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Unveiling the Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Small-
Scale Infrastructure Development Projects in Rural Communities
Engr. Aillyn M. Arrobio, LPT., Glenne B. Lagura, DPA
University of Mindanao, Professional Schools, Davao City, Philippines
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000071
Received: 12 October 2025; Accepted: 20 October 2025; Published: 04 November 2025
ABSTRACT
This research study examines the challenges and opportunities in implementing small-scale infrastructure
projects, particularly water systems, under the KALAHI-CIDSS program in three rural barangays: Banagbanag
(Montevista), Katipunan (Kapalong), and Balagunan (Santo Tomas). Aligned with Sustainable Development
Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), this study explores the obstacles to sustainable water
infrastructure development and the empowering, community-led approaches that foster inclusive and resilient
systems.
Through qualitative interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory assessments with community
members, local implementers, and program stakeholders, the study identifies key challenges—including
technical limitations, funding gaps, governance issues, and socio-cultural dynamics—that hinder project
effectiveness. Research shows a connection between the firm community ownership and flexible
implementation methods that can be used to move the stubborn structural and institutional obstacles. The
research has tailored solutions to the KALAHI-CIDSS program on how the work pushes forward the SDG 9
objectives of creating firm, fair, and sustainable rural infrastructure systems.
Keywords: small-scale Infrastructure projects, rural development, KALAHI-CIDSS, community-driven
development (CDD), water supply projects
INTRODUCTION
Small-scale infrastructure projects in rural areas aim to enhance connectivity, access to basic services, and
promote economic growth. However, their implementation often faces challenges, primarily funding shortages
and inadequate local capacities (USDA, 2024; UNDP, 2022). These limitations lead to inefficiencies in
planning and execution, resulting in substandard infrastructure outcomes.
Such projects—covering roads, water systems, and community centers—are vital for improving community
life (Kaiser & Barstow, 2022). Proper planning that anticipates financial, regulatory, and technical barriers can
ensure success (Daka, 2022). According to ADB (2020), small-scale infrastructure also stimulates local
economies by generating jobs and supporting businesses, emphasizing community participation and long-term
sustainability.
In the Philippines, programs like KALAHI-CIDSS of the Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) empower rural communities through small-scale infrastructure initiatives, including potable water
systems. These projects aim to provide safe and reliable water while encouraging local participation in
planning and budgeting. Despite progress, more than 331 municipalities remain “waterless,” facing high
poverty and vulnerability to waterborne diseases (ADB, 2013; UN, 2018).
UNDP (2015) defines small-scale infrastructure as locally appropriate projects addressing essential needs such
as water, sanitation, and roads. Implementation challenges include poor planning, limited funding, and lack of
expertise (Spires & Bielicki, 2019). Community involvement remains critical to ensure ownership and
sustainability (Mosse, 2004; Sharma & O’Neill, 2018). In the Philippines, small-scale water projects have
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
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shown how community-driven planning enhances empowerment and resilience (Walag, Canencia, & Fiedler,
2018).
Key theories guide this study: Policy Implementation Theory (Corchon, 2017) explains how effective policy
execution depends on alignment with local goals; Resource Dependency Theory (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978)
highlights reliance on external resources; and Organizational Theory (Birken, 2017) examines how
environmental factors influence implementation success.
Despite growing recognition of small-scale infrastructure’s importance, few studies focus on challenges faced
by local government units (LGUs) in sustaining such projects. Most research centers on large-scale initiatives,
leaving local-level issues—like funding constraints and organizational capacity—underexplored.
This study addresses that gap by examining the challenges and opportunities in implementing small-scale
infrastructure in rural communities. It aims to identify factors affecting project success and sustainability by
answering:
1. What challenges do implementers face in rural potable water projects?
2. How do they overcome these challenges?
3. What insights and lessons can they share?
This study supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by promoting sustainable, community-led
infrastructure development. Findings will inform policymakers, LGUs, and agencies like DPWH, DILG, and
DSWD in strengthening strategies for sustainable and efficient rural infrastructure. Furthermore, it contributes
to academic understanding and serves as a foundation for future policy and governance improvements toward
resilient, inclusive rural development.
METHOD
Study Participants
Fifteen participants were purposively selected based on specific inclusion criteria to ensure reliable and
relevant information. They included one Barangay Official, one Kagawad, two Operation and Maintenance
Members, and one Community Volunteer from each of three barangays: Banagbanag (Montevista), Katipunan
(Kapalong), and Balagunan (Santo Tomas). The study employed random purposeful sampling, a qualitative
technique for identifying information-rich cases (Patton, 2002). A homogenous group was used to identify
common themes, and data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) guided by open-ended
questions to capture participants’ views and experiences (USAID, 1996; Macfarlan, 2014). Participants with at
least one year of service were included; those with less than one year were excluded.
Materials and Instrument
A researcher-made questionnaire was used during FGDs. It consisted of three sections: (1) informed consent,
(2) demographic profile, and (3) interview guide questions. The instrument was validated by five experts—
four from the University of Mindanao and one external evaluator. One rated it “Good,” while four rated it
“Very Good.” Identical questionnaires were used in all FGDs, supported by informal interviews that
encouraged participants to share personal experiences (Bailey, 1996). Interviews were recorded and lasted 45–
60 minutes, occasionally extending to two hours (Polkinghorne, 1989). Sessions were conducted in Barangay
Banagbanag (May 13, 2024), Barangay Katipunan (May 29, 2024), and Barangay Balagunan (June 21, 2024),
and all discussions were transcribed verbatim for analysis.
Design and Procedure
This study adopted a qualitative phenomenological design to explore lived experiences and identify the
challenges and opportunities in implementing small-scale infrastructure projects (De Chesnay, 2014). FGDs
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served as the main data collection method (Creswell, 2007). Participants were informed of the recording
procedures, and discussions began with social exchanges to create a relaxed atmosphere (Moustakas, 1994).
The interview guide was translated into the Visayan dialect for clarity. Experts assisted in developing and
validating the guide, which contained open-ended questions designed to elicit comprehensive responses
(Bhandari, 2022).
The researcher acted as interviewer, transcriber, translator, analyst, and encoder to ensure rigor and scholarly
conduct. Data accuracy was verified through adviser and analyst reviews, and findings were presented to
panelists for comments and validation.
Data Analysis
Data analysis followed Smith’s (2004) framework, organizing transcripts and field notes into themes and
meaning units. Moustakas’s (1994) phenomenological method was applied to extract essential statements and
describe participants’ experiences. Themes underwent member validation to ensure reliability. Following Flick
(2013), the analysis focused on developing cohesive frameworks from significant statements and insights.
Trustworthiness and Ethical Considerations
The study established credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability to ensure trustworthiness.
Credibility was achieved through continuous engagement; transferability through contextual details;
dependability through consistent procedures; and confirmability through external review. Ethical protocols
included informed consent, confidentiality, and secure data handling. Approval was obtained from the
University of Mindanao Ethics Review Committee (UMERC Protocol No. UMERC-2024-182, April 1, 2024;
amended June 19, 2024). Thematic analysis, transcription, and translation were carefully reviewed by a data
analyst to maintain accuracy. Adherence to these standards ensured the study’s validity, reliability, and ethical
integrity.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Challenges in Implementing Portable Water System in Rural Communities
Presented in Table 1 are the common themes that emerged from the Focus Group Discussions focusing on the
challenges faced by the implementers in providing potable water systems in rural communities.
Table 1. Challenges faced by the implementers in implementing potable water system in rural communities
Theme
Significant Statement
Reaching out to
remote areas
Expansion to reach remote areas was a problem. -(FGD 2)
We have areas far away that need long pipelines. (FGD 1)
Below standard
water quality at
the start
During the dry season, like now, the water supply seems to slow down, which might be why it
gets muddy. (FGD 1)
The problem now is that the consumers are still complaining because the water smells.
(FGD 3)
You can really see that it’s dirty and smelly, especially the stagnant water. (FGD 4)
Insufficient
Funds for
Operations and
Honorariums
Despite accessing funding from KALAHI-CIDSS, LGU, CRDP, and DILG, consistent
financial support still needs to be addressed. (FGD 3)
Our first manager resigned due to lack of honorarium. (FGD 1)
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Sourcing sufficient funds for the project, especially for machinery replacement and
expansion, was challenging. (FGD 5)
Maintaining
water quality
and potability
Maintaining potability, especially during rainy seasons when E. coli contamination risks
increase, is a significant challenge. (FGD 2)
Over time, the quality deteriorated, making the water unsuitable for washing, bathing, or
cleaning. (FGD 1)
Dealing with
disgruntled/
complaining
members)
Instances of disputes, such as members refusing to pay water bills or making unfounded
complaints about water quality, must be resolved carefully to maintain harmony and
functionality. (FGD 3)
On one occasion, everyone was informed during the meeting to avoid using the system for
three days for draining. They got upset when we didn't turn it on. Even when it smells, they
still complain. (FGD 1)
Some consumers are okay with limited flow as long as there's water. Others, however, are
not cooperative. (FGD 4)
Operational
Struggle in
Equipment
Maintenance
Pipes were buried shallowly, leading to damages and leaks. (FGD 4)
There was no warranty for repairs after the unit had reached the site. (FGD 5)
Difficulty in
meeting
demand
As the community expands, the water system needs to scale up, requiring additional sources
and infrastructure. (FGD 1)
With the number of households tripling from 50 to 150, the system could no longer meet the
increased demand, leading to water shortages (FGD 5)
We used to be fewer in number. Now we are about 150 households. There might be a water
shortage because we are spread across five puroks: 3, 4, 5, 2, and 11. (FGD 1)
The demand is higher than the supply, and there should be more water to meet the needs of
the consumers (FGD 5)
Reaching Remote Areas
A major challenge identified by the focus group discussions (FGDs) was the difficulty in reaching remote
areas due to geographical barriers and the need for long pipelines. In the situation of FGD 2, they need to have
a large number of pipes to implement the portable water system.
“Naay mga lugar nga layo nga nagkinahanglan og taas nga mga pipelines. Bale interconnection sa water
pump. So far man gyud, Ma’am, gitan-aw kay 4 pumping stations, ang usa kay 3HP then ang tulo kay 5HP.
Ang 5HP kay mo-provide na og 120 gallons per minute so times 3. Unya kadtong usa kay dul-it man ang 3HP
then mo-provide og 6 gallons per minute. Among gimultiply sa iyang operation in one day is enough pa
mosupply basta magdaginot lang og dili pasagdaan moagas lang.” (FGD 1)
We have areas far away that need long pipelines. We just connected it at the curve. It’s an interconnection of
water pumps. So far, Ma’am, we’ve observed that with four pumping stations—one 3HP and three 5HP—the
5HP pumps provide 120 gallons per minute, so times three. The 3HP pump provides 6 gallons per minute, and
when multiplied by its daily operation, it’s enough to supply water as long as we conserve it. (FGD 1)
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This challenge aligns with Mandal's (2014) and Kleemeier's (2010) study, which, according to them, faces
difficulties in implementation, especially in rural areas and in reaching scattered and remote populations.
These studies emphasized how difficult terrains and inadequate funding for infrastructure expansion
significantly hinder water access in rural areas.
Below Standard Water Quality at the Start
Water quality issues were also a recurring theme, particularly at the beginning of operations. Problems like
murky water and contamination were reported, especially during summer or after drilling incidents according
to participant that:
“Naa lang usahay nga lubog o itom-itom usahay sa tubig. Gikan na sa ilalom. Kung ting-init pareha karon,
mura siya mohinay ang suplay sa tubig sa ilalom maong aksyon siya kalubog.. Kung ting-ulan, ang basakan
puno sa tubig, kusog pud siya og tin-aw kaayo.” (FGD 1)
Sometimes the water is muddy or a bit dark. It probably comes from underground. During the dry season, like
now, the water supply seems to slow down, which might be why it gets muddy. During the rainy season, the
rice fields are full of water, and the flow is strong and very clear. (FGD 1)
This issue is similar to findings from Fischer et al. (2021), who identified water contamination and inconsistent
water quality as key challenges in rural water systems. It also echoes Thakur's (2020) observation that many
rural water systems struggle with initial water quality, often due to improper testing and maintenance.
Insufficient Funds for Operations and Honorariums
Implementers faced challenges in securing consistent funding, not only for equipment but also for paying
personnel. One participant mentioned that even though various funding sources like KALAHI-CIDSS were
accessed, ongoing financial support remained a problem (FGD 3).
“Bisan makakuha mi og budget sa KALAHI-CIDSS, LGU, CRDP, and DILG, pero kulang gihapon ni, asa
kinahanglan ni resolbahon.” (FGD 3)
Despite accessing funding from KALAHI-CIDSS, LGU, CRDP, and DILG, consistent financial support still
needs to be addressed. (FGD 3)
This aligns with findings by Butterworth et al. (2013), who pointed out the financial challenges rural
communities face in maintaining water systems due to their dependence on limited external funding sources
and tariffs that may be difficult to collect. Implementers also highlighted the challenges of collecting tariffs
from consumers, particularly when water quality was subpar (FGD 2). This issue is reflected in Marks et al.
(2014), where consumer dissatisfaction with service delivery often led to low tariff collection rates, making it
difficult for operators to sustain operations. The difficulty in managing finances is common in rural settings, as
highlighted by Narain (2013), due to poor financial governance and community reluctance to pay for
inadequate services.
Maintaining Water Quality and Potability
Ensuring water quality and potability, particularly during the rainy season, was a significant concern due to
risks like E. coli contamination. According to FGD 2:
“Naa mi gina-conduct nga Potability Test every quarter ug gi-submit sa Tagum Water District. Nagapa-
chlorination mi, naga-flushing o paawas gikan pa sauna nga opisyales. Naay incident nga ang result sa
Potability Test kay negative. Ang recommendation ato sa Tagum Water District nga pakusgan ang chlorine.
Mao to nawala ang negativity. Pasabot sa negative naay E.Coli nakita especially ulan-ulan.” (FGD 2)
We conduct Potability Tests every quarter and submit them to the Tagum Water District. We also do
chlorination and flushing. Since the time of the former officials, there was an incident where the Potability
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Test result was negative. The Tagum Water District recommended increasing the chlorine, which resolved the
issue. Negative means E.Coli was detected, especially during the rainy season. (FGD 2)
Similar findings were reported by Jaglin (2002), where the quality of water in rural communities was often
compromised during specific seasons due to inadequate testing and treatment measures. Regular potability
testing and chlorination were necessary measures to maintain safety, which is consistent with Fisher’s (2017)
emphasis on the need for constant monitoring and maintenance in water systems to ensure health standards.
Dealing with Disgruntled or Complaining Members
In an organization there were a lot of problems especially some members were against the rules and
regulations. Some of the members when addressing issues they choose to refuse and complain. In the
experience of FGD:
"Ang mga panagbangi sama sa pagdumili sa mga miyembro sa pagbayad sa bill sa tubig o pagreklamo nga
walay basehan bahin sa kalidad sa tubig, kinahanglan husayon ug ampingan aron mapadayon ang
panaghiusa ug hapsay nga pagpadagan (FGD 3)
Instances of disputes, such as members refusing to pay water bills or making unfounded complaints about
water quality, must be resolved carefully to maintain harmony and functionality (FGD 3)
Complaints and other negative observations have an affective component and elicit an appropriate affiliative
reaction. An institutional framework is required to manage this situation. The vocal and non-vocal resources
used to express affect are referred to as affective stance (Ruusuvuori et al., 2019).
Operational Struggle in Equipment Maintenance
Equipment maintenance is one of the challenges faced by different projects. On the water portable projects, the
pipes were shallow like rust, which made them prone to damages and leaks—this was experienced by FGD 4,
according to them.
“Ang mga tubo gilubong og mabaw, hinungdan sa pagkadaut ug nangaliki.” (FGD 4)
Pipes were buried shallowly, leading to damages and leaks. (FGD 4)
Based on Tyrrell (2023), unexpected equipment failures might have serious repercussions. They have the
potential to ruin a project, raise maintenance expenses, and interfere with production schedules. It is not only
vital but also crucial to develop measures to anticipate these disturbances.
Difficulty in meeting demand
Meeting demand efficiently is a crucial challenge for the small-scale project. When demand surpasses supply
capabilities, it can lead to customer dissatisfaction and operational strain. The expansion for the project is
needed.This manifested in FGD 1 and FGD 5 experiences, according to them.
“Sauna kay gamay pa mi. Karon kay hapit nami 150 households. Daghan na kaayo mi. Na-short siguro gani
mi sa tubig. Layo kaayo mi. Ako pinakado diri kay lima mi ka purok sama sa 3, 4, 5, 2, 11.” (FGD 5)
Back then, we were few. Now, we’re happy because we have 150 households. We’ve grown a lot. We might
be running short on water. We’re far away. I’m the farthest here, covering Purok 3, 4, 5, 2, and 11. (FGD 5)
This aligns with Chopra and Meindl (2021), supply chain disruptions, whether caused by geopolitical tensions,
natural disasters, or economic downturns, significantly impact a project’s
l ability to meet demand. These disruptions lead to increased lead times, shortages of raw materials, and
production bottlenecks, ultimately affecting customer satisfaction. Stevenson (2020) highlights that constraints
are a leading cause of difficulty in meeting demand.
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Strategies and Approaches in Overcoming the Challenges Experienced
Presented in Table 2 are the common themes that emerged from the Focus Group Discussions focused on the
strategies the implementers employed to overcome those challenges they faced in providing potable water
systems in the communities.
Table 2. Strategies and Approaches employed by the implementers to overcome the challenges faced
Themes
Significant Statement
Resorting to
do-it-yourself
measures
When the pump broke down and no immediate repair was possible (FGD 1)
We clean the tank monthly and wash out the water (FGD 2)
To manage electricity costs, we switched from using a fuel-based water pump (which was
noisy and costly) to an electric motor (FGD 3)
Conduct
regular tests,
replacements
and
maintenance
checks
Regular potability tests, chlorination, and system maintenance is conducted to sustain water
quality and supply (FGD 4)
They conducted regular cleaning of the tank and attempted to drain the water to remove
contaminants, although they acknowledged the need for deeper inspection and pipe
replacements.
We conduct potability tests every quarter and submit these to the Tagum Water District. We
also do chlorination and flushing. This has been a practice since the previous officials. (FGD
1)
Engage
community to
participate in
maintaining the
water system
Consumers are encouraged to participate in maintenance; we hold meetings, and they agree
with our methods (FGD 4)
The community actively participated in maintaining the water system, with volunteers helping
to monitor water issues and report problems through a group chat. (FGD 1)
Strong partnerships were formed with LGUs, barangay officials, and other government
agencies to secure additional funding and technical support, to allow the expansion and
maintenance of the water system (FGD 5)
KALAHI-CIDSS provides interventions, but the community plays a crucial role in
sustainability. (FGD 1)
Strict
adherence to
the
Constitution
and By-Laws
Strict adherence to the Constitution and By-Laws (FGD 1)
Your Constitution and By-Laws state that if they don’t pay, the service is cut off. (FGD 2)
The community emphasized following the rules outlined in their Constitution and By-Laws
(CBL) - (FGD 5)
Encouraging
Open
Discussion and
Conflict Resolu
We strictly enforce rules, like cutting off water supply for non-payment, but are also open to
discussing and resolving issues fairly. (FGD 4)
It’s important to implement policies that align with community behavior. As managers, we
need to show sincerity and be open to criticism from the community. (FGD 2)
Any conflicts over the water system, like neighbors arguing over low supply, are identified
quickly (FGD 5)
Effective Fund
Allocation and
Implementers allocate 70% of their total income for replacing machinery, pipes, and motors
to ensure smooth operation. They carry out preventive maintenance and prepare financially
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Contingency
Planning
for machinery replacements. (FGD 3)
We are looking for someone who can help with the budget. (FGD 2)
We were trained that the project needed careful management to attract more funding. If the
project is not sustained, funding agencies might not be interested in continuing their support
(FGD 3)
The association prepares for replacements before breakdowns occur, ensuring we have the
funds ready. Even a single hour without water can lead to numerous complaints on Facebook.
(FGD 5)
Look for new
water sources
It’s crucial to maintain the water source because, although lines can be repaired, a problem
with the source affects everything, including the budget. We plan to have additional sources of
water in the future. (FGD 4)
The captain provided us with an alternative source, though we still had issues. (FGD 5)
You need to find additional support for the water supply, but don't source too close; ensure at
least a 1-kilometer radius from the source. (FGD 4)
Resorting to Do-it-Yourself (DIY) Measures
When formal repair mechanisms failed, implementers took matters into their own hands, using DIY
approaches to repair pumps and equipment FGD 1.
"Nadaut na og tulo ka bulan. Karon, naa mi pump lahi gikan sa una pang tubig then among gipa-rewind,
naayo man mao na nga gitaud namo karon. Mas dako siya og operation.” (FGD 1)
It got damaged after three months. Now, we have a different pump, one that was previously used for water,
and we had it rewound. It got fixed, so we installed it. Its operation is now more efficient. (FGD 1)
According to Hoko & Hertle (2006), the reliance on local knowledge and resources when formal support
structures for rural water systems are lacking. The use of DIY solutions also reflects the adaptive strategies
highlighted by Calow et al. (2011), where communities innovate based on available resources when external
assistance is slow or unavailable.
Conduct regular tests, replacements, and maintenance checks
To ensure the sustainability of water quality and supply, implementers have established routine maintenance
practices, including potability tests, chlorination, and infrastructure improvements.
"Nagpahigayon og regular nga potability tests, chlorination, ug pagmintinar sa sistema aron mapadayon ang
kalidad ug suplay sa tubig. Nagplano usab sila nga magdugang og bag-ong tinubdan sa tubig ug kanunay nga
mapauswag ang imprastraktura." (FGD 4)
To ensure the sustainability of water quality and supply, implementers have established routine maintenance
practices, including potability tests, chlorination, and infrastructure improvements. (FGD 4)
Engaging the Community in Water System Maintenance
Community participation plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of the water system.
Encouraging consumers to take an active role in its maintenance fosters a sense of responsibility and collective
ownership. Regular meetings provide an avenue for discussion, allowing consumers to voice concerns and
align with the barangay’s strategies.
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“Ang komunidad mismo ang misalmot sa pagmintinar sa atong sistema sa tubig, ug adunay mga boluntaryo
nga naga-monitor sa mga problema ug naga-report pinaagi sa group chat.” (FGD 1)
The community actively participated in maintaining the water system, with volunteers helping to monitor
water issues and report problems through a group chat. (FGD 1)
The stress on community involvement matches the established standards of sustainable water management.
The engagement of local residents in water system maintenance both improves lasting performance and creates
greater accountability, according to Mwihaki et al. (2021). Banerjee et al. (2022) explain that participatory
governance helps manage efficient service delivery and creates elements of communal responsibility. Rural
water systems become more sustainable and resilient through the active participation of the community
according to studies conducted on this subject.
Strict adherence to the Constitution and By-Laws
Strict adherence to the Constitution and By-Laws (CBL) ensures the effective management and sustainability
of the water system. Membership in the CBL is a prerequisite for connection to the system, reinforcing
accountability among consumers. Additionally, clear policies dictate that individuals responsible for damages
must take responsibility for repairs.
“Giapil namo ang membership sa Constitution and By-Laws. Balaod namo nga kung dili miyembro, dili
makakonek sa sistema. Kung naay madaut sa linya, ang nakadaut maoy mopuli.” (FGD 1)
We included membership in the CBL. It's a policy that non-members cannot connect to the system. Anyone
who damages the line must replace it. (FGD 1)
This system of structured governance follows established best practices for community water management
systems. The implementation of community agreements as well as CBLs helps authorities develop and enforce
policies that build compliance while improving system durability as noted by Ahmed et al. (2021). The authors
Jacobs & van der Berg (2022) demonstrate that established governance frameworks both reduce conflicts and
enhance the reliability of service in systems managed by communities.
Encouraging Open Discussion and Conflict Resolution
While strict enforcement of water policies, such as cutting off supply for non-payment, ensures operational
efficiency, the barangay management also recognizes the importance of fairness and open dialogue in
addressing issues. Implementing a balanced approach between rule enforcement and community engagement
fosters cooperation and trust.
“Istrikto namong ipatuman ang mga lagda, sama sa pagputol sa tubig kung dili makabayad, apan andam usab
mi nga mo-istorya ug moresolba sa mga isyu sa hustong paagi.” (FGD 4)
We strictly enforce rules, like cutting off water supply for non-payment, but are also open to discussing and
resolving issues fairly. (FGD 4)
Effective policy creation requires thorough knowledge of community behavior to gain resident acceptance and
success. Water system managers promote sincere governance practices that embody community needs in all
managerial decisions.
“Dapat ang mga polisiya mohaum sa kinaiya sa komunidad. Ingon nga mga managers, kinahanglan namo
ipakita ang among tinuod nga intensyon ug magpabilin nga andam madawat ang kritisismo sa katawhan.”
(FGD 2)
It’s important to implement policies that align with community behavior. As managers, we need to show
sincerity and be open to criticism from the community. (FGD 2)
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The method shows compatibility with current research about participatory governance systems that operate in
community-managed utility structures. The research conducted by Torres et al. (2021) shows that open
communication with stakeholders, along with proper engagement, produces improved water management
results through lowered conflicts and enhanced cooperation. Service sustainability benefits from strict policy
enforcement that is complemented with dispute resolution tools, as pointed out by Watson & Reed (2023).
Effective Fund Allocation and Contingency Planning
Ensuring the long-term sustainability of the water system requires strategic financial planning and
preparedness for unforeseen challenges. A significant portion of the system’s income is allocated to replacing
critical components, such as machinery, pipes, and motors, highlighting the importance of proactive
maintenance.
“Seventy percent sa among kinatibuk-ang kita among gi-allocate para sa pag-ilis sa makina, tubo, ug motor
aron masiguro nga magpadayon ang operasyon.” (FGD 3)
Seventy Percent of our total income is allocated for replacing machines, pipes, and motors to ensure
continuous operation (FGD 3)
The sustainability of the water system is also crucial in attracting further funding. Proper financial oversight
ensures that funding agencies remain interested in supporting the project, reinforcing the necessity of
responsible management.
“Nag-andam mi og pondo daan alang sa pag-ilis sa kagamitan bisan pa wala pa kini naguba. Maski usa ka
oras lang nga walay tubig, daghan na dayon reklamo sa Facebook.” (FGD 5)
The association prepares for replacements before breakdowns occur, ensuring we have the funds ready. Even a
single hour without water can lead to numerous complaints on Facebook. (FGD 5)
This financial planning approach aligns with contemporary best practices in sustainable water management.
According to Santos et al. (2021), well-structured financial reserves contribute to the resilience of rural water
systems by mitigating the risks of sudden equipment failures. Likewise, Martinez & Lee (2022) emphasize the
importance of preventive maintenance budgeting in minimizing service disruptions and enhancing operational
efficiency.
Look for new water sources
Ensuring a reliable water supply requires not only maintaining existing infrastructure but also securing
additional water sources. While pipelines can be repaired, issues with the primary water source affect the entire
system, including financial stability. Recognizing this, the barangay has expressed plans to establish new water
sources to enhance sustainability and resilience.
“Importante gyud ang pagmintinar sa source kay bisan ma-repair ang linya, kung ang source na gani ang
problema, apektado tanan, labaw na sa budget. Nagplano mi nga magdugang pa og laing source sa tubig sa
umaabot.” (FGD 4)
It’s crucial to maintain the water source because, although lines can be repaired, a problem with the source
affects everything, including the budget. We plan to have additional sources of water in the future. (FGD 4)
Multiple sources of water supply meet the best water security standards. The key principle for maintaining
sustainable water supply in the long term involves multiple source diversification, particularly in regions with
climate fluctuations and water depletion risks, according to Carrillo and Bourg (2020). The separation of water
sources by adequate distance prevents water over-drawing and keeps the water storage system stable,
according to Ho and Ritcher (2021). The findings reveal that securing a backup water supply remains vital
when combined with sustainable water management standards.
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Insights and Realizations in Implementing the Potable Water System
Presented in Table 3 are the themes that emerged during the Focus Group Discussions focused on the insights
and realizations of the implementers in providing potable water systems in the communities.
Table 3. Insights and realizations of the implementers in implementing potable water system
Significant Statement
One must adhere to a sustainability model with well-defined policies and practices and
continuously follow and improve on these policies and practices (FGD 1)
They must follow the rules to avoid problems. In an association, if rules are not
followed, there should be penalties, such as cutting off the water supply. During
assemblies, 100% attendance is required. Most complaints come from those who don't
attend meetings. (FGD 2)
Water quality varies by location, and there can be elements that corrode pipes. Last
week, we replaced GI pipes with UPVC pipes, which improved the machinery’s
performance. (FGD 3)
Maintain financial resources for unforeseen expenses (FGD 4)
Having a reserve fund is key to maintaining the system. We are proud that our charges
are among the lowest compared to other barangays, and we manage our finances well,
covering electricity, maintenance, honoraria, and replacements. (FGD 4)
Active community participation and transparent communication during meetings were
vital to ensure that everyone understood the processes and responsibilities. (FGD 3)
We rely on the barangay for support in case of any issues with the water system (FGD
4)
One key to our success is maintaining a good relationship with barangay officials
(FGD 1)
It’s crucial to maintain the pumps because once they break down, it’s very costly.
(FGD 5)
Technical knowledge is essential to address problems promptly. (FGD 4)
Implementers realized that strong, clearly communicated policies were essential for the
long-term success of the water system. (FGD 3)
The Constitution and By-Laws played a crucial role in ensuring that consumers
adhered to payment schedules and that the system remained financially sustainable.
(FGD 4)
Following the rules in the CBL was crucial for smooth operations (FGD 4)
They should follow the CBL to ensure long-term operations (FGD 4)
The policies and Constitution and By-Laws provided a good foundation (FGD 3)
Learn to adjust policies and adopt new technology (FGD 5)
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The ability to adjust policies, adopt new technologies like improved piping systems,
and plan for future expansion (FGD 4)
Implementers learned that taking initiative and being proactive in addressing
challenges was key to maintaining operations. For example, anticipating the need for
backup resources like an additional water pump to ensure long-term functionality and
prevent disruptions. (FGD 3)
Implementers realized the importance of regular cleaning and inspections to maintain
water quality and prevent issues like foul smells. (FGD 4)
They emphasized the importance of regular maintenance of pumps and pipelines to
prevent costly breakdowns. Addressing issues immediately helps prevent larger, more
expensive problems in the future. (FGD 5)
The increase in households using the system highlighted the need to plan for future
expansions and ensure that water sources could meet the growing demand. (FGD 1)
We plan to have additional sources of water in the future. (FGD 2)
Implementers stress the importance of thinking long-term, with a focus on sustainable
management, maintaining infrastructure, and planning for future water sources to
ensure continued service for growing communities (FGD 5)
Need for Sustainable and Realistic Practices
To ensure the long-term viability of the water system, stakeholders emphasize the need for a sustainability
model with well-defined policies and continuous improvements. This structured approach helps maintain
operational efficiency and service reliability.
“Kinahanglan nga sundon ang usa ka modelo sa kalambuan nga adunay klaro nga mga polisiya ug praktis, ug
padayon nga ipatuman aron mapauswag kini.” (FGD 1)
One must adhere to a sustainability model with well-defined policies and practices and continuously follow
and improve on these policies and practices. (FGD 1)
“Kinahanglan sundon ang mga lagda aron malikayan ang mga problema. Sa asosasyon, kung adunay dili
mosunod sa lagda, adunay silot, sama sa pagputol sa tubig. Sa among asembliya, kinahanglan ang 100%
attendance. Kadaghanan sa mga reklamo naggikan sa mga wala motambong sa tigum.” (FGD 2)
They must follow the rules to avoid problems. In an association, if rules are not followed, there should be
penalties, such as cutting off the water supply. During assemblies, 100% attendance is required. Most
complaints come from those who don't attend meetings. (FGD 2)
This mirrors the findings of Thakur (2020), who emphasized that rural water projects must incorporate
sustainable and adaptable management practices to ensure longevity. Fischer et al. (2021) also noted that clear
policies and sustainability models are critical in addressing both technical and financial challenges.
Financial reserves for emergencies
In maintaining the water portable system, finances must be adequate. The necessity of having financial
reserves for unforeseen expenses, such as equipment breakdowns, was a key realization (FGD 4).
"Ang pagbaton og reserbang pondo maoy yawe sa pagmintinar sa sistema. Garbo namo nga ang among
bayranan kay usa sa labing ubos kung ikompara sa ubang barangay, ug maayo among pagdumala sa pondo—
makabayad sa kuryente, maintenance, honoraria, ug mga ilisanay. (FGD 4)
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Having a reserve fund is key to maintaining the system. We are proud that our charges are among the lowest
compared to other barangays, and we manage our finances well, covering electricity, maintenance, honoraria,
and replacements. (FGD 4).
This finding is consistent with Mandal (2014), who pointed out the need for emergency funds to cover
unexpected costs in rural water systems, especially in communities that rely heavily on fragile infrastructure.
Community Involvement and Collaboration
The water system requires sustained operation through active community engagement together with
transparent collaboration with barangay officials. The system's maintenance requirements become clear to
members when transparency in communication and regular member meetings take place. When community
members work together it creates both responsibility and mutual trust among the people.
“Importante ang aktibong partisipasyon sa komunidad ug open nga komunikasyon panahon sa mga miting
aron masabtan sa tanan ang proseso ug mga responsibilidad.” (FGD 3)
Active community participation and transparent communication during meetings were vital to ensure that
everyone understood the processes and responsibilities. (FGD 3)
Moreover, barangay officials provide essential support in addressing water system challenges.
“Usa sa mga yawe sa among kalampusan mao ang maayong relasyon sa mga opisyal sa barangay.” (FGD 1)
One key to our success is maintaining a good relationship with barangay officials. (FGD 1)
Implementers recognized that strong relationships with barangay officials and the active participation of
community members were crucial for the success and sustainability of the system. This is consistent with the
findings of Marks et al. (2014), who highlighted that community engagement fosters a sense of ownership and
improves the chances of long-term success for rural water systems.
Value of Technological Support from Experts
Adequate knowledge of technical professionals stands essential for effective water system management and
sustainable operations. The specialized expertise of professionals enables organizations to make improved
decisions as they develop better maintenance practices for better resolution of technical challenges. The
organization acquires improved operational performance throogh trained personnel who strengthen its ability
to implement sustainable management solutions.
“Pasalamat mi karon kay ang mga tawo kay mas na-train na sila ug among manager kay naa siyay knowledge
sa water system kay mechanical engineer man siya so mas nakaganar og maayo ang association kay mas
knowledgeable siya compared sa mga board of directors.” (FGD 4)
We’re grateful now because the people are more trained, and our manager has knowledge about the water
system since he is a mechanical engineer. So, the association is benefiting more because he is more
knowledgeable compared to the board of directors.” (FGD 4)
“Nakita nako nga dapat ma-sustain ug ma-maintain gyud ang pump. Kay once madaut, dako kaayo
pangayuon. Kung madaut, ma-address dayon ang problema.” (FGD 5)
I’ve observed that the pump must be sustained and maintained because if it breaks, the cost is high. If it breaks,
the problem must be addressed immediately. (FGD 5)
The importance of technical expertise for rural water management has gained support from recent scholarly
investigations. The combination of engineering expertise within community water projects results in longer
lasting systems and lower maintenance expenses as per Smith et al. (2021). The authors of Martinez & Gupta
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(2022) advocate for trained personnel in rural infrastructure management because technical training promotes
the long-term viability of community-run projects.
Importance of Strong and Clear Policies
The sustainability and effectiveness of a community-managed water system heavily rely on well-defined
policies and structured governance. Establishing clear guidelines, such as membership regulations and
accountability measures, ensures that the system operates efficiently and fairly. The inclusion of policies in the
Constitution and By-Laws (CBL) provides a strong foundation for maintaining order and preventing conflicts
within the association.
“Among gihimo nga gibutang sa CBL ang membership. Naa pud sa policy nga bawal mag-connect kung dili
member sa association. Kung kinsa maka damage sa linya, siya automatic mag-replace.” (FGD 3)
We included membership in the CBL. There’s also a policy that prohibits connections for non-members of the
association. Whoever damages the line must automatically replace it. (FGD 3)
Moreover, a well-structured governance framework also contributes to the long-term success of community
projects.
“Kami gyud ang unang nagdumala sa association nga tungod sa pagsunod namo sa polisiya na ilang gi-
introduce. Ug gi-introduce pud nila ang paghimo nga pinakamaayo nga Constitution and By-Laws. Didto mi
nanukad na i-sustain gyud ang project. Pasalamat pud mi sa amung mga kauban nga opisyales atong panahon
nga ni-cooperate sa pag-sustain sa atong project. Ug naa pud gihimo nga Operation Plan, Sustainability
Plan, 5-Year Development Plan mao na amung i-evaluate kung asa nga portion ang wala natuman ug unsa
pud ang maayong effect ato.” (FGD 4)
We were the first to manage the association because we followed the policies they introduced. They also
taught us to create a strong Constitution and By-Laws. That’s how we learned to sustain the project. We’re
also grateful to our fellow officials at the time who cooperated in sustaining the project. We also created an
Operation Plan, Sustainability Plan, and a 5-Year Development Plan, which we use to evaluate what hasn’t
been achieved and what has worked well (FGD 4)
Research shows that community-managed projects need well-defined governance systems to succeed.
Transparency in policies combined with structured planning leads to enduring efficient water supply systems
according to Harris et al. (2021). Thompson & Rivera (2022) explain that sustainable local water governance
requires organizations to include plans that aid in adjusting to environmental and financial shifts. Uniting
research from multiple sources confirms how crucial it is to establish robust policies and governance systems
to support sustainable work of community-initiated programs.
Be Proactive: Adjust to Policies and New Technology
Ensuring the sustainability of a community-managed water system requires a proactive approach that includes
financial preparedness, technological adaptation, and policy compliance. One of the key strategies is setting
aside funds for maintenance and equipment replacement before issues arise. This prevents disruptions in water
supply and reduces long-term costs associated with emergency repairs.
“Among plano nga magpondo gyud og water pump para ingkaso madaut ang isa naa dayon ikapuli ug
iparewind tong nadaut.” (FGD 4)
We’re planning to set aside funds for a water pump so that if one gets damaged, we can immediately replace it
and have the damaged one rewound. (FGD 4)
Water system efficiency depends heavily on adopting new technologies while having solid financial reserves.
Research shows that thorough maintenance planning, along with advanced water management solutions, create
substantial system resistance capabilities. Remote monitoring systems implemented in community water
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projects reduce operational breakdowns and enhance operational performance, according to research by Patel
et al. (2023). Predictive maintenance models with integrated systems reduce costs of repairs while
guaranteeing water supply stability, according to the research of Dawson & Hughes (2022).
Maintain Regular Cleaning and Inspection
Regular cleaning and inspection are essential in ensuring the long-term functionality and efficiency of water
systems. Water system implementers prioritize routine maintenance activities such as tank cleaning, leak
monitoring, and sediment removal to enhance water quality and system sustainability.
… naa mi plano nga maghabwa ang sediments sa ilalom aron gwapo ang agas sa tubig. Kung dili maayo ang
makina, siyempre ang kuryente dako og kaon. Maapektuhan ang panudlanan. Kailangan alagaan gyud ang
source sa tubig. Kay ang mga linya ma-repair man na pero kung ang source ang madiskaril maapektohan ang
tanan apil na ang panudlanan. Nakita nato nga angay gyud i-maintain ang source sa tubig.” (FGD 5)
“… we plan to remove the sediments underground to improve water flow. If the machine isn’t working well,
electricity consumption increases, affecting the reservoir. The water source must be taken care of because
while the lines can be repaired, if the source is compromised, everything is affected, including the reservoir.
We’ve seen that the water source must be maintained.” (FGD 5)
Research supports the importance of proactive maintenance in community-managed water systems. For
instance, Johnson et al. (2022) highlight that periodic tank cleaning and pipeline inspections reduce
contamination risks and improve system efficiency. Similarly, a study by Carter and Smith (2021) found that
preventative maintenance strategies help extend the lifespan of water infrastructure, reducing operational costs
and improving service reliability.
Plan for Future Expansion
Sustainable water management needs anticipatory measures to handle rising community demands. Human
population growth and increasing water demands have compelled water system implementers to find new
water sources that ensure sustainable water security for the long term.
"Naay project ang gobyerno sa bukid, mababa lang to, additional gyud to source sa tubig. Nakita namo nga
ang quality sa tubig diri, pinaka-the best gyud kay pila na ka siglo nagaawas ang spring. Daghan tubod didto,
crystal ang tubig. Nindot kaayo para sa community." (FGD 1)
“… there’s a government project in the mountains, which will be an additional water source. We’ve seen that
the water quality here is the best because the spring has been flowing for centuries. There are many springs
there with crystal-clear water. It’s excellent for the community.” (FGD 1)
Studies emphasize the necessity of proactive planning in water resource management. For instance, Herrera et
al. (2023) highlight the role of long-term water supply forecasting in ensuring sustainability amidst population
growth. Similarly, Patel and Kumar (2021) stress the importance of integrating local water sources with
government-initiated projects to enhance community resilience to future water shortages.
Implications for Future Research and Recommendations
Future studies on small-scale rural infrastructure should focus on the long-term sustainability of community-
managed projects and the effectiveness of local participation in maintaining accountability, compliance, and
maintenance engagement. Research must identify which community involvement strategies yield the highest
impact on payment behavior and adherence to maintenance protocols. In addition, investigations should
explore how alternative water supply models perform in high-demand areas with limited resources to ensure
resilient rural systems.
Technological innovation presents a critical area for further exploration. Future research should assess how
tools such as remote monitoring systems, data analytics forecasting, and advanced water treatment
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technologies can enhance the efficiency and reliability of rural water systems. Moreover, examining the role of
local government units (LGUs) in promoting and sustaining provincial infrastructure initiatives is vital. Studies
should analyze how collaboration among LGUs, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and community-
based organizations (CBOs) can overcome financial and logistical barriers to project implementation.
Evaluating policies that either support or hinder community cooperation would provide essential insights for
improving governance in small-scale projects.
Based on the study’s findings, several recommendations are proposed to improve the sustainability of potable
water systems in rural areas. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) should design long-
term infrastructure plans that anticipate population growth and environmental challenges such as seasonal
water fluctuations. Standardized maintenance procedures and regular technical training for local implementers
are essential to prevent system breakdowns. The DPWH must also secure sufficient funds through increased
budget allocations or partnerships with private and international organizations. Encouraging local ownership
and participation will ensure accountability and long-term sustainability.
The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) should strengthen LGU capacities through
specialized training in project management, financial oversight, and policy implementation. Establishing clear
governance mechanisms such as the Constitution and By-Laws (CBL) will help maintain transparency and
accountability. The DILG should also facilitate coordination between LGUs, DPWH, and DSWD KALAHI-
CIDSS to ensure technical assistance, funding, and policy alignment. Furthermore, the DILG must
institutionalize conflict resolution mechanisms and community dialogues to address grievances and maintain
cooperation.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) should enhance KALAHI-CIDSS
implementation by creating targeted training modules that address challenges in financial management,
maintenance, and community relations. Strengthened monitoring and evaluation systems will help ensure
project alignment with local needs. Integrating best practices such as clear policies, active participation, and
collaboration with other agencies will improve rural infrastructure performance.
Lastly, future research should assess the long-term effects of community participation on the efficiency and
reliability of rural water systems. Studies should also explore how smart water management and public-private
partnerships contribute to system sustainability. These investigations will provide deeper insights into building
resilient, efficient, and community-driven rural infrastructure systems that ensure lasting access to clean and
reliable water services.
Concluding Remarks
The research presents an overview of the multiple challenges, together with possible remedies, which rural
communities confront when they manage small-scale infrastructure projects for safe drinking water systems.
Rural communities possess significant potential for better living conditions through water systems although
implementing these systems presents multiple implementation challenges. All crucial obstacles regarding
limited funding support and maintenance demands, and infrastructure needs will be addressed through
national-local partnerships and active community engagement.
Water system sustainability along effectiveness depends heavily on robust governance and policy clarity
combined with active community participation, according to research findings. Purely robust infrastructure
projects will not satisfy the population needs of expanding communities because essential supporting system
components are absent. Locally based government units, through their partnership with DILG must provide
technical assistance and training while solving disputes to deliver success in these projects.
The research demonstrates that financial planning and sustainable practices, together with resource allocation,
become vital elements for project success. The collected insights will function as a beneficial roadmap that
will assist future intervention programs to ensure the durability of rural water systems when confronted with
challenges. The research demonstrates the necessity for extensive cooperation between stakeholders to create
rural infrastructure development that addresses contextual complexities.
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