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Alpinia Rda Zinia & F.H. Khan, A New Species And 25 New Records
from Bangladesh
*Zinia Nasrin Shumon
PhD Student, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000489
Received: 10 September 2025; Accepted: 16 September 2025; Published: 17 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan is described and illustrated as a new species from the district of Bogura,
Bangladesh Zingiberaceae family contains First published in Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 682. 1820 [3 Aug 1820] (as
"Zinziberaceae") (1820) nom. cons. Alpinia Roxb. First published in Asiat. Res. 11: 350 (1810), nom. cons.
Alpinia mutica Roxb. First published in Asiat. Res. 11: 354 (1810). Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams,
C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of
Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431. Alpinia
malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe First published in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 345 (1807). Govaerts, R. (1995).
World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne. Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe. First
published in J.E.Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 93 (1806). Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the
Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35-49. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt &
R.M.Sm. First published in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 204 (1972). Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong,
M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415. Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan is compared with those 4
Alpinia species: Alpinia mutica, Alpinia malaccensis, Alpinia nutans and Alpinia zerumbet with their shape,
height, leaves size, inflorescence, single flower, fruits color, shape and seeds shape. Adding identical keys also
proper identification. The main differences in Petal’s design, Upper petal fully white and seeds shape.
INTRODUCTION
Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan is described and illustrated as a new species from the district of Bogura,
Bangladesh Zingiberaceae family contains First published in Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 682. 1820 [3 Aug 1820] (as
"Zinziberaceae") (1820) nom. cons. Alpinia Roxb. First published in Asiat. Res. 11: 350 (1810), nom. cons.
Alpinia mutica Roxb. First published in Asiat. Res. 11: 354 (1810). Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams,
C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of
Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431. Alpinia
malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe First published in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 345 (1807). Govaerts, R. (1995).
World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne. Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe. First
published in J.E.Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 93 (1806). Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the
Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35-49. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt &
R.M.Sm. First published in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 204 (1972). Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong,
M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415.
Keywords: Zingiberaceae, New species, Bangladesh.
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Description
Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan is a robust herb that can grow measures up to 1.2-2.4 m tall and with strong
aromatic when bruised. The leaves are narrowly lance-shaped, measuring 41(-30) cm x 8(-5) cm, acuminate,
no hairs in margin or underneath nor midrib or a very short few. The ligule is two lobes, up to 1-1.1 cm long,
few hairies and with 3-6 cm long petiole. The inflorescence is racemose, upright, measures about 20-35 cm
long, with 10-20 or more cincinni and absent bracts are on a 0.5 cm long peduncle. There are elliptic bracteoles
around 3 cm long under each flower. The pedicel is 0.5-1.5 cm long. The calyx is 3.8 cm long, shortly 3-lobed.
It is white. The petal is white. The tube is measuring up to 1 cm long and ciliate lobes. The lateral lobes are 3
cm x 1 cm while the dorsal lobe measures up to 2.6 cm x 1.3 cm. The labellum is broadly ovate, 3-5 cm long
and at the widest part is 3 cm across, incurved sides, narrow to emarginate apex where at the base is with 2
papillose fleshy swellings that is yellow-orange with scarlet lines. The lateral staminodes are subulate and
measuring up to 3.2cm long. The filament of stamen measures about 1.5 cm long. The anther connective is not
prolonged into a crest. The light brown capsule is globose, up to 2.5 cm in diameter and shortly pubescent.The
seed is 3-4 angular and about 7 mm long. 40-45 seeds.
Taxonomic treatment
Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan nov. p- 9, Figs. 1, 2, 3
TYPE: Bangladesh, Bogura district, RDA campus, Doshmile. Latitude. Fig-3: Map & Location: Bogura
district, RDA campus, Doshmile. Latitude 24.70632° or 24° 42' 23" north. Longitude 89.39486° or 89° 23' 42"
east.
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Taxonomic tree
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Subfamily: Alpinioideae
Tribe: Alpinieae
Genus: Alpinia Roxb., 1810
Species
Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan
A. Botanical illustration,
B. Inflorescence. C. Upright position showing. D. Details with fruits, flower, petals, seeds, leaves, etc.
E. Mature fruits, Dry fruits, Seeds, Buds, Sepal, Calyx.
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F. Showing big petal (Upper) size, Seeds’ size, Calyx, Sepal, Ovary, Labellum, Stamen, Filament, Style,
Stigma, Ovary and ovules in scales.
G. Leaf-tip, Ligule, Ovary-cut, Single flower, Ovary & ovules, Funnel shaped stigma.
H. Labellum design which differs in each Alpinia species. Upper white petal is the main characteristics of
Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan.
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I. Inflorescence, Fruits, Position, Buds.
J. Details of Alpinia Zerumbet, Flower design, Upper petal with pink-tip, Ribbed fruits, round seeds with scale.
Hanging inflorescence.
K. Alpinia nutans labellum design and fruits pattern.
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L. Alpinia malaccensis labellum, Inflorescence, Red fruits pattern. Big leaves.
M. Alpinia zerumbet height showing 15ft. Alpinia zerumbet biggest inflorescence-1-2 ft, hanging.
N. 5 different fruits of Alpinia species.
O. Alpinia mutica inflorescence, single flower, red-orange fruits. sepals, petals, upper creamy-spotted upper
petal.
Key identifying characters
1. The labellum design is different with all listed species.
2. Fruits color brown,
3. Angled seeds are dark brown,
4. The seeds shapes are different also.
5. Not so height like Alpinia Zerumbet.
6. Rhizome differs from Alpinia Zerumbet.
7. Upright position of Inflorescence. Not hanging like Alpinia Zerumbet.
8. Upper petal white, not pink tinged like Alpinia Zerumbet.
Specimen examined
At RDA campus and All over Bangladesh, Zinia Nasrin Shumon, Herbarium sheet number - ZNS 508
(AAHBAU.
Fig-2
Species
Flower
(Petal)
Fruits
Seeds
Height
Alpinia rda Zinia
& F.H.Khan
White upper
petal
Broun color
(2cm)
Angled, long
shape, (Blackish-
brown) -4mm
1.5-2m
Alpinia zerumbet
Pink color on
upper petal
Orange-red
(Ribbed) 1.5 - 3
cm, 3 - 7 cm.
Round shape
(Ashy-brown)) -
2mm
3.5-4.2 m
Alpinia
malaccensis
White color
upper petal
Red-round fruits,
about 2.5 cm in
diameter.
Relatively small-
triangular shape.
3 m tall
Alpinia mutica
Upper petal
white
2.2 cm long and 2
cm in diameter
(Green to orange or
red)
6-7 mm long.
Color: Black.
1.5-2
meters
Alpinia nutans
Upper petal
white
Around 3 cm wide.
These fruits are
initially green and
mature orange or
red
Black, angled
seeds, about 6-7
mm long.
1 to 1.5m
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Mr. Ferdous Hossain Khan for his contribution. Thanks to Mosharef Bhuiyan, Madhobi Lata, and
Foyzullah-al-Noman for their images.
AKM Zakaria, Firoz Hossain to make RDA campus green with planted many wild species. This’s why RDA
campus known as “Green RDA”.
Common name & Meaning
Common name of this new species “Alpinia rda Zinia & F.H.Khan”, rda=Rural Development Academy,
Bogura. Zinia for the Author. F.H.Khan = Ferdous Hossain Khan. Common name “RDA Galangal” in English
and “ ”
CONCLUSION
After all the discussion, it is sure that Alpinia rda Zinia & F. H. Khan is new to taxon. We illustrated and
described a new species of Alpinia genus, Family - Zingiberaceae in Bogura district, Bangladesh. There’re
showing differences with 4 Alpinia species.
Distribution Map (Fig-3)
Bogura district, RDA campus, Doshmile. Latitude 24.70632° or 24° 42' 23" north. Longitude 89.39486° or 89°
23' 42" east.
REFERENCES
1. globinmed.com/conservation/alpinia-malaccensis-burmf-roscoe/
2. davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/470514
3. bambooland.com.au/alpinia-malaccensis
4. researchgate.net/publication/260644630_Identification_of_seven_Zingiberaceous_species_based_on_c
omparative_anatomy_of_microscopic_characteristics_of_seeds
5. botanybrisbane.com/plants/zingiberaceae/alpinia/alpinia-zerumbet/
6. powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:795324-1
7. toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/alpinia_nutans.htm
8. globinmed.com/conservation/alpinia-malaccensis-burmf-roscoe/
9. mushroomexpert.com/fungionwood/Species%20List.htm
10. knowledge.taibif.tw/category/flowers/zingiberaceae
11. epharmacognosy.com/?cx=partner-pub-0459333603017188%3A1473429871&cof=FORID%3 A10
&ie=UTF-8&q=alpinia&sa=Search&siteurl=www.epharmacognosy.com%2F2023%2F06%2Falpinia-
macroura-kschum.html&ref=www.google.com%2F&ss=57938j2692435116j19
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12. science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30004541-2
13. science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:795340-1
14. Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016).
An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types
and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
15. Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.
16. Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin
(Botany) 24: 35-49.
17. Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin
(Botany) 24: 35-49.
18. Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin
(Botany) 24: 35-49.
New Records from Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
These 25 new records are described shortly as new records from all over Bangladesh. Artemisia vulgaris L.
Asteraceae. Artocarpus elasticus. Moraceae. Carallia pectinifolia. Rhizophoraceae. Cardamine flexuosa With.
Brassicaceae. Cookeina tricholoma. Sarcoscyphaceae. Dendrobium scabrilingue Lindl. Orchidaceae. Dicliptera
brachiate. Acanthaceae. Elatostema cuneatum Wight. Urticaceae. Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.
Rubiaceae. Ficus cyrtophylla (Miq.) Miq. Moraceae. Ficus obscura Blume. Moraceae. Ficus retusa L.
Moraceae. Ficus trimenii King ex Trimen. Moraceae. Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe. Zingiberaceae.
Jasminum adenophyllum Wall. ex C.B. Clarke. Oleaceae. Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. Oleaceae.
Jasminum elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd. Oleaceae. Jasminum malabaricum Wight. Oleaceae. Jasminum
simplicifolium G. Forst. Oleaceae. Lecanthus obtusus (Royle) Hand. -Mazz. Urticaceae. Morinda angustifolia
Roxb. Rubiaceae. Panus strigellus, Panaceae. Persicaria capitata. Polygonaceae. Persicaria maculosa Gray.
Polygonaceae. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Poaceae. Scyphosyce manniana Baill. Moraceae.
Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Combretaceae. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex-Kurz.
Apocynaceae.
Specimen examined
From all over Bangladesh. Zinia Nasrin Shumon, Herbarium sheet number – ZNS 530-555 (AAHBAU).
Methods
Description of this species is based on living plant. All the Images captured from plants, flowers, leaves, seeds
collected from living trees. Also, from Scientific Illustrations of those species.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae /
Description: A fast-growing, hardy, perennial herb. Can reach 2-6 feet (60-180 cm) tall. Stems are erect,
ribbed, and purplish-brown. Leaves alternate, deeply lobed, and divided. The upper surface is dark green and
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pubescent, while the underside is covered with dense, white-silver hairs. Flowers are Small, yellow-green to
reddish-brown flower heads arranged in dense, branched panicles. Possesses a well-developed rhizome that
spreads easily.
Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex-Blume Moraceae
  
Description: Can grow up to 45 meters (150 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 1 meter (3 ft) and
buttresses reaching up to 3 meters high. Leaves are dimorphic, they differ between juvenile and mature trees.
Juvenile leaves produce enormous, deeply lobed leaves, resembling white oak leaves.
Mature leaves have leathery, entire, oval to oblong leaves.
Fruit size globose or cylindrical, with soft, backward-pointing spines. The fruit contains edible seeds covered
in a white, succulent flesh. Produces a sticky, white latex sap when the bark is wounded. Termite-resistant
wood.
Carallia pectinifolia W.C.Ko Rhizophoraceae
  
Description: It is described as a shrub or small tree. The branches and branchlets are purplish-brown when
dried and have visible, fusiform lenticels. The leaves are oblong to oblanceolate, papery in texture, and have
serrate margins and an acuminate apex. The flowers are borne in dichasial cymes, typically 1.5-2 cm long,
with 2 or 3 flowers crowded at the apex of branchlets. The flowers are shortly pedicellate, with minute,
membranaceous bracteoles, white petals about 2 mm long, and a 6 or 7-lobed calyx. The fruit is a red, globose
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drupe, about 7 mm in diameter, with a persistent red calyx at its apex. The fruit contains seeds that are
reniform.
Cardamine flexuosa With. Brassicaceae
 
Description: An herbaceous annual, biennial, or perennial herb, often growing to 50 cm tall. The stems are
flexuous (wavy or zig-zagging), especially where they bear flowers. Leaves are imparipinnate (compound
with an odd number of leaflets). Basal leaves form a loose rosette. Stem leaves have 5 or more pairs of
leaflets. Leaflets are typically gland-toothed or lobed. Flowers are small, white petals, approximately 2.5-3
mm long. Sepals have narrow white margins. It is hermaphrodite (has both male and female parts). Fruit is a
siliqua (pod) measuring 10-25 mm long. Seeds: are very narrowly winged.
Cookeina tricholoma. Sarcoscyphaceae.
 󰁩
Description: Cup-shaped, with a distinct stem (stipitate).
Color: Bright pink to reddish.
Hairs: Covered in many long, pale, bristly hairs, especially around the margin of the cup and on the stem,
which gives it its common name. Habitat: Grows on dead tree trunks and twigs. Found in tropical and
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subtropical areas across the globe. The copious, long hairs on the exterior of the cup are the most
distinguishing characteristic of Cookeina tricholoma.
Dendrobium scabrilingue Lindl. Orchidaceae
 
Description: Stems are clavate grooved, tufted, and can be up to 30 cm long. They are covered with tightly
packed, black-hirsute (hairy) leaf sheaths, which eventually become glabrous (smooth).
Leaves are linear-oblong, leathery and up to 8.5 cm long. They are usually persistent but shed from the
bottom as new shoots grow. Flowers are waxy, fragrant, and typically 1-3 per inflorescence. Each flower is
about 3.75 cm wide, resupinate, and features white, broad sepals and petals. The most distinguishing feature is
the 3-lobed labellum (lip) with erect side lobes and a somewhat decurved middle lobe.
Dicliptera brachiata Spreng. Acanthaceae
 
Description: An herbaceous perennial, meaning it lives for more than two years but dies back to the ground in
winter. Grows from 1 to 3 feet tall. The leaves are opposite, meaning they grow in pairs from the stem, and
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are typically elliptic, ovate, or oblong in shape. Flowers are Small, tubular flowers that are white, pink, or
purple. They bloom in few-flowered clusters. Develops into a capsule that contains small, dark brown seeds.
Elatostema cuneatum Wight. Urticaceae
 
Description: Annual herb, or a short perennial herb. 2.5-25 cm tall, depending on conditions. Stem is erect,
simple, and sometimes 3-angled, often with short hairs towards the apex. Leaves are alternate, obliquely
rhombic-obovate, 1-3.5 cm long, with a rounded or broader base. Leaf margin is toothed with 2-5 teeth, and
the apex is acute or obtuse. Small mineral deposits on the leaf surface, described as conspicuous or obscure.
Dioecious: Plants have either only male or only female flowers.
Faramea occidentalis (L.) A.Rich. Rubiaceae

Description: Shrub or slender, slow-growing tree.
Height: 1.5-4 meters as a shrub, but can grow into a tree reaching 8-12 meters. Bark is light brown, with
slightly flattened, glabrous twigs that dry to a blackish color.
Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptical, with entire margins, an abruptly acuminate-caudate apex, and well-
developed drip tips. Petioles are 6-12 mm long. Flowers are fragrant, white, with a nearly trumpet-shaped, 7-
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12 mm long tube. The flowers are borne in compound cymes. Fruit is a purplish-black berry, 8-10 mm wide,
crowned by the persistent calyx.
Ficus cyrtophylla (Miq.) Miq. Moraceae.

/

Description: Shrub or small tree.
Height: Typically grows to 3-7 meters.
Bark: Gray and smooth.
Branchlets: Densely covered with short, stiff, brownish to whitish hairs. Shape: (Sub)globose to ovoid.
Surface: Densely puberulous, covered with short stiff hairs.
Color: Yellowish-orange when mature.
Ostiole: Flat, 2-3 mm in diameter.
Ficus obscura Blume. Moraceae


Description: Can grow as a sub-canopy tree, a climber, or an epiphyte. Stems have white sap and are rough or
woolly-hairy.
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Leaves are alternate, simple, and penni- to triple-veined. Possess a rough, sandpaper-like texture due to being
hairy. Exhibit a highly asymmetrical base, with a distinct projecting part on one side. Have wavy or toothed
margins. The apex is usually acuminate to caudate. Figs are globose, 7 mm in diameter, and covered in hairs.
Grow along the twigs and are orange-red when ripe.
Ficus retusa L. Moraceae
 

Description: A broad-headed, rounded, evergreen shrub or tree, often hemi-epiphytic.
Height: Can reach up to 10 meters (33 ft) tall.
Trunk: Features a smooth, light grey trunk, which can grow to about 1 meter in diameter.
Leaves: Medium-sized, spirally arranged, and spirally arranged, with a glossy, dark green, leathery texture.
They are blunt at the apex and measure between 4–15 cm in length.
Figs: Small, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, ripening from orange to dark red, with a distinctive sunken area (ostiole) at
the apex.
Ficus trimenii King ex Trimen. Moraceae


Description: A medium-sized evergreen tree with a distinctive weeping habit.
Leaves: The leaves are glossy, dark green, and thin or slightly leathery. They have a smooth margin and are
often grouped at the ends of twigs. The fruit is a fig, though specific details are limited in the provided
snippets.
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Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe
Zingiberaceae
 
Description: 1-2.5 meters in height. Rhizomes is massive, fleshy, taro-like, and spread to form dense beds.
Stems are erect, unbranched, soft, and can have a short pinkish collar at the base. Leaves are large, shiny,
alternate, and lanceolate. They are sessile, with a long, membranous, slightly hairy sheath and ligule.
Inflorescence is an oblong spike or cone-like cluster, measuring 15-20 cm long. Bracts are overlapping bracts
are oblong to ovate and concave. Flowers are fragrant, creamy-white to pale yellow, with a long corolla tube
and linear lobes. Yellow stamens are prominent. No fruit is produced.
Jasminum adenophyllum Wall. ex C.B.Clarke. Oleaceae

Description: A fast-growing, woody, evergreen vine, as a climber. Can form roots when its stems touch the
ground (layering), which allows for easy propagation.
Leaves are dark green, glossy, and smooth, typically 5-7 cm long. Oppositely arranged along the stem. Flowers
are white. Large, measuring 5-7 cm in diameter. Petals are narrow and have a slight curl. Highly fragrant and
very attractive to bees and butterflies.
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Bloom: Flowers are typically arranged in a 1- to 3-flowered inflorescence.
Fruit is small berries that are blue to black and shiny when ripe.
Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. Oleaceae
 
Description: A small, wild, scandent (climbing or trailing) shrub. Stems are smooth and woody, with young
branchlets that are minutely pubescent (covered in fine, whitish hairs).
Leaves are simple, opposite, and simple in arrangement, ovate-lanceolate. Adaxial (upper) surface is glossy
and smooth; the margins and mid-vein regions are minutely puberulent.
Size: 13–51 mm long by 9–25 mm broad.
Flowers are typically in cymes (clusters) of 1–5 flowers, mostly on axillary shoots. White flowers sometimes
with a pinkish tinge on the bud exterior. Highly fragrant. Petals: 6–9 in number, linear-elliptical with an acute
apex. Fruits are green berries that ripen to a purplish-black color.
Jasminum elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd. Oleaceae

Description: Shrub or woody climber, young shoots finely to strongly pilose. Leaves ovate to narrowly
lanceolate, (2–11) cm long, 1.5–6 cm broad; base rounded or sometimes obtuse or subcordate; apex long
acute to acuminate; appressed pilose to glabrous below, scattered pilose to glabrous above, midrib and main
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veins pilose; primary veins 2–4 on each side of the midrib, curving round below the margin, raised below,
sunk above, otherwise venation obscure; without domatia; petioles 3–10 mm long, finely to strongly pilose.
Inflorescence terminal on side shoots, cymose-corymbose, dense, 3- to about 10-flowered, pilose to finely
pilose; bracts leaf-like, 0.5–1 cm long; pedicels 0.5–3 mm long. Calyx tube 1.5–2 mm long; lobes filiform,
(2–)4–11 mm long, densely to finely pilose. Corolla tube 15–25 mm long; lobes 7–9, 6–12 mm long, 2–4 mm
broad. Fruits are ellipsoid, 8 x 6 mm.
Jasminum malabaricum Wight. Oleaceae

Description: A large, straggling, climbing shrub.
Flowers are white or creamy yellow, fragrant, and star-shaped, appearing in terminal, trichotomous cymes.
Leaves are membranous, cordiform (heart-shaped) to deltoid-elliptic, glabrous, and typically with 7 to 9 pairs
of main nerves. Fruits are
Berries. Oblong-globose, shiny, and dark-purple or nearly black.
Jasminum simplicifolium G.Forst. Oleaceae

Description: It can grow as a shrub or a climbing vine. Leaves are evergreen, opposite, and ovate, with a waxy,
shiny, and bright green appearance.
Flowers are small, tubular, white, and 8–13 mm long. They are typically fragrant. Fruits are dark purple and
about 1 cm in diameter.
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Lecanthus obtusus (Royle) Hand. -Mazz. Urticaceae
  
Description: A dwarf, annual herb.
Stema are delicate, erect, and often nearly hairless. Leaves are opposite, membranous, almost stalkless,
crowded at the top of the stem. They are elliptic-ovate, 0.3-0.6 x 0.2-0.5 cm in size, with a toothed margin and
3 to penni nerved veins. Flowers are minute, pale green, and borne in 1-2 sexual disk-like heads.
Inflorescence: Flowers are crowded on disk-like heads carried on stalks 0.6-2.5 cm long. Fruit is tiny, red-
brown achenes. Flowering: August to September.
Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae

Description: 3-6 meters tall. Young branches are smooth and greenish, while older branches are smooth or
shallowly fissured, brownish to grey.
Stipules are triangular, acuminate, and usually persistent. Leaves are elliptic, oblong, or obovate, 19-25 cm
long by 3-7 cm wide, with a tapering or cuneate base and a pointed apex. They are light green and dry to a dark
brown.
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Flowers are solitary or paired, fragrant, and bisexual. The corolla is white to pink, funnel-shaped, with a long
tube.
Fruits are a composite fruit, which can be sub-globose or ellipsoid-oblong and partially fused or nearly
separate.
Panus strigellus, Panaceae
  󰁩
Description: Cap is fan-shaped to semicircular, 2-6 cm in diameter, with a velvety or hairy texture and a wavy
margin. Color ranges from beige to dark brown, with a dark reddish-brown color being a distinguishing
feature. Gills are crowded and decurrent, running down the stem. Stem is hairy, tapered at the base.
Persicaria capitata. Polygonaceae


Description: A prostrate scrambling herb that spreads to form a dense ground cover.
Stems are weakly hairy with spreading branches. Leaves are ovate in shape, measuring 1–6 cm long and 0.7–3
cm wide. Often marked with pink or red bands or blotches. Short, scattered hairs on both surfaces. Flowers are
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bright pink and borne in dense, ovoid or globose (round) spikes, 5–10 mm long. The spikes are terminal and
axillary, appearing over a long season.
Fruits are dark brown to black, three-angled achene.
Persicaria maculosa Gray. Polygonaceae
 
Description: An annual herb that grows erect or ascends, with stems up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall, sometimes
becoming floppy. Stems are often glabrous (smooth), though sometimes hairy, with swollen joints and a
reddish-brown color. Leaves are alternate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, pointed at both ends, with smooth
margins and a characteristic dark purplish blotch in the center. Stipules are fused into a stem-enclosing sheath,
typically appressed-hairy and ciliate (fringed with hairs) at the upper margin. Inflorescence is short-cylindrical,
dense spikes of flowers, usually pink to white. Flowers are consisting of 4-5 pink or whitish perianth segments
(like petals or sepals), with 6 stamens. Fruit is a shiny, black, three-angled (trigonous or biconvex) achene.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Poaceae
 
Description: Tall, cane-like stems that are round and hollow, typically growing 2 to 4 meters (6.5 to 13 feet)
high. Leaves are long (up to 60 cm or 24 inches), flat, strap-like, and blue-green, tapering to a long point.
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Inflorescence (Flower Head): A large, dense, and initially dark purple panicle that can be 15–40 cm (6–15
inches) long. At maturity, the flowers are covered in numerous long, silky, silvery hairs, giving the
inflorescence a feathery, grey appearance and aiding in seed dispersal.
Scyphosyce manniana Baill. Moraceae.
 
Terminalia microcarpa Decne.
Combretaceae
󰁶 
Description: A deciduous tree, sometimes reaching up to 30-40 meters in height. Bark is hard, black, and
fissured. Leaves are smooth, pointed at both ends, and typically 6-15 cm long.
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Flowers are small and yellowish-white.
Fruit is small, dark red, fleshy, and sweet-sour.
Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex-Kurz. Apocynaceae
 
Description: Wrightia religiosa is an evergreen shrub with slender branches; it can grow up to 3 meters tall.
The plant is cultivated in many parts of the world for medicinal use and is also often grown in southeast Asia
as an ornamental, hedge and temple flower.
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3. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:850378-1
4. Cardamine flexuosa With.
5. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/204575-Cookeina-tricholoma
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28. https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/show-taxon-detail.php?taxonid=5590
29. https://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flore-gabon/cdm_dataportal/name/2af426da-f918-4772-9d15-
ebc8163fdaa9/null/null/