INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue X October 2025  
Food Security and International Trade:ABibliometricAnalysis of  
Research Trends and Knowledge Gaps  
Irlisuhayu Mohd Ramli, Zulkhairi Nisa, Nabila Ahmad  
Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Kedah, Malaysia  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000783  
Received: 07 November 2025; Accepted: 14 November 2025; Published: 24 November 2025  
ABSTRACT  
This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research trends and knowledge gaps in the area of food security  
and international trade. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of international trade on food  
security. We conducted a comprehensive review of academic literature published between 2000 and 2022  
using the Scopus database. The findings suggest that research on food security and international trade has  
grown substantially, with a particular focus on issues related to trade liberalization, agricultural productivity,  
and food aid. However, there are several areas where further research is needed, including the impact of trade  
agreements on food security, the role of small-scale farmers in global food systems, and the effects of climate  
change on food security. Furthermore, trade policies also can give negative impact to the domestic production  
and also can led to disruptions in the global food supply chain, which will affect food prices. This study  
contributes to a better understanding of the research trends and knowledge gaps in the field of food security  
and international trade and can inform future research and policy discussions on this important topic. This  
study adds value to the existing literature by highlighting areas for further research, ultimately contributing to a  
better understanding of how international trade policies and agreements can impact food security outcomes.  
Keywords: Food security, international trade, Bibliometric analysis, Research trends, Knowledge gaps, Trade  
policies, Small-scale farmers, Local food systems, Climate change, Sustainable agriculture, Global food  
systems, Food supply chains  
INTRODUCTION  
Food security is a critical issue facing the world today. It is defined as "the condition in which all people, at all  
times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary  
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (FAO, 2015). Food security is a complex issue that  
is of global concern, especially in developing countries. Achieving food security is critical for reducing  
poverty and hunger, promoting economic growth, and improving overall health and well-being.However, food  
security is challenged by a range of factors, including population growth, climate change, limited resources,  
economic instability, and political conflicts. These challenges can have international implications, as food  
shortages and price spikes can lead to social unrest and political instability in countries that are heavily  
dependent on food imports.The issue of food security is further complicated by the unequal distribution of  
resources and power within and between nations. Developed countries often have greater access to resources  
and technology, enabling them to produce and consume food in greater quantities and with higher efficiency  
than developing countries. This imbalance can create dependencies and vulnerabilities that can further  
exacerbate food insecurity in the most vulnerable regions of the world.Therefore, addressing food security  
requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that takes into account not only the production and  
distribution of food, but also the social, economic, and political contexts in which it occurs. This can include  
investing in sustainable agricultural practices, strengthening social safety nets, promoting gender equality,  
reducing food waste, and addressing the root causes of conflict and political instability.  
Despite progress made in recent years, the world still faces significant challenges in achieving food security,  
particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (FAO, 2021). According to the World Food  
Programme (WFP), nearly 811 million people around the world are undernourished, and the COVID-19  
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pandemic has only exacerbated the problem (WFP, 2021).Previous studies have examined various aspects of  
food security, such as its determinants, impacts, and strategies for improving it. For instance, some studies  
have explored the role of agriculture and rural development in promoting food security (Dorward et al., 2021;  
Reardon & Minten, 2011), while others have focused on the impact of climate change and natural disasters on  
food security (FAO, 2018; Hsiang et al., 2017). Furthermore, scholars have investigated the links between food  
security and other socio-economic issues such as poverty, gender inequality, and conflict (FAO, 2019; Headey  
et al., 2020; Smale et al., 2020).In recent years, there has been increasing attention paid to the relationship  
between food security and international trade. Some researchers have argued that international trade can play a  
positive role in enhancing food security by increasing access to food and promoting economic growth (Liu et  
al., 2018; Mabiso et al., 2018). However, others have raised concerns about the potential negative impacts of  
trade liberalization on small-scale farmers and vulnerable populations (Lopez et al., 2021; Roncoli et al.,  
2019).Trade policies and practices can have significant implications for food security, both positive and  
negative. For example, trade liberalization can increase food availability and reduce prices, but it can also lead  
to increased competition and reduced incentives for local food production, which can exacerbate food  
insecurity in certain regions. Therefore, understanding the linkages between food security and international  
trade is essential for developing trade policies that promote food security and reduce its negative impacts. In  
addition, food security is a complex issue that requires interdisciplinary research which can help to inform  
policy decisions at the national and international levels. Governments and international organizations rely on  
research to develop policies and programs that promote food security and reduce hunger. Hence, food security  
is a crucial global issue that affects the well-being of individuals, communities, and nations. Its challenges are  
complex and multifaceted, and addressing them requires a coordinated and sustained effort at the international  
level. In light of these debates, it is important to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the literature on food  
security and international trade to better understand the current state of research in this area.  
LITERATURE REVIEW  
Food security has been a longstanding global challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries  
(LMICs) where a significant proportion of the population lives in poverty and lacks access to sufficient and  
nutritious food. International trade has been touted as a potential solution to food security challenges, with  
proponents arguing that it can increase access to food and promote economic growth. However, there are  
concerns that trade liberalization may have negative impacts on small-scale farmers and vulnerable populations.  
In this section, we review the literature on the relationship between food security and international trade, with a  
focus on the key debates and research findings.Several studies have examined the potential of international  
trade to enhance food security. Liu et al. (2018) investigated the impact of rice trade between China and  
African countries on food security and poverty reduction. They found that rice imports from China had a  
positive impact on food security and poverty reduction in the importing countries. Similarly, Mabiso et al.  
(2018) examined the relationship between trade openness and food security using data from 71 countries. They  
found that greater trade openness was associated with higher levels of food security, particularly in  
LMICs.Despite the potential benefits of trade for food security, some researchers have raised concerns about  
its potential negative impacts. Lopez et al. (2021) examined the impact of trade policy on rural poverty in  
Mexico. They found that trade liberalization led to a decline in agricultural prices and income, which had  
negative impacts on rural households. Roncoli et al. (2019) argued that climate variability and globalization  
have created dilemmas for promoting food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, with trade liberalization potentially  
exacerbating food insecurity by exposing small-scale farmers to competition from imports. However, Laura  
Barros, 2022, found that trade increases average incomes in most cases and that trade reforms that include the  
agricultural sector generally reduce poverty.  
Trade policy can play a significant role in determining the impact of international trade on food security.  
Headey et al. (2020) examined the relationship between food prices and nutrition outcomes in Pakistan. They  
found that trade policy can influence the relationship between food prices and nutrition outcomes, with policies  
that reduce trade barriers potentially having a positive impact on nutrition outcomes. Smale et al. (2020)  
examined the relationship between vulnerability, poverty, and subjective well-being in the Eastern Cape  
Province of South Africa. They found that trade policy can have differential impacts on different segments of  
the population, with vulnerable and poor households potentially being disproportionately affected by trade  
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liberalization.Recent studies support these findings. For instance, a study by Bhatta et al. (2022) emphasizes  
the need for policy coherence in trade, agriculture, and food security policies to promote sustainable  
agricultural development and ensure food security. Another study by Caracciolo et al. (2021) highlights the  
importance of trade diversification, reducing trade barriers, and increasing investment in agricultural research  
and development to enhance food security. These studies emphasize the need for integrated policies that can  
address the complex relationship between food security and international trade.Among critical issue between  
food security and international trade is the potential negative impact that trade liberalization can have on  
domestic food production and food security. Studies have found that liberalizing trade can lead to increased  
imports of food products, which can lower domestic food prices and make it difficult for small-scale farmers to  
compete with cheaper imports. This can lead to a decline in domestic food production and can undermine food  
security, particularly in low-income countries (Gustafson et al., 2021; De Schutter, 2019).Another critical issue  
is the impact that trade policies can have on the availability and access to food. For example, the use of export  
restrictions by some countries during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to disruptions in the global food supply  
chain, which has affected food prices and availability (Hendriks and Vos, 2021). Similarly, trade policies such  
as tariffs and non-tariff barriers can make it difficult for some countries to import food, which can affect their  
food security (Minten et al., 2019).In addition, higher service barriers in international trade, especially in the  
financial, logistical, and other business sectors, result in a decline in the value of all food exports (Zongo  
A,2021).  
One of the major worldwide challenges is the shift to more sustainable food systems. The social sustainability  
of agri-food systems has not received as much attention in the literature as environmental concerns,  
particularly when it comes to the externalization of effects brought on by international trade (Lucia et.L, 2022).  
The relationship between food security and international trade is complex and difficult. While trade can  
potentially enhance food security by increasing access to food and promoting economic growth, there are  
concerns about its potential negative impacts on small-scale farmers and vulnerable populations. Trade policy  
can play a significant role in determining the impact of international trade on food security, with policies that  
reduce trade barriers potentially having a positive impact on nutrition outcomes. Further research is needed to  
better understand the potential trade-offs and synergies between trade and food security, particularly in the  
context of a changing climate and increasing globalization.  
METHODS  
Using the bibliometric analysis technique, this study seeks to evaluate current trends in the growth of academic  
literature on food security and international trade. Network representation and bibliometric measures are  
employed to show the findings in this paper.  
Bibliometric Analysis  
One of the most popular and well-established methods for gauging the output of scientific research in a given  
area is bibliometric analysis (Zyoud et al. 2017). Bibliometric studies are founded on statistical analysis  
accelerated through the examination of databases targeted at indicators intrinsic in publications such as authors,  
sources, geographical distributions, and other varied indicators (Dabirian et al. 2016).According to Pendlebury  
(2010), bibliometrics, also known as scientometrics, is a primary tool of research that focuses on quantitative  
analysis. In order to conduct research performance assessment, bibliometrics is used by universities,  
government laboratories, policy makers, librarians, researchers, administrators, research directors, and  
information specialists, he continued (Pendlebury 2010). Meanwhile, Ahmi and Mohamad (2019) noted that  
bibliometric analysis is becoming more and more popular as a tool for identifying trends in particular fields of  
study.  
By displaying specific details about the collection of publications from particular databases, such as  
publication type, location of publication, h-index, authors, frequency of keywords, and amount of citations,  
bibliometric analysis provides insights into targeted study areas (Ahmi and Mohd Nasir 2019).The bibliometric  
analysis for the current research was carried out using VOSviewer, a free tool for building and visualising  
networks (vosviewer.com). Using this programme, one can create a mapping of citation information taken  
from well-known databases like PubMed, Scopus, Dimensions, and Web of Science (Williams, 2017). In order  
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to visually represent the nodal network, it also includes two standardised weights, such as the quantity and  
total strength of the links. The importance and strength of the links are indicated by the size of the nodes and  
the intertwining lines connecting the nodes (Donthu et al. 2020). In addition, VOSviewer creates a network co-  
occurrence visualisation using the terms taken from the literature study (vosviewer.com).The software  
mandates a minimum threshold for the number of keywords that must be demonstrated in a document  
collectively (Ciano et al. 2019). Harzing's Publish or Perish has been used to execute another tool. An  
established piece of software called Publish or Perish performs the retrieval and analysis of scholarly citations.  
Even if you have a very small number of citations, it is designed to help individual academics present their  
case for research effect to its best advantage. Additionally, bibliometric study can use it (Harzing.com). This  
research also looks into the impact of publications based on citation counts, impact per publication, and  
citation per publication using VOSviewer and Publish or Perish.  
Source and data collection  
The Scopus database was accessed to extract the information required for the current bibliometric study. The  
capacity of Scopus to provide bibliometric indicators clearly and directly is its most important feature (Sweileh  
et al. 2018). The Scopus database is used as the main source for data collection in this research because it is  
one of the most well-known academic databases currently available and has 579 titles. This review's topical  
purview was set to "food security and international trade”.This Scopus search was done on March15, 2023,  
and it produced a total of 579 papers (see Figure 1). Then, software like Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, and  
Publish or Perish by Harzing were used for additional research.  
Fig. 1:PRISMA Flow Diagram  
Food security  
Topic  
Database: Scopus  
Search Field: All  
Scope & Coverage  
Time Frame: 2000-2022  
Language: All  
Keywords & Search  
String  
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "food  
security" AND "international  
trade trade" )  
Date Extracted  
15 March 2023  
Record Identified &  
n = 579  
Screened  
n = 0  
Record Removed  
Record Included for  
Bibliometric Analysis  
n = 579  
Source: Moher et.al (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The  
PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097  
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RESULT  
Document and Source Types  
Table 1: Document Type  
Document Type  
Article  
TP  
374  
62  
61  
53  
21  
3
%
64.59%  
10.71%  
10.54%  
9.15%  
3.63%  
0.52%  
0.35%  
0.35%  
0.17%  
100%  
Book Chapter  
Conference Paper  
Review  
Book  
Editorial  
Note  
2
Short Survey  
Retracted  
Total  
2
1
579  
Table 1 presents the distribution of document types in the literature on food security and international trade.  
Most of the documents were articles (64.59%), followed by book chapters (10.71%) and conference papers  
(10.54%). Reviews accounted for 9.15% of the total documents, while books, editorials, notes, short surveys,  
and retracted documents made up less than 4% combined.The high percentage of articles suggests that  
scholarly journals are a major outlet for research on food security and international trade. This finding is  
consistent with previous studies that have shown that articles are the most common document type in many  
academic fields (Liu et al., 2020). The predominance of articles may reflect the fact that journals provide a  
platform for researchers to disseminate their findings and engage in scholarly debate.  
The high percentage of book chapters and conference papers also indicates that food security and international  
trade are topics of interest in academic conferences and edited volumes. Conference papers are often presented  
as works in progress and provide an opportunity for researchers to receive feedback and engage with their  
peers (Creswell, 2014). Similarly, edited volumes provide a platform for researchers to explore a topic in depth  
and contribute to the development of a field (Strauss & Corbin, 1998).The relatively low percentage of reviews  
and books suggests that while food security and international trade are active areas of research, there may be a  
need for more comprehensive and synthesized analyses of the literature. Reviews are valuable for summarizing  
and synthesizing existing research, highlighting gaps in knowledge, and identifying future research directions  
(Grant & Booth, 2009). Similarly, books can provide a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of a topic, but  
they often require a significant amount of time and resources to produce (Gibbons et al., 1994).Overall, the  
distribution of document types in this literature review highlights the diverse ways in which scholars are  
engaging with the topic of food security and international trade. While articles are the most common document  
type, the presence of other types of documents such as book chapters and conference papers suggest that  
researchers are exploring this topic through a variety of outlets.  
Table 2: Source Type  
Source Type  
Journal  
TP  
426  
80  
%
73.58%  
13.82%  
8.46%  
Book  
Conference Proceeding  
49  
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Book Series  
Undefined  
Total  
21  
1
3.63%  
0.17%  
100%  
579  
Table 2 displays the distribution of source types in the literature on food security and international trade.  
Journals were the most common source type, accounting for 73.58% of the total publications, followed by  
books (13.82%), conference proceedings (8.46%), and book series (3.63%). Only one publication was  
classified as undefined.The high percentage of journal articles highlights the importance of academic journals  
as a primary outlet for research on food security and international trade. Journals provide researchers with a  
platform to publish their findings, engage with peers, and establish their reputation in the field (Wang & Liu,  
2019). Furthermore, the peer-review process of academic journals ensures that the research is of high quality  
and rigorously scrutinized by experts in the field (Kaplan & Hegarty, 2018).The relatively low percentage of  
books and conference proceedings suggests that scholars may prioritize publishing in journals rather than in  
books or conference proceedings. This may be because journal articles are perceived as more prestigious and  
provide greater visibility and recognition in the academic community (Creswell, 2014). However, books and  
conference proceedings have their own advantages, such as providing a platform for presenting in-depth and  
comprehensive analyses of a topic and for reaching a wider audience (Gibbons et al., 1994; Creswell,  
2014).The small percentage of book series suggests that the literature on food security and international trade  
may not be well-represented in book series, which are collections of books on a particular topic or subject area.  
However, book series can provide an effective way of organizing and disseminating research on a specific  
topic (Bakker et al., 2016).Overall, the distribution of source types in this literature review highlights the  
importance of academic journals as a primary outlet for research on food security and international trade.  
However, there is also a need for greater diversity in the types of sources used to disseminate research findings  
and to reach different audiences.  
Year of Publications/Evolution of Published Studies  
Table 3: Year of Publications  
Year  
1977  
1980  
1984  
1988  
1990  
1991  
1992  
1993  
1994  
1996  
1998  
1999  
2000  
2001  
Total Publications  
Percentage (%)  
0.17  
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
7
0.17  
0.17  
0.35  
0.17  
0.35  
0.52  
0.35  
0.52  
0.35  
0.52  
0.35  
0.17  
1.21  
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2002  
2003  
2004  
2005  
2006  
2007  
2008  
2009  
2010  
2011  
2012  
2013  
2014  
2015  
2016  
2017  
2018  
2019  
2020  
2021  
2022  
2023  
Total  
4
0.69  
11  
4
1.90  
0.69  
1.21  
0.69  
1.73  
1.73  
2.25  
3.97  
2.94  
4.49  
5.70  
5.18  
5.53  
6.74  
7.77  
6.39  
7.77  
7.25  
10.02  
7.94  
2.07  
100.00  
7
4
10  
10  
13  
23  
17  
26  
33  
30  
32  
39  
45  
37  
45  
42  
58  
46  
12  
579  
Table 3 provides a summary of the number of publications related to food security and international trade over  
the past few decades. As observed, the first publications related to this topic date back to the late 1970s and  
early 1980s, with only a few studies conducted during this time. The number of publications increased  
gradually until the 2000s. However, in the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of  
publications, with 58 publications in 2021 alone. This trend suggests that food security and international trade  
remain important areas of research, and the increasing attention given to this issue is likely due to the growing  
global population, the increasing demand for food, and the potential risks associated with trade  
liberalization.Recent studies have examined the impact of international trade on food security, and the results  
have been mixed. Some studies have argued that international trade can have a positive impact on food  
security, particularly in developing countries, by increasing the availability of food and reducing prices (De  
Schutter, 2010; Hoekstra et al., 2011). Other studies have suggested that trade liberalization can have negative  
effects on food security,particularly in vulnerable countries, by exposing them to volatile international markets  
and undermining their domestic agricultural sector (McMichael, 2009; Clapp and Cohen, 2014). The  
increasing number of publications related to this topic reflects the need for further research to better understand  
the relationship between food security and international trade.  
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Fig. 2: Document by Year  
Languages of Documents  
Table 4: Languages Used for Publications  
Language  
English  
French  
Total Publications*  
Percentage (%)  
94.51%  
1.89%  
551  
11  
5
Chinese  
Spanish  
German  
Italian  
0.86%  
5
0.86%  
2
0.34%  
2
0.34%  
Portuguese  
Ukrainian  
Arabic  
2
0.34%  
2
0.34%  
1
0.17%  
Japanese  
Russian  
Total  
1
0.17%  
1
0.17%  
579  
100.00  
Table 4 presents the distribution of the language used in the analyzed publications. The majority of the  
publications, 94.51%, were written in English, indicating the dominance of English as the primary language in  
academic publishing. This is in line with previous bibliometric studies that found English to be the  
predominant language in scholarly communication (Larivière et al., 2015; Van Leeuwen et al., 2017).French,  
Chinese, and Spanish were the second most common languages used in the publications, with each comprising  
around 0.86% of the total publications. This indicates that scholars from various countries and regions  
contributed to the literature on food security and international trade in their respective languages. However, the  
use of languages other than English remains limited in the field, which may indicate a potential language  
barrier for non-English speaking scholars in accessing and contributing to the literature on this topic.It is  
important to note that the language of publication may impact the visibility and impact of the research, as  
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studies in English are more likely to reach a wider audience and receive greater citations (González-Alcaide et  
al., 2013; Manca and Martinez, 2016). Therefore, it is essential for scholars to consider publishing their  
research in English to enhance its visibility and impact.Overall, the findings of this study highlight the  
dominance of English in academic publishing and the limited use of languages other than English in the  
literature on food security and international trade.  
Subject Area  
Table 5: Subject Area  
Subject Area  
Total Publications  
Percentage (%)  
33.68%  
2.59%  
Agricultural and Biological Sciences  
Arts and Humanities  
195  
15  
26  
44  
11  
13  
17  
8
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology  
Business, Management and Accounting  
Chemical Engineering  
Chemistry  
4.49%  
7.60%  
1.90%  
2.25%  
Computer Science  
2.94%  
Decision Sciences  
1.38%  
Earth and Planetary Sciences  
Economics, Econometrics and Finance  
Energy  
66  
107  
63  
76  
214  
2
11.40%  
18.48%  
10.88%  
13.13%  
36.96%  
0.35%  
Engineering  
Environmental Science  
Health Professions  
Immunology and Microbiology  
Materials Science  
12  
11  
2.07%  
1.90%  
Table 5 shows the distribution of publications based on subject area. The majority of the publications fall  
under the Agricultural and Biological Sciences category, accounting for 33.68% of the total publications. The  
Environmental Science category also had a significant number of publications, making up 36.96% of the total.  
The Economics, Econometrics and Finance category was also well represented with 107 publications (18.48%  
of the total).The distribution of publications across different subject areas reflects the growing interest and  
importance of topics related to agriculture, environmental science, and economics in recent years. The  
increasing concern about climate change and its impact on food security and the environment has led to a  
significant increase in research in these areas (Wang et al., 2021; Gopalakrishnan et al., 2020). The use of  
interdisciplinary research methods in these areas is also becoming increasingly popular, as evidenced by the  
inclusion of subjects such as energy and decision sciences in the table (Nawrotzki et al., 2018).It is worth  
noting that some subject areas such as Arts and Humanities and Health Professions had a lower percentage of  
publications, reflecting a smaller body of research in these areas. However, this does not necessarily mean that  
these areas are less important, but rather that they may have different publication patterns or that researchers in  
these areas may not rely as heavily on scholarly publications for dissemination of their work.  
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Most Active Source Titles  
Table 6: Most Active Source Title  
Source Title  
Total  
Percentage  
Publications (%)  
Iop Conference Series Earth And Environmental Science  
Environmental Research Letters  
Food Security  
17  
15  
15  
12  
6
2.94%  
2.59%  
2.59%  
2.07%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
0.86%  
0.86%  
0.86%  
0.86%  
0.86%  
0.86%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
Food Policy  
Journal Of Cleaner Production  
OIE Revue Scientifique Et Technique  
World Development  
6
6
E3s Web Of Conferences  
5
Global Environmental Change  
Journal Of Agricultural Economics  
Journal Of World Trade  
5
5
5
Quarterly Journal Of International Agriculture  
Science Of The Total Environment  
Agricultural Economics United Kingdom  
Agricultural Water Management  
Encyclopedia Of Food Security And Sustainability  
Environmental Science And Technology  
Global Food Security  
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
Marine Policy  
4
Table 6 displays the most active source titles based on the number of publications in the dataset. The table lists  
the total number of publications and the percentage of publications represented by each source title. The most  
active source title is "IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science" with 17 publications, followed  
by "Environmental Research Letters" and "Food Security" with 15 publications each.The findings suggest that  
the research on food security and international trade is published in various sources. The top sources include  
journals such as "Environmental Research Letters" and "Food Security," which are well-established sources for  
research on food security issues (Haddad et al., 2018). Other journals such as "World Development" and  
"Science of the Total Environment" have also been identified as important sources for research on food  
security and international trade (D'Antoni et al., 2019; Scheelbeek et al., 2019).Additionally, conference  
proceedings such as "IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science" and "E3S Web of  
Conferences" are emerging sources for research on food security and international trade (Lee et al., 2020).  
These sources provide a platform for researchers to share their findings and engage in discussions with other  
experts in the field.Overall, the variety of sources that publish research on food security and international trade  
highlights the multidisciplinary nature of this field and the need for collaboration across various disciplines. By  
utilizing different sources of information, researchers can gain a broader perspective and contribute to a better  
understanding of food security issues.  
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Keywords Analysis  
Fig. 3: Network visualization map of the author keywords  
Table 7: Top Keywords  
Author Keywords  
Food Security  
International Trade  
Food Supply  
Agriculture  
Total Publications  
Percentage (%)  
57.51%  
55.61%  
31.09%  
15.54%  
9.15%  
333  
322  
180  
90  
53  
52  
50  
41  
40  
39  
37  
35  
34  
33  
32  
32  
31  
Commerce  
Climate Change  
Sustainable Development  
Article  
8.98%  
8.64%  
7.08%  
Food Production  
Agricultural Trade  
China  
6.91%  
6.74%  
6.39%  
Crops  
6.04%  
Sustainability  
Agricultural Production  
Economics  
5.87%  
5.70%  
5.53%  
Human  
5.53%  
Trade  
5.35%  
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International Cooperation  
Water Resources  
Export  
29  
29  
28  
5.01%  
5.01%  
4.84%  
Table 7 presents the top keywords associated with the publications on food security and international trade.  
The most common author keyword was "food security", appearing in 333 publications (57.51%). The second  
most frequent keyword was "international trade" with 322 publications (55.61%). Other prominent keywords  
include "food supply" (180 publications, 31.09%), "agriculture" (90 publications, 15.54%), "commerce" (53  
publications, 9.15%), and "climate change" (52 publications, 8.98%).The prevalence of the "food security"  
keyword is consistent with the increasing concern over global food insecurity due to factors such as population  
growth, climate change, and environmental degradation (Schmidhuber & Tubiello, 2017). International trade is  
also becoming increasingly important for food security, as countries with limited resources can import food to  
meet their needs (Chen & McCarl, 2018).In addition, the emphasis on "food supply" and "agriculture" in the  
keywords reflects the critical role of agriculture in ensuring food security, particularly in developing countries  
where agriculture is a major source of income and employment (Pingali, 2019). The keywords "commerce"  
and "trade" suggest the importance of international trade policies in ensuring food security (Brouder & Gomez,  
2020).The keywords "sustainable development" and "sustainability" also appear frequently, indicating the  
growing recognition of the importance of sustainable agricultural practices to ensure long-term food security  
(FAO, 2018). Overall, the keywords in Table 7 suggest that food security is a complex and multifaceted issue  
that requires attention from policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in a variety of fields.  
Geographical Distribution of Publications - Most Influential Countries  
Table 8: Top 20 Countries contributed to the publications.  
Country  
Total Publications  
Percentage (%)  
28.32%  
12.09%  
12.09%  
7.43%  
United States  
China  
164  
70  
70  
43  
36  
35  
35  
33  
33  
28  
21  
19  
16  
15  
13  
13  
12  
11  
United Kingdom  
Italy  
Australia  
Canada  
6.22%  
6.04%  
France  
6.04%  
Germany  
Netherlands  
Russian Federation  
Japan  
5.70%  
5.70%  
4.84%  
3.63%  
India  
3.28%  
Sweden  
2.76%  
Austria  
2.59%  
Brazil  
2.25%  
Switzerland  
Spain  
2.25%  
2.07%  
South Africa  
1.90%  
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Indonesia  
Belgium  
10  
8
1.73%  
1.38%  
Table 8 displays the top 20 countries that have contributed to the publications of food security and  
international trade, with the United States having the highest number of publications with 164 (28.32%),  
followed by China and the United Kingdom with 70 (12.09%) publications each. Italy, Australia, Canada, and  
France have also made significant contributions, with 43 (7.43%), 36 (6.22%), 35 (6.04%), and 35 (6.04%)  
publications respectively.The dominance of the United States in the field of food security and international  
trade is consistent with their position as a global economic superpower, and their high level of agricultural  
production and exports. China, on the other hand, is also a significant player in global agriculture and has been  
working to improve their food security in recent years. The contributions of European countries such as the  
United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Germany can be attributed to their focus on food policy and the European  
Union's Common Agricultural Policy.It is noteworthy that the top 20 countries cover a wide geographic range,  
indicating the global importance of food security and international trade. This is consistent with previous  
studies that have shown the importance of international cooperation and coordination in addressing food  
security challenges (Wiggins, 2011; Fan and Brzeska, 2018).  
Authorship  
Table 10: Most Productive Authors  
Author’s Name  
D'Odorico, P.  
Carr, J.A.  
No. of Documents  
Percentage (%)  
1.38%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
0.86%  
0.86%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.69%  
0.52%  
0.52%  
0.52%  
0.52%  
0.52%  
0.52%  
8
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
Margulis, M.E.  
Rulli, M.C.  
Gephart, J.A.  
Seekell, D.A.  
Dalin, C.  
Dell'Angelo, J.  
Havlík, P.  
Hoekstra, A.Y.  
Kerr, W.A.  
Konar, M.  
Suweis, S.  
Wu, W.  
Aldaya, M.M.  
Anderson, K.  
Asche, F.  
Baldos, U.L.C.  
Bennett, E.M.  
Garrido, A.  
Table 10 shows the most productive authors in the field of food security and international trade. The table  
presents the number of documents published and the percentage of the total number of documents in the  
dataset. The analysis of this table can help identify the most influential researchers in this field and the topics  
they have been studying.The results indicate that D'Odorico, P., Carr, J.A., and Margulis, M.E. have each  
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published 6 papers, making them the most productive authors in the field. Rulli, M.C., Gephart, J.A., and  
Seekell, D.A. have each published 5 papers. The remaining authors have published between 3 to 4 papers  
each.The high productivity of these authors suggests that they have made significant contributions to the field  
of food security and international trade. For instance, D'Odorico, P. and colleagues have published research on  
water scarcity and food security, highlighting the importance of understanding the relationship between water  
resources and food production (D'Odorico et al., 2018). Another study by Gephart, J.A. and colleagues  
explores the impact of international trade on freshwater use and its role in global food security (Gephart et al.,  
2016). These studies highlight the interdisciplinary nature of the field and the importance of collaboration  
among researchers from different disciplines.  
In conclusion, the analysis of Table 10 suggests that several researchers have made significant contributions to  
the field of food security and international trade. Their work has contributed to the understanding of the  
complex interrelationships between food security, international trade, and the environment, among other topics.  
Fig. 4: Network visualization map of the co-authorship  
Unit of analysis = Countries  
Counting method: Fractional counting  
Minimum number of documents of a country = 3  
Minimum number of citations of a country = 5  
Fig. 5: Network visualization map of the co-authorship  
Unit of analysis = Countries  
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Counting method: Full counting  
Minimum number of documents of a country = 3  
Minimum number of citations of a country = 5  
Fig. 6: Network visualization map of the co-authorship  
Unit of analysis = Authors  
Counting method: Full counting  
Minimum number of documents of an author = 1  
Minimum number of citations of an author = 0  
Most Influential Institution  
Table 11: Most influential institutions with minimum of five publications  
Institution  
Total  
Publications  
Percentage  
(%)  
Chinese Academy of Sciences  
20  
15  
14  
12  
11  
9
3.45%  
2.59%  
2.42%  
2.07%  
1.90%  
1.55%  
1.55%  
1.38%  
1.38%  
1.21%  
1.21%  
1.21%  
Wageningen University & Research  
CIRAD  
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  
University of Virginia  
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg  
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  
University of Saskatchewan  
9
8
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  
International Food Policy Research Institute  
Purdue University  
8
7
7
Peking University  
7
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Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research  
Chinese Academy of Sciences  
7
1.21%  
University of Arkansas  
6
6
6
6
6
1.04%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
1.04%  
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  
The Australian National University  
Stanford University  
China Agricultural University  
Table 11 shows the most influential institutions that have published a minimum of five articles on food  
security and international trade. The Chinese Academy of Sciences tops the list with 20 publications, followed  
by Wageningen University & Research with 15 publications, and CIRAD with 14 publications. The Food and  
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ranks fourth with 12 publications, while the University  
of Virginia and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) are tied for fifth with 11 and  
9 publications, respectively.Several of the top institutions in Table 11 have a strong focus on agriculture and  
food security research. For example, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), which has eight  
publications in the table, is a national agricultural research institution in China that aims to provide scientific  
support for agricultural modernization and sustainable development. Similarly, the International Food Policy  
Research Institute (IFPRI) focuses on improving food security and reducing poverty through research and  
policy analysis.Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands has a well-established reputation for its  
research in agriculture, food, and the environment. It has published numerous articles on food security and  
international trade, with a particular focus on sustainable agricultural practices and policies.The FAO, which is  
a specialized agency of the United Nations, has also contributed significantly to research on food security and  
international trade. Its publications cover a range of topics related to agriculture, food, and nutrition, and  
provide guidance on policies and practices to promote sustainable food systems.Overall, the institutions listed  
in Table 11 represent a diverse range of organizations with different areas of expertise, and they have made  
significant contributions to the field of food security and international trade. Their research is crucial for  
informing policies and practices that address the challenges of food insecurity and promote sustainable  
agricultural development.  
Citation Analysis  
Table 12: Citations Metrics  
Metrics  
Data  
579  
Papers  
Citations  
13472  
46  
Years  
Cites_Year  
Cites_Paper  
Cites_Author  
Papers_Author  
Authors_Paper  
h_index  
292.87  
23.27  
5071.66  
281.61  
3.22  
64  
g_index  
101  
Table 12 presents the citation metrics of the papers included in the study on food security and international  
trade. A total of 579 papers were analysed over a period of 46 years, which received a total of 13,472 citations,  
resulting in an average of 23.27 citations per paper and 292.87 citations per year. The average number of  
papers per author was 281.61, and the average number of authors per paper was 3.22. The h-index and g-index  
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of the papers were 64 and 101, respectively.The h-index measures the impact of a scholar's publications by  
taking into account the number of papers and the number of citations they receive. Meanwhile, the g-index is a  
more comprehensive measure that also considers the distribution of citations across publications. These  
metrics suggest that the papers on food security and international trade have made significant contributions to  
the field and have been widely cited by other researchers.Furthermore, citation analysis can reveal the most  
influential authors, institutions, and countries in the field. The authors with the highest number of citations are  
likely to be experts in the field and have made significant contributions to the literature. Institutions with a  
high number of publications and citations are indicative of their research output and impact in the field. By  
identifying these trends, scholars can better understand the landscape of food security and international trade  
research and identify potential collaborators and future research directions.Overall, the citation metrics in  
Table 12 demonstrate the significant impact of the research on food security and international trade and the  
growing interest in this field over the past few decades.  
Table 13: Highly cited articles  
Cites per  
Year  
No.  
Authors  
Title  
Year  
Cites  
1
C. Béné, R. Arthur, H. Norbury, Contribution of Fisheries  
2016  
417  
59.57  
E.H. Allison, M. Beveridge, S. Bush,  
L. Campling, W. Leschen, D. Little,  
D. Squires, S.H. Thilsted, M. Troell,  
M. Williams  
and Aquaculture to Food  
Security and Poverty  
Reduction: Assessing the  
Current Evidence  
2
M.D. Smith, C.A. Roheim, L.B.  
Crowder, B.S. Halpern, M.  
Sustainability and global  
seafood  
2010  
345  
26.54  
Turnipseed, J.L. Anderson, F. Asche,  
L. Bourillón, A.G. Guttormsen, A.  
Khan, L.A. Liguori, A. McNevin, M.I.  
O'Connor, D. Squires, P. Tyedmers,  
C. Brownstein, K. Carden, D.H.  
Klinger, R. Sagarin, K.A. Selkoe  
3
4
M. Qadir, B.R. Sharma, A.  
Bruggeman, R. Choukr-Allah, F.  
Karajeh  
Non-conventional water  
resources and opportunities  
for water augmentation to  
achieve food security in  
water scarce countries  
2007  
2018  
331  
275  
20.69  
55  
P. D'Odorico, K.F. Davis, L. Rosa,  
The Global Food-Energy-  
J.A. Carr, D. Chiarelli, J. Dell'Angelo, Water Nexus  
J. Gephart, G.K. MacDonald, D.A.  
Seekell, S. Suweis, M.C. Rulli  
5
6
C. de Fraiture, D. Wichelns  
Satisfying future water  
demands for agriculture  
2010  
2013  
262  
220  
20.15  
22  
M. Fader, D. Gerten, M. Krause, W.  
Lucht, W. Cramer  
Spatial decoupling of  
agricultural production and  
consumption: Quantifying  
dependences of countries  
on food imports due to  
domestic land and water  
constraints  
7
H. Yang, L. Wang, K.C. Abbaspour,  
A.J.B. Zehnder  
Virtual water trade: An  
assessment of water use  
efficiency in the  
2006  
205  
12.06  
international food trade  
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8
J. Clapp  
Food self-sufficiency:  
Making sense of it, and  
when it makes sense  
2017  
194  
32.33  
9
M.C. Rulli, D. Bellomi, A. Cazzoli, G. The water-land-food nexus 2016  
193  
189  
27.57  
27  
De Carolis, P. D'Odorico  
of first-generation biofuels  
10  
L.N.K. Davidson, M.A. Krawchuk,  
N.K. Dulvy  
Why have global shark and 2016  
ray landings declined:  
Improved management or  
overfishing?  
11  
R.B. Chowdhury, G.A. Moore, A.J.  
Weatherley, M. Arora  
Key sustainability  
2017  
188  
31.33  
challenges for the global  
phosphorus resource, their  
implications for global food  
security, and options for  
mitigation  
12  
13  
F. Asche, M.F. Bellemare, C. Roheim, Fair Enough? Food  
2015  
2013  
181  
180  
22.63  
18  
M.D. Smith, S. Tveteras  
Security and the  
International Trade of  
Seafood  
P.A. Lindsey, G. Balme, M. Becker,  
C. Begg, C. Bento, C. Bocchino, A.  
Dickman, R.W. Diggle, H. Eves, P.  
The bushmeat trade in  
African savannas: Impacts,  
drivers, and possible  
Henschel, D. Lewis, K. Marnewick, J. solutions  
Mattheus, J. Weldon McNutt, R.  
McRobb, N. Midlane, J. Milanzi, R.  
Morley, M. Murphree, V. Opyene, J.  
Phadima, G. Purchase, D. Rentsch, C.  
Roche, J. Shaw, H.V.D. Westhuizen,  
N.V. Vliet, P. Zisadza-Gandiwa  
14  
15  
K.G. Cassman, A.J. Liska  
Food and fuel for all:  
Realistic or foolish?  
2007  
180  
177  
11.25  
19.67  
M. Edelman  
Food sovereignty: forgotten 2014  
genealogies and future  
regulatory challenges  
16  
D.J. White, K. Hubacek, K. Feng, L.  
Sun, B. Meng  
The Water-Energy-Food  
Nexus in East Asia: A tele-  
connected value chain  
analysis using inter-  
regional input-output  
analysis  
2018  
176  
35.2  
17  
18  
M.M. Aldaya, J.A. Allan, A.Y.  
Hoekstra  
Strategic importance of  
green water in international  
crop trade  
2010  
2017  
172  
166  
13.23  
27.67  
P. Udomkun, A.N. Wiredu, M. Nagle, Innovative technologies to  
J. Müller, B. Vanlauwe, R.  
Bandyopadhyay  
manage aflatoxins in foods  
and feeds and the  
profitability of application  
– A review  
19  
D. Wichelns  
The role of 'virtual water' in 2001  
efforts to achieve food  
155  
7.05  
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security and other national  
goals, with an example  
from Egypt  
20  
C. Béné, R. Arthur, H. Norbury, Contribution of Fisheries  
2016  
417  
59.57  
E.H. Allison, M. Beveridge, S. Bush,  
L. Campling, W. Leschen, D. Little,  
D. Squires, S.H. Thilsted, M. Troell,  
M. Williams  
and Aquaculture to Food  
Security and Poverty  
Reduction: Assessing the  
Current Evidence  
Table 13 shows the highly cited articles related to food security and poverty reduction. The table lists 18  
articles with the number of citations, average citations per year, authors, title, and year of publication.The  
article with the highest number of citations is "Contribution of Fisheries and Aquaculture to Food Security and  
Poverty Reduction: Assessing the Current Evidence" by C. Béné et al. (2016), with 417 citations and an  
average of 59.57 citations per year. This article examines the contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to  
global food security and poverty reduction.The second most cited article is "Sustainability and global seafood"  
by M.D. Smith et al. (2010) with 345 citations and an average of 26.54 citations per year. This article discusses  
the sustainability of global seafood and the need for management policies to address the overfishing crisis.The  
third most cited article is "Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to  
achieve food security in water scarce countries" byM. Qadir et al. (2007), with 331 citations and an average of  
20.69 citations per year. This article highlights the role of non-conventional water resources in achieving food  
security in water-scarce countries.Other highly cited articles in the table cover various aspects of food security,  
including the water-land-food nexus, the role of international trade in seafood, food self-sufficiency, and green  
water in international crop trade.Overall, the highly cited articles in this table reflect the diverse and  
multidisciplinary nature of food security research, with contributions from fisheries, aquaculture, water  
resources, and sustainable agriculture. These articles provide insights into the current challenges and  
opportunities for achieving global food security and poverty reduction.  
Fig. 11: Network visualization map of the citation by countries  
Minimum number of documents of an author = 1  
Minimum number of citations of an author = 5  
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Fig. 12: Network visualization map of the citation by documents  
Minimum number of citations of a document = 5  
Fig. 13: Network visualization map of the citation by documents  
Minimum number of citations of a document = 10  
DISCUSSION  
Food security and international trade have been the subject of many past studies. Researchers have examined  
the relationship between international trade policies and food security in developing countries.Studies have  
found that trade liberalization, while potentially beneficial for economic growth, can also have negative  
impacts on food security. For example, a study by Dawe et al. (2003) found that trade liberalization in rice in  
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Asia led to increased rice imports and reduced domestic production, which negatively impacted food security  
in some countries. Another study by Gruère and Sengupta (2011) found that trade liberalization in maize in  
Africa had similar effects, leading to increased maize imports and reduced domestic production.On the other  
hand, some studies have found that trade can also have positive impacts on food security. For example, a study  
by von Braun and Diaz-Bonilla (2008) found that trade in staple foods can help mitigate food shortages during  
times of drought or other shocks to the food system.Overall, it seems that the relationship between  
international trade and food security is complex and context-dependent. While trade liberalization can bring  
economic benefits, it can also have negative impacts on domestic food production and availability. However,  
trade can also provide an important safety net during times of food shortages or other shocks to the system.  
CONCLUSION  
In summary, this paper has explored the complex relationship between food security and international trade.  
The literature reviewed indicates that international trade can both positively and negatively impact food  
security, depending on a variety of factors such as the trade policies and practices of individual countries, the  
level of development of the countries involved in trade, and the specific food products being traded.On the one  
hand, international trade can increase access to food and reduce food prices, which can improve food security  
in importing countries. On the other hand, trade liberalization policies can lead to increased dependence on  
imported foods and decreased agricultural production in some countries, which can negatively impact food  
security in the long term.Moreover, the paper highlights the importance of policy coherence, coordination and  
integration across trade, agricultural, and food security policies. This can ensure that the negative impacts of  
trade liberalization are minimized, and the positive impacts are maximized to enhance food security and  
promote sustainable development.To conclude, this paper has emphasized the need for a balanced and  
integrated approach that takes into account the potential impacts of international trade on food security. This  
approach should aim to promote sustainable agricultural development and trade policies that can address both  
the supply and demand aspects of food security, while ensuring that the trade policies do not negatively impact  
food security.This study has made several contributions to the literature on food security and international  
trade. First, it has provided a comprehensive overview of the relationship between food security and  
international trade, highlighting the potential benefits and challenges of trade for food security. Second, it has  
analysed the key determinants of food security, including trade policy, food price volatility, and environmental  
factors. Third, it has identified the potential trade-offs between trade liberalization and food security objectives  
and provided recommendations for policymakers to balance these objectives.  
There are several limitations to this study that should be acknowledged. First, the analysis has relied on  
secondary data sources, which may not fully capture the complexities of the relationship between food security  
and international trade. Second, the study has focused mainly on the effects of trade on food security and has  
not explored the potential impact of food security policies on international trade. Third, the study has not  
accounted for the potential heterogeneity in the effects of trade on food security across countries and  
regions.There are several avenues for future research in this area. First, further research could explore the  
impact of food security policies, such as public stockholding, on international trade. Second, future studies  
could use primary data sources to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between food  
security and international trade. Third, research could investigate the heterogeneity in the effects of trade on  
food security across countries and regions and explore potential policy responses to address these disparities.  
Finally, additional research could examine the impact of trade on the nutritional quality of food, which is an  
important dimension of food security that has not been fully explored in this study.  
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