INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025

Smart Hydroponic Farming Using IoT Technologies: A Socio-

Technical Approach to Urban Sustainability

Muhammad Jazman¹, Aine Izzati Tarmizi¹, Anis Niza Ramani¹, Radi Husin Ramlee²

¹Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka,

Malaysia.

²Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

(UTeM), Melaka, Malaysia.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000737

Received: 02 November 2025; Accepted: 10 November 2025; Published: 22 November 2025

ABSTRACT

This paper presents that urban populations are increasingly facing challenges related to limited space, lifestyle

constraints, and a rising interest in self-sustained food production. Smart farming systems integrating the Internet

of Things (IoT) offer promising solutions to support sustainable, space-efficient agriculture. This paper presents

the development of an innovative hydroponic gardening system using an ESP8266 microcontroller, ultrasonic

water-level monitoring, LED indicators, and mobile-based control via the Blynk application. Beyond the

technical contribution, this study emphasises the social significance of IoT-based farming in improving food

awareness, reducing labour dependency, and supporting behavioural change towards sustainable urban living.

Findings show that the system reliably automates water management, enhancing accessibility for individuals

with limited gardening experience or time constraints. The project demonstrates how low-cost IoT hydroponics

can support community resilience, environmental awareness, and adaptability to a modern lifestyle.

Keywords– Urban Farming; IoT-based Hydroponics, Smart Irrigation Automation; Water-Level Monitoring;

INTRODUCTION

Urbanisation and modern lifestyle transformations have significantly influenced how individuals engage with

food production, gardening, and sustainable living. As residential areas become increasingly compact—

especially with the rise of high-density housing such as apartments and condominiums—the availability of land

for traditional soil-based farming has diminished drastically. According to UN-Habitat [1], modern cities

continue to shift toward smaller living units, thereby reducing opportunities for home gardening and agriculture.

At the same time, increasing global concerns about food security, health consciousness, and environmental

degradation have encouraged society to re-evaluate the importance of home-based agriculture. The Food and

Agriculture Organisation (FAO) notes that households worldwide are increasingly exploring alternative food

sources and adopting self-sustaining practices to mitigate food insecurity [2]. Hydroponic systems, which allow

plants to grow without soil and require minimal space, have emerged as a practical solution for urban

environments. When enhanced with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, these systems become even more

accessible and manageable, making them suitable for modern lifestyle constraints, as noted by Sarkar [3].

Despite rising public interest in home gardening, many individuals struggle to adopt and maintain such practices

due to limited time and demanding work schedules. Traditional gardening requires consistent monitoring and

manual watering, tasks that may not be feasible for individuals juggling professional roles and personal

responsibilities. Kim and Park [4] found that time constraints and a lack of routine compatibility are significant

barriers preventing urban dwellers from engaging in gardening activities. In addition, beginners often lack

gardening knowledge and may fear the risk of plant failure or wasted resources. Rahman et al. [5] reported that

urban communities frequently avoid home farming due to a lack of technical understanding and uncertainty

about maintaining plant health. These realities reflect broader social issues related to integrating sustainable

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behaviours into fast-paced lifestyles and highlight the need for automated agriculture systems that reduce manual

labour and increase reliability.

From a social science perspective, enabling individuals to grow food at home contributes to personal well-being,

environmental responsibility, and household autonomy. Smart farming systems can empower residents who

previously felt excluded from gardening due to space or time limitations. Researchers in [6] concluded that IoT-

based farming tools significantly increase accessibility for urban communities by simplifying complex

agricultural tasks. Automation further benefits working adults, elderly residents, and students by reducing the

physical and cognitive burden typically associated with plant care. Ghazali et al. [7] emphasise that technological

assistance increases public interest and acceptance of home farming by reducing perceived effort. Additionally,

widespread adoption of IoT, which enables home farming, can influence food-related attitudes, encouraging

healthier diets and strengthening community resilience. The World Bank [8] notes that household-level food

production is playing an increasingly important role during crises, such as pandemics, supply interruptions, or

inflation-driven food insecurity.

In response to these needs, this project introduces a smart hydroponic gardening system designed to monitor

water levels, automate pump control, and provide real-time updates through a mobile interface. The system

integrates an ultrasonic sensor for precise water-level detection, LED indicators for intuitive visual feedback,

and a relay-controlled water pump that can be activated manually or remotely via the Blynk IoT application. The

ESP8266 microcontroller functions as the system's core, supporting seamless integration between sensors,

actuators, and cloud-based communication. The Blynk platform and ESP8266 are commonly used to support

beginner-friendly IoT systems due to their flexibility and low cost. Through these features, the project aims to

create an accessible, efficient, and user-friendly farming solution adaptable to individuals with varying skill

levels and living conditions.

Overall, this project contributes not only to the technical development of IoT-based hydroponic automation but

also to the broader social objective of promoting sustainable, inclusive, and modern farming practices. By

lowering barriers to participation, the system encourages behavioural transformation toward greener lifestyles,

supports urban food self-sufficiency, and demonstrates how digital innovation can translate environmental

awareness into practical everyday action. Graham and Smith [9] argue that digital tools play a crucial role in

shifting societal habits toward sustainability, making solutions like this smart hydroponic system valuable for

long-term community resilience and environmental awareness. As such, this project serves as a model for how

low-cost IoT innovations can strengthen urban communities and contribute meaningfully to sustainable

development goals.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Technical Foundations

Smart farming technologies combine embedded systems, electronics, and automation to support efficient plant

cultivation in environments with limited space or resources. The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a central role by

enabling the interconnection of sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud platforms to automate tasks such as

irrigation, nutrient circulation, and environmental monitoring. Microcontroller platforms, such as the ESP8266

and ESP32, are widely used due to their built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, low cost, and suitability for real-time data

processing in agricultural applications [10]. In hydroponic systems, ultrasonic sensors such as the HC-SR04 are

commonly used to measure water levels due to their high accuracy, non-contact operation, and minimal

maintenance requirements [11]. Relay modules serve as safe switching mechanisms, enabling low-voltage

microcontrollers to control high-voltage devices, such as water pumps, thereby ensuring stable automation and

electrical isolation [12]. Additionally, LED indicators provide intuitive visual feedback to support user

interaction, while mobile IoT platforms, such as Blynk, offer remote access to sensor data and device controls,

enhancing user convenience and overall system usability [13].

Hydroponic farming forms another core technical foundation for this project. Hydroponic systems replace soil

with nutrient-rich water solutions, delivering essential minerals directly to plant roots and enabling faster growth,

reduced water usage, and lower risk of soil-borne diseases. Research indicates that hydroponic systems can

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reduce water consumption by up to 90% compared to traditional soil-based farming and are highly adaptable for

vertical or compact designs, making them suitable for urban homes [14]. Vertical hydroponic towers maximise

plant yield per unit area, making them ideal for apartments or homes without access to traditional garden plots.

Because hydroponics requires continuous water circulation, automated monitoring systems become crucial for

maintaining a nutrient balance, regulating water levels, and ensuring the proper operation of pumps. The

integration of IoT into hydroponic systems, therefore, enhances system efficiency while reducing human error,

supporting a more accessible and sustainable approach to modern agriculture.

Comparative Projects and Technologies

Many previous studies and DIY projects have explored the integration of IoT technologies into smart gardening

systems, forming a rich comparative landscape for this project. Sarkar's early work on IoT-based smart gardening

demonstrated how microcontrollers and basic sensors could automate irrigation and report soil moisture levels

through cloud platforms [3]. More recent projects have shown the effectiveness of using the ESP8266 with the

Blynk platform in creating user-friendly automated watering systems. These comparative studies consistently

highlight that low-cost IoT components, when properly integrated, can achieve surprisingly efficient and reliable

automation for small-scale agricultural setups.

Other researchers have expanded smart agriculture into more advanced domains, including multi-sensor

integration, AI-driven plant health diagnostics, and predictive watering algorithms. For example, Zhao et al.

developed a multi-sensor hydroponic monitoring system that combines temperature, humidity, and water-quality

sensing to provide a holistic environmental profile [15]. Similarly, Chandra et al. demonstrated a solar-powered

IoT irrigation system capable of operating in rural, off-grid locations, highlighting the potential of integrating

renewable energy [16]. Compared to these advanced models, the hydroponic system developed in this study

focuses on simplicity and accessibility, prioritising affordability, ease of assembly, and user-friendly operation.

This aligns well with the needs of non-technical users, such as urban residents, students, and small households,

who may not require complex analytics but benefit significantly from reliable automation and remote

monitoring.

Socio-Technical Frameworks

Beyond technical considerations, smart hydroponic systems draw from socio-technical theories that emphasise

how technology interacts with social behaviour, lifestyle patterns, and community adaptation. The adoption of

smart farming technologies depends not only on engineering performance but also on user perception,

accessibility, and alignment with everyday routines. According to B. Johnson and B. Reiss, socio-technical

systems thrive when they reduce cognitive load, streamline user tasks, and create meaningful improvements in

daily life [17]. In the context of urban agriculture, IoT-enabled farming systems support lifestyle integration by

reducing the manual effort required for plant maintenance, making gardening more feasible for individuals with

limited time or physical capability.

Research by Ghazali et al. [7] and Graham & Smith [10] emphasises that technology-supported sustainability

initiatives are more likely to be adopted when users experience immediate benefits such as convenience,

transparency, and control. Tools like the Blynk mobile application empower users by offering real-time access

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to their home farming environment, aligning with modern behavioural preferences for smartphone-based

management of household tasks. From a community perspective, IoT hydroponics supports broader

sustainability goals by promoting self-grown food, reducing dependence on commercial supply chains, and

encouraging environmentally conscious habits. Studies by Alamu and Davis further demonstrate that smart

urban agriculture enhances community resilience and promotes mental well-being by fostering engagement with

nature, even in high-density environments [18]. Thus, the hydroponic IoT system developed in this project not

only addresses technical challenges related to plant maintenance but also supports a positive social impact

through behavioural empowerment, environmental awareness, and the integration of a sustainable lifestyle.

METHODOLOGY

The development was divided into three main parts: hardware setup, software programming, and system testing

through real-world simulation. Each part played an essential role in ensuring the final system is practical,

reliable, and user-friendly.

Hardware Design

The system's main component is an ESP8266 microcontroller (Figure 1), which was selected for its processing

power, memory, and integrated wireless communication capabilities. It interfaces with signals from the

ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level

Fig. 1 ESP8266 microcontroller [19]

Fig. 2 Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04

For user feedback, three LEDs were used as visual indicators: a red LED (low level), a yellow LED (medium

level), and a green LED (full level). The ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 is employed in the project to measure

distance by detecting the time it takes for sound waves to bounce back from an object. It helps detect the water

level by measuring the distance between the sensor and the water surface.

Figure 3 illustrates the complete architecture of the Smart Hydroponic IoT Farming System. At the core of the

design is the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller, which acts as the central decision-making unit. It receives

real-time water-level measurements from an ultrasonic sensor mounted inside the water reservoir. Based on these

readings, the ESP8266 activates one of three LED indicators (red, yellow, or green) to inform the user visually

of the tank's water status. The system also enables automated watering through a relay module, which serves as

a safe electrical interface between the ESP8266 and the higher‑voltage water pump. This pump delivers nutrient-

rich water to the vertical hydroponic tower, ensuring the plants receive continuous circulation.

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Fig. 3 System hardware block diagram

For user convenience, the system connects to the Blynk mobile application via Wi-Fi, allowing users to remotely

monitor water levels and manually toggle the pump from their smartphones. Powering the system is a

combination of a battery pack and a buck converter, which ensures all components receive the correct voltage.

Overall, the diagram illustrates how sensors, IoT connectivity, automation hardware, and the hydroponic

structure work together to create a compact, efficient, and user-friendly smart farming solution.

Sketching of Product

The idea behind the product originates from hydroponic techniques. The model consists of a tower for

hydroponics, a water tank below, a spray for irrigation, and a control box. Before building the actual hardware,

a rough sketch of the innovative gardening system was created to visualise the overall design and component

placement, as shown in Figure 4. The sketch facilitated the planning of the wiring, layout, and structure of the

system, particularly in ensuring that all components fit well within the prototype. It also served as a helpful

reference during the assembly process, making it easier to explain the concept to others. The figure below shows

the initial design of the product before physical construction.

Fig. 4 Drawing of the prototype

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Software Development

Three software programs are used to complete the project: Proteus 8 Professional software for circuit design,

Arduino IDE software for controlling the entire IoT system, and the Blynk IoT platform, which provides the

cloud interface and mobile application.

Fig. 5 Schematic Circuit

Proteus 8 Professional played a crucial role in the early development stage of the smart hydroponic system by

enabling the virtual testing of the complete electronic circuit before physical construction. Using Proteus, all

major components, including the ESP8266 NodeMCU, ultrasonic sensor, LED indicators, relay module, and

push button, were assembled in a simulated environment, as shown in Figure 5. This allowed the researcher to

verify the accuracy of the wiring layout as shown in Figure 5, ensure correct component behaviour, and detect

potential issues such as incorrect pin assignments, voltage mismatches, or signal conflicts. Since Proteus allows

real-time simulation of microcontroller code, it helped evaluate how the ESP8266 would respond to sensor inputs

and control outputs, such as the relay and LEDs. Although some components, like relay modules or buck

converters, required additional libraries or downloaded models, the simulation provided a safer and more

efficient development workflow. By resolving hardware issues virtually, the researcher minimised trial-and-

error during physical assembly, reducing time, cost, and wiring mistakes. Thus, Proteus served as a foundational

stage that ensured the overall system's reliability before hardware implementation, as shown in Figure 6.

The Blynk IoT platform provided the cloud interface and mobile application needed for remote monitoring and

control of the hydroponic system. The platform allowed the ESP8266 to send real-time water-level data to the

user's smartphone and receive control commands for the water pump. Using the Blynk Console (web dashboard),

virtual pins were configured to manage communication between the hardware and the application. The virtual

buttons, value displays, and status indicators in the Blynk mobile app enabled users to instantly monitor tank

water levels and toggle the pump on or off with a single tap. Blynk's built-in Wi-Fi and cloud features ensured

that users could access the system from any location, which is particularly beneficial for individuals with busy

schedules or limited time for plant maintenance. The integration of Blynk not only improved system usability

but also added a modern smart-home feel to the hydroponic tower. Through this platform, the smart gardening

system achieved full IoT capability, making plant care simple, efficient, and accessible.

Fig. 6 Circuit wiring in a breadboard

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RESULTS

System Functionality Test

After assembling the entire system on the prototype, several tests were conducted to ensure that all components

functioned correctly together, as shown in Figure 7. The goal was to verify that the ESP8266 microcontroller

could accurately read data from the ultrasonic sensor, control the LED indicators, switch the relay module to

power the water pump, and respond to inputs from the push button and the Blynk app. During testing, the system

accurately detected changes in water level and responded by lighting up the corresponding LED, which is red,

yellow, or green depending on the measured distance. The relay and pump were also activated as expected, both

manually and through the app. When the push button was pressed to turn on the water pump, the button in the

Blynk application will also be updated to show that the button is in the on condition. This means the button

system was fully functioning. These tests confirmed that the system was functioning as intended and that the

integration between hardware and software was stable.

Fig. 7 All components of the hydroponic prototype

Water Level Detection Result

The ultrasonic sensor played a key role in monitoring the water level of the system. During testing, the sensor

accurately measured the distance between itself and the water surface. Based on the distance readings simplified

in Table 1, the system responded by lighting up the correct LED indicator. For example, the red LED turned on

as a warning when the water level is below 8 cm. When the water level was approximately 9cm to 15 cm, the

yellow LED lit up, indicating that the tank was halfway full. When the water level was between 16cm and 22

cm, the green LED turned on, indicating a full tank as tabulated in Table 1. This setup helped users easily

understand the water level at a glance. The system responded quickly and consistently during the tests, showing

that the ultrasonic sensor was reliable for this purpose. The water level was monitored through the Blynk

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application, indicating that the water level detection result was fully functional. The figure below shows that the

water level was full, at 22cm, as displayed through the Blynk application on a smartphone.

Table 1 Water Level Detection Result

Water Level (cm)

< 8 cm

LED Indicator Activated

Red LED

Status Description

Low water level

9–15 cm

Yellow LED

Medium water level

Full water level

16–22 cm

Green LED

Safety and Reliability Assessment

Throughout testing, the prototype maintained electrical stability and safe isolation between the control (low-

voltage) and actuation (high-voltage) sections via the relay module. No overheating, leakage, or signal

interference was detected. The LED indicators provided redundant feedback in the event of a network failure,

ensuring the system could still be operated manually.

DISCUSSION

The overall performance of the smart gardening system demonstrated that it successfully met the project's

primary objectives. The combination of the ESP8266, ultrasonic sensor, relay module, LED indicators, water

pump, and the Blynk IoT app worked together smoothly to provide a practical and user-friendly solution for

monitoring and controlling plant watering. One of the system's strengths is its flexibility, which allows for

manual control using a push button or remote control through the app, making it suitable for various user types.

The use of visual indicators (LEDs) also made it easy to check water levels at a glance. However, some minor

limitations were observed, such as the limited lifespan of the battery pack under continuous use and the water

pump's capacity to draw water from the top of the hydroponic tower. The issues can be improved by using

longer-lasting batteries and a high-powered water pump. Despite this, the system proved to be reliable during

testing and demonstrated how IoT (Internet of Things) technology can make everyday tasks, such as gardening,

more efficient and accessible. In the future, more sensors can be added to enhance the current system (such as

soil moisture or temperature sensors) or by integrating solar power to make it even more sustainable.

Socio-technical aspects of using IoT in farming

Smart farming is never purely technical; it succeeds when people, practices, and infrastructure co-evolve. This

prototype's socio-technical value starts with usability: clear tri-colour LEDs, a physical push-button override,

and a familiar smartphone app reduce cognitive load and provide redundancy when connectivity is poor. These

choices respect real-world contexts with busy schedules, intermittent Wi-Fi, and shared family use, and help

cultivate trust that users can "see" the system state at a glance and still take manual control. At the same time,

connectivity introduces dependencies (such as network availability, device provisioning, and app updates) and

new responsibilities (including basic maintenance, sensor calibration, and pump replacement). Designing simple

onboarding (Wi-Fi setup, labelled wiring, safe enclosure), fail-safe behaviour (timeouts, auto-off), and clear

alerts is as important as electronics.

Equity and access also matter. Low-cost hardware and open tooling (Arduino IDE, Blynk) lower the digital

divide for students and communities; documentation and local language guides can further widen participation.

Electrical safety (including relay isolation, moisture ingress, and enclosure), as well as child-safe design, are

essential in homes and classrooms. Interoperability, achieved by exposing sensor values via standard topics or

HTTP, enables peer learning and shared troubleshooting, thereby strengthening the social network around the

farm. Finally, sustainability is a socio-technical concept: choosing efficient pumps, exploring rechargeable or

solar power, and designing for repair extend product life and reduce e-waste, while the tower itself encourages

hyper-local food production and gardening literacy. In summary, the project exemplifies how thoughtful IoT

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design can align human routines, institutional goals (such as education and food security), and technical

capabilities to make urban farming both practical and resilient.

CONCLUSION

This project successfully developed a smart gardening system utilising IoT technology by creating a hydroponic

tower, specifically employing the ESP8266 microcontroller and the Blynk application to automate and simplify

plant watering. The system was able to monitor water levels using an ultrasonic sensor, display the water status

clearly through LED indicators and the Blynk application, and control a water pump both manually and with a

push-button, as well as remotely through the Blynk mobile app. Throughout the testing process, the system

proved to be reliable, responsive, and user-friendly. It helped demonstrate how technology can make gardening

more accessible and convenient for people in urban environments, especially those with limited time or space.

This project not only achieved its objectives but also demonstrated the potential of IoT in solving everyday

problems in a practical and straightforward manner. This project can also attract more people to start planting in

their residential areas with a modern gardening or farming style.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to dedicate our appreciation to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for supporting this

research. Our gratitude also goes to the Centre of Research and Innovation Management (CRIM) UTeM and

Energy and Smart Grid Technology Research Group (ESGiT) UTeM for providing the facilities needed to

conduct this study.

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