INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025  
Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in Global  
Businesses  
Kori Blandina Walowe Kori  
School of Business Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Catholic University of eastern Africa  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000553  
Received: 28 October 2025; Accepted: 04 November 2025; Published: 18 November 2025  
ABSTRACT  
Sustainability has become the most corporate concern globally. For an environmental, social and financial gains,  
focus on long-term return on investment is inevitable. Sustainability is achieved through protection or  
conservation of environment. To maintain diversity and integrity of the ecosystems, sustainability or sustainable  
development is of essence. Natural resources such as air, water, soil, and plants, are taken care for continuity of  
human life and the planet. Other resources such as oil, coal, natural gas, metals, stone and sand or sunlight are  
modified for commercial and industrial use. All these resources are fundament to business operation and growth.  
Sustainable development practice is human rights, the concept focusses on “meeting the desired present needs  
without compromising the future generation efforts to meet their essentials”. The players direct their attention  
on maintaining a society harmony between access to human needs and protection of the planet which is the  
platform for business operation. In this study environment conservation and sustainable development are  
integrated and presented as interdependent and complementary concepts that add to notable values both to human  
life, business man and to the earth’s natural systems. The study brings out the image on how conservation  
provides the basis for sustainable development, guaranteeing availability of life to natural resources and the  
ecosystem. The image refutes the vicious circle that causes pressure to human and planet triggered by climate  
change, soil erosion, poor air quality and contaminated water. The study caution organization to employ digital  
technology to reduce carbon footprint and ensure sustainability. This is a secondary data research which was  
carried out in the library. Data collection method involved studying and analyzing information from books,  
international published journal papers, theories and published legal documents. The analysis of the study may  
benefit policymakers responsible of environmental conservation, hence increase more efforts for environmental  
conservation and sustainable development. The study may create awareness to public and encourage them to  
take responsibility on environmental conservation and sustainable development practices. The study may also  
motivate governance structures to see the need for putting more resources on the enforcement of environmental  
laws.  
Key words: Environmental, conservation, sustainability development, global business,  
INTRODUCTION  
The world is perturbed by the rate of environmental degradation, disappearance of forest, carbon emission and  
general emitted toxins in our surrounding. High technology, industries, wide human’s inventions and ingenuity  
is causing hazard to the natural resources globally (Rhodes, & Naser, 2021). Practices such as environmental  
conservation are key to prevent more havoc on air pollution that is affecting ozone layer resulting to global  
warming (Niesenbaum, 2019). Through conservation, damages on habitats, extinction and distortion on  
biodiversity, the world can restore the desired order natural environment (Borges, Gabriel, & Fattorini, 2020).  
Continued practices of environmental conservation can produce sustainable development (Ruggerio, 2021). In  
this way the world advance to meet the its current needs without compromising the ability of future generation  
to meet their own needs. In other words, environmental conservation integrated with sustainable development  
concept, create an avenue where living conditions endow the world with ability to meet human and the  
biodiversity needs without undermining planetary integrity. These fundamentals directly impact human activities  
and industries hence resulting to sustainable development.  
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Many industries depend on biological resources to produce assorted goods such pharmaceutical products and  
fabrics. In an effort to provide human needs, profits and growth of industries, health and safety measures are  
incorporated in environmental conservation and sustainable development (Sangwan & Bhatia, 2020).  
Conservation of plants and animal life, referred to as biodiversity, will definitely sustain the future generations  
and certainly cater for current consumer goods, service organization as well as the information technology sector  
(Thomsen & Thomsen, 2021).  
Artificial intelligence is taking up quickly and industries growing at high rate, but human factors are certain in  
all these processes. Robots are active in manufacturing industries with a lot of flexibility, they can be  
programmed to switch between processes to meet changes in product design or provide feedback to customers  
with minimum efforts. No matter how successfully technology has taken over, in pursuit of quality, speed,  
flexibility, sustainability or even reduction of manufacturing costs, this technology has a human touch. If there  
is destruction or construction of any kind to the environment, the human factors are the ultimate responsible for  
the outcome. Reasoning in business considers ‘economic growth and environmental protection as harmonious  
and both aiming at longer-term prosperity’. A mistake caused by human error may cause huge damage to future  
generation and need be avoid at all costs. As responsible generation we focus on maintaining harmony between  
technology embracement, economic growth, environmental conservation and sustainable development.  
Climate change has been reported for causing all this menace and disasters and the highest hindrance of poverty  
reduction, leaving millions of households poorer and suffering (United Nations report, 2024). Studies also  
indicate that acid rain caused by Sulphur and oxides in the air, is killing freshwater lakes in Scandinavia and  
North America and in some Swedish lakes acid has increased 100-fold over the 30 years (Tolba, 2013). There  
is every indication that the opportunity costs of negative environmental impacts are high (Mahajan, 2024). The  
figure below indicates the rate at which the temperature are raising at a very high rate causing severe heat  
globally.  
Statement of the Problem  
In 2019 world health organization reported a 37% of outdoor air pollution related to premature death as a result  
of ischemic heart disease and stroke. More deaths were reported such as those caused by chronic obstructive  
pulmonary disease and acute lower respiratory infections were estimated at 28% and 23% respectively, while  
11% of death were as a result of cancer within the respiratory track. These disastrous occurrences are severely  
experienced in low and middle-income countries, where 89% (4.2million people) die prematurely. In April 2024,  
Tanzania heavy rain killed 155 people and affected more than 200,000 who were reported missing (CNN May,  
2024). In the same month in Kenya floods claimed more 300 lives and over 300,000people displaced (IFRC  
May, 2024). All the calamities are attributed to climate change due negligence of environmental conservation  
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and sustainable development efforts. This study is set to examine the effect of environmental conservation on  
sustainable development, moderated by management actions.  
Research Objectives  
Main Objective  
The main objective of this is to assess the effect of environmental conservation on sustainable development in  
global businesses.  
Specific Objectives  
(i)  
To determine the effect of sustainable economy on sustainable development in global business  
To examine the effect of ethical economy on sustainable development in global business  
(ii)  
(iii)  
To assess the moderating effect of management action between environmental conservation and  
sustainable development in global business  
Theoretical Review Theories  
The background of this discussion is on care for ‘mother earth’, a place where all life comes. Suitable theories  
to discuss this phenomenon therefore, include the stakeholder theory and sustainable development theories. On  
Stakeholder theory, Freeman (1984) postulate that corporates should create value to its customers for  
sustainability of their businesses, Freeman emphasis that it’s equally important that same corporates create safe  
avenues for society and ecological environment for sustainability. According to Bocken, & Short, (2021) there’s  
no business that can survive in a poor natural environment. Thus, care for stakeholder is equally care for  
environment and a practice for sustainable development. The interdependence and mutual co-exist between the  
organizations and its society and the natural environment is what that may lead to sustainable development.  
When Brundtland Commission in 1987 presented the theory for sustainable development, they focused basically  
on exploring this theory and its relationship to economic growth and environmental protection and also examined  
the impact of human activities on the planet. The main aim was to mitigate negative impacts that threatened the  
current co-existence and future life in the planet earth.  
Both theories; stakeholder theory of management and sustainable development focus on eco-centric, placing  
value and importance on the entire environment and all life in it. The two theories are intertwined in exploring  
environmental conservation and sustainable development in global business undertaking.  
Edward Freeman viewed a capitalism as a business whose purpose is to make money through its customers,  
suppliers, employees, investors, communities and others who have a stake in organization. Accordingly, he  
views business success as a results of care and value for stakeholders, Edward’s theory of organization  
management and business ethics emphasizes that morals and values in managing a business with stakeholder in  
mind, hence creating a two-way value is an assurance for a future of the business. The theory suggests that ethics  
in business is the way we affect each other. Both stakeholders and the corporates owners and the business at the  
center.  
Edward emphases that business is about purpose that is alive, it’s about creating value that lives, and this is  
possible by valuing the client. The theory suggests businesses must put ethics and value together and see conflict  
and challenge as important in all activities, still look at all things as a source of value creation and expect more  
from business’ stakeholders.  
The theory has gained popularity in business ethics and saves as a platform for more researches for business  
growth. Stakeholder theory postulate that a business that does not think of its stakeholders is a business in  
decline. Stakeholders are partners in implementing sustainable initiative, and sustainability is generally a social  
goal for corporates and its stake to co-exists in a health business environment. The same group of people are  
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charged with responsibility to conserve the natural resources at their disposal in order to protect the global  
ecosystems for sustenance of future and current health and life, which is regarded as “sustainable development”.  
Sustainable development practices are sources for business, country and global future life. Protection of natural  
resources guarantees, safety on food, shelter, clothing and other basic needs to both current and future generation.  
To guarantee sustainability therefore global businesses must aim to meet the needs of the present without  
compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own. This was the focus for Brundtland  
Commission report on global agenda for change proposed long-term strategies for achieving sustainable  
development (Brundtland Commission,1997). The businesses must think of coexistence with their natural  
environment. Brundtland Commission report suggest that legal laws on environment conservation are not the  
only solution to sustainable development (Brundtland Commission,1997).  
A health environment and well-being is essential for all human beings including future generation. The current  
global efforts to embrace renewable energy holds tremendous promise for future green economy. Advocacy on  
environmental conservation, maintenance of biodiversity and safeguarding natural resources, is sustainable  
development. Conserving ecosystems, afforestation, educating communities on sustainable living, protecting  
water bodies, promoting ethical consumerism, promoting ethical business practices, avoiding toxin emission  
from industries; these are some of the ways of implementing sustainable development agenda for change,  
proposed by the Brundtland Commission.  
Borowy, (2013) suggests that sustainable development can easily be explained as the capacity of any stem to  
exist and reproduce on a long-term, implying that sustainability is a continuous evolution of life of the planet. A  
compost, for example, has a direct and positive effect on human lives and a long-term environmental  
conservation, which in broad term, this may be a cartelist for sustainable development.  
LITERATURE REVIEW  
Literature review analyses published information particularly on global sustainable development, environmental  
conservation, ethical economy, and management action. The discussion in this paper is based on the 2030 agenda  
for sustainable development, adopted by United Nations members in 2015. The whole emphases are to create a  
peaceful environment with prosperous opportunities, where people and the planet enjoy life. The 17 world  
sustainable development goals aim to deal with climate change and care for oceans and forests (Lucatello, &  
Alcántara-Ayala, 2023). This ensures economic sustainability, social sustainability, health communities, and  
environmental sustainability, guaranteeing future life of both human and the planet.  
Sustainable Development  
As this paper discus sustainable development, end of hunger and the emission of greenhouse gasses are the main  
subject of concern. Sustainable development model emerged as a result of worsening environmental situation  
and concerns for future generation (Hague, 2000). To end hunger therefore, caution must be taken towards the  
current climate crisis, which is already undermining the crop yields worldwide. This will happened when the  
world jointly responds to climate-smart forms of agriculture, reduce global greenhouse gas emission and support  
the regeneration of the ecosystems. The United Nations report (2024) indicate that ending poverty comprise  
employing efforts on social protection systems, inclusive policies, investment in human capital, embrace  
equality, investing on climate change initiative, and general global responsibility on environmental conservation.  
According to Montagnini & Metzel, (2024) afforestation plays an important role on health soil restoration and  
end of hunger. Sustainable development is the economic sustainability which encompasses establishing  
sustainable industrialization, while fostering health innovation.  
Sustainable development ensures water safety, access to modern energy, productive employment and safe  
environment for the ecosystem (Sangwan & Bhatia, 2020). Moreover, sustainable development is also social  
sustainability, where the society uphold universal human rights and people meet their current basic needs while  
taking caution not against endangering the future generation’s needs.  
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Sustainable development is environmental sustainability where human consumption does not exceed nature’s  
rate of replenishment, where also when human generate pollution at maximally high rate it does not exceed  
nature’s rate to restore it back to its normal state (Xu & Zhao, 2023). Practicing Sustainability, and minding  
sustainable development in business operations, is that process reduces waste, efficient energy consumption, and  
production of cost savings products which results competitiveness in business. The sustainable development  
centers around intergenerational equity anchored essentially on environmental care, economic development and  
society concern (Mensah, 2019).  
Management Role, Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development  
The management role in sustainable economy implies prioritizing the long-term environmental, social, and  
sustainable business focusing on long-term stakeholder well-being. Human factors have been identified as key  
in innovation potential and economic activities which cannot be achieved without protecting the environment  
from which these activities take place (Klimovskikh, 2023). A study by Zhao et.al. (2023) set to investigate  
whether the quality management system within an organization helps in achieving environmental conservation  
and sustainable development goals. The researcher took six quality management practices from America on  
environmental, social, and economic dimensions.  
Results from non-probability convenience sampling technique indicated quality management facilitated firms’  
achievement of environmental conservation and sustainable development goals, though environmental  
innovation was found to have a negative impact on social sustainability, hence the researcher caution the  
manufacturing and services firms to be cautious about environment in their production. Another research was  
conducted by Carballo-Penela and Castroman-Diz (2015), the results indicated that policy-makers, investors and  
other stakeholder were interested in environmental management. However, there was a feeling the with tax  
exemption or tax holiday they would greater results.  
Environmental Conservation  
Environmental conservation encompasses the efforts of global community to protect the environment (Wali  
et.al., 2017). This implies that sectors such as energy, transport, waste management, urban planning and  
agriculture are managed in such a way that they should not toxify the air (Hajam, et.al., 2023). A study carried  
out Malaysia by Amin et.at (2022) indicated that industry such as those that manages agriculture wastes can  
capture methane gas to use as biogas hence reducing toxic air in the environment. This can save on cost for fuel,  
but also reduce the industrial smokestack and decrease respiratory diseases (Muhammad, 2020).  
Delhi Technological University noted that, renewable combustion-free power acquired from solar, wind or  
hydropower, green min-grids which generate their power from renewables are all sources of energy which are  
safer and environmental friendly (Baghel, Manjunath & Kumar, 2024). Hadi, Hamdani, & Roziqin, (2023),  
conducted a study in Indonesia and discovered that access to cost-effective clean household energy has a positive  
macroeconomic impacts in terms of increased economic activities and jobs creation. A study carried out in  
Nigeria by Akande,et.al. (2023), found that the use of chargeable electronics, cheap lighting, heating and cooling  
gargets reduce costs and contribute highly to environmental conservation. Shifting from clean modes of  
generation is another creativity for a long-term solution as a result of shunning away from heavy-duty diesels  
vehicles and replace them with reduced sulfur content (Luo, 2023).  
Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in Global Business  
Environmental conservation is practice focused towards preserving the natural habitat, while sustainability is a  
practice that focus on improving environment to cater for human health. The two concepts are directed towards  
protecting planate in relation to human wellbeing. The globalization initiative that lack compensating results,  
hence destroying environment and earth’s natural resources’ increases poverty in the “name of world capitalism”  
(Valadbigi & Ghobadi, 2010). According to the study carried out by (Wu, Qing and Jin, (2022), enterprises’  
cautiousness on environmental conservations by avoiding carbon trading can promote sustainable development.  
Moreover, emphasis on strong networks and advocacy on environmental conservation, using different channels  
of communication such as print media, may result to sustainable development and capabilities of enterprises.  
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The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental protection on enterprises growth.  
The methodology comprised the use of fixed effect regression method and the researcher presented the data of  
the listed companies in China, from 2016 to 2019.  
Another study by Jie, and Jiahui (2023) set to explore the relationship between media attention, green technology  
innovation and enterprise sustainable development. The sample data was from 415 China listed companies of  
between 2015-2021. Results showed a strong positive relationship between media attention, environmental  
regulation, and sustainable development of industrial enterprises. Moreover, media positive attention on  
economic performance has greater impact on sustainable development of industrial enterprises than its  
negativity. Other researchers found that sustainable economic development can be achieved through efficiency  
utilization of renewable energy, and also that sustainable financial development increases energy efficiency  
(Zakari, et.al, 2022; Pan et.al, 2023)  
On the hand, though the discussion environmental conservation and sustainable development are clear, still the  
expected results from many discussions are yet to be achieved, hence human are continuously violated lead to  
undignified life (Nath, & Bhatnagar, 2013). The most unfortunate scenario is that human activities are the  
greatest contributor to environmental degradation and hindrance to sustainable development goals (ZIAUL,  
Islam & SHUWEI, 2023). Some scholar argue that poverty is the major cause of failures to conserve environment  
which results to poor climate change hence endangering sustainable development globally (Elliott, 2012).  
However, this notion has been contested and the findings are that, economically disadvantaged people often are  
the most affected by the climate change due to failure to conserve environment global gas emitters. At the same  
time, examples are that, poor farmers adopt resource conserving practices and the long-run results are increased  
productivity (Rai, 2019). More sentiments are raised on urban population density as the main cause for causing  
poor environment for human and planet and endangered sustainable development goals (Dewan et.al, 2012:  
Tyagi, Garg & Paudel, 2024). Minimizing exposure to environmental risk factors by enhancing air quality and  
access to improved sources of drinking and bathing water, sanitation and clean energy is found to be associated  
with significant health benefits and can contribute significantly to the achievement of the Millennium  
Development Goals of environmental sustainability, health and development  
However, Ruggerio, (2021) criticizes the motion, accordingly, he suggests that a bibliography on the concept of  
sustainable development shows that there is strong imprecise definition as presented in the debate of 1990s, and  
that the concept is still in development stage for scientific research and environmental management. More  
critique suggests that sustainable development goal fail to monitor absolute trend in resources use instead give  
more emphasis on economic growth while ignoring ecological integrity (Eisenmenger et.al., 2020), again that  
in some cases sustainable development concept may be blamed on contributing to the menace caused by  
industrialization in early stages of advocating for economic growth and resource use.  
METHODOLOGY  
This study used desk review methodology, and through systematic and scoping, the researcher obtained  
previously published materials. Data was collated, written up, reviewed and finally presented according to  
guideline given by Snyder (2019), as cited by (Kori, & Muathe, 2022). The scholarly surveys data journals article  
whose findings were reviewed, re-analyzed and interpreted informed the research. More sources of information  
were obtained from the relevant books, government printing and various websites. Google scholar search engine  
was the main tool for mining the data from journals and books online. The Google scholar search engine  
facilitated the re-generation of new insight on environmental conservation and sustainable development. The  
scholarly books and journal articles were of between the years 2016-2024.  
FINDINGS DISCUSSION  
Trees cutting was found to be the worst enemy to environmental conservation. Trees cutting may lead to  
deforestation and consequences are devastating to all living things (Butler,2019). Deforestation caused climate  
change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased and flooding (Azare,et.al.2020). Human  
activities were also found to have a major contributor to climate change hence endangering environment and  
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sustainable development. Increased greenhouses which cause toxin gases in the atmosphere affecting the ozone  
layer bar any sustainability to the planate and human life (Pandya, 2023). More reports indicate that over 80%  
of deforestations is caused by agricultural activities (Arnold, 2010). Suggestion to solve this problem is by  
implementing eco-friendly agriculture which also agroforestry activity, combines agriculture and forestry  
technologies results to a farm workers’ safety measure and a food security assurance, sustainable development.  
Research has also shown that human efforts on agroforestry improves biodiversity, productivity, sustainable,  
and health to land users (Castle et.al, 2021). As a results, it enhances soil structure and boosts crop yields due to  
rained waters, while diversifying sources of income to a household. The best practice is to replace one tree cut  
with two more to help purify air to avoid pollution, providing shade and cool weather, while releasing water  
vapor to cause rain fall (Nowak & Heisler, 2010). This study has also found that, low-carbon contribute highly  
to “green economic investment” as a result of organic sustainably grown products, while providing positive  
physical impacts of climate change and cost-effective macroeconomic activities (Wanyonyi, 2020).  
The governments and other parties concerned about future of business such as the United nations and the Climate  
and Clean Air Coalition are coming up with powerful initiative to reduce short-lived climate pollutants (Cherian,  
2022). Their main aim is to mitigate the effects of methane, black carbon, hydrofluorocarbons, and tropospheric  
ozone, from harmful global warming potential. Researchers have discovered that these molecule, each can warm  
the earth faster than carbon dioxide (Arshad,2024). The CCAC work in over 70 countries worldwide and together  
they work hard work hard to reduce anthropogenic methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030 and maintain the  
global temperature rise below 1.5degrees centigrade (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2022).  
The International Monitory Fund (IMF) is a member of Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS)  
which is currently made of 20 international organizations (Knaack, 2024). Together with the IMF, the NGFS  
discovered that adoption of Low-carbon economy, Climate finance, safe guard Climate change and maintenance  
of good weather, will have a positive long-term effect on the economy by the year 2050 (Demekas & Grippa,  
2021). Policies such as increasing taxes on carbon emitters fossils, reducing fuel subsidies and improving  
regulations on supporting the low-carbon technology products, hence producing less pollution, are some of the  
measures adopted for solid solution for climate change (Bassi et.al.,2023). Some reports indicate that low-carbon  
technology products are more valued to export and import in many countries compared to those without this  
kind of technology. Some legal laws prefer enforcing laws to adopt technologies which will contribute to  
reaching net-zero emission model by 2050 (Pan et.al.,2023). The graph below the shows the world potential  
GDP benefit net zero carbon emission by 2050.  
Adopted from: https://climatedata.imf.org/  
Despite the noted efforts on environmental conservation, there is still a lot of disasters world wild which means  
that humanity need be sensitized more of the same.  
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Conceptual Framework  
Sustainable development is being society needs conscious, environmental, conserver, and economic minded as  
depicted on the conceptual framework below. The conceptual framework indicate that sustainable development  
is attained through putting more efforts on sustainable economy where combined efforts of local communities,  
governance and decarbonisation initiatives succeed. The impact of rule, virtue and good economic action and  
management ethical practices, is another important aspect that predict sustainable development. Further,  
management actions on preservation of planet and its resources to ensure wellbeing of humanity is what will  
result to sustainable development.  
Source Literature Review; (data 2019-2024)  
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION  
This study concludes that environmental conservation has great impact on sustainable development. The  
absence of it therefore, is dangerous to human well-being, planate but also to economic sustainability. More so,  
to achieve sustainable development will depend significantly on clean air, where human activities should be  
those that avoid contamination. Harmful gasses and chemicals are main contributors to air pollution, where  
human activities are the extremely blamed.  
The study recommends that caution must be taken by human being against air pollution and that they should  
must embrace the values to sustainable development through environmental conservation. Business  
organizations must take responsibility and employ digital technology to reduce carbon footprint and ensure  
sustainability.  
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