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Agricultural Dynamics in Liberia: Current Issues and Solutions
Allenton D. Allen Jr.
1
, Kadijah Diallo
2
1
Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Provience, Liberia
2
Stella Maris Polytechnic University
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000604
Received: 30 October 2025; Accepted: 05 November 2025; Published: 19 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Agriculture serves as a fundamental pillar of Liberia's economy, yet the sector faces numerous challenges that
hinder its potential for growth and development. Many of these constraints are, post-conflict reconstruction
needs, inadequate infrastructure, limited access to improved seeds and fertilizers, land tenure insecurity,
insufficient extension services, vulnerability to climate change, poor market access, deforestation and
environmental degradation, lack of mechanization, inadequate credit facilities, pest and disease outbreaks, and
limited post-harvest storage facilities are shared across post-conflict and fragile states in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This review examines Liberia as a case study illustrating how context-specific solutions can address common
agricultural development challenges in similar settings. By analyzing Liberia's experience, this paper offers
insights transferable to other low-income, post-conflict agrarian economies while proposing evidence-based
interventions adapted to local conditions. The analysis draws on agricultural transformation theory and
sustainable livelihoods framework to understand how asset constraints, institutional factors, and policy
environments shape agricultural outcomes in post-conflict settings.
Keywords: Agriculture; Liberia; Food Security; Rural Development; Agricultural Policy; Post-Conflict
Recovery; Sub-Saharan Africa.
INTORDUCTION
Liberia is primarily an agricultural economy, with approximately 70% of its population relying on agriculture
for their livelihoods (World Bank, 2016). Despite the country’s substantial agricultural potential, characterized
by fertile soils, favorable climatic conditions, and abundant water resources, the sector remains
underdeveloped. Liberia's total land area spans approximately 9.6 million hectares, of which about 3.5 million
hectares are deemed suitable for agriculture (FAO, 2018). However, only a small fraction of this arable land is
currently under cultivation, primarily due to the lingering effects of the civil conflict that ravaged the country
between 1989 and 2003. The conflict destroyed much of the agricultural infrastructure, displaced farming
communities, and disrupted traditional farming systems, creating a significant gap between Liberia’s
agricultural potential and its actual productivity (UNDP, 2004; WFP, 2017).
Agriculture contributes about 34% to Liberia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs over 70% of the
workforce, making it the largest sector in terms of employment (World Bank, 2019). Despite this, agricultural
productivity remains low, with most activities dominated by subsistence farming and traditional methods that
limit output. Smallholder farmers, who cultivate less than 2 hectares of land on average, face a range of
challenges including limited access to agricultural inputs, poor infrastructure, inadequate extension services,
and significant vulnerability to climate variability (WFP, 2019). This situation is exacerbated by poor market
access and weak agricultural value chains, which undermine efforts to achieve food security and sustainable
economic growth (GIZ, 2018; FAO, 2019).
This paper applies agricultural transformation theory (Timmer, 2009) and the sustainable livelihoods
framework to examine the role of asset constraints, institutional factors, and policy environments in shaping
agricultural outcomes in post-conflict settings. Through a political economy analysis, this paper explores the
persistent challenges in implementing agricultural reforms in Liberia, despite numerous policy commitments
aimed at sectoral recovery. The political economy framework provides a lens through which Liberia’s
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experience can be understood in the context of broader post-conflict agricultural development patterns,
identifying both common and unique challenges that influence policy effectiveness (Peddle, 2013; World Bank,
2020).
Liberia’s key agricultural commodities include rice (the staple food), cassava, cocoa, coffee, rubber, oil palm,
and various fruits and vegetables, all of which hold substantial potential for both food security and export
growth (FAO, 2020). However, the country faces the dual challenge of ensuring food security for a growing
population while simultaneously developing its agricultural sector as a key driver for economic growth and
poverty reduction (UNDP, 2018). Achieving this will require strategic interventions that address the systemic
constraints impeding agricultural development.
This paper systematically analyzes the key issues constraining agricultural growth in Liberia, focusing on
infrastructure, input access, land tenure, extension services, and climate change. Through evidence-based
solutions tailored to Liberia’s specific needs, this analysis aims to contribute to a sustainable transformation of
the agricultural sector, positioning it as a more productive, inclusive, and resilient engine of national
development (GIZ, 2017; WFP, 2020). Understanding these constraints and implementing targeted
interventions are critical for Liberia to harness its agricultural potential and achieve long-term food security
and economic prosperity.
METHODOLOGY
This paper employed a systematic approach to identify and synthesize relevant literature on Liberian
agriculture.
Search Strategy: Academic databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, JSTOR, AgEcon Search) were
searched using keywords: "Liberia agriculture," "food security Liberia," "agricultural development West
Africa," "post-conflict agriculture," combined with specific terms like "land tenure," "climate change
adaptation," and "agricultural policy."
Inclusion Criteria:
• Peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and reports from 2005-2020
• Focus on Liberia or comparable post-conflict West African nations
• Relevance to agricultural productivity, policy, or rural development
Sources: 56 sources were reviewed, including academic publications (n=35), government policy documents
(n=12), and international organization reports (n=9).
Analytical Framework: Issues were categorized using the agricultural value chain approach, examining
constraints from input supply through production to marketing. Solutions were evaluated against three criteria:
contextual appropriateness, evidence of effectiveness in similar settings, and implementation feasibility.
Limitations: This review relies on secondary sources. Primary data collection was not conducted due to
resource constraints. Some recent developments post-2020 may not be fully reflected.
Table 1: Summary of Key Agricultural Constraints in Liberia
CATEGORY
KEY INDICATORS
IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY
AFFECTED GROUPS
Infrastructure
90% rural areas lack electricity;
<30% farm-to-market road access
+50% transport costs; 20-40%
post-harvest loss
All farmers, especially
remote communities
Inputs
Fertilizer use <10 kg/ha (regional
avg: 15-20); 60% use saved seeds
Rice yields 1.2 t/ha vs. potential 3-
4 t/ha
Smallholders (<2 ha)
Land Tenure
60-70% under customary tenure;
women lack independent rights
Discourages long-term investment
(tree crops, soil improvement)
Women, youth,
smallholders
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Extension
Agent:farmer ratio 1:5,000+ (rec:
1:400)
Limited technology adoption;
information gaps
All farmers, especially
women
Climate
Rainfall variability +30% over
decade; temp +0.8°C
Crop failures; expanded pest range
Rain-fed farmers (95%)
Market
Access
Poor roads; no price information
systems
Farmers receive 30-50% of final
market price
Smallholder producers
Credit
<5% farmers access formal credit
Limits investment in inputs,
equipment
All smallholders
Mechanization
95% rely on hand tools only
Limits cultivated area; high labor
drudgery
All farmers, especially
women
Post-Harvest
20-40% losses; inadequate
storage
Forced sales at low prices; food
waste
All producers
Critical Analysis Of Key Constraints
Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Liberia's agricultural challenges exemplify the "conflict trap" documented
across fragile states, where infrastructure destruction, institutional collapse, and human capital loss create
compounding barriers to recovery (Collier & Hoeffler, 2004).
Land Tenure Insecurity: The land tenure situation reflects a broader tension in African agricultural
development between customary systems that provide social safety nets but may limit investment, and
statutory frameworks that offer security but risk dispossessing communities. The 2018 Land Rights Act
represents an attempt to synthesize these systems, yet implementation challenges mirror those in Tanzania and
Uganda, where dual tenure systems persist due to political resistance from traditional authorities and weak
administrative capacity. Critical analysis suggests that land reform success depends less on legislative design
than on transparent implementation, community engagement, and gender-responsive safeguards dimensions
currently underdeveloped in Liberia's approach.
Extension Services: Extension services face critical capacity constraints: agent-to-farmer ratios exceed
1:5,000 (versus recommended 1:400), and agents lack training, transport, and operational budgets. Services
predominantly target male household heads despite women's substantial agricultural roles. Weak research-
extension linkages prevent farmers from accessing innovations (Davis et al., 2012). These deficits mirror
patterns across resource-constrained African extension systems, suggesting that Liberia could benefit from
pluralistic models combining government agents, NGOs, private advisors, and farmer-to-farmer learning
through Farmer Field Schools, an approach proven effective in East Africa (Davis et al., 2012).
Solutions ( With Feasibility Analysis)
Table 2: Priority Interventions with Implementation Feasibility
KEY ACTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
COST
TIME
HORIZON
EVIDENCE BASE
Feeder road rehabilitation;
rural electrification (solar
mini-grids)
High
5-10 years
Ethiopia: 23% yield increase
post-road improvement
(Dercon et al., 2009)
Voucher-based fertilizer
subsidy; community seed
production
Medium
2-5 years
Malawi: 40% maize yield
gain (Ricker-Gilbert et al.,
2011)
Farmer Field Schools;
ICT-based advisories
Low-Medium
3-7 years
Kenya: 13% income
increase (Davis et al., 2012)
Accelerate Land Rights
Act implementation;
women's rights campaigns
Medium
5-10 years
Rwanda: tenure security
increased investment by
35% (Ali et al., 2014)
Drought-tolerant varieties;
weather information
systems
Medium
3-5 years
Multiple SSA countries
show 15-25% yield stability
improvement
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Small-scale equipment hire
services; appropriate
technology promotion
Medium-High
3-7 years
Bangladesh: 20% labor
reduction with power tillers
Agricultural banks;
warehouse receipt systems
High ($$$$)
5-10 years
Zambia: warehouse receipts
increased farmer income
18%
Comparative Regional Analysis
Table 3: Liberia vs. Regional Comparcomparators
CHALLENGE
LIBERIA
RWANDA (POST-
CONFLICT)
LESSONS FOR LIBERIA
Fertilizer use (kg/ha)
<10
35 (after subsidy
program)
Targeted subsidy programs
can increase adoption
Extension agent ratio
1:5,000+
1:800
Pluralistic extension models
improve coverage
Land under cultivation
(%)
<30% of arable
65%
Security + mechanization
drive expansion
Post-harvest loss (%)
20-40%
15-20%
Investment in storage
infrastructure pays off
Agricultural GDP
growth (annual %)
2.1%
5.2%
Integrated policy
implementation drives growth
DISCUSSION
Liberia As A Representative Case
Liberia's agricultural challenges exemplify patterns observed across post-conflict and fragile states in Sub-
Saharan Africa. The intersection of infrastructure deficits, institutional weakness, and climate vulnerability
creates a "low-productivity trap" documented in similar contexts (Collier & Dercon, 2014). This analysis
demonstrates how context-specific interventions can address challenges common to post-conflict agrarian
economies while respecting local conditions and constraints.
Transferable Lessons
Post-Conflict Contexts: The Liberian experience demonstrates that agricultural recovery requires simultaneous
investment in physical infrastructure (roads, storage) and institutional capacity (extension, research) lessons
applicable to South Sudan, Central African Republic, and fragile regions across the Sahel. The sequencing of
interventions matters: basic infrastructure enables input access, which in turn allows technology adoption to
drive productivity gains.
Smallholder-Dominant Systems: Solutions emphasizing appropriate technology, farmer organization, and
market linkages align with successful interventions in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Tanzania. The emphasis on
farmer field schools, ICT-based extension, and contract farming demonstrates approaches that work across
diverse African contexts while requiring adaptation to local conditions.
Climate Vulnerability: Liberia's need for climate-resilient strategies mirrors challenges across the Sahel and
coastal West Africa, where rainfall variability increasingly threatens food security. The integration of climate
information services, drought-tolerant varieties, and diversified farming systems represents a replicable model
for climate adaptation in smallholder agriculture.
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Policy Implications Beyond Liberia
The analysis highlights three policy priorities with regional relevance:
a) Integrated Infrastructure Investment as Prerequisite for Productivity Gains: Evidence from across Sub-
Saharan Africa demonstrates that rural roads, electricity, and irrigation infrastructure generate high returns
but require substantial public investment and long-term commitment.
b) Land Tenure Reform Balancing Customary Systems with Commercial Development: The challenge of
reconciling customary and statutory land systems is not unique to Liberia. Successful approaches in
Rwanda, Ghana, and Tanzania emphasize documentation of customary rights, gender equity, and
community participation.
c) Climate-Smart Agriculture Mainstreaming in Extension Services: As climate variability intensifies across
Africa, integrating climate adaptation into agricultural extension becomes critical for food security and
rural livelihoods.
Research Gaps
a) Limited research on the long-term effects of Liberia's civil conflict on agricultural systems and
smallholder productivity.
b) Insufficient studies on improving smallholder access to modern inputs like fertilizers, seeds, and
mechanization.
c) Gaps in understanding institutional barriers to effective agricultural policy implementation in Liberia.
d) Need for research on integrating climate adaptation strategies into Liberia’s agriculture to address risks
like crop failure and pest outbreaks.
e) Lack of exploration into gender and land tenure issues, particularly regarding women's access to land and
credit in agricultural development.
CONCLUSION
Liberia stands at a critical juncture in its agricultural development trajectory. The sector's challenges
inadequate infrastructure, limited input access, land tenure insecurity, weak extension services, climate
vulnerability, poor market access, environmental degradation, minimal mechanization, constrained credit
access, and significant post-harvest losses are substantial but not insurmountable. Importantly, these challenges
are not unique to Liberia but reflect broader patterns across post-conflict and fragile states in Sub-Saharan
Africa.
This review has demonstrated that Liberia's experience offers valuable lessons for similar contexts. The
solutions outlined infrastructure development, input system strengthening, land reform implementation,
extension revitalization, climate resilience building, market development, and institutional strengthening are
grounded in evidence from comparable settings and adapted to Liberian conditions.
Success requires comprehensive, coordinated action across multiple fronts, with particular attention to
inclusion of smallholder farmers, women, and youth who constitute the majority of agricultural producers. The
government's leadership is essential but cannot succeed alone. Private sector investment, civil society
engagement, farmer organization, development partner support, and regional cooperation must all contribute to
a comprehensive agricultural development agenda.
The stakes extend beyond Liberia. Agricultural transformation is fundamental to achieving food security,
reducing poverty, generating employment, promoting environmental sustainability, and driving economic
growth across post-conflict Africa. Liberia's post-conflict recovery provides a unique opportunity for
transformative change. With purposeful action, adequate resources, and sustained commitment from all
stakeholders, Liberian agriculture can realize its potential as a driver of prosperity, food security, and
sustainable development offering a model for other nations facing similar challenges.
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