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An Analysis of Cultural Elements in the Translation of Peaky
Blinders
*Wan Muhammad Fitri Wan Amir Nizam
1
, Farah Adilah Mohd Fisal
2,
Iz’an Rosmani
3
, Nurul Natasha
Nor Aziz
4
1,3
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kelantan, Malaysia
2
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000776
Received: 07 November 2025; Accepted: 14 November 2025; Published: 24 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Translation is an important component to fill the language and cultural divide between various international
audiences. This research examined how cultural features in the British series Peaky Blinders were translated
into Malay subtitles by Netflix. The proposed study employed the cultural categories developed by Newmark
(1988) and the translation techniques proposed by Molina & Albir (2002). A qualitative approach to content
analysis was conducted, analysing two selected episodes from Peaky Blinders Season 4. The results
demonstrated how all five categories proposed by Newmark were manifested, and among Molina & Albir's
eighteen translation techniques, adaptation and literal translation were identified as the two prominent
categories. The articles' significance lies in summarising the complex link between 'Language' and 'Culture' in
translation. The findings aim to create a better understanding among authors and Audio-visual translators
regarding the strategies to translate 'culturally bound expressions'.
Keywords - Audio-visual Translation, Cultural Elements, Malay Subtitles, Translation Techniques, Cross-
Cultural Communication
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, translation has proven helpful in various industries, such as communication (Köksal &Yürük,
2020) and business (Blenkinsopp &Pajouh, 2010). However, there has been evidence to show that this tool is
not a new form of work and was actually used long before our time (Kumar, 2025). The earliest reference of
activities relating to translation is dated as early as 3000 B.C. (Dave & Joshi, 2018). With the help of
technology and the need for global communication, it is now a vital part of our everyday activities and work.
As of 2023, Google reported that it had broken the threshold of 1 billion users of their translation machine in
which around 100B words are translated daily. It must also be noted that there are many more translation
applications such as iTranslate and Deepl which boast users of over 200 million and more than a billion
people, respectively. This shows that translation can act as a medium for people all around the world to
connect regardless of their language and culture (Azzah &Sana, 2025). While these online tools can help, they
are not entirely reliable and may not be able to successfully translate a specific text or phrase like a human
translator.
One of the most important aspects of translation is that the target text must be done in a manner that still
manages to retain the meaning of the source text (Sawant, 2013). However, this may only be achieved at some
times as one of the most complex parts that a translator may face during his process is retaining the cultural
meaning (Jayasinghe, 2019). This is because some words or phrases may not be able to be transferred
effectively from one language to another as they may be unsuitable or carry an entirely different meaning.
Therefore, the translator must be knowledgeable and culturally aware of both the source and target language to
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translate the text successfully. They must also understand which translation strategies and procedures are
suitable to retain cultural meaning.
Problem Statement
Previous studies have highlighted the significant influence of culture on the process of translation. Zhang
(2018) mentioned in her study that language and culture are inseparable as they influence each other. This
view is also shared by Guo (2018), who found that being culturally aware when translating is crucial to
translating effectively. Without knowledge of cultural elements in both the source language and target
language, it may lead to some words or phrases being unable to carry the intended meaning of the original text.
In her study, Morais (. n.d.) states that more than a translator is needed; they must also be bicultural to translate
the source text efficiently.
While studies have been conducted to explore the influence of culture on translation, there is a lack of studies
which compare the use of strategies and which part of the culture it is trying to translate. Therefore, this study
will use Newmark’s (1988) cultural category for the cultural aspect, while the translation strategies will be
based on Molina & Albir’s (2002) eighteen translation techniques.
As such, this study aims to broaden the knowledge of this aspect of translation and will aim to address the gap
which is mentioned here. To achieve this, this study will analyse two episodes of the British television show
Peaky Blinders and its Malay subtitles which is translated by Netflix.
Research Objectives
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1. To identify the cultural elements based on Newmark’s (1988) cultural category in the British TV show
Peaky Blinders
2. To determine which procedures are most employed by the translator of the British TV show Peaky Blinder
to translate the source text to the target text.
Research Questions
The research questions of this study are as follows:
1. What are the cultural elements found in the British TV show Peaky Blinders based on Newmark’s (1988)
cultural category?
2. What procedures are most employed by the translator of the British TV show Peaky Blinder to translate the
source text to the target text?
Significance of Study
Since this study will focus on the relationship between translation and culture, it hopes to contribute to the
body of knowledge in this area of language. Since this study will utilise a comparative approach to see which
strategies are used to translate cultural elements, it can help shed more light on this issue as there is a lack of
studies. The findings of this study can also help translators and language learners to see which strategies are
effective so that they can utilise them when translating their documents, particularly in pedagogical contexts.
In addition, this study may support cross-cultural communication by highlighting how meaning, values, and
cultural nuances can be conveyed more accurately across languages. Hopefully, this study can pave the way
for more scholars and researchers to investigate the relationship between translation and culture, as it is an
integral part of language which is used by millions daily
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Scope and Limitation of Study
This study is limited in that it will only focus on the relationship between translation and culture and will not
investigate other aspects of translation. It will also only use two theories as the theoretical framework which
are: 1. Molina & Albir (2002)’s translation theory and 2. Newmark (1988)’s cultural category. Due to the short
time frame, this study will only analyse two episodes of the British television show Peaky Blinders in order to
achieve the research objectives.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical Framework
This study will utilise two theoretical frameworks to help the researcher achieve the research objectives. The
two frameworks are as follows:
1. Molina & Albir’s (2002) translation theory
2. Newmark’s (1988) cultural category.
Molina & Albir (2002)’s Translation Theory
The first theoretical framework which will serve as the base of this study is Molina & Albir’s (2002)
translation theory. They proposed this theory as a definition of translation techniques which is based on two
premises:
1. The need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique;
2. Need for an analysis and functional concepts of translation technique.
This led to them categorising 18 different translation techniques which translators would use to get the
equivalence of meaning from the source text to the target text. This theory has proven to be a successful
translation theory for many researchers as it can be used to analyse all kinds of texts. Some studies which have
used this theory include studies by Faturrahman (2020), who analysed Islamic texts, Sipayung et al. (2021),
which compared techniques used by Google Translate and UDictionaryand also by Andriyanie et al. (2016),
who used this translation theory to analyse a novel. The eighteen translation techniques which were proposed
by Molina & Albir (2002) are provided in the table below.
Table 1 : Translation Techniques (Molina & Albir, 2002)
No
Translation Technique
Description
1
Adaptation
Replaces the existing cultural element in target text or replaces the
equivalents on both source text and target text cultures.
2
Amplification
Adds more information in target text even though it is not there in original
text
3
Borrowing
Two types of borrowing:
● Pure borrowing does not change anything in the translation.
● Naturalised borrowing makes some changes on the level of spelling.
4
Calque
Literally translates from word to word or from phrase to phrase.
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5
Compensation
Replaces the position of words if original position cannot be used in target
text
6
Description
Describes the word or phrase if no meaning is found in target text
7
Discursive creation
Usually used in titles of novels or books in which the target text’s
equivalent is too far away
8
Established equivalent
Used when an expression in the source language is recognized by
dictionaries or language in use as
an equivalent in the target language
9
Generalisation
When the exact meaning is absent in target text but the translated word is
parallel
10
Linguistic amplification
Adds some information in the target text during interpreting or dubbing.
11
Linguistic compression
Opposite of linguistic amplification in which some information is omitted
from source text
12
Literal translation
Used when word or phrase can be expressed word by word
13
Modulation
Replaces the focus of cognitive meaning which appears on source text
lexically or structurally.
14
Particularisation
Translate specific and concrete words.
15
Reduction
Makes source information become condensed or reduces some source
information in the target text
16
Substitution
Used when gestures and intonation are translated based on target text’s
culture
17
Transposition
Used when there is a difference in grammar between source text and target
text
18
Variation
Used when there is a change in tone,style and dialect.
Newmark’s (1988) Cultural Category
As culture has shown to have an influence on translation, Newmark (1988) introduced his theory in which
culturally specific words and phrases should be divided in five different categories. Nida (2002) states that in
order for a successful translation process, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism as some
words only have meaning in different cultures. As such, this may lead to some miscommunication or
mistranslation when the translator is unable to successfully comprehend what the intended message was. This
theory proposes to help overcome the cultural barrier that may exist when translating from one language to
another. The categories of culture-specific items are depicted in the table below:
Table 2: Cultural Categories (Newmark,1988)
Category of Culture-Specific Items
Ecology
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Material culture
Social Culture
Organisations, customs and activities
concepts
Gesture and habits
METHODOLOGY
This research adopted a qualitative approach to achieve the objective of this study. Content analysis was used
as it is the most suitable type of method because this method allows the researcher to look at how certain
words and sentences are used in certain contexts (Crossman, 2020). As this study analysed cultural context and
translation, this approach was deemed the most suitable method.
Data Collection and Analysis
The British television show Peaky Blinders was chosen as the primary sample for this study. Two episodes
from season four of the show were chosen to be analysed. A transcript of the Malaysian translated subtitles by
Netflix was examined while watching to analyse its cultural elements and to see which translation methods
were used the most by the translator. As mentioned earlier, this study utilises two theoretical frameworks:
Newmark’s (1988) cultural categories and Molina and Albir’s translation theory (2002). Whenever a phrase or
word is found that is under any of the five categories based on Newmark’s theory, it will be tabulated to make
sure it is organised and able to be compared to its translated version. While analysing using Newmark’s theory,
the translation techniques by Molina and Albir (2002) will also be used to determine which of the eighteen
techniques was most favoured by the translator
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This section will present the findings and analysis of two episodes of The British television show Peaky
Blinders. The Malaysian subtitles from Netflix will be examined alongside the English script and video based
on Newmark’s (1988) cultural categories and Molina and Albir’s translation theory (2002).
Ecology
According to the Collins dictionary, ecology is “the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people,
and their environment, and the balances between these relationships.” Newmark (1988) states that this
category of culture comprises natural entities such as flora and fauna. In the two episodes of Peaky Blinders,
this element was found several times. The ecological elements which were found along with its translated
Malaysian version are shown in the table below.
Table 3: Ecology
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
In the bleak midwinter.
Pada pertengahan musim sejuk.
2
The only way any of you Shelbys will leave this
place is on a cloud of smoke like John.
Keluarga Shelby hanya akan pergi dari sini
diselubungi asap macam John.
3
Saya datang untuk ambil kuda En. Shelby.
I'm here to collect Mr Shelby's horse.
4
Cold winter in the east, people are not afraid
anymore.
Angin Sejuk dari timur, orang dah tak takut
lagi.
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In excerpt 1, it can be seen that the translator does not fully describe the state of the season in the TT version.
In the ST version, the cultural element of midwinter is described as bleak. However, in the translated version,
the translator simply uses “pertengahan musim sejuk” which shows a lack of equivalence. In this excerpt, it
can be seen that the translator uses reduction as the information is more condensed in the TT. This can be due
to a few factors such as the lack of importance or knowledge as Malaysia is not used to the midwinter season.
As such, the translator may have felt that it was fine to omit the word “bleak” when translating.
Moving on to excerpt 2, the procedure that was opted by the translator when translating from “on a cloud of
smoke” to “asap” is linguistic compression., It can be seen that in the TT version, it was simply described as
“smoke” or “asap” which is compressed from the ST version which is described in detail. This was probably
used by the translator as linguistic compression allows for the reduction of structure without changing the
information when translating (Tkachyk & Sodel, 2017). In excerpt 3, the translator uses literal translation when
translating the word “horse”. There is no evidence and need of additional information or the reduction of
information as “kuda” is a direct translation in the TT’s language. In the last excerpt which is excerpt 4, the
phrase “cold winter” is translated to “angin sejuk”. In this translation, it can be seen that the technique of
adaptation is used by the translator. This is used when a cultural element of ST is not found in TT but adapted
with an equivalence in the TT’s language. In this context, since winter when translated into Malay is “musim
sejuk”, the translator may have chosen to use“angin sejuk” as it is more suitable and equivalent to “cold
winter”.
Material Culture
Material culture generally refers to objects and materials such as houses and towns, clothes, foods, and
transport (Newmark, 1988). An excerpt displaying this element of culture is shown in the table below.
Table 4: Material culture
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
Have your contracts of employment in your hand!
Pegang kontrak kerja awak.
2
We need to get both these photographs into pubs and
on street corners.
Kita perluedarkanfotoini di pub dan di tepijalan.
3
Tell him to bring a gun small enough to fit in the
chamber pot,
Minta dibawakan pistol kecil yang muat dalam
ketur
4
Fire for melting silver, canal to get it away.
Api untuk mencairkanperak, terusan untuk
mengangkutnya.
In the first excerpt that found the culture element of material culture, it can be seen that adaptation was used as
the translation technique. In the ST version, the phrase ‘your hand’ was simply translated to ‘pegang’ as it is
adapted into the TT’s language. This can also be said the same for “contract of employment “which is
translated into “kontrakkerja”. It can be implied that the translator uses this method to make it suitable for TT
readers. This is because adaptation is defined as “changes translators need to make in the source text so that it
is suitable for readers the target readers’ needs and situation” ( Khazrouni , 2017).
In excerpt 2, the word ‘photographs’ was translated into ‘foto’. The method that was chosen by the translator
in this part is borrowing. This is naturalised borrowing in which there are some changes in the level of
spelling. Since this is a fairly straightforward word, this method was chosen by the translator. In excerpt 3, the
translator uses adaptation to translate the word ‘chamber pot’. This is because “ketur” is the closest equivalent
of this word in the TT’s language.
In the last excerpt, it can be seen that the method of particularisation based on Molina & Albir’s (2002) theory
was chosen by the translator. This is when specific and concrete words are translated to retain its meaning and
in the context of this study, also its cultural element. The phrase “Fire for melting silver, canal to get it away”
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is translated to “Api untuk mencairkan perak, terusan untuk mengangkutnya.”. This technique is the opposite
of generalisation where only general terms are used when translating (Setyaji et al, 2019).
Social Culture
Newmark (1988) categories social culture into two groups: work and leisure. These can be words or phrases
pertaining to many things such as the name of music, games or work terms and definitions. This cultural
element was found several times and is tabulated below:
Table 4: Social Culture
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
All those in favour of the reinstatement of Mrs
Elizabeth Gray, to the position of Shelby Company
Limited Company Treasurer,
Semua yang setujudengan pengambilan semula.
Elizabeth Gray sebagai Bendahara Syarikat
Shelby Berhad,
2
I run a factory full of black leg non-union labour.
Saya urusan kilang yang ada pemberontak
kesatuan pekerja.
3
This is a matter of national security.
Ini urusankeselamatan negara.
4
What would you like to drink, Constable?
Whisky. And, actually, it's Sergeant.
Nak minum apa, konstabel?
Wiski. Sebenarnya, sayasarjan.
In the first excerpt, the title of “Shelby Company Limited Company Treasurer” was translated to “Bendahari
Syarikat Shelby Berhad”. It can be seen that the translator uses two techniques based on Molina and Albir’s
(2002) theory. The first technique used is literal translation as all the words have an equivalent and direct
translation in the TT’s language. The second technique used is compensation as the arrangement of words has
to be rearranged in order to make sense. By using these two methods, it allows the translator to successfully
translate the above excerpt.
As for excerpt 2, the translator uses the strategy established equivalent to retain the general meaning from the
ST. This is because “full of black leg” does not have a direct translation in the TT’s language. As such, by
using “adapemberontak”, it allows the translator to resin the general meaning of this term. This is also the
case for “non-union labour” which is translated into “kesatuanpekerja”. This method is suitable as an
established equivalent can only be used if both languages have similar expressions (Prajoko, 2020).
In the third excerpt, literal translation is used when translating the phrase “national security” to “keselamatan
negara”. This excerpt is straightforward as both words have their own equivalent in the TT’s language. In the
last excerpt, the two words “Constable” and “Sergeant” are translated into “konstabel” and “sarjan”
respectively. Since this is a title of a person, it is a must that the translated version retains the same meaning.
This was achieved as the translator uses borrowing to translate the two titles.
Organisations Customs, Activities, Procedures
In this cultural category, Newmark (1988) describes concepts such as political and administrative terms,
religious terms, artistic terms in this study, this cultural element was found a couple times as shown in the table
below:
Table 5: Organisations Customs, Activities, Procedures
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
In the words of my sinful Catholic mother,
Seperti ibu Katolik saya kata,
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2
And listen to the sweet voice of Jesus...
Dengarlah seruan Jesus.
3.
Two f****** no good Italians heard about the
vendetta,
Dua orang Itali
yang dapat tahu tentang dendam itu
yang ingin cuba mendapat nama.
In the first excerpt, the translator translates the phrase “my sinful Catholic mother” to “ibuKatoliksaya”. In
this example, there are two techniques used based on Molina and Albir’s (2002) theory. The first technique
used is borrowing as the word “Catholic’ is directly translated to “Katolik”. This is naturalised borrowing as
there is a change in spelling. The second technique used is reduction as there is a reduction in information in
the TT. The translator does not translate the word “sinful” which leads to reduction.
In excerpt 2, it is similar to the first excerpt as two of the same techniques are used when translating from the
ST to TT. However, there is a slight difference in that it uses pure borrowing as opposed to naturalised
borrowing as Jesus is spelled the same for the TT as well. As for the reduction, the translator omits the word
“sweet” in the TT. This technique is used by many translators as while it reduces the number of elements in the
TT version, the important information and meaning is still retained (Djohan& Lestari, 2021).
In the last excerpt, the word “vendetta” is unable to be directly translated as there is no equivalent of that word
in the TT’s language. As such, the translator uses the description technique by translating it to “dendam itu
yang ingin cuba mendapat nama” which describes what the vendetta means.
Gesture and Habits
Gestures and habits is the last category based on Newmark’s (1988) theory. This is an important aspect of
culture as not all cultures use the same hand gestures and body language. Some hand signs in one culture may
be commonly used but, in another culture, that same hand sign may be deemed offensive. Gestures and habits
which were found in the analysis are stated here in the table.
Table 6: gestures and habits
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
Have your contracts of employment in your hand!
Pegang kontrak kerja awak.
2
Please raise your hands.
Sila angkat tangan
In the first excerpt, the word “pegang” in the TT was enough to translate the meaning of “Have your contracts
of employment in your hand!”. This is because the “pegang” is simply understood to be referring to holding
something in your hands. This gesture is translated by the translator by using the adaptation technique. This is
because the translator knows that other techniques may be unsuitable for this translation.
In the second excerpt, literal translation was used to translate “Please raise your hands” to“Sila angkat
tangan”. This is straightforward as this gesture or habit is common in all cultures. In the context of the scene
above, they were asked to raise their hands to vote. Since this is also done in the TT’s culture, literal translation
is a suitable method.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the findings affirm that effective translation can successfully convey cultural meanings between
source and target languages. This is crucial as translation has shown to be a useful tool for diplomacy and
communication that transcends borders (Shahmerdanova, 2025). In this study which analysed the British
television show Peaky Blinders, all five of Newmark’s (1988) cultural categories were found in the translation
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by Netflix from English to Bahasa Melayu. The cultural elements were also analysed using Molina & Albir’s
(2002) theory on translation techniques. It was found that two methods were equally favoured by the translator
as adaptation and literal translation was equally used during the translation process.
While this study has shed more light on the relationship between translation and culture, it is clear that more
studies should be conducted on this part of language as there is a close relationship between the two entities
(Elyildirim, 2008). If this happens, it can help the translation industry to grow further and function more
effectively.
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