INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5348 www.rsisinternational.org
Barriers to Digital Entrepreneurship among Persons with
Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Abdul Azim Abdul Rashid1, Isma Addi Jumbri2*, Samer Ali Hussein Al-Shami1
1Institute of Technology Management and Entrepreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
2Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000436
Received: 22 October 2025; Accepted: 30 October 2025; Published: 14 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Digital entrepreneurship has emerged as a key enabler of economic inclusion, particularly for Persons with
Disabilities (PWDs). In Malaysia, digital platforms offer opportunities for PWDs to overcome traditional
physical and structural barriers; however, participation remains limited due to persistent challenges. This study
employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the PRISMA framework and the PICo model to
synthesise recent evidence on the barriers faced by Malaysian PWDs in digital entrepreneurship. Using the
Scopus database, fifty studies were initially identified, and sixteen peer-reviewed articles meeting the inclusion
criteria were selected for thematic analysis and quality appraisal using the JBI checklist. The findings reveal four
interrelated categories of barriers—technological (limited access to assistive tools and digital infrastructure),
psychological (low confidence and digital self-efficacy), institutional (weak policy implementation and limited
training support), and social (stigma and exclusion from networks). These multidimensional barriers are
mutually reinforcing, collectively restricting PWDs' ability to establish and sustain digital enterprises. The study
highlights the importance of inclusive policies, enhanced digital accessibility, and empowerment-oriented
capacity-building initiatives in supporting Malaysia's progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) 8 and 10, specifically decent work and reduced inequalities.
Keywords: Digital entrepreneurship, Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), Barriers, Systematic Literature Review,
Accessibility.
INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship has long been recognised as a vital catalyst for economic growth, innovation, and social
inclusion. For persons with disabilities (PWDs), however, the pathway to entrepreneurship is often constrained
by structural, institutional, and attitudinal challenges that limit their participation in economic activities. In
Malaysia, as in many developing economies, these challenges arise from social prejudice, inadequate
accessibility, and limited institutional support (Cechony & Brown, 2025; Finkelstein & Gross, 2025). Although
entrepreneurship provides opportunities for self-reliance, financial independence, and empowerment, many
PWDs continue to encounter barriers that restrict their involvement in entrepreneurial ventures.
Globally, an estimated 1.3 billion people, or approximately 16 per cent of the world's population, live with some
form of disability, and this proportion is expected to increase as populations age and life expectancy rises (World
Health Organisation, 2020). In Malaysia, the number of registered PWDs has grown steadily, reflecting
demographic shifts and greater recognition of disability through national registration systems (Department of
Statistics Malaysia, 2023). The Malaysian government has implemented several important initiatives, including
the Persons with Disabilities Act 2008, the National Policy and Plan of Action for Persons with Disabilities, and
its ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). These
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5349 www.rsisinternational.org
policy frameworks align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goals 8 and 10, which
promote decent work and economic growth, and aim to reduce inequalities and ensure social inclusion. They
collectively affirm Malaysia's commitment to promoting equitable participation of PWDs in education,
employment, and entrepreneurship.
Despite these progressive measures, significant barriers persist that prevent PWDs from fully engaging in
entrepreneurial activities. Research highlights several challenges, including limited access to digital
infrastructure, insufficient funding mechanisms, inadequate training opportunities, and persistent social stigma
(Revillard, 2023; Semrau et al., 2024). Many PWDs also remain unregistered, which restricts their access to
institutional programs and financial assistance. Consequently, a gap persists between policy intentions and actual
implementation, indicating that inclusion efforts have not yet reached the most marginalised groups. Addressing
these issues requires a comprehensive understanding of the specific barriers that constrain PWDs from
participating in entrepreneurial ecosystems, particularly within the expanding digital economy.
Digital entrepreneurship has emerged as a transformative pathway that enables individuals to establish and
operate businesses using online technologies, e-commerce platforms, and social media tools. For PWDs, it
provides the potential to overcome mobility and accessibility constraints by allowing flexible work arrangements
and access to global markets. However, digital entrepreneurship does not automatically guarantee inclusion.
Many PWDs continue to face technological barriers, such as limited access to assistive tools, inaccessible web
platforms, inadequate digital literacy, and restricted participation in online financial or mentorship networks
(Kraus et al., 2023). These challenges highlight that digital transformation alone is insufficient without a parallel
emphasis on accessibility and inclusion.
Although the literature on entrepreneurship and disability has grown, there remains a lack of comprehensive
synthesis focusing specifically on the barriers that hinder PWDs from participating in digital entrepreneurship.
Existing studies often examine isolated issues, such as accessibility or funding, without integrating them into a
cohesive analytical framework. To address this gap, the present study conducts a systematic literature review to
identify, categorise, and analyse the main challenges faced by PWDs in digital entrepreneurship. Through this
method, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the technological, psychological,
institutional, and social barriers that affect PWDs' participation in digital business activities.
By consolidating evidence from previous research, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on inclusive
and equitable digital economies. It offers valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and support
organisations to design interventions that address these barriers and foster greater participation of PWDs in
entrepreneurship. Ultimately, the study emphasises the need to develop a digital entrepreneurial ecosystem that
is accessible, empowering, and inclusive for all individuals, regardless of ability.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Digital Entrepreneurship and Inclusion
Digital entrepreneurship refers to the process of identifying, developing, and managing business opportunities
utilising digital technologies, including e-commerce platforms, social media, mobile applications, and cloud-
based systems (Hong et al., 2024). Unlike traditional entrepreneurship, which often requires substantial capital
investment and physical presence, digital entrepreneurship lowers entry barriers and allows ventures to operate
flexibly from almost any location. Through online platforms, entrepreneurs can deliver products and services to
global audiences with minimal overhead costs, fostering innovation and expanding economic participation
(Widjajanti & Jumbri, 2025).
In Malaysia, the rapid growth of the digital economy has been driven by intense internet penetration and
supportive policy frameworks. The Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (2024) reported that 97.7% of
Malaysians have internet access, and national e-commerce income reached RM1.2 trillion in 2023. Digital
activities are projected to contribute 25.5% of the national GDP by 2025 (Malaysia Competition Commission,
2025). This expansion has created new opportunities for inclusive participation, enabling marginalised groups
such as women, youth, and PWDs to engage in entrepreneurial activities (Dakung et al., 2022).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5350 www.rsisinternational.org
The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated digital adoption, revealing the potential of online business models
to foster resilience and adaptability (Kreiterling, 2023). Digital entrepreneurship is therefore seen as a
transformative pathway for individuals with disabilities, allowing them to overcome traditional mobility and
accessibility barriers while engaging in innovation-driven economic activities.
Barriers to Entrepreneurship for Persons with Disabilities
Despite the promise of digital entrepreneurship, PWDs continue to face multiple barriers that restrict their
participation in entrepreneurial ecosystems. These barriers are multidimensional, encompassing physical,
technological, social, and institutional challenges. Many PWDs encounter limitations in accessing affordable
internet services, assistive devices, and accessible digital infrastructure (Droutsas et al., 2025). A significant
number of websites, e-commerce platforms, and digital payment systems lack accessibility features, making it
difficult for individuals with visual, hearing, or mobility impairments to navigate online business environments
effectively (Tsatsou, 2020). Limited digital literacy also prevents many PWDs from maximising the benefits of
emerging technologies. The high cost of adaptive tools and limited access to training programs compound these
issues, creating a cycle of digital exclusion that reinforces socioeconomic inequality (Kraus et al., 2019).
Social stigma and negative perceptions of disability remain pervasive obstacles to inclusion. PWDs are
frequently viewed as dependent or less capable of managing businesses, which discourages investors and
partners from engaging with them (Yusof et al., 2020). This stigma often translates into internalised feelings of
self-doubt and reduced entrepreneurial self-efficacy. As a result, even when digital opportunities exist, many
PWDs hesitate to participate due to fear of failure or lack of confidence.
Policy frameworks such as Malaysia’s Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 and the National Policy and Plan of
Action for Persons with Disabilities demonstrate the government’s commitment to inclusion. However,
implementation gaps remain. Employment quotas, welfare-based assistance, and funding programs often fail to
reach unregistered or rural PWDs (Izam & Mohamed, 2020). Bureaucratic constraints, lack of coordination
among agencies, and inconsistent data collection further limit access to entrepreneurial resources. As a result,
many PWDs remain excluded from capacity-building programs, financial support schemes, and mentorship
networks that could foster digital business participation (Revillard, 2023).
Financial exclusion is another critical challenge. Many PWDs lack access to credit or investment capital due to
restrictive eligibility requirements, lack of collateral, and perceived financial risk. Even when financing
programs exist, awareness and accessibility remain limited. This restricts their ability to acquire necessary
technology, build online platforms, or sustain business operations.
Collectively, these barriers illustrate that digital entrepreneurship is not inherently inclusive. Without intentional
policy design and targeted intervention, PWDs risk being left behind in the digital economy.
Institutional and Policy Context
Malaysia has made notable progress toward creating a more inclusive digital economy through frameworks such
as the Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint (MyDIGITAL) and the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (2021–2025), which
emphasise equitable access to digital opportunities. The country's adherence to the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) and alignment with the SDGs further demonstrate its
policy commitment to inclusion.
However, policy implementation remains uneven, and many initiatives still adopt a welfare-based approach
rather than an empowerment-oriented one. Scholars argue that policies must evolve to emphasise
entrepreneurship as a form of economic participation rather than as a social support measure (Samer & Rashid,
2024). Furthermore, coordination between public institutions, private sectors, and non-governmental
organisations is essential to ensure that digital infrastructure, financing, and training programs are accessible to
all PWDs.
Inclusive design standards, targeted digital literacy initiatives, and incentive mechanisms for accessible
technology development could play a pivotal role in reducing structural inequality. Raising societal awareness
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5351 www.rsisinternational.org
through education and media representation is also crucial in challenging stereotypes and showcasing successful
PWD entrepreneurs, which can inspire broader participation and acceptance.
Research Gaps
Although research on entrepreneurship and disability is expanding, existing studies remain fragmented and often
context-specific. Most focus on traditional business environments, while limited attention is given to the distinct
challenges associated with digital entrepreneurship. Moreover, the interaction between technological,
psychological, and institutional factors is rarely analysed in an integrated manner.
This systematic review seeks to fill that gap by synthesising existing evidence on the barriers faced by PWDs in
digital entrepreneurship, particularly in Malaysia. It identifies recurring themes across technological,
psychological, institutional, and social dimensions, providing a comprehensive understanding of how these
factors collectively shape entrepreneurial participation. The review also highlights areas requiring further policy
attention and research to promote a truly inclusive digital entrepreneurial ecosystem.
METHODOLOGY
This study is based on qualitative research using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. It focuses on
identifying, analysing, and synthesising previous studies related to the barriers faced by PWDs in engaging with
digital entrepreneurship in Malaysia. The systematic review process was conducted carefully to ensure a critical
evaluation of past research findings and to obtain meaningful insights for future policy and practice.
Formulation of the Research Question
The formulation of research questions was guided by the PICo framework, which represents Population (P),
Interest (I), and Context (Co). For this study:
Population (P): Persons with disabilities (PWDs)
Interest (I): Barriers and challenges in digital entrepreneurship
Context (Co): Malaysia
Based on these elements, the main research question was developed as:
“What are the key barriers that hinder PWDs in Malaysia from participating effectively in digital
entrepreneurship?”
The sub-questions focused on identifying types of barriers (technological, psychological, institutional, and
social) and understanding their interrelationships.
Search Strategy
The Scopus database was selected as the primary source for this systematic review because it offers
comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature across disciplines relevant to entrepreneurship, digital
innovation, and disability studies. Although this approach may have excluded some regionally indexed or earlier
works, Scopus was prioritized to ensure methodological consistency, academic rigor, and access to high-quality,
citable publications. The search was limited to the period from 2020 to 2025 to capture studies reflecting
Malaysia's accelerated digitalisation phase, post-pandemic transformations, and policy reforms that have shaped
contemporary entrepreneurial ecosystems. This timeframe aligns with national initiatives such as the Twelfth
Malaysia Plan and the MyDIGITAL Blueprint, both of which emphasise inclusive participation in the digital
economy. Consequently, the review provides a current synthesis of barriers encountered by Malaysian Persons
with Disabilities (PWDs) in engaging with digital entrepreneurship within a rapidly evolving economic
environment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5352 www.rsisinternational.org
The search process adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
(PRISMA) guidelines to maintain transparency, replicability, and systematic rigour. Keyword combinations were
developed using Boolean operators to identify relevant studies, as shown below:
(“digital entrepreneurship” OR “online entrepreneurship” OR “e-entrepreneurship”)
AND ("persons with disabilities" OR "PWD" OR "disabled entrepreneurs")
AND ("barriers" OR "challenges" OR "constraints" OR "obstacles")
AND ("Malaysia").
The search was limited to journal articles and conference papers published in English between 2020 and 2025.
Only studies that explicitly examined barriers or challenges experienced by PWDs in the context of digital
entrepreneurship in Malaysia were included.
The study selection process followed four key stages, as outlined in the PRISMA framework: identification,
screening, eligibility assessment, and inclusion. In total, fifty records were initially retrieved from Scopus. After
screening and assessment based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, sixteen studies were finalised for the
systematic review and thematic synthesis. The overall selection process is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: PRISMA Flow Diagram of Study Selection
Eligibility and Exclusion Criteria
To ensure that only high-quality and contextually relevant studies were included, specific inclusion and exclusion
criteria were established. These criteria are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1: Criteria, Data Entry, and Exceptions
Criteria Inclusion Exclusion
Type of Document Journal articles and conference papers Books, book chapters, reviews
Records excluded
(n 14)
Full-text articles excluded,
with reasons
(n 8)
Documents included in
Bibliometric Analysis
(n 16)
S
cr
ee
ni
ng
In
cl
ud
ed
E
li
gi
bi
li
ty
Id
en
ti
fi
ca
ti
on
What are the key barriers that hinder PWDs in Malaysia from participating
effectively in digital entrepreneurship?
uery word: ARTICLE TITLE (“digital entrepreneurship” OR “online
entrepreneurship” OR “e-entrepreneurship”)
AND (“persons with disabilities” OR “PWD” OR “disabled entrepreneurs”)
AND (“barriers” OR “challenges” OR “constraints” OR “obstacles”)
AND (“Malaysia”).
Scopus data base searches
(n 50)
Records screened
(n 38)
Full-text articles assessed
for eligibility
(n 24)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5353 www.rsisinternational.org
Language English Other languages
Publication Period 2020–2025 Before 2020
Focus Area Barriers or challenges faced by PWDs in
digital entrepreneurship in Malaysia
Studies on traditional entrepreneurship,
general ICT use, or unrelated populations
The review process followed four stages under the PRISMA framework:
1. Identification: A total of 50 records were initially retrieved from the Scopus database using predefined
search strings related to digital entrepreneurship, persons with disabilities, barriers, and the Malaysian
context.
2. Screening: After removing duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts for relevance, 38 records were
retained for further consideration, while 14 were excluded because they did not meet the study scope.
3. Eligibility: The full texts of 24 articles were assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria to
determine methodological suitability and contextual relevance.
4. Inclusion: Following detailed evaluation, 16 studies met all eligibility requirements and were included
in the final synthesis for bibliometric and thematic analysis.
The complete article selection process is summarised visually in Figure 1 (PRISMA Flow Diagram of Study
Selection).
Data Extraction and Analysis
Data from the selected studies were extracted systematically using a data matrix that included the author, year,
objectives, methodology, and key findings. The extracted data were then analysed through thematic content
analysis to identify patterns and categorise barriers into four major themes:
1. Technological barriers Include Limited digital access, a lack of assistive technology, and poor internet
infrastructure.
2. Psychological barriers Include Low confidence, a lack of motivation, and a fear of failure.
3. Institutional barriers: Weak policy enforcement, inadequate financial support, and limited training
programs.
4. Social barriers: Stereotyping, exclusion, and limited networking opportunities.
Quality Appraisal
To strengthen methodological rigor, the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for qualitative and cross-sectional
studies was used to assess the quality of included articles. The checklist evaluates the clarity of research
objectives, the appropriateness of the methodology, the validity of data analysis, and the relevance of the
findings. Studies scoring below 50% were excluded to maintain the credibility of the results. Of the sixteen
studies reviewed, twelve were rated as high quality and four as moderate quality. Table 2 summarises the
appraisal outcomes.
Table 2: Summary of Study uality Ratings According to the JBI Appraisal Tool
Quality Rating Number of Studies Key Indicators
High 12 Clear objectives, robust design, consistent data collection and
analysis, strong contextual alignment
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5354 www.rsisinternational.org
Moderate 4 Minor methodological or reporting limitations (e.g., limited sample
size, incomplete data triangulation)
Low Quality 0 None included, as studies below the 50% JBI threshold were
excluded
Quality Assessment
Each selected article was evaluated for methodological rigour, clarity of objectives, and relevance to the research
questions. Only peer-reviewed publications from reputable journals indexed in Scopus were retained to ensure
the validity and reliability of findings.
Ethical Considerations
As this study relies entirely on secondary data from published academic sources, no ethical approval was
required. However, all original works were acknowledged and cited appropriately in accordance with academic
integrity principles.
RESULTS
The systematic review analysed sixteen peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 that explored
the barriers faced by PWDs in engaging with digital entrepreneurship in Malaysia. The results reveal that these
barriers are multifaceted and interconnected, spanning technological, psychological, institutional, and social
dimensions.
Quality of Included Studies
The methodological quality of the sixteen studies included in this review was generally high. As presented in
Table 2 (see Methodology section), twelve studies received a high-quality rating, and four were rated as
moderate, according to the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. These results demonstrate a high level of
methodological rigor, providing confidence in the reliability and validity of the evidence synthesized in this
review.
Overview of Included Studies
Of the sixteen studies included in this review, nine focused explicitly on the Malaysian context, while the
remaining seven examined broader international or regional settings that were partially relevant to Malaysia.
This distinction is essential for understanding how global patterns of digital inclusion interact with the country's
local realities. The Malaysian studies predominantly highlighted institutional and social barriers, including weak
policy implementation, limited access to funding, and persistent societal stigma. In contrast, international studies
tended to emphasise technological and accessibility challenges, reflecting variations in infrastructure, policy
maturity, and cultural contexts. Table 3 summarises the characteristics of the Malaysian-focused studies.
Table 3: Summary of Malaysian-Focused Studies on Barriers to Digital Entrepreneurship among PWDs
No Author (s) & year Focus Area Key Barrier
Category
Methodology
1 Wahid et al.
(2023)
Social entrepreneurship and empowerment
models for PWDs in Malaysia
Social /
Psychological
ualitative
(Interviews)
2 Rofe & Marzuki
(2022)
Business sustainability and policy factors
Institutional /
Social
Literature
Review
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5355 www.rsisinternational.org
3 Samer & Rashid
(2024)
Personality traits and entrepreneurial
behaviour among PWDs
Psychological /
Institutional
uantitative
(Survey)
4 Halid et al. (2020) Employment and self-employment initiatives
for PWDs
Institutional /
Social
Case Study
5 Izam & Mohamed
(2020)
Barriers to employment and inclusion for
PWDs in Malaysia
Institutional ualitative
6 Yusof et al. (2020) Higher education and digital inclusion
challenges
Social /
Institutional
Mixed Methods
7 Dakung et al.
(2022)
Entrepreneurship education and inclusion
Institutional /
Psychological
uantitative
8 Finkelstein &
Gross (2025)
Barriers to equality and inclusion in
developing economies
Institutional /
Social
Thematic
Review
9 Revillard (2023) Disability employment quotas and policy
implementation gaps
Institutional Policy Analysis
These studies highlight that institutional and social barriers dominate the Malaysian landscape, particularly the
lack of effective policy execution, fragmented support systems, and social stigmas that undermine confidence
and opportunity among PWDs.
Thematic Findings
The thematic analysis identified four interrelated categories of barriers: technological, psychological,
institutional, and social. These categories, while distinct, reinforce one another to form a systemic web of
exclusion.
Technological Barriers
Technological challenges were the most consistently reported across the reviewed studies. PWDs often
experience limited access to affordable digital tools, assistive technologies, and reliable internet connectivity,
which are prerequisites for successful digital entrepreneurship (Samer & Rashid, 2024). Many e-commerce
platforms and digital interfaces fail to comply with accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG), resulting in usability issues for individuals with visual, hearing, or mobility impairments.
Additionally, low levels of digital literacy and the high cost of adaptive technologies further limit participation
in online business activities. These challenges are compounded by rapid technological change, which creates a
continuous need for learning and adaptation. The findings suggest that without targeted interventions to enhance
digital skills and provide access to affordable assistive tools, PWDs will remain excluded from the mainstream
digital economy.
This underscores the importance of designing inclusive digital platforms and training programs that prioritise
accessibility. Partnerships between government agencies, technology developers, and disability organisations
could help bridge the accessibility gap and foster greater participation of PWDs in the digital entrepreneurial
ecosystem.
Psychological Barriers
Psychological barriers, though less visible, deeply influence entrepreneurial intent and persistence among PWDs.
Recurring themes include low self-efficacy, fear of failure, and internalised stigma, which discourage many from
launching or scaling digital ventures. Many individuals internalise negative social perceptions of disability as
incapability, resulting in reluctance to assume risk or innovate.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5356 www.rsisinternational.org
These constraints are exacerbated by limited exposure to role models and a lack of peer support networks. Studies
of entrepreneurship among PWDs emphasise that mentorship and social support can help overcome
psychological barriers (Wahid et al., 2023). Thus, capacity-building should integrate psychological coaching,
role model exposure, and peer group interactions to foster confidence and resilience.
Institutional Barriers
Institutional barriers reflect weaknesses in policy design, implementation, and coordination. Although Malaysia
has established strong legal and policy frameworks, such as the Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 and the
National Policy and Plan of Action for Persons with Disabilities, these initiatives often face challenges in
practical execution (Izam & Mohamed, 2020). Limited funding, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and inconsistent
enforcement result in unequal access to entrepreneurial support programs.
Furthermore, many PWDs remain unregistered, preventing them from accessing financial aid, training
opportunities, or other institutional resources (Rofe et al., 2022). The lack of integrated databases also hinders
effective monitoring and evaluation of policy outcomes. Financial exclusion remains another pressing issue, as
PWDs frequently encounter difficulties in obtaining loans or investment capital due to a lack of collateral or
perceived credit risk.
The discussion reveals that addressing these institutional barriers requires a shift from welfare-oriented policies
toward empowerment-based frameworks that promote entrepreneurship as a form of economic participation.
Enhancing inter-agency coordination, simplifying administrative procedures, and ensuring inclusive access to
digital finance schemes are essential steps toward achieving this goal.
Social Barriers
Social barriers remain deeply entrenched in cultural attitudes and societal perceptions of disability. Persistent
stereotypes portraying PWDs as dependent or incapable of managing businesses contribute to discrimination in
both formal and informal economic settings (Halid et al., 2020). Such attitudes limit access to professional
networks, mentorship opportunities, and market trust.
The lack of visibility of successful PWD entrepreneurs in media and community narratives further reinforces
these barriers. Public awareness campaigns that highlight positive examples of PWD-led enterprises can play a
transformative role in reshaping societal perceptions of PWDs. Collaboration among public institutions, private
organisations, and advocacy groups is also necessary to promote inclusive entrepreneurship as a legitimate and
valued component of national economic development.
The findings align with previous studies, which emphasise that inclusion in digital entrepreneurship is not solely
a technological issue, but also a social one. Changing attitudes and promoting acceptance are as crucial as
providing infrastructure and financial resources.
INTEGRATED DISCUSSION
The findings of this review indicate that barriers to digital entrepreneurship among PWDs are highly
interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Technological inaccessibility restricts opportunities for learning,
networking, and business operations, which in turn intensifies psychological insecurities and reduces confidence.
Limited institutional support, including insufficient funding mechanisms, inconsistent policy execution, and
inadequate vocational training, further compounds these challenges. Social stigma and negative public attitudes
continue to undermine self-efficacy and discourage participation, creating a cycle of exclusion that restricts
PWDs from fully realizing their entrepreneurial potential. This dynamic interaction demonstrates that digital
exclusion among PWDs is not only a technological issue but also a social and structural one that requires
systemic intervention.
A comprehensive and inclusive policy response is therefore essential. Improvements in digital accessibility
should be implemented in parallel with initiatives that expand financial inclusion, enhance entrepreneurial skills,
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5357 www.rsisinternational.org
and foster social integration. Technological innovations, such as affordable assistive tools and universally
designed digital platforms, must be accompanied by accessible training opportunities that build digital literacy
and confidence among PWDs. Policy coherence is equally important to ensure that government programmes,
financial schemes, and entrepreneurship initiatives reach the intended beneficiaries effectively and equitably.
The success of these interventions depends on collaborative engagement among multiple stakeholders.
Government agencies should take the lead in strengthening policy frameworks, improving cross-agency
coordination, and investing in accessible digital infrastructure. The private sector should contribute by
incorporating inclusive design principles, promoting fair employment practices, and opening financial and
market access to PWD entrepreneurs. Educational institutions have a pivotal role in integrating digital
entrepreneurship education into inclusive learning programmes that cater to diverse abilities. Civil society
organisations and advocacy groups can provide essential support through mentorship, awareness campaigns, and
empowerment programmes that connect PWD entrepreneurs with resources and networks.
Within the Malaysian context, these collaborative efforts align with national strategies such as the Twelfth
Malaysia Plan and the MyDIGITAL Blueprint, both of which emphasise digital inclusion and equitable
participation in the digital economy. Strengthening the ecosystem for PWDs in digital entrepreneurship will not
only enhance individual livelihoods but also contribute to national productivity and innovation capacity. By
addressing the structural, psychological, and social dimensions of exclusion through coordinated action,
Malaysia and other developing economies can build a more inclusive and resilient digital entrepreneurial
landscape. Such progress will advance the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal
8 on decent work and economic growth and Goal 10 on reducing inequalities, ensuring that digital transformation
becomes a driver of inclusive prosperity.
CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Conclusion
This study conducted a systematic review to identify and synthesise the barriers that hinder PWDs from
participating effectively in digital entrepreneurship in Malaysia. The findings demonstrate that these barriers are
complex, multidimensional, and deeply interconnected, encompassing technological, psychological,
institutional, and social dimensions.
Technological challenges remain a significant limitation, particularly in relation to inadequate digital
infrastructure, high costs of assistive technologies, and the limited application of universal design principles in
online platforms. Psychological barriers, including low self-efficacy, fear of failure, and internalised stigma,
reduce entrepreneurial motivation and willingness to engage with digital opportunities. Institutional weaknesses,
including fragmented policy implementation, inconsistent support mechanisms, and limited access to funding
and training, further hinder inclusion. Social factors, including discrimination, stereotypes, and a lack of
community acceptance, reinforce these structural barriers and sustain a cycle of exclusion.
The study concludes that digital entrepreneurship, while offering new and flexible pathways for empowerment,
does not automatically guarantee inclusivity. Without deliberate and targeted interventions, the structural and
attitudinal barriers identified will continue to marginalise PWDs from fully benefiting from the digital economy.
To achieve genuine inclusion, coordinated and multi-stakeholder action is required. Government agencies must
prioritise accessible policy frameworks, inclusive infrastructure, and effective implementation mechanisms. The
private sector should contribute by embedding accessibility and universal design in digital innovation and
entrepreneurship ecosystems. Educational institutions and training providers must cultivate digital literacy,
entrepreneurial competence, and inclusive learning environments, while civil society organisations play a critical
role in advocacy, mentorship, and capacity-building efforts.
Through these integrated efforts, Malaysia can strengthen its commitment to equitable digital transformation as
envisioned in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan and the MyDIGITAL Blueprint. Promoting inclusive digital
entrepreneurship not only enhances the economic independence of PWDs but also contributes to national
productivity, innovation, and social cohesion. Ultimately, such efforts will support the attainment of the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5358 www.rsisinternational.org
Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 8 on decent work and economic growth and Goal 10 on
reducing inequalities, ensuring that no one is left behind in the country’s journey toward digital inclusion and
sustainable prosperity.
Policy Implications
The findings of this study offer several policy implications that can strengthen digital inclusion and
entrepreneurship among PWDs in Malaysia.
First, improving digital accessibility and infrastructure is crucial. Governments and technology providers should
ensure that all digital platforms comply with universal accessibility standards, while making affordable internet
services and assistive devices widely available. Public and private sector partnerships can play a crucial role in
expanding digital access to underserved and rural communities, thereby reducing the technological divide that
limits participation and access to information.
Second, there is a need to strengthen digital and entrepreneurial skills among PWDs. Inclusive training programs
that focus on digital literacy, business management, and financial competencies should be expanded to
encompass a broader range of diverse groups. Mentorship and peer-support initiatives can also enhance self-
confidence and provide practical exposure to real-world entrepreneurship practices.
Third, institutional coordination and policy implementation must be improved to enhance the efficiency of
existing support systems. Policymakers should promote closer collaboration between relevant agencies to
minimise duplication of efforts and ensure more effective program delivery. Regular updates of national
disability databases are also needed to improve targeting and service delivery. Furthermore, policies should shift
from welfare-based support toward empowerment-driven strategies that build independence and long-term
sustainability.
Fourth, access to finance and markets remains a critical enabler. Financial institutions should develop inclusive
financing mechanisms, such as microloans, grants, and social enterprise funding schemes, to support the growth
of small businesses. In parallel, accessible e-commerce and networking platforms can help PWDs reach broader
markets and connect with customers, suppliers, and business partners both locally and internationally.
Fifth, social inclusion and awareness initiatives should be intensified. Public campaigns, educational programs,
and positive media representation can help change societal attitudes and reduce stigma associated with disability.
Highlighting the achievements of PWD entrepreneurs will promote greater acceptance and encourage others to
pursue digital business opportunities.
Ultimately, promoting multi-stakeholder collaboration is crucial for achieving sustainable inclusion. Effective
participation of government, academia, the private sector, and civil society can foster the establishment of
inclusive innovation hubs, accessible training centres, and integrated entrepreneurship support systems. Such
collaboration ensures that digital transformation initiatives are both equitable and sustainable, aligning with
Malaysia’s national aspirations for inclusive growth under the SDGs.
Limitations
This review is limited by its reliance on the Scopus database and a five-year publication window (2020–2025).
While these parameters ensured the inclusion of contemporary and high-quality research, they may have
excluded earlier foundational or regionally published works. Future reviews should be expanded to include
databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, or EBSCOhost, and incorporate grey literature to enhance
comprehensiveness.
Future Research Directions
Future research should further investigate how different types of disabilities impact participation in digital
entrepreneurship and how various barriers intersect across social, institutional, and technological dimensions.
Comparative studies between urban and rural contexts could reveal regional disparities in digital inclusion.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5359 www.rsisinternational.org
Longitudinal studies also help evaluate the long-term impact of government initiatives, training programs, and
policy reforms on entrepreneurial success among PWDs.
In addition, future investigations should examine successful models of digital entrepreneurship among PWDs to
identify best practices that can be replicated across different socioeconomic settings. Greater empirical research
on inclusive innovation ecosystems, the role of digital intermediaries, and cross-sector collaborations will
provide deeper insights into building a more accessible and resilient digital economy for all.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express their sincere appreciation to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the
continuous support, research facilities, and conducive academic environment provided throughout the
completion of this study and its publication.
REFERENCES
1. Cechony, A., & Brown, A. (2025). Addressing structural, social, and symbolic exclusion of disabled
people. Journal of Applied Social Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/19367244251344530
2. Dakung, R. J., Bell, R., Orobia, L. A., & Yatu, L. (2022). Entrepreneurship education and the moderating
role of inclusion in the entrepreneurial action of disabled students. The International Journal of
Management Education, 20(3), 100715. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJME.2022.100715
3. Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2025). Person with disability statistics, Malaysia, 2023.
https://www.dosm.gov.my/site/downloadrelease?id person-with-disability-statistics-malaysia-
2023&lang English&admin_view
4. Droutsas, N., Spyridonis, F., Daylamani-Zad, D., & Ghinea, G. (2025). Web accessibility barriers and
their cross-disability impact in eSystems: A scoping review. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 92,
103923. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSI.2024.103923
5. Finkelstein, A., & Gross, T. (2025). Insights of people with disabilities regarding barriers to equality and
inclusion. Disability & Society, 40(3), 773–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2024.2304243
6. Halid, H., Osman, S., Noor, S., & Halim, J. A. (2020). Overcoming Unemployment Issues among Persons
with Disability (PWDs) through Social Entrepreneurship. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 1, 57–70.
https://doi.org/10.55862/asbjV1I2a006
7. Hong, Y., Sawang, S., & Yang, H. P. (Sophie). (2024). How is entrepreneurial marketing shaped by E-
commerce technology: A case study of Chinese pure-play e-retailers. International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 30(2–3), 609–631. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2022-0951
8. Izam, S., & Mohamed, W.A.W. (2020). The Unemployment of Special Needs with Learning Disability
People in Malaysia: Reality or Fantasy. Journal of Economic Info, 7(2), 141–150.
https://doi.org/10.31580/JEI.V7I2.1442
9. Kraus, S., Palmer, C., Kailer, N., Kallinger, F. L., & Spitzer, J. (2019). Digital entrepreneurshipA
research agenda on new business models for the twenty-first century. International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 25(2), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2018-0425
10. Kraus, S., Vonmetz, K., Bullini Orlandi, L., Zardini, A., & Rossignoli, C. (2023). Digital
entrepreneurship: The role of entrepreneurial orientation and digitalisation for disruptive innovation.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122638.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2023.122638
11. Kreiterling, C. (2023). Digital innovation and entrepreneurship: a review of challenges in competitive
markets. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13731-023-
00320-0/TABLES/1
12. Malaysia Competition Commission. (2025). Market review on the digital economy ecosystem under the
Competition Act 2010: Interim report. https://www.mycc.gov.my/sites/default/files/2025-
03/Public_Interim%20report%20for%20Market%20Review%20on%20the%20Digital%20Economy%
20Ecosystem%20under%20the%20Competition%20Act%202010.pdf
13. Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation. (2025). Sharing Economy. Retrieved October 14, 2025, from
https://mdec.my/sharingeconomy
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025
Page 5360 www.rsisinternational.org
14. Revillard, A. (2023). The disability employment quota, between social policy and anti-discrimination.
Global Social Policy, 23(1), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221138558
15. Rofe, N.A.A., & Marzuki, S.Z.S. (2022). Person with disabilities and business sustainability factors in
Malaysia: A review of literature. ASEAN Entrepreneurship Journal (AEJ) |Vol. 8(9).
https://aej.uitm.edu.my/view-paper.php?paper 20220762e34e649b8fe
16. Samer, A.H.A., & Rashid, A. A. (2024). The influencing factors of personality that affect
entrepreneurship development among people with disabilities. Journal of Enterprising Communities:
People and Places in the Global Economy, 18(3), 576–600. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-09-2022-0138
17. Tsatsou, P. (2020). Digital inclusion of people with disabilities: a qualitative study of intra-disability
diversity in the digital realm. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(9), 995–1010.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1636136
18. Wahid, H. A., Hishamuddin, A. Z., & Rahman, R. A. (2023). Social Entrepreneurship Approach Towards
Leveraging Persons with Disabilities (PwD) in Malaysia. International Business Education Journal,
16(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.37134/IBEJ.VOL16.1.7.2023
19. Widjajanti, K., & Jumbri, I. A. (2025). Technopreneurship, innovation capability, and social media
marketing as catalysts for competitive advantages: A study of batik MSMEs in Pekalongan, Indonesia.
Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(8), 2025367–2025367.
https://doi.org/10.31893/MULTISCIENCE.2025367
20. World Health Organisation. (2023). Disability. Retrieved October 6, 2025, from
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health
21. Yusof, Y., Chan, C. C., Hillaluddin, A. H., Ahmad Ramli, F. Z., & Mat Saad, Z. (2020). Improving
inclusion of students with disabilities in Malaysian higher education. Disability & Society, 35(7), 1145–
1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1667304