INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
An Analysis of Economic, Cultural and Environmental Outcomes of  
the Hospitality Industry in Zambian Kafue River Catchment  
Florence Phiri*., John Moose, Peccy Ngwira  
University of Zambia– ZAMBIA  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100299  
Received: 01 December 2025; Accepted: 05 December 2025; Published: 08 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
The study conducted in middle and lower Kafue River area in the Southern Province established the economic,  
cultural and environmental outcomes of hospitality industry in Zambians Kafue river catchment.  
The objective was to analyze the economic, cultural and environmental outcome of the hospitality industry in  
the Kafue River Catchment.  
A hermeneutic phenomenology qualitative research design was used to conduct this study, and a 66 participants  
sample drawn from ten focus groups engaged from both middle and lower Kafue. A purposive sampling  
technique was used, and the data was generated using focus group guide and was thematically analyzed.  
Results showed that hospitality industry provided limited economic outcomes, and few locals were employed in  
hospitality industry with low-salary jobs. It was further established that purchases of produce is made from  
supermarkets instead of local communities. The study revealed that related activities within the area have  
contributed significantly to cultural preservation and revitalization. Many communities engage in traditional  
dances, storytelling, and craft production as part of tourism and hospitality experiences, providing platforms for  
expressing and sustaining local heritage. However, participants also expressed concern about the  
commercialization of culture, noting that cultural performances and artifacts are sometimes exploited for profit  
without fair compensation to the creators or performers.  
Findings from this study will be necessary for informing policy makers on how the hospitality industry can  
support local communities economically, culturally and environmentally directly as they operate their  
businesses. The outcomes should be equally shared among the stakeholders. Hospitality industry should  
implement what is stipulated in the policy to achieve a winning situation for both hospitality industry and the  
communities. It will also contribute to the existing body of knowledge on local engagement in hospitality  
industry.  
Keywords: Economic, Cultural, Environmental, Hospitality, Industry, Kafue River, Catchment, Analysis,  
outcomes  
INTRODUCTION  
The hospitality industry plays a pivotal role in shaping the economic, cultural and environmental landscape of  
countries around the world. Zambia is endowed with abundant natural resources and a rich cultural heritage, the  
hospitality industry has emerged as a significant contributor to economic development, social dynamics, and  
environmental sustainability. As Zambia continues to grow as a tourist destination and a regional hub for  
business, the industry’s influence extends beyond mere economic impacts, influencing local communities,  
cultural preservation, and the broader environmental framework. Therefore, this study analyzes the economic,  
cultural and environmental outcomes of hospitality industry in Kafue River catchment, which includes the  
middle and lower Kafue. Historically, the area has seen increased tourism activities (Ministry of Tourism and  
Arts, 2015). Despite this, however, there have been reports of limited community benefits in economic, cultural  
Page 3839  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
and environmental outcomes. This research will address the gap that has been viewed on the outcomes of  
Hospitality industry in the Kafue River catchment.  
Existing literature highlights the economical outcomes of the hospitality industry in Zambia. The industry  
generates vital income, which contributes to Gross Domestic Production (GDP) growth, employment, and the  
creation of business opportunities for the local people. The industry’s role in attracting both international tourists  
and regional visitors positions Zambia as a key player in the Southern African tourism market. This was  
confirmed by the World Economic Forum (WEF) 2025, which highlighted that hospitality industry has become  
central to economic development, providing employment, fostering local businesses and generating significant  
tax revenues. The industry also improves the local infrastructure such as roads, healthcare, and public utilities,  
which benefits both tourists and local populations. Hotels and resorts often create demand for better connectivity  
and services, which indirectly benefits residents through infrastructure improvement. (WEFs Future of Jobs  
Report 2025).  
Culturally, the growth of the hospitality industry presents both opportunities for industry and the local people.  
A nuanced understanding of these cultural dynamics is necessary to ensure that the hospitality industry fosters  
cultural appreciation rather than cultural erosion. In an increasingly globalized world, travelers are becoming  
more diverse. A hospitality business that can accommodate the cultural expectations of international guests is  
more likely to attract a wider customer base. This includes offering multilingual services, culturally appropriate  
amenities, and understanding different customs. Kautharak, (2024) revealed the activities which hospitality  
entrepreneurs should adhere to support the local community in the area where the business is being conducted  
which included promoting cultural and heritage sites, supporting local crafts and cultural events and sites.  
Cristobal, (2023) confirmed that Cultural preservation and heritage which is achieved through showcasing of  
cultural assets can develop the local communities’ areas which are located near hospitality establishments. Zhang  
et al 2015; Ruhlandt, (2020)  
Environmentally, including preservation of natural resources for the local people particularly where the business  
is being conducted. This was confirmed by Alexandra et al, (2015), who pointed out the importance of  
considering environmental issues which included environmental management and engagement of environmental  
related community events of the communities. This was also agreed by Thullah, (2021), that hospitality benefits  
the residents where it is being practiced, economically, culturally and environmentally. Yinyoung et al, (2020)  
highlighted that hospitality industry should consider environmental issues particularly managing of waste and  
pollution. Correa et al, (2015); Chan and Hsu, (2016); jones et al, (2016).  
Economically, culturally and environmentally sustainability is the critical aspect of the hospitality industry’s  
impact in Zambia. The country’s diverse ecosystems, ranging from the Zambezi River to the lush forests of the  
Luangwa Valley, attract tourists who seek eco-friendly and nature-based experiences. However, the development  
of hotels, resorts, and other infrastructure in ecologically sensitive areas raises questions about the environmental  
consequences of such growth. Balancing economic benefits with the preservation of Zambia’s natural resources  
requires innovative strategies to ensure that hospitality development does not come at the expense of the  
country’s ecological integrity.  
These trends underscore the hospitality industry's multifaceted role in local economies, particularly through job  
creation, sustainable development, and infrastructure enhancement. Studies also indicate that while the sector  
faces challenges like post-pandemic recovery and environmental sustainability, its economic benefits remain  
significant, especially for rural or developing regions.  
Accordingly, more scholars agree that the hospitality industry outcomes can benefit the country, economically,  
culturally and environmentally. Based on past research, evidence is clear on how the hospitality industry  
conducts its business and generate positive impacts to the country where business is being practiced, Willya et  
al, (2022). However, literature does not show clearly if the local communities really benefit from hospitality  
entrepreneurship establishments directly. Therefore, the study aims to explore the complex interplay between  
economic, cultural, and environmental outcomes within Zambia’s hospitality industry. By analyzing the impacts  
on local communities, sustainable practices, and the broader economic environment, this study seeks to provide  
a comprehensive understanding of the hospitality industry’s role in Zambia’s development. In doing so, it will  
Page 3840  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
contribute to the ongoing discourse on how hospitality industry can be managed in a way that supports long-  
term sustainability to the local communities in the Kafue river catchment while promoting inclusive growth.  
Problem Statement  
The hospitality industry in Zambia has shown significant growth over the past few decades, with the sector  
contributing notably to the national economy through hospitality, job creation, and infrastructural development  
(World Tourism Organization, 2020). However, the rapid expansion of this industry raises important questions  
regarding its sustainability, particularly in relation to its economic, cultural, and environmental outcomes. While  
the industry has provided tangible benefits, such as increased foreign exchange earnings and employment  
opportunities Ampofo, (2020), it has also brought challenges related to cultural dilution, environmental  
degradation, and uneven economic development, especially in rural areas.  
There is a lack of comprehensive research that holistically analyzes the intertwined outcomes of the hospitality  
industry in Zambia, particularly from the perspectives of local communities, policymakers, and environmental  
stakeholders. The existing literature primarily focuses on isolated aspects of hospitality, but there is limited  
empirical evidence on how these outcomes intersect and what the long-term implications are for the country's  
socio-economic and environmental sustainability for the local communities.  
This study aims to address this gap by exploring the economic, cultural, and environmental outcomes of Zambia's  
hospitality industry in the Kafue river catchment from middle to lower Kafue and investigating how the industry  
can contribute to sustainable development of the local people particularly those who are near the hospitality  
establishments. It will analyze the role of hospitality in economic diversification, its outcome on local culture  
and community well-being, and the environmental pressures associated with the development of hospitality  
infrastructure. The central research question is Analysis of economical, cultural and environmental outcomes of  
the hospitality industry in Zambian Kafue River catchment.  
Objectives Of The Study  
The study seeks to achieve its general objective by analyzing the economic, cultural and environmental outcomes  
of hospitality industry in Zambia’s Kafue River catchment by using the following specific objective: To analyze  
the economic, cultural and environmental outcomes of the hospitality industry in Zambian Kafue River  
catchment.  
It is believed that the hospitality industry contributes directly and indirectly in the country where it is practiced  
but how it helps the local communities economically, culturally and environmentally is crucial, Uslu et al (2020).  
Nappo, (2020) noted that the hospitality industry contributes greatly to the issues of the economic, cultural and  
environment which benefit both the industry and the wellbeing of the local community.  
Therefore, the study may help identify the concepts on how the outcomes of the hospitality industry benefit the  
local community and not just the government and the entrepreneurs at large. It  
may also look at what  
activities can be done by hospitality industry, which can improve the livelihood of the local communities directly  
and not make them feel like they are misplaced or inconvenienced by the development of the hospitality  
establishment but to be part of the business as it develops.  
The study was underpinned by Community-Based Tourism (CBT). The theory will inform the cultural and social  
aspects of the study. CBT focuses on involving local communities in hospitality development, ensuring that they  
have a direct stake in the hospitality process, both economically and culturally. This theory will be applied to  
explore how community-driven approaches in Zambia’s hospitality industry could lead to more sustainable and  
culturally sensitive hospitality practices.  
The theory is applicable to the study since in the hospitality industry, community-based approaches are  
increasingly important, as the industry seeks to be more sustainable, equitable, and culturally sensitive. These  
approaches focus on ensuring that local communities play an active role in tourism development and that they  
benefit economically, socially, and culturally. The coverage of the study was the Kafue River catchment, which  
Page 3841  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
included the middle area up to the confluence in the Southern province. The focus of the study is to investigate  
the economic, cultural and environmental outcomes of the hospitality industry in the Kafue River catchment,  
especially the surrounding areas near the hospitality establishments.  
LITERATURE REVIEW  
Most of the past research on the hospitality industry and its outcome emphasized how important it is for the  
hospitality industry to work together with the local communities in hospitality outcomes. With tourism being a  
major driver of national revenue. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism  
contributes significantly to Zambia’s GDP, with projections suggesting continued growth in the coming years.  
The hospitality sector supports a wide range of related industries, from agriculture to transportation, providing  
a direct and indirect employment base for thousands of Zambians. However, the economic benefits are often  
concentrated in major tourist hubs, such as Livingstone and Lusaka, while rural areas may not fully capitalize  
on the opportunities provided by tourism. The issue of income inequality within industry is an ongoing concern,  
as many local entrepreneurs and communities may not experience the full economic advantages of hospitality  
development. Additionally, the effects of seasonality, global economic trends, and infrastructure challenges can  
make the industry’s economic impact unstable and unpredictable.  
Cultural preservation and tourism are often seen as interlinked, with the potential for tourism to promote cultural  
exchange, foster national pride, and provide revenue for cultural heritage projects. However, there is a growing  
concern about cultural commodification, where local traditions and cultural practices are altered or presented for  
tourist consumption. This can lead to the dilution of local cultures and values, as communities may feel pressure  
to conform to tourist expectations rather than preserving authentic cultural expressions. Research has highlighted  
the importance of cultural sensitivity in tourism development. In Zambia, the increasing presence of international  
hotel chains and resort developments can overshadow indigenous cultural practices and lead to the erosion of  
cultural identities.  
At the same time, the rise of cultural tourism in Zambia, particularly around traditional ceremonies and festivals,  
can help revitalize cultural pride and encourage the preservation of intangible heritage.  
The environmental impact of the hospitality industry is one of the most pressing concerns globally, and Zambia  
is no exception. The country’s rich natural heritage, including the Victoria Falls and national parks like South  
Luangwa, is a primary draw for tourists, yet the infrastructure required to accommodate visitors can strain local  
ecosystems. Uncontrolled development of tourism infrastructure often leads to habitat destruction, pollution, and  
overuse of water resources. This was confirmed by Alexandra et al (2015) by stating environmental issues as  
one of the important aspects in hospitality business. This can be achieved by environmental management and  
engagement of environmentally related community events. Yinyoung et al (2020) agreed that hospitality  
operations should consider environmental issues and particularly managing waste and pollution ;( Jones et al,  
2016).  
Sustainable tourism practices have been advocated as a solution to balance economic growth with environmental  
preservation. However, the implementation of such practices is inconsistent across Zambia. While some  
operators adopt eco-friendly practices, such as waste reduction, water conservation, and wildlife protection,  
others fail to adhere to basic environmental standards, putting Zambia’s natural beauty at risk.  
Gaps in the Literature showed that while numerous studies have examined individual aspects of Zambia’s  
hospitality industry, such as its economic contributions or environmental impacts, few have looked at the holistic  
relationship between these factors. There is a need for research that integrates the economic, cultural, and  
environmental dimensions of hospitality industry to develop a more nuanced understanding of the hospitality  
industry long-term impact on Zambia. Additionally, much of the existing literature focuses on specific case  
studies, leaving broader questions of national policy and sustainable development of the communities  
underexplored. Therefore, this study focused on the economic, cultural and environmental outcomes of the  
hospitality industry, especially the surrounding areas and how it benefits them directly along the Kafue River  
catchment.  
Page 3842  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
The study employed a qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology design to investigate and describe the lived  
realities of the local people. The research was informed by constructivism paradigm which is anchored on  
relativism which highlights understanding phenomena from the viewpoint of those who experience and interact  
(Adom et al., 2016; Lincoln, 2016). This approach allowed the researchers to obtain multiple perspectives of  
participants’ real-world experiences and interactions. The study was conducted along the Kafue River catchment  
and the researcher’s position was ethic.  
The population of the study consisted of local communities, inclusive of both the individuals and community  
leaders within the Kafue river catchment. Sixty-six participants were selected through purposive sampling, based  
on an inclusion criteria determined beforehand. Purposively, this study used a purposive sampling, in which  
participants met predefined criteria and had shared experience with the phenomenon under the study, but varied  
in characteristics and in their individual experiences and interactions.  
Data was generated using focus group discussion. The focus group guide was composed of open-ended questions  
crafted to draw out thorough depictions of participants’ experiences and interactions. The guide was pretested  
to heighten clarity and reduce anticipated deviations in data construction.  
Data was analyzed by inductive thematic analysis, this approach involves analyzing raw data, such as focus  
transcripts, to identify patterns and codes organically, allowing for flexibility and data-driven insights without  
preconceived categories or theories. This flexibility allows the data to guide the research analysis to identify  
emerging patterns, themes and concepts, Delve, (2023). The mapping of relationships between codes and  
understanding patterns across participants’ response’s themes were developed. This process enabled a structured  
but flexible approach to analyzing layered qualitative data.  
The study employed strategies which included using participant’s feedback to validate interpretive precision,  
structured peer feedback sessions, and comprehensive documentation of the analytical process. These measures  
heightened the confirmability, credibility and dependability of the findings.  
Participation was voluntary and informed consent was obtained. Ethical guidelines were strictly followed.  
Generally, this methodological approach allowed the study to extract layered insights of local people  
participation, offering evidence-informed guidance for hospitality establishment and policymakers in search of  
strategies to sustain the livelihood of the local people and the hospitality establishments.  
RESULT AND DISCUSSION  
A total of sixty-six (66) participants, identified as P1 to P66, were drawn from ten key communities located  
within the Kafue River Catchment area. These included Chita Lodge, Kandende, Ilazi, Mafugautsi, Royal Park,  
Namwala Ferry, Kafue Road Bridge, Chunga Camp, Gotagota, and Kambale, as well as surrounding areas within  
the Kafue National Park. The selection of participants from diverse settings provided a balanced representation  
of both rural and semi-urban communities directly linked to the hospitality and tourism landscape of the region.  
Participants’ ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, reflecting a wide generational spectrum of experiences and  
insights. Approximately 60% of the respondents were male and 40% female, indicating a relatively balanced  
gender participation, though men were slightly more represented, particularly in fishing and boat transport  
activities. The participants were primarily involved in small-scale economic undertakings such as fishing,  
farming, vending, and informal hospitality services, including catering, housekeeping, guiding, and security.  
These activities positioned them as both direct and indirect contributors to the hospitality sector.  
Each focus group comprised between four (4) and six (6) participants, a manageable size that allowed for rich,  
interactive discussions and the sharing of detailed lived experiences. The group dynamics promoted openness  
and collective reflection, enabling participants to express common challenges, aspirations, and perceptions  
regarding their involvement in hospitality enterprises. The diversity within the focus groups helped to capture  
varying perspectives across gender, age, and occupational lines, thereby enhancing the credibility and depth of  
the qualitative data collected.  
Page 3843  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Table 1: Summary of Focus Groups and Participant Profiles  
Focus  
Group  
Community  
Coverage  
No.  
Participants  
of Gender  
(M/F)  
Age  
Dominant  
Key  
Characteristics  
Range Occupations  
FG1  
FG2  
FG3  
FG4  
FG5  
FG6  
FG7  
FG8  
FG9  
FG10  
Chita Lodge  
Kandende  
Ilazi  
6
6
5
6
6
6
4/2  
1/5  
3/2  
5/1  
4/2  
5/1  
4/1  
4/2  
5/1  
5/1  
20–55  
20–35  
20–50  
20–45  
20–50  
20–40  
20–45  
20–40  
20–55  
20–60  
Business,  
vending  
Semi-urban; near  
lodges  
Fruit  
& Female-  
vegetable sellers dominated trade  
Fishermen,  
traders  
Riverbank  
livelihoods  
Mafugautsi  
Royal Park  
Namwala Ferry  
Boat operators, Water-based  
fishermen  
tourism  
Gardeners,  
security  
Linked to safari  
lodges  
Boat operators, Cross-river hub  
traders  
Kafue  
Bridge  
Road 5  
Fishermen,  
carpenters  
Roadside trade  
Chunga Camp  
6
6
Fishermen,  
lodge workers  
Inside tourism belt  
Gotagota  
Farmers,  
fishermen  
Mixed livelihood  
base  
Kambale & Park 6  
Communities  
Farmers,  
sellers  
fish Conservation  
zone  
Table 2: Summary of responses on the analysis of the economic, cultural, and environmental outcomes of  
hospitality industry on the local community.  
Economic outcomes  
Cultural outcomes  
Environmental  
outcomes  
Social outcomes  
Employment  
Environmental  
sustainability  
Stakeholder  
relationships  
-
-
20% of the local  
community are  
provided with jobs  
-
-
Cultural  
preservation  
-
-
Waste management.  
-
We are not allowed  
to go near the  
hospitality  
establishment  
Showcasing of  
traditional  
activities  
Clearing the River  
by removing  
unwanted objects.  
Low  
economic  
benefits, because  
some  
establishments do  
-
We cannot go and  
buy items from the  
establishments  
Conservation of natural  
resources  
not  
have  
any  
activities for the  
communities  
because we cannot  
afford to buy, the  
-
Protection  
wildlife  
of  
Page 3844  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
-
Protection of water  
and land  
prices are too high  
for the community.  
Local economic growth  
-
some establishment  
purchase fish and  
vegetables from the  
community  
-
Establishment  
Environmental  
degradation  
normally interacts  
with the chiefs,  
during celebrations,  
some establishment  
invite the chiefs to  
their establishment.  
-
Noise pollution for  
-
some  
the community by  
playing loud music  
for so many hours.  
establishments  
don’t trust local  
foods hence they  
purchase from the  
supermarkets  
-
Habitat destruction  
by guests or tourists  
who through empty  
bottles on the river  
after consuming the  
beverages.  
-
-
Most  
establishments  
work in isolation.  
of  
the  
-
-
-
some they only  
purchase crayfish  
from the local  
people  
Some  
investors  
come with their  
own instructions  
-
-
Construction of the  
hospitality  
establishment just  
next to the river.  
establishments  
cannot even build a  
clinic  
for  
the  
community  
The lighting which  
is set on those  
establishments  
roads are in bad  
state.  
which are near the  
river disturbs the  
fish and you cannot  
catch fish near those  
areas.  
-
Roads  
are  
not  
maintained  
This study explored the economic, cultural and environmental outcomes of the hospitality industry along the  
Kafue river catchment from middle and lower in Zambia. The middle and lower Kafue were purposively selected  
because of their significance in hospitality businesses, which are directly located in community areas.  
Economic outcomes  
The study found that economic outcomes of local participation in the hospitality industry within the Kafue River  
Catchment are modest and unevenly distributed. Approximately 20% of residents are employed in hospitality  
establishments, mainly in casual or low-skilled positions such as cleaning, cooking, or maintenance. While these  
jobs provide some income, they rarely offer long-term financial stability or career advancement.  
The overall economic benefits to the local population remain minimal because many hospitality enterprises  
prefer to source both goods and skilled labor from outside the communities, often citing concerns about quality,  
consistency, and reliability. Consequently, much of the revenue generated by the industry flows out of the local  
economy, limiting the potential multiplier effect on household incomes. Additionally, poor road networks and  
inadequate rural infrastructure including unreliable electricity and limited access to markets further restrict local  
participation and business opportunities. These structural barriers hinder the integration of local producers and  
service providers into the hospitality supply chain, thereby constraining the sector’s potential to drive inclusive  
and sustainable economic development in the Kafue River Catchment.  
Page 3845  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Cultural Outcomes  
The study revealed that hospitality activities within the Kafue River Catchment have contributed significantly  
to cultural preservation and revitalization. Many communities engage in traditional dances, storytelling, and craft  
production as part of tourism and hospitality experiences, providing platforms for expressing and sustaining  
local heritage. These interactions have fostered a renewed sense of cultural pride and identity, as residents  
increasingly recognize the value of their traditions in attracting visitors and generating income. However,  
participants also expressed concern about the commercialization of culture, noting that cultural performances  
and artifacts are sometimes exploited for profit without fair compensation to the creators or performers. This  
tension between preservation and commercialization underscores the need for mechanisms that ensure equitable  
benefit-sharing and ethical cultural representation. Overall, while the hospitality industry has strengthened  
cultural visibility and pride among local people, it also raises important questions about ownership, authenticity,  
and the protection of intangible cultural heritage.  
Environmental Outcomes  
The findings revealed a mix of positive and negative environmental outcomes associated with hospitality  
activities in the Kafue River Catchment. On the positive side, some hospitality establishments have taken  
proactive measures to promote environmental stewardship. These include regular waste collection, awareness  
campaigns, and river clean-up exercises organized in collaboration with local communities. Such initiatives have  
enhanced public understanding of environmental protection and encouraged responsible behavior among  
residents and visitors alike. However, several negative environmental impacts were also observed.  
These include noise pollution from loud music played at lodges and recreational sites, light pollution that disrupts  
fish breeding patterns along the river, and unregulated construction too close to the riverbanks, leading to soil  
erosion and loss of natural vegetation. Additionally, poor waste disposal practices by some facilities and visitors  
have contributed to habitat degradation, posing threats to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These  
contrasting outcomes highlight the urgent need for stronger environmental management frameworks, regular  
monitoring, and community-based conservation initiatives to ensure that hospitality development within the  
catchment remains sustainable and ecologically responsible.  
Hospitality entrepreneurship has generated both positive and negative impacts. It contributes modestly to  
employment and cultural revitalization but simultaneously causes ecological pressure and social inequality.  
Sustainable community involvement requires improved infrastructure, fair labor practices, and environmental  
accountability.  
DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS  
Economical Outcomes  
Economic outcomes of local participation in the hospitality industry within the Kafue River Catchment are  
modest and unevenly distributed. Approximately 20% of residents are employed in hospitality establishments,  
mainly in casual or low-skilled positions such as cleaning, cooking, or maintenance. While these jobs provide  
some income, they rarely offer long-term financial stability or career advancement. These findings concur with  
earlier research by Ramesh. (2022), which documented employment as one of dimensions hospitality  
entrepreneurs should adhere to for them to have successful business in the area where business is being  
conducted.  
The overall economic benefits to the local population remain minimal because many hospitality enterprises  
prefer to source both goods and skilled labor from outside the communities, often citing concerns about quality,  
consistency, and reliability. Consequently, much of the revenue generated by the industry flows out of the local  
economy, limiting the potential multiplier effect on household incomes. Additionally, poor road networks and  
inadequate rural infrastructure including unreliable electricity and limited access to markets further restrict local  
participation and business opportunities. These structural barriers hinder the integration of local producers and  
service providers into the hospitality supply chain, thereby constraining the sector’s potential to drive inclusive  
Page 3846  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
and sustainable economic development in the Kafue River Catchment. This finding concurs with Brooker et al,  
(2014), who stated the outcome of economic of hospitality industry on the local people.  
Cultural Outcomes  
Cultural outcomes of hospitality entrepreneurship in the Kafue River Catchment are dual in nature they involve  
both cultural preservation and cultural commodification. The study found that the hospitality industry has played  
a role in reviving traditional arts, dances, and cuisines, as these cultural expressions are showcased to tourists  
during festivals and at hospitality facilities. Communities have rediscovered pride in their cultural heritage,  
recognizing it as both an identity marker and an economic asset. This aligns with Abas et al. (2023), who observe  
that community-based tourism often acts as a catalyst for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in developing  
regions.  
However, the study also revealed that cultural practices are increasingly being commercialized and standardized  
to suit tourist expectations. Cultural performances and rituals that once held spiritual or communal significance  
are sometimes staged primarily for entertainment and profit. This phenomenon often referred to as cultural  
commodification poses a risk of eroding authenticity and transforming culture into a market product. Mlambo  
and Dube (2021) and Rahman and Hassan (2022) highlight similar concerns, arguing that tourism-driven  
commodification can weaken the intrinsic meanings of cultural expressions if not managed with sensitivity and  
local consent.  
Moreover, not all cultural groups within the catchment benefit equally from tourism exposure. Certain  
communities closer to lodges and access roads have more opportunities to perform and sell crafts, while those  
in remote areas remain excluded. This spatial imbalance contributes to internal inequalities and tensions.  
Kangombe and Phiri (2021) emphasize that equitable cultural participation requires deliberate inclusion of all  
community subgroups, including women and youth, through cultural cooperatives and rotational performance  
schemes.  
From the theoretical lens of CPT, these dynamics highlight that authentic cultural preservation can only occur  
when communities exercise agency and control over how their culture is represented and marketed. Participation  
in cultural tourism should therefore be negotiated, community-led, and rooted in local consent. As Chen and Xie  
(2025) argue, participatory governance in cultural tourism enhances authenticity, ensures equitable benefit-  
sharing, and prevents exploitation of cultural identities.  
Despite these challenges, cultural tourism remains a valuable opportunity for community empowerment. When  
properly managed, it fosters intergenerational knowledge transfer, strengthens local pride, and promotes cross-  
cultural understanding. To achieve this, policies must encourage community-led cultural programming and the  
establishment of cultural interpretation centers that are run by locals rather than external investors.  
Environmental Outcomes  
The environmental outcomes of hospitality entrepreneurship in the Kafue River Catchment are mixed, reflecting  
both progress and persistent challenges. On one hand, several lodges and eco-resorts have adopted sustainable  
environmental practices, such as the use of solar energy, waste separation, water recycling, and reforestation.  
These initiatives demonstrate a growing awareness of environmental stewardship among some industry players.  
Chen and Xie, (2025) describe such practices as examples of “dynamic governance,” where innovation and  
ecological responsibility intersect to enhance destination sustainability.  
On the other hand, evidence from the study indicates ongoing environmental degradation linked to unregulated  
tourism activities. Issues such as deforestation of firewood, waste pollution in the river, and habitat disturbance  
from boat traffic threaten the ecological integrity of the catchment. Local respondents expressed concern that  
certain operators prioritize profit over environmental protection, citing poor waste disposal and encroachment  
on sensitive wetlands. These findings align with Rahman and Hassan, (2022), who observed that inconsistent  
enforcement of environmental policies undermines sustainability efforts in African tourism destinations.  
Page 3847  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Moreover, local communities are often excluded from environmental decision-making processes, even though  
they bear the brunt of ecological degradation. Liu and Wall, (2020) argue that sustainable environmental  
outcomes depend on community involvement in monitoring, conservation, and benefit-sharing. From a CPT  
perspective, environmental participation should not be limited to compliance but should empower communities  
to co-manage resources and derive benefits from conservation initiatives, such as eco-tourism or carbon credit  
programs.  
Environmental sustainability is further undermined by the absence of formal environmental education and  
awareness campaigns among residents. As noted by Pretty et al, (2021), participation in environmental  
management requires knowledge and motivation; communities must understand both the ecological and  
economic value of preserving natural assets. In the Kafue River Catchment, the lack of structured environmental  
awareness programs limits locals’ capacity to advocate for sustainable practices.  
Nevertheless, the study found promising examples of community-led environmental initiatives. Some youth  
groups and women’s cooperatives have begun tree planting and waste collection projects, often in collaboration  
with non-governmental organizations. These grassroots efforts, though small in scale, reflect the growing  
environmental consciousness among the population. According to Krittayaruangroj et al, (2023), such bottom-  
up initiatives, when supported by local authorities and investors, can evolve into effective community-based  
environmental management systems.  
Synthesis of Economic, Cultural, and Environmental Outcomes  
The economic, cultural, and environmental outcomes of hospitality entrepreneurship in the Kafue River  
Catchment are deeply intertwined. Economic marginalization reduces community capacity to invest in  
sustainable practices, while cultural commodification and environmental degradation reflect limited local agency  
in tourism governance. These interrelations demonstrate that sustainability cannot be achieved through economic  
growth alone; it requires inclusive participation, equitable benefit-sharing, and empowerment-oriented policy  
frameworks.  
From the standpoint of Community Based Theory, these findings reaffirm the principle that meaningful  
participation is both a process and an outcome. When communities have influence over hospitality development,  
they are more likely to protect their environment, preserve their culture, and reinvest economic benefits locally.  
Conversely, exclusion breeds dependency, inequality, and environmental neglect.  
To achieve balanced and sustainable outcomes, policy interventions must therefore prioritize participatory  
planning, capacity building, and financial inclusion. Hospitality operators should be encouraged through policy  
incentives to form partnerships with local cooperatives, support cultural authenticity, and implement robust  
environmental safeguards. Only through such an integrated, community-driven approach can the hospitality  
industry in the Kafue River Catchment contribute to long-term sustainable development.  
CONCLUSION  
This study explored the economic, cultural and environmental outcomes of the hospitality industry in Zambian  
Kafue River catchment. The findings reveal that hospitality establishments economically were limited in the  
catchment has it only provided to 20% local people were employed by the industry and the majority were  
associated with lower salary which cannot sustain the wellbeing of the community. It was discovered that the  
high salary jobs were given to people who come outside the catchment. This displeases the local people  
demanding that they can also occupy those highly salary jobs only if the government and the establishment train  
them in hospitality and tourism programs. Establishments also did not support the local people fully in terms of  
income generation for the community because most of them purchased garden products items from supermarkets  
instead of local community markets.  
The study further demonstrates that the hospitality industry has played a role in reviving traditional arts, dances,  
and cuisines, as these cultural expressions are showcased to tourists during festivals and at hospitality facilities.  
Communities have rediscovered pride in their cultural heritage, recognizing it as both an identity marker and an  
Page 3848  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
economic asset. However, not all cultural groups within the catchment benefited equally from hospitality  
exposure.  
Furthermore, the study finds environmental outcomes of hospitality industry in the Kafue River Catchment are  
mixed, reflecting both progress and persistent challenges. On one hand, several lodges and eco-resorts have  
adopted sustainable environmental practices, such as the use of solar energy, waste separation, water recycling,  
and reforestation  
On the other hand, evidence from the study indicates ongoing environmental degradation linked to unregulated  
hospitality activities. Issues such as deforestation of firewood, waste pollution in the river, and habitat  
disturbance from boat traffic threaten the ecological integrity of the catchment. The government, as the primary  
guardian of land, should see to it that investors adhere to the policy on how to develop the local communities as  
they conduct business by supporting their businesses, training to their standard so as they obtain high salary jobs,  
this will improve their livelihood.  
A major constraint of this study is its geographic area of application, which was limited to middle and lower  
Kafue River. As a result, the findings may not comprehensively describe the experiences of hospitality industry  
in other parts of Zambia. Further research could explore increasing the sample size and coverage area, integrating  
various hospitality settings and implementing mixed methods approaches to enhance comprehension of energy  
coping measures throughout the industry.  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  
Sincere gratitude is extended to the hospitality businesses and the local communities for having accorded the  
researchers the time to conduct focus group and provide the required information.  
Conflicts of interest  
There were no conflicts of interest in all stages of the study.  
Funding statement  
No fund was associated with the study, instead the author facilitated everything concerning the study.  
Author contribution  
80% of the work was done by the principal author and 20% was done by the core authors  
REFERENCE  
1. Brookes, Levent Altinay, Kate Ringham M, Sloan P, Legrand W, Simons-Kaufmann C (2014), "A survey  
of social entrepreneurial community-based hospitality and tourism initiatives in developing economies:  
A new business approach for industry". Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Vol. 6 No. 1 pp.  
51–61, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-11-2013-0045  
2. Nagarjuma, G. (2015). Local community involvement in tourism: A case study approach. Atna Journal  
of Tourism Studies, 10(2), 55–69. *  
3. Zhang, H., & Lam, T. (2015). "Cultural Intelligence and Hospitality Services." International Journal of  
Hospitality Management, 50, 101-112.  
4. Mbaiwa, J. E. (2018). Community-based tourism and hospitality entrepreneurship in Botswana. Tourism  
Management, 68, 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.011  
5. Ruhlandt, R. (2020). "Cultural Diversity and Its Impact on the Hospitality Industry." International Journal  
of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 21(4), 415-437.  
6. Uslu, A., Alagöz, G., & Güneş, E. (2020). Socio-cultural, Economic, and Environmental Effects of  
Tourism from the Point of View of the Local Community. Journal of Tourism and Services, 11(21), 1-  
21. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v11i21.147  
Page 3849  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
7. Li, J. (2020). Analyzing the relationship between local community involvement and hospitality  
entrepreneurship success. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 150–162. *  
8. Mlambo, C., & Dube, T. (2021). Rural hospitality and inclusive growth along Zimbabwe’s river  
catchments. Journal of Sustainable Hospitality Management, 7(3), 120–134. *  
9. Achmad, W., & Yulianah, Y. (2022). Corporate Social Responsibility of the Hospitality Industry in  
Realizing Sustainable Tourism Development. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(2), 1610-1616.  
https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v12i2.447  
10. Krittayaruangroj, K., et al. (2023). Success factors for community-based tourism in developing  
economies. Journal of Tourism Development and Policy, 18(1), 22–41. *  
Page 3850  
www.rsisinternational.org