentorship programs. Establishing linkages with suppliers, distributors, and other
entrepreneurs will promote collaboration, knowledge sharing, and increased market opportunities. These
networks can provide access to new markets, improve bargaining power, and create a support system for
overcoming challenges in the WASH sector.
In addition, government agencies, NGOs, and private sector partners should actively facilitate the creation and
strengthening of women-focused business associations. These associations can serve as platforms for advocacy,
capacity building, and resource mobilization. By fostering strong business networks, women entrepreneurs can
collaborate on joint ventures, share market insights, and collectively address common challenges, which
ultimately enhances their competitiveness and sustainability in WASH product markets
AKNOLEDGMENTS
We extend our deepest gratitude to the Almighty God for providing us with strength, guidance and perseverance
needed to complete this work, we are also thankful to individuals and organizations involved for their invaluable
contributions, which made this study possible.
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