INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025  
Residents’ Perception on the Swine and Poultry Farm in Untaga,  
Alicia, Bohol  
Roland Matthew E. Ligutan., Tehena C. Ebale., Leah P. Maquidato., John Victor C. Acilo  
College of Teacher Education, Bohol Island State University  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000610  
Received: 20 October 2025; Accepted: 20 October 2025; Published: 19 November 2025  
ABSTRACT  
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the residents’ perception on the swine and poultry farm in  
barangay Untaga, Alicia, Bohol in terms of health, odor, and water resources. This study also determined the  
profile of the selected 150 respondents as to their estimated monthly income, highest educational attainment,  
occupation and purok address and analyzed if there was a significant difference between residents’ profile and  
their perception. Through descriptive research design, the researchers used survey questionnaires to determine  
the residents’ perception about the swine and poultry farm. Before final survey, the questionnaire systematically  
underwent pilot testing using Exploratory Factor Analysis in barangay La Hacienda, Alicia, Bohol where there  
is also a poultry farm nearby before doing the final survey in barangay Untaga, Alicia, Bohol. The R Studio was  
utilized in computing the data during pilot testing and final survey. Majority of the respondents acquired a “Very  
High” perception in terms of impact in Health, Odor, and Water Resources. Through One-Way Analysis of  
Variance (ANOVA), the result revealed that there was no significant difference between residents’ profile and  
to their perception. Thus, the null hypothesis has been failed to be rejected. Except between Highest educational  
attainment and Health because the result showed that in this area, there is a significant difference when the two  
categories are compared. Therefore, estimated monthly income, occupation and purok address are factors that  
do not affect the perception of the residents, apart from the highest educational attainment, which can be a  
significant factor in influencing residents’ perception when it comes to the extensive swine and poultry  
production.  
INTRODUCTION  
Rationale  
The global surge in meat consumption has led to a significant boom in swine and poultry farming. This  
agricultural practice involves raising domesticated pigs (swine) and various fowl (poultry) to meet the growing  
demand for meat, eggs, and other animal products. While these operations play a vital role in providing mass-  
produced food. It is crucial to acknowledge and address the challenges associated with extensive swine and  
poultry production.  
Globally, the adverse impacts of swine and poultry farming have become a prevalent concern addressed by  
residents. In Nigeria, pig farming is a significant agricultural activity, primarily in the southern and north-central  
regions, but inadequate pig waste management poses challenges to the industry's sustainability (Ewuziem, 2021).  
Unregulated disposal of pig waste, highlighted in reports by (Ume, S.I. et al., 2018) and (Kadurumba, et al.,  
2019), leads to the release of harmful gases, degrading air quality and affecting human and animal health  
(Anukam, 2013).  
In Philippines, residents of barangay San Juan de Mata and Sto. Domingo, Tarlac, have voiced out their serious  
concerns about the harmful effects of three large commercial hog farms, including poultry farms, in their health  
and the environment. Each housing have 30,000 pigs, and are situated in densely populated rural areas and  
discharge their waste directly into the Benig River, rendering it biologically dead and unsuitable for irrigation.  
Improper waste management has led to unchecked insect and disease vector proliferation, affecting the  
environment and human health, as outlined in the study of (Catelo, et al., 2019).  
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In barangay Untaga, Alicia, Bohol, residents near a swine and poultry production is facing with adverse effects  
such as persistent odor, water pollution, and health concerns. In fact, it has already been a controversial topic on  
social media where residents aired their frustration and rants online about the problem relating to the swine and  
poultry farm. The pervasive stench from these facilities compromised the quality of life for those living in  
proximity. Water pollution is also a significant issue as concentrated waste contaminates nearby water sources,  
imposing threats to both aquatic ecosystems and residents relying on these water supplies. The emissions from  
the facility contaminate the air and water, leading to health issues, intensifying pre-existing health conditions,  
and present long-term health risks. Overall, the detrimental effects extend beyond inconvenience, encompassing  
a range of environmental and health challenges for the residents.  
In light of the various implications coming from the extensive swine and poultry farm, the objective of this study  
was to undertake a rigorous local research endeavor. This investigation aimed to assess and examine resident’s  
perceptions concerning the facility with their perceived effects on public health, air quality, and water resources.  
LITERATURE BACKGROUND  
The shift from conventional to intensified swine and poultry farming has undeniably increased production  
efficiency but at the cost of mounting environmental and health risks. This duality reflects what Beck (1992)  
identifies in his Risk Society Theory: modernization inevitably generates new ecological hazards that traditional  
governance struggles to control. While livestock farming provides food security, its unintended consequences—  
odor, air pollution, water contamination, and disease exposure—are disproportionately borne by surrounding  
communities.  
Several studies have documented the hazards of poor waste management. Ume et al. (2018) and Kadurumba et  
al. (2019) highlight unregulated dumping of pig waste in Nigeria, which mirrors findings in the Philippines  
where Catelo et al. (2019) reported direct discharge of untreated effluents into rivers. These studies converge on  
the conclusion that livestock farming, when paired with weak regulatory enforcement, transforms local ecologies  
into risk hotspots. Yet, while the evidence of environmental degradation is consistent, the socio-cultural drivers  
of community perceptions remain underexplored.  
The Waste Management Theory (Pongrácz, 2004) argues that sustainable systems should view waste not merely  
as a pollutant but as a potential resource. However, most existing studies on swine and poultry farms remain  
descriptive, focusing on pollutant measurements (e.g., ammonia, pathogens, heavy metals) rather than examining  
why farms fail to adopt resource-recovery approaches such as biogas production or nutrient recycling. This gap  
underscores a need for research that evaluates community perceptions of waste mismanagement as both an  
environmental and a governance issue.  
Contrasting findings also emerge regarding socioeconomic determinants of environmental concern. Some  
research suggests income and occupational status strongly predict pro-environmental behavior (Diamantopoulos  
et al., 2003; Kennedy et al., 2018). However, other scholars argue that education exerts a stronger influence than  
income (Hines et al., 1987; Wang et al., 2022). In the Philippine context, UPLB (2017) reported that residents  
with higher educational attainment were more critical of swine and poultry operations, suggesting that awareness  
rather than wealth is the key predictor of risk perception. This inconsistency signals a gap in understanding how  
socio-demographic variables interact with risk awareness in rural communities.  
Finally, existing literature often emphasizes the biophysical impacts of farming (e.g., air pollutants, pathogens,  
water eutrophication) but pays limited attention to the lived experiences of residents. Studies such as Pangilinan  
et al. (2017) indicate that odor and water contamination not only harm physical health but also induce  
psychological stress and reduced quality of life. These psychosocial dimensions are crucial in framing  
community responses yet remain understudied in current research.  
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  
Research Inquiry  
This research study sought to determine the perception of the barangay residents with regard to the swine and  
poultry production of a swine and poultry farm located in Untaga, Alicia, Bohol.  
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Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:  
1. What are the respondent’s profile in terms of:  
1.1 estimated monthly income;  
1.2 highest educational attainment;  
1.3 occupation; and  
1.4 purok address?  
2. What are the impacts as perceived by the respondents on the swine and poultry farm in terms of:  
2.1 health;  
2.2 odor; and  
2.3 water resources?  
3. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ profile and their perceived impact when they are  
grouped according to:  
3.1 health;  
3.2 odor; and  
3.3 water resources?  
4. What action plan to propose?  
Research Design  
The researchers utilized descriptive research design with the aid of survey-questioning method that will be used  
to get the sufficient data and information. The use of itemized questions, calculated frequencies, tabulated data,  
and curated tables is suited in achieving the needed results needed for the study. This investigation aimed to  
examine residents' perception and assessing their perceived effects concerning public health, air quality, and  
water resources.  
Research Environment and Participants  
The study was conducted in two municipalities in the province of Bohol. These locations were purposively  
chosen to gain in-depth information from key informants who have direct experiences and meaningful  
interactions with the Deaf student who is the subject of the case study. Conducting the research in these  
municipalities allowed the researcher to access and interview individuals from various stages of the student’s  
educational and personal life.  
Research Participant  
The locale of the study is at Untaga, Alicia, Bohol. The study is particularly conducted at the barangay where  
the swine and poultry farm is situated and the residents’ are primarily exposed to the impact of the said facility.  
A stratified sampling is used to identify and gather the needed one-hundred fifty (150) respondents coming from  
each household and purok address of barangay Untaga as the representative of the total population.  
Research Instrument  
In order to gather the data of the study, the researchers used survey-questionnaires (checklist and rating scale) to  
determine the residents’ perception about the swine and poultry farm in Untaga. A printed survey containing  
information about the study and a table which the respondents can check the well-curated questions given.  
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The researchers utilized a survey questionnaire with two parts; (1) respondents' demographic profile (estimated  
monthly income, highest educational attainment, occupation, and purok address) and (2) the perceived impact  
in terms of health, odor, and water resources. The respondents are required to select the options which best  
matched their perception. The questionnaires were scored on a Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly  
disagree. The frequency of the residents’ responses to the items of the questionnaire were counted for ranking.  
The original questionnaire has a total of thirty (30) items: ten (12) items for the health section, ten (8) items for  
odor section, and ten (10) items for water resources.  
The questionnaire systematically underwent pilot testing using Exploratory Factor Analysis and some items were  
statistically omitted, Thus, leaving the twenty-four (24) items retained. In the health section, the eleven (11)  
remaining items have good indicators of reliability with an acceptable factor loading of (0.614≥ 0.6) and  
Cronbach α=0.86. In odor section, the three (3) remaining items have good indicators of reliability with an  
acceptable factor loading of (0.860≥ 0.6) and Cronbach (α=0.93). Lastly, in the water resources section there are  
ten (10) unchanged items which all have good indicators of reliability with an acceptable factor loading of  
(0.659≥ 0.6) and Cronbach α=0.95. The result reveals the reliability and validity of the instrument which implies  
that it is ready for final survey distribution.  
Statistical Treatment  
For the inferential analysis, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test whether there were  
significant differences in residents’ perceptions across profile categories (income, education, occupation, and  
distance). ANOVA was chosen because it allows for comparison of means across more than two groups, making  
it suitable for categorical demographic variables.  
Before applying ANOVA, key statistical assumptions were checked:  
1. Normality – Residuals were tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Results indicated that the data did not  
deviate significantly from normal distribution. This supports the validity of ANOVA’s normality  
assumption.  
Normality Tests (Shapiro–Wilk)  
-
-
Health scores: W = 0.996, p = 0.948 → not significantly different from normal.  
Odor scores: W = 0.985, p = 0.115 → not significantly different from normal.  
- Water scores: W = 0.993, p = 0.676 → not significantly different from normal.  
2. Homogeneity of Variances – Levene’s test was applied to confirm that group variances were statistically  
equal. The test results suggested homogeneity, justifying the use of ANOVA.  
Homogeneity of Variances (Levene’s Test)  
-
-
Health (across education groups): F = 0.017, p = 0.984  
Odor (across education groups): F = 0.390, p = 0.678  
Water (across education groups): F = 0.700, p = 0.498  
-
3. Independence – Each household respondent was sampled once, ensuring independent observations.  
Inclusion Criteria  
The participants of this study were selected based on the following criteria:  
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1. Residency – Must be a bona fide resident of Barangay Untaga, Alicia, Bohol, and living within the  
proximity of the swine and poultry farm.  
2. Age – Respondents must be at least 18 years old to ensure legal capacity to provide informed consent  
and reliable responses.  
3. Household Representation – Only one respondent per household was selected to avoid duplication of  
responses.  
4. Willingness to Participate – Only residents who voluntarily agreed to take part in the study and  
accomplished the informed consent were included.  
5. Exposure to Farm Impacts – Respondents must have direct experience or awareness of the swine and  
poultry farm’s operations and its perceived effects on health, odor, or water resources.  
Ethical Consideration  
The researchers strictly observed ethical standards to safeguard the rights and welfare of all participants. Before  
the survey, respondents were fully informed about the objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the  
study, after which written consent was obtained. Participation was entirely voluntary, and residents were assured  
that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any form of penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity  
were prioritized by coding responses and ensuring that no personal identifiers appeared in the final report. The  
researchers also respected cultural values and the dignity of each respondent, upholding fairness and sensitivity  
throughout the process. All collected data were secured and used solely for academic purposes. Finally,  
permission and endorsement from barangay officials and local authorities were sought prior to data collection,  
ensuring that the study was conducted with transparency and accountability.  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
Presentation, Analysis, And Interpretation Of Data  
This chapter presents the data gathered on the residents’ perception of the swine and poultry farm in Barangay  
Untaga, Alicia, Bohol. The results are analyzed and interpreted according to the specific problems of the study  
and are presented through tables and narrative discussions for clarity.  
The chapter begins with the respondents’ profile in terms of income, education, occupation, and purok address  
to provide context in understanding variations in perception. It then examines how residents view the impacts of  
the farm in three key areas: health, odor, and water resources. Each category is discussed to show the extent of  
the farm’s influence on community well-being and daily living conditions.  
Inferential analysis using One-Way ANOVA is also presented to determine whether demographic factors  
significantly affect perceptions. Finally, the findings serve as the basis for drawing conclusions and formulating  
recommendations that highlight community concerns and suggest measures for mitigating the adverse effects of  
swine and poultry farming.  
Table 1 Profile of Residents’ in Terms of Highest Educational Attainment, Estimated Monthly Income,  
Occupation, and Purok Address  
Estimated Monthly Income  
Poor (less than 9,100)  
F
%
116  
15  
15  
77.33  
10  
Low Income (9,101-18,200)  
Lower Middle (18,201-36,400)  
10  
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Middle Middle (36,401-63,700)  
Upper Middle Class (63,701-109,200)  
Highest Educational Attainment  
Elementary Level  
4
0
2.67  
0
31  
18  
22  
24  
15  
40  
20.67  
12  
Elementary Graduate  
High School Level  
High School Graduate  
College Level  
14.67  
16  
10  
College Graduate  
26.67  
Occupatiion  
Blue Collar Jobs  
28  
21  
31  
41  
6
18.67  
14  
Gray Collar Jobs  
Green Collar Jobs  
20.67  
27.33  
4
No Collar Jobs  
Pink Collar Jobs  
Red Collar Jobs  
6
4
White Collar Jobs  
17  
11.33  
Purok address  
Purok 1 (500 meters)  
Purok 2 (1 kilometer)  
Purok 3 (300 meter)  
Purok 5 (1.5 kilometer)  
51  
48  
27  
24  
34  
32  
18  
16  
Table 1 shows that the majority of respondents belonged to low-income households, with 77.3% earning below  
₱9,100 monthly. Despite this, 26.7% were college graduates, which reflects accessibility of higher education  
through state universities and local colleges. However, education did not always translate into higher income or  
occupational stability, as many respondents remained in “no collar” categories such as housewives, students,  
and senior citizens.  
This disjunction between educational attainment and economic status is critical for interpreting perceptions.  
According to Risk Society Theory (Beck, 1992), risk exposure is often unevenly distributed, and those with  
limited resources are most vulnerable to the ecological consequences of modernization. In Barangay Untaga,  
poorer households lacked the means to mitigate exposure (e.g., access to clean water or relocation), intensifying  
their risk perception.  
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Table 2.1 Respondents’ Perceived Impact of the Swine and Poultry Farm to their Health N=150  
The swine and poultry farm contributes …  
1. Cough  
SA  
75  
75  
33  
43  
58  
15  
50  
68  
19  
A
D
SD  
1
Mean  
3.35  
3.36  
2.34  
2.83  
3.12  
1.91  
2.94  
3.32  
2.23  
3.61  
2.74  
Description  
54  
54  
32  
47  
56  
21  
53  
62  
42  
20  
21  
38  
52  
33  
50  
35  
20  
44  
2
SA  
SA  
D
2. Cold  
0
3. Pneumonia  
47  
8
4. Stomachache  
5. Loss of food appetite  
6. Gastroenteritis  
7. Allergies  
A
3
A
64  
12  
0
D
A
8. Headache  
SA  
D
9. Fever  
45  
3
10. Stress and anxiety  
100 45  
57  
SA  
A
11. Bacterial, viral and other easily-transmittable 39  
diseases (e.g. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease)  
30  
24  
F
%
Level of Perceived Impact on Swine and Poultry Farm  
Very High  
High  
62  
52  
31  
5
41.33  
34.67  
20.67  
3.33  
Low  
Very Low  
SA = Strongly Agree; A = Agree; D = Disagree; SD = Strongly Disagree  
Based on the results in Table 2.1, the items “Cough, Cold, Headache, and Stress and anxiety” got a remark of  
Strongly Agree while the other four items got a remark of Agree. This outcome implies that most respondents  
are strongly agree with most of the items with regard to the negative health risks associated with the swine and  
poultry farm. However, there are items that the respondents deemed uncertain as they think some sickness are  
not entirely associated with swine and poultry farm but are influenced by other various factors. Nonetheless,  
overall the respondents possess a strong level of negative perception when it comes to the health risk associated  
with the swine and poultry farm thus perceiving the Health category as Very High.  
This finding aligns with (Overcash, 1984) study, which the study affirms that livestock odors could potentially  
induce adverse physiological responses, such as nausea, vomiting, headaches, coughing, and irritations of the  
eyes, nose, and throat. Moreover, literature in health science demonstrated that odor exposure could worsen  
preexisting conditions, such as asthma (Chang and Williams, 1986). From the Risk Society lens, these  
perceptions embody a community living with manufactured risks—health issues not from natural causes but  
from industrialized farming systems. Residents’ anxieties align with Beck’s view that in modern societies, risk  
is inseparable from technological and economic progress. The swine and poultry farm, while contributing to  
food security, simultaneously imposes invisible and uncontrollable health hazards on nearby residents.  
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Table 2.2 Respondents’ Perceived Impact on the Swine and Poultry Farm in terms of Odor N=150  
Odor  
SA  
A
D
SD MODE RANK  
I…  
12. Often smell bad odors coming from the swine and poultry 99  
farm.  
50  
42  
21  
1
2
0
0
0
SA  
SA  
SA  
3
2
1
13. Feel uncomfortable due to the chicken dung, pig stool, and 106  
other waste odor from the facility.  
14. Notice how the air quality in our barangay has become bad. 128  
1
Level of Perceived Impact on Swine and Poultry Farm  
F
%
76  
24  
0
Very High  
High  
114  
36  
0
Low  
Very Low  
0
0
SA = Strongly Agree; A = Agree; D = Disagree; SD = Strongly Disagree  
Table 2.2 demonstrates unanimous agreement that odor severely degraded air quality, with 76% reporting “Very  
High” perceived impacts. The findings are supported by UPLB’s (2016) assessment of high ammonia and  
particulate matter in Philippine farms. Odor, more than a nuisance, serves as a sensory marker of pollution,  
reinforcing distrust toward the farm’s waste practices.  
Using Waste Management Theory (Pongrácz, 2004), the persistence of foul odor reveals a systemic failure in  
minimizing waste emissions. Proper waste handling—through odor filtration, treatment facilities, or biogas  
recovery—could reduce air pollution, but the absence of such measures reflects inefficiencies in farm  
management. Residents’ perceptions thus highlight not only immediate discomfort but also the consequences of  
neglected waste governance.  
Table 2.3 Respondents’ Perceived Impact on the Swine and Poultry Farm in terms of Water Resources N=150  
Water Resources  
SA  
A
D
SD MODE RANK  
I have observed that due to the swine and poultry farm...  
15. There is build-up of algae in the waterways.  
16. The waste run-off has contaminated nearby river.  
17. The waste run-off has caused fish kill in the river.  
18. The waste run-off has changed the color of nearby river.  
19. The waste has harmed the local waterways.  
20. The water emits foul odor.  
86 47 14 3  
SA  
SA  
SA  
SA  
SA  
SA  
9
130 19 1  
123 20 7  
137 11 2  
114 33 3  
0
0
0
0
3
5
1
6
78 59 10 3  
10  
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21. The water is not safe for consumption.  
98 48 4  
0
2
SA  
SA  
7
4
22. The creek in our barangay is contaminated due to poor sewage 125 22 1  
system from the facility.  
23. The water is no longer fit for activities such as bathing, fetching 133 15 1  
water, and laundry washing.  
1
2
SA  
SA  
2
8
24. The polluted stagnant water has become a breeding-ground for 80 63 5  
mosquitos and other disease-carrying insects.  
Level of Perceived Impact on Swine and Poultry Farm  
F
%
84  
14  
2
Very High  
126  
21  
3
High  
Low  
Very Low  
0
0
SA = Strongly Agree; A = Agree; D = Disagree; SD = Strongly Disagree  
Table 2.3 illustrates that 84% of respondents perceived water-related impacts as “Very High.” Key concerns  
included river discoloration, contamination, and loss of utility for domestic purposes. The observed algal blooms  
and fish kills mirror PCARRD’s (2013) findings that livestock farms discharge nutrient-rich effluents into rivers,  
triggering eutrophication.  
The theoretical framing underscores the significance of Waste Management Theory, which emphasizes that  
untreated waste runoff represents not only a lost resource (nutrients that could be repurposed as fertilizer or  
energy) but also a catalyst of ecological risk. By externalizing waste disposal into rivers, the farm shifts private  
benefits (profit from meat production) into collective costs borne by residents, a hallmark of what Beck (1992)  
calls “ecological modernization contradictions.”  
Table 3 Difference on Residents’ Perception on Swine and Poultry Farm across Profile Categories  
Profile  
Variable  
Health  
0.0128*  
0.6403  
0.2097  
0.1197  
Odor  
0.116  
0.197  
0.060  
0.451  
Water Resources  
0.1480  
Highest educational attainment  
Estimated monthly income  
Occupation  
0.4662  
0.0838  
Purok address (distance)  
0.2092  
*P-values significant at 0.05 level of significance  
The Table 3 indicates that regardless of estimated monthly income, occupation, and purok address, all  
respondents convey the same negative perception. And among all the respondents’ profile categories, there is  
only one (1) significant difference in all of the data set mainly in the Health category in relation to highest  
educational attainment as shown in the table. This implies that the higher educational attainment, the more  
knowledge is accumulated and therefore wider and deeper understanding of environmental issues. These  
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respondents also likely believed that the higher the exposure, the greater the risk when it comes from the swine  
and poultry farm. This result is supported by the study of (Wang et al., 2022), which brings forth compelling  
evidence of a strong connection between educational attainment and heightened pro-environmental attitudes and  
behaviors.  
From a Risk Society perspective, this suggests that education enables residents to critically interpret risks,  
moving beyond mere experience of odor or illness to a broader recognition of systemic environmental hazards.  
This reinforces the need to integrate environmental education into community programs to empower informed  
collective action.  
CONCLUSION  
This study found that residents of Barangay Untaga, Alicia, Bohol perceive the swine and poultry farm as having  
strong negative impacts on health, odor, and water resources. Respondents frequently reported coughing,  
headaches, stress, and anxiety, linked to the farm’s operations, while foul odors and poor air quality were seen  
as major nuisances. Water pollution was also strongly perceived, with issues such as river discoloration, fish  
kills, foul odor, and unsafe water use.  
Statistical analysis showed that monthly income, occupation, and purok address did not significantly affect  
perceptions, but highest educational attainment was associated with stronger awareness of health impacts. This  
indicates that education plays a vital role in shaping environmental concern.  
Overall, the study highlights that intensive swine and poultry farming poses serious environmental and health  
challenges. It underscores the need for stricter waste management, stronger regulatory enforcement, and  
collaborative action among government, farm operators, and residents to protect community welfare and  
ecological balance.  
RECOMMENDATIONS  
In light of the abovementioned findings and conclusions of this study, it is suggested that the following  
recommendations be taken into consideration:  
1. Present the research study and the action plan to the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Alicia in formulating  
a responsive action towards the mitigation of the negative impact of extensive swine and poultry farm.  
2. Future researchers may conduct further study that includes a larger number of sample sizes and multiple  
settings in order to maximize the results and findings.  
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