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Sustainable Supply Chain to Enhance the Environmental
Performance in the Cleaning Detergents Manufacturing Industry:
Case of Harare, Zimbabwe
Tongesai Mpofu
1
, Tendai Chazuza
2
, Kerrie Njini
3
, Chisungo Chisungo
4
1,2
Department of Business Enterprise &Management, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
3,4
Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
DOI:
https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000046
Received: 27 August 2025; Accepted: 04 September 2025; Published: 03 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Business organizations are embracing the sustainability dimension by aligning functional organizational
processes to demonstrate environmental responsibility. The scope of this study was on sustainability supply
chain that could enhance the extent of environmental performance among firms in the cleaning detergents
manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. The study was drawn from the realization that this sector is more prone to
contributing negatively towards environmental security and sustainability. Key objectives were focused on the
influence of green sourcing, reverse logistics, supplier collaboration, and resource efficiency on environmental
performance. A quantitative research methodology was pursued and a sample size of 186 participants from the
leading cleaning detergent manufacturing sector was selected. Data was gathered using a structured
questionnaire. Key research results indicated that green sourcing had the greatest positive contribution towards
environmental performance while research efficiency had the least effect. The effect of all predictor variables
on the level of environmental performance was found to be statistically significant and positive, which
demonstrates that the cleaning detergents manufacturing sector is aligning its supply chain processes in
pursuance of the sustainability dimension. The key conclusions state that e-procurement is a sustainable sourcing
strategy that incorporates order tracking technologies to improve their environmental performance. The adoption
of environmentally friendly and biodegradable chemicals has improved the environmental performance of firms
in the cleaning detergents manufacturing sector. The main recommendations indicate that the cleaning detergents
manufacturing sector is realizing the competitive effects associated with promoting environmental security to
demonstrate their regulatory compliance. The key policy prescriptions incorporate the promotion of
biodegradable chemicals in the manufacturing of these cleaning detergents so that end users can be able to
properly recycle, reuse, and reduce the adverse effects of using such detergents on the environment.
Keywords—Green sourcing, reverse logistics, supplier collaboration, resources efficiency, environmental
performance
INTRODUCTION
Organisations around the globe are aligning themselves with the sustainability dimension, which recognizes that
even if organisations are driven by the profit motive, they are also duty bound to consider the impact that their
activities have on the environment and the society at large (Obicci et al., 2021). The creation of a sustainable
supply chain is essential to ensure that the sourcing and end-of-life of products do not adversely affect the natural
environment and generate positive benefits (Denton & Weber, 2022). Progressive organisations embrace eco-
friendly production methods that leverage an efficient utilisation of resources while managing reverse logistics.
Other initiatives to enhance the alignment of the supply chain management function with the sustainability drive
have been progress towards establishing a green supply chain that utilizes technology as a substitute for manual
processes (Zhang & Mohammad, 2024).
Research in Finland has shown that the adoption of sustainable supply chains that leverage the application of
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technology has contributed to significant cost reductions with minimal adverse environmental impact
(Karttunen, Lintukangas & Hallikas, 2023). The works of Brintrup et al. (2024) underscored that digitising the
supply chains in the United Kingdom provided real-time monitoring across the activities and performance of
supply chain partners. Insights from a German study by Schulze-Horn et al. (2020) confirmed that the use of
technology across the supply chain facilitated supply chain partner collaboration and business deal negotiations
to improve the overall performance of the supply chain. Despite these developments, research in Italy
underscored that the poor implementation of reverse logistics reduced the appeal of supply chain performance
(Cannas et al., 2024).
A Malaysian study that focused on leveraging e-supply chains among ISO-certified organisations established
that e-supply chains significantly enhanced environmental performance (Singh & Chan, 2022a). In the African
context, research by Nsiah-Sarfo, Ofori, and Agyapong (2023) highlights that institutional impediment affected
an effective implementation of sustainable supply chain practices in the detergents manufacturing sector in
Ghana. Research in South
Statement Of the Problem
The alignment of organizational processes in line with the sustainability dimension has been prominently
researched and applied in developed economic contexts as opposed to developing nations (Mavlutova et al.,
2023). Research in developed economies has demonstrated that supply chains have been optimized for resource
efficiency through technology infusion, collaboration, and reverse logistics for the benefits of environmental
protection (Nsiah-Sarfo, Ofori, and Agyapong, 2023). However, the same does not relate in the Zimbabwean
scenarios, especially when we consider the chaotic nature of the cleaning detergent supply chain that does not
subscribe to the dictates of sustainability and environmental protection. The cleaning detergents sector in
Zimbabwe faces capacity utilisation constraints that fall below 53.2% in 2023, making less than 9% contribution
to the GDP (Confederation of Zimbabwe Industry, 2024). These challenges hamper cleaning detergent firms
from effectively implementing the sustainable supply chain strategies in respect to green sourcing, reverse
logistics, supply chain collaboration, and efficient use of resources, which affect their environmental
performance. Despite the growing emphasis on sustainability, there is a lack of comprehensive research in
Zimbabwe exploring sustainable supply chain strategies to enhance the environmental performance of the
cleaning detergents manufacturing sector.
Research Objectives
The following objectives guide the study:
1. To evaluate the effect of green sourcing on the environment performance
2. To assess the influence of reverse logistics on the environmental performance
3. To analyse the effect of supplier collaboration on the environmental performance
4. To assess the effect of resource efficiency on the environmental performance
LITERATURE REVIEW
Green Sourcing and Environmental Performance
The use of sustainable procurement and sourcing strategies that incorporate the use of e-procurement has
significantly reduced the carbon footprint that the cleaning detergents manufacturing sector could otherwise have
made on the environment (Lerman, et al 2022, Mausin et al 2020). Green procurement strategies have been
found to have the strongest influence on the environmental performance of the cleaning detergents sector. This
comes out of the realization that companies in this sector are using biodegradable materials that have a minimal
adverse impact on the environment, which contributes towards environmental protection and enhanced
environmental performance of the sector.
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The Effect of Reverse Logistics on The Environmental Performance
Reverse logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling backward flows of raw materials, in-
process inventory, packaging, and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribution, or use point to a point of
recovery or point of proper disposal (Rubio et al., 2019). Ngadiman et al. (2016) define reverse logistics as the
movement of products or materials in the opposite direction of the supply chain for the purpose of creating or
recapturing value or for proper disposal. Muhammad et al. (2020) agree with the above definitions and articulate
that reverse logistics is the movement of products or materials in the opposite direction of the supply chain for
the purpose of creating or recapturing value or for proper disposal. Ribeiro et al. (2021) highlighted that reverse
logistics moderates the environmental Behaviour of industries.
The effective and well-established reverse logistics operations have a positive impact on organizational growth,
such as for its internal cost, inventory management, expanding its revenue, environmental cost reduction,
competitive advantages, customer satisfaction, and all its services (Muhammad et al., 2020). Insights from
Pushpamali, Agdas, and Rose (2019) emphasise that reverse logistics reduces negative environmental
externalities. From a public health perspective, the works of Yu et al. (2020) assert that “the rapidly increased
amount of medical waste due to the COVID-19 outbreak needs to be collected and treated in a timely, safe, and
effective manner in order to minimize the virus spread and the risk to humans.” According to De Lorena Diniz
Chaves, Ballista, and Comper (2019), reverse logistics planning is complex compared to forward logistics
planning due to higher levels of uncertainty involved.
Research by González et al. (2020) specified that the adoption of sustainable supply chain practices is associated
with the financial performance of organisations in terms of cost savings as well as the qualitative performance
of the organisation in terms of environmental protection through reducing negative externalities. The study also
highlighted that the performance of organisations from a sustainable supply chain perspective is also related to
improved energy efficiency and optimisation of resource usage
The Effect of Supplier Collaboration on The Environmental Performance
Supply chain collaboration relates to the mutually beneficial agreements between supply chain partners for the
supply of services that satisfy the demands of clients (Casady et al., 2023). The profits that are generated from
the supply chain collaboration and shared amongst parties in accordance with the terms and conditions of the
agreement; the competitive nature of supply chain collaboration is determined by the operating environment
(Chikazhe et al., 2023). The effectiveness of supply chain collaboration is based on putting in place sound
communication mechanisms to enhance the supply of raw materials and finished products to the market to
enhance overall environmental performance (Anjomshoae et al., 2023). The adoption of supply chain
collaboration initiatives amounts to lowering costs, reducing environmental impacts, and improving the quality
of the overall products. Arora et al. (2020) established that supply chain collaboration is an intermediary role
between supply chain and environmental performance.
The principle of supplier collaboration brings out the necessity for firms to create strategic partnerships and links
with other key value chain partners to create long-term benefits (Montalbán-Domingo et al., 2021). The work of
Rinaldi et al. (2022) confirms that supplier collaboration involves cooperative efforts between firms and
different stakeholders with the aim of addressing environmental concerns collectively (Ghosh et al., 2023). With
respect to sustainable supply chains and environmental performance, supplier collaboration might incorporate
partnerships between firms and different local and regional suppliers to promote environmentally sensible
practices throughout the supply chain (EL Bizri et al., 2023).
Jaffu & Changalima, (2023), highlighted the significance of environmental protection and collaboration in
advancing sustainable supply chain practices and improving the overall performance of firms. Other researchers
have also examined the key barriers to effective implementation of supplier collaboration (Ek Österberg &
Zapata, 2023). Some of the prominent challenges that have been identified incorporate weak coordination
amongst stakeholders, which more often results in differences in priorities and interests. Other schools also
reported the existence of conflicts of interest among partners, which could potentially affect the effectiveness of
supplier collaboration (Anjomshoae et al., 2023).
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Digital collaboration across the supply chain enables adaptation, coordination, and relationship-building effects
amongst the supply chain partners (Zozaya González et al., 2020). These relationships govern the plans and
governance mechanisms of different partners, both in the supply chain and downstream (Anjomshoae et al.,
2023). The mutual exchange process, which arises from digital collaboration, is important for building trust and
collaboration through the sharing of resources and capabilities along the supply chain (Rinaldi et al., 2022).
The Effect of Resource Efficiency on The Environmental Performance
Resource efficiency is a concept related to the contribution that the supply chain makes towards the overall
performance of an organisation (Kozuch et al., 2024). The works of Ayarkwa et al., (2020) confirm that resource
efficiency is an evolution of the interests of researchers with respect to the popularity of the sustainability
dimension which is also known as the creation of a green supply chain. Ayarkwa et al., (2020) view resource
efficiency as a concept that involves a logical process through which organisations are capable of meeting their
requirements in terms of utilities, services, goods, and work in a manner that creates value for money only on an
organisational lifetime basis. González et al., (2020) concur that resource efficiency as a concept relates to the
contribution of the supply chain function to corporate planning which is responsible for facilitating the
environment alignment of the purchasing function.
Resource efficiency involves the components of social purchasing as well as environmental protection, with the
aim of achieving the sustainability of the organisation from the purchasing function (Nazam et al., 2020). An
important feature of resource efficiency properties is creation of long-term relationships between the
organisation and its different supply chain partners (Hartlapp, 2024). These relationships are built on trust over
an extended period through recording transactions and long-term investments, which create mutually beneficial
partnerships (Arora et al., 2020).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A quantitative research methodology was pursued, and a correlational research design was preferred as the most
ideal design in this research. The research population of this study comprised of firms in the cleaning detergent
manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. Respondents were drawn from personnel in the purchasing or buying
departments of respective firms in the detergent manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. The target population
included firms such as Nemchem, Barcol, Cernol, Multiklean, William and Scott and Trade Kings
(Confederation of Zimbabwe Industry, 2024). The estimated population size of the detergent manufacturing
sector along with supply chain partners stands at around 345; a figure was used for the computation of the sample
size. The estimated sample size of 186 was used and stratified random sampling approach was used to select
respondents. The cleaning services were put in different strategic groups in terms of participants that specialise
in distinct lines of specialisation. Using this criterion, companies like Nemchem, Barcol, Cernol, Multiklean,
William and Scott, Multi manufacturers, and Trade Kings, were selected. The study used a structured
questionnaire to collect data, and the measurement of these constructs was achieved through the use of a 5-point
Likert scale. This approach categorized responses into five classes: strongly agree, agree, indifferent, disagree,
and strongly disagree.
RESULTS
Response Rate
A total of 186 questionnaires were sent to a cross-section of representatives of the leading cleaning detergent
manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. From these, 161 valid responses were received, which represents an overall
response rate of 86.56%.
Demographic Data
The demographic profiles of respondents are presented in Table 2
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TABLE1: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES OF RESPONDENTS
FREQUENCY
VALID PERCENTAGE
MALE
71
44.1
FEMALE
90
55.9
TOTAL
161
100.0
AGE GROUPS
21 – 30 YEARS
5
3.1
31 – 40 YEARS
63
39.9
41-50 YEARS
72
44.7
51-60 YEARS
19
11.8
61 YEARS AND ABOVE
2
1.2
TOTAL
161
100
HIGHEST EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE
16
9.9
DIPLOMA
64
39.8
BACHELORS
38
36.0
MASTERS
17
10.6
OTHER
6
3.7
TOTAL
161
100.0
EXPERIENCE
1-5 YEARS
16
9.9
6-10 YEARS
58
36.0
11-15 YEARS
53
32.9
16 YEARS AND ABOVE
34
21.1
TOTAL
161
100.0
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the variables in respect to the use of the mean and standard deviation,
which could indicate the distribution of responses relating to the magnitude of agreement or disagreement with
the statements. The basis for interpreting descriptive statistics is showcased in Table 2.
TABLE 2: MEAN INTERPRETATION
MEAN RANGE
1.0 ≤ MEAN VALUE < 1.8.
STRONGLY DISAGREE
1.8 ≤ MEAN VALUE < 2.6.
DISAGREE
2.6 ≤ MEAN VALUE < 3.4.
INDIFFERENT
3.4 ≤ MEAN VALUE < 4.2
AGREE
4.2 ≤ MEAN VALUE < 5.0
STRONGLY AGREE
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Green Sourcing and Environmental Performance
Table 3: Green Sourcing and Environmental Performance
ITEM
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
GREEN SOURCING CONTRIBUTES TO
IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE
PRODUCTION OF CLEANING DETERGENTS.
3.79
1.009
THE USE OF GREEN SOURCING PRACTICES
IN CLEANING DETERGENT
MANUFACTURING SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCES WASTE GENERATION
3.89
1.072
IMPLEMENTING GREEN SOURCING
INITIATIVES LEADS TO A MEASURABLE
DECREASE IN HARMFUL EMISSIONS
DURING THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
3.91
1.083
THE ADOPTION OF SUSTAINABLE RAW
MATERIALS POSITIVELY IMPACTS THE
OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT
OF CLEANING DETERGENTS
3.92
1.043
GREEN SOURCING PRACTICES ENHANCE
THE COMPANY'S REPUTATION FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
WITHIN THE CLEANING DETERGENT
MARKET.
3.93
.972
Descriptive statistics relating to green sourcing indicate that respondents agreed that the alignment towards the
use of sustainable approaches to the sourcing of raw materials significantly improved the level of environmental
responsibility and performance of the cleaning detergents manufacturing sector. This is shown by the mean
values, which range between 3.79 and 3.93, indicating agreement with the items that we tested. Research
findings of this study also support the work of Arora et al. (2020) proposes that strengthening the institutional
capacity amongst firms through enhanced training and resource allocation is of paramount importance to enhance
better governance and adherence to green sourcing policies. Current research results are in support of related
outcomes that emerged from a study by Zeadat (2024) in which the operationalization of the green sourcing
strategy was singled out as statistically significant in lowering organisational risks that potentially disrupt supply
chains. It is apparent that current research results corroborate outcomes from the works of Hartlapp (2024) who
specified that leveraging the use of green sourcing as a sustainable strategy was in improving organisational
efficiency and resilience to environmental changes.
Reverse Logistics and Environmental Performance
Table 4: Reverse Logistics and Environmental Performance
ITEM
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
I BELIEVE THAT REVERSE LOGISTICS
PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN
PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN OUR
INDUSTRY.
3.71
1.041
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THE ADOPTION OF REVERSE
LOGISTICS POSITIVELY AFFECTS OUR
COMPANY'S CARBON FOOTPRINT.
3.84
1.016
OUR REVERSE LOGISTICS PROCESSES
ENHANCE THE OVERALL
SUSTAINABILITY OF OUR SUPPLY
CHAIN
3.88
1.039
REVERSE LOGISTICS INITIATIVES
CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVED
RECYCLING RATES OF OUR PRODUCTS
3.97
.869
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REVERSE
LOGISTICS PRACTICES IN OUR
ORGANIZATION SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCES WASTE GENERATION.
3.99
.908
In relation to the mean interpretation scale presented in Table 4 the mean for reverse logistics ranged between
3.71 and 3.99. These statistics indicate that respondents were generally in agreement that reverse logistics, as it
is practiced in the cleaning detentions manufacturing sector, is playing a pivotal role in promoting environmental
responsibility.
Current research results corroborate outcomes from a study by Pushpamali et al., (2019) where it was
emphasized that reverse logistics reduces negative environmental externalities. Relatedly, current research
results support insights by Muhammad et al (2020) whose study indicated that developing a sound reverse
logistics strategy positively influences on organisational growth projections in respect to cost containment and
the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage.
Supplier Collaboration and Environmental Performance
The descriptive statistics related to supply collaboration and the environmental performance of the cleaning
detergent manufacturing sector are presented in Table 5
TABLE 5: SUPPLIER COLLABORATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
VARIABLE
ITEM
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
SUPPLIER
COLLABORATION
COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVES
WITH SUPPLIERS HAVE
POSITIVELY IMPACTED OUR
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
METRICS.
3.77
1.044
ENGAGING SUPPLIERS IN
SUSTAINABILITY EFFORTS HAS
FOSTERED INNOVATION THAT
BENEFITS OUR ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
3.83
.965
OUR PARTNERSHIP WITH
SUPPLIERS HAS RESULTED IN
MEASURABLE REDUCTIONS IN
WASTE AND RESOURCE
CONSUMPTION.
3.91
.921
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
WITH SUPPLIERS LEADS TO
3.93
,919
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IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL
OUTCOMES IN OUR SUPPLY
CHAIN.
SUPPLIER COLLABORATION
SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES OUR
ORGANIZATION'S ABILITY TO
IMPLEMENT SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES
4.00
1.006
Given the mean interpretation scale, descriptive statistics presented in Table 5 indicate that respondents were
generally in agreement that supplier collaboration is an influence on environmental performance. This is
evidenced by the mean scores, which range between 3.77 and 4.00.
With respect to sustainable supply chains and environmental performance, supplier collaboration might
incorporate partnerships between firms and different local and regional suppliers to promote environmentally
sensible practices throughout the supply chain (EL Bizri et al., 2023). Extant literature from the works of Rinaldi
et al. (2022), has confirmed that supplier collaboration creates synergy among supply chain partners that are
essential in promoting environmental awareness. (Ghosh et al., 2023). Despite the conceptual application of
supplier collaboration, there is scant literature which relates the collaboration of suppliers in the cleaning
detergents sector to sustainable environmental performance
Resource Efficiency and Environmental Performance
TABLE 6: RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE
VARIABLE
ITEM
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
RESOURCE
EFFICIENCY
OUR CURRENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES LEAD TO MEASURABLE
IMPROVEMENTS IN SUSTAINABILITY
3.87
1.032
ENHANCED RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
CONTRIBUTES TO BETTER COMPLIANCE
WITH ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
3.91
1.054
INVESTING IN RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
INITIATIVES HAS RESULTED IN A
NOTICEABLE DECREASE IN WASTE
PRODUCTION.
3.93
1.038
IMPLEMENTING RESOURCE-EFFICIENT
PRACTICES SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES OUR
ORGANIZATION'S OVERALL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
4.02
.974
OUR CURRENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES LEAD TO MEASURABLE
IMPROVEMENTS IN SUSTAINABILITY.
4.12
.947
Descriptive statistics related to resource efficiency indicate the mean, which ranges between 3.87 and 4.12.
Generally, these statistics imply that there is optimal resource usage in the cleaning detergent manufacturing
sector, which does not contribute to environmental degradation. Efficiency in the utilisation of organisational
resources is in compliance with the Environmental Management Authority regulations as well as reducing the
adverse impact of organisational operations on the environment. Statistics indicated that improvement in
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resource efficiency is associated with a change in the overall environmental performance of the cleaning
detergents manufacturing sector. Even though resource efficiency has the lowest contribution to environmental
performance, it is still instrumental to avoid the wastage of resources, which can ensure that the operations within
the cleaning detergents manufacturing sector leverage resource savings that can benefit future generations and
reduce the emission of negative externalities that threaten environmental performance.
These research findings validate with the works of Hartlapp (2024) who stipulated that an important feature of
resource efficiency properties is the creation of long-term relationships between the organisation and its different
supply chain partners. Thes research results resonate with the views of Eltoum et al (2021) where it was
stipulated that organisations with rich resource endowments are capable of conversing the natural ecology in a
manner that supports the sustainability of supply chains.
CONCLUSIONS
The following are conclusions drawn from the study
Results shows that there is an improvement in the green sourcing strategies. The implications of these statistics
are that the movement towards sustainable sourcing practices, which reduces negative externalities on the
environment, such as air, noise, and water pollution, has significant effects in promoting environmental
performance.
The cleaning detergents manufacturing has adopted the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable
chemicals that do not negatively affect the environment.
One area that has been noticeable in the cleaning detergents manufacturing sector has been the collaboration in
terms of procurement, which has benefitted the sector in terms of cost reduction, efficiency in delivery times,
and their ability to be effective in achieving their financial and strategic goals.
Even though resource efficiency has the lowest contribution to environmental performance, it is still instrumental
to avoid the wastage of resources, which can ensure that the operations within the cleaning detergents
manufacturing sector leverage resource savings that can benefit future generations and reduce the emission of
negative externalities that threaten environmental performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to extend our gratitude to all companies and respondents who generously participated in this
study. Your valuable time, insights and cooperation were instrumental in the successful completion of the
research. Without your willingness to share information and experiences this study would not have been possible.
We deeply appreciate your contribution and support which enriched the quality and depth of the study. Thank
you for being an essential part of this endeavor
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