environments. The research evaluates the performance of different inverter topologies which are Class E ZVS

Inverter and Class D Half Bridge Resonant Inverter by considering key parameters such as efficiency, power

transmission, and adaptability to acoustic wave energy systems. Calculation and simulation results from both

inverters were compared and Class E ZVS inverter has been chosen for further with experimental because the

performance efficiency of Class E produces 98.6% compared to Class D which is 98.04%. The Class E

inverter managed to produce better efficiency, power transmission at 40kHz and 470-ohm resistor as an

inverter load. The experimental hardware of Class E inverter produces 64.2% as efficiency, as it undergoes

tuning process where the tuning processes is critical to optimize the functionality of resonant circuits, ensuring

they achieve the best and highest efficiency ii at transmitter. So, the power transmitted to the receiver have

some drops due to their internal resistance, and components factor. The receiver will receive 7.36 V at 1cm

innovative energy transfer methods are gaining popularity in areas such as consumer electronics, electric

automobiles, medical gadgets, and industrial automation. WPT is an innovative way to power electric devices,

decreasing the need for batteries [1][2]. Researchers have extensively explored and developed contactless

energy transfer devices. Acoustics is a contemporary wireless energy transmission technology that uses

vibration or ultrasonic waves. A relatively recent technique for transmitting energy wirelessly that takes use of

vibration, or ultrasonic [3][4] waves is called Acoustic Energy Transfer, or AET. AET is a generally new

technology that transmits energy wirelessly using sound waves rather than touch. These technologies include

those used today for optical coupling energy transfer (OPT),capacitive power transfer (CPT), and inductive

power transfer (IPT) [2][5]. Any frequency higher than around 20 kHz, which is beyond human hearing, is

referred to as ultrasonic. The AET system works based on wave propagation of ultrasound, which its operating

There are many advantages that wireless power transmission may offer make it appeal [2][5]. WPT is a

technology that has seen significant advancements and is used in various applications ranging from consumer

electronics to industrial equipment and even electric vehicles. With ongoing research and development, WPT

technology will likely evolve and become more efficient, reliable, and versatile. There are a few types of WPT

such as inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, microwave, and acoustic energy transfer [7]. Fig. 1 below

shows the block diagram of wireless power transfer transmission system.

Fig. 1 The wireless power transfer transmission

IPT and CPT are the most common coupled WPT systems can offer up to MW. A magnetic field is used in

into electrical energy. This acoustic energy transfer is specially used for medical services.

Acoustic energy transfer (AET) is an original method of wireless energy transmission that makes use of

vibration or ultrasonic vibrations. AET is still in its early phases and hasn't made much progress in compared to

its competition. It can transmit energy via a metal medium while propagating through vibration, whereas

inductive power transfer (IPT) cannot [6][8]. Significant losses occur in the metal due to eddy currents and the

shielding effect of the metal walls, which stop electromagnetic fields from coupling. An AET system, on the

other hand, would not have these problems since there are no electromagnetic fields present. The presence of

electromagnetic fields in biological applications causes adverse side effects which are governed by medical

regulations. Due to the lack of electromagnetic fields, AET is more practicable for use in biomedical

power supply gives an intention in this thesis to design a suitable power converter for the system. The power

converter should convert from DC to AC so that the output of the primary to generate signals. Other than that,

the power converter also needs to be designed with minimal losses so that the efficiency of the system can be

There are two available circuit methods to design a converter circuit for WPT system, which are the linear

amplifier and the switch mode power converter. The example of linear amplifier circuits is of Class A, Class

B, Class AB and Class C; while the switch mode power inverter is of Class D, Class E. Nevertheless, in terms

of providing lower switching losses, the switch mode power converter is the best choice [16]. Therefore, there

are several types of power converter that are possible to be used in developing the CET system: push-pull,

Class D, Class E and Class F power converter. The following sub- section has briefly introduced them.

convert it back to usable electrical power. Most importantly, it employs sound or vibration as a channel for

energy propagation. Ongoing advancements in transducer technology and system design may expand the use

of AET in the future.

Power converter gives an important role to the AET system since it drives sufficient voltage and current with

The flowchart in Fig. 3 describes the working process and steps that need to be followed in order to produce

the best inverter and analyze the performance of the developed inverter.

Fig. 3 The project flowchart

power efficiency. The experiment for hardware will be proceed with the better classes. After completion of the

create a high-frequency pulse-width modulated (PWM) waveform. PWM generator generates a pulse-width

modulated signal to drive the gates of the MOSFETs. The inductor helps to reduce current ripples and stabilize

the current flow in the circuit while the capacitor smooths the output voltage by filtering high- frequency noise

and providing a stable DC component. Resistor is the component where the filtered output power is delivered.

Fig. 4 Design of Class D inverter in MATLAB software

Table 1 Calculated value for designing optimum operation of Class D inverter.

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑉𝑜

The Simulink program in MATLAB simulation software could provide the designed process where the circuit

was constructed and determined the exact value of component that needed to build the ideal circuit. Next, the

simulation of the circuit could be done set up the correct setting of Simulink such as runtime of the simulation,

power supply, frequency, duty cycle and others. Then, the measurement of performance obtained through

scopes.

According to Fig. 5, the Class E circuit design in MATLAB software acts as a converter circuit which consists

the greatest efficiency.

Referring to Fig.15 and Fig. 16 in this system, increasing the C

value leads to increased efficiency but

lower absolute power levels (both input and output). Consequently, efficiency and power production are traded

off. A smaller C

value needs to be used if efficiency optimization is the top concern but the main certain is the efficiency,

higher input and output power which is nearer to 2W and the V

graph.