INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

Perceived Behavioral Control as the Key Driver of Islamic Tourism

Intention: A Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) Approach

*Fathin Insyirah Binti Khairul Rijal., Nur Shahirah Mior Shariffuddin

Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu,

Malaysia

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100377

Received: 27 November 2025; Accepted: 03 December 2025; Published: 11 December 2025

ABSTRACT

Islamic tourism extends far beyond the provision of halal food, it represents a holistic travel experience that

enables Muslims to fulfil their religious responsibilities, including observing prayer times, maintaining modesty

in recreational activities, and avoiding prohibited elements such as alcohol, gambling, and unethical

entertainment. Within this setting, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) serves as a robust and widely applied

framework for understanding behavioral intention. According to TPB, intention is influenced by three core

components: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC). In this

conceptual paper, PBC is the central focus. It refers to an individual’s perception of their capability to perform

a behavior, shaped by both internal competencies and external situational constraints. Although related to self-

efficacy, PBC encompasses a broader range of factors, including environmental facilitators or barriers that may

affect the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior. In the context of Islamic tourism, high perceived

behavioral control strengthens Muslim travelers’ intentions, whereas low PBC can considerably undermine them.

For instance, when travelers anticipate challenges such as insufficient halal food options, limited prayer facilities,

or logistical difficulties in upholding religious duties, their intention to travel may diminish even if they hold

positive attitudes toward the destination or receive social encouragement. PBC in Islamic tourism can be

understood through three interrelated components: self-efficacy, controllability, and resource availability.

Together, these dimensions provide a comprehensive lens for examining how Muslim travelers evaluate their

ability to participate in Shariah-compliant travel. This conceptual exploration offers valuable insights for

advancing theory and guiding practical efforts to enhance the Islamic tourism experience.

Keywords: Tourism, Perceived Behavioral Control, Theory of Planned Behavior, Intention, Islamic

INTRODUCTION

Islamic tourism has increasingly become a significant sector within the global tourism industry, driven by the

rising number of Muslim travelers who seek destinations that support their religious values, lifestyle needs, and

cultural expectations (Junaidi, 2022). Islamic tourism encompasses more than simply providing halal food, it

reflects a holistic travel experience that allows Muslims to fulfil religious obligations, such as observing prayer

times, ensuring modesty in leisure activities, and avoiding prohibited elements such as alcohol, gambling, and

unethical entertainment (Said et al.,2022). As Muslim travelers become more discerning in aligning travel

choices with Shariah principles, scholars and policymakers have emphasized the importance of understanding

psychological determinants that shape their intention to engage in Islamic tourism (Alhothali et al., 2023).

Within this context, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) offers a comprehensive and widely accepted

framework for examining behavioral intention. Based on Li et al. (2023), The model posits that intention is

shaped by three main components: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Among

these components, PBC emerges as a particularly critical factor in the Islamic tourism setting, as it captures the

traveler’s perceived capability to engage in Islamic tourism while managing potential challenges relating to

religious, logistical, and situational constraints (Chang & Amalina, 2025). These constraints may include the

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availability of halal facilities, access to prayer spaces, safety for Muslim women travelers, cost considerations,

or the general ease of locating Shariah-compliant services at a destination (Rosli et al., 2024).

Despite the acknowledged significance of PBC, the multifaceted nature of PBC in Islamic tourism has not

received enough attention in the literature, which has mostly concentrated on attitudes and subjective norms. In

particular, there is still a lack of theoretical understanding on how Muslim travelers view and deal with

situational, logistical, and religious constraints (Said et al., 2022).

Given these realities, understanding PBC is essential because Muslim travelers often evaluate not only the

desirability of Islamic tourism but also their confidence in being able to practice their faith smoothly throughout

the travel experience (Pattaray, 2024). A high sense of perceived control can enhance their willingness to choose

Islamic-compliant destinations, whereas low perceived control may discourage them even if their attitudes or

subjective norms are favorable (Ahmed et al., 2024). This conceptual paper contributes theoretically by

extending the TPB framework to explicitly incorporate the multidimensional aspects of PBC within the context

of Islamic tourism. By doing so, it offers a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which

perceived control influences Muslim travelers’ intention formation, providing a foundation for future empirical

testing and practical application in destination planning. Therefore, this conceptual paper aims to explore in

depth how perceived behavioral control influences the intention to visit Islamic tourism destinations,

emphasizing PBC’s multidimensional nature and its pivotal role in shaping faith-aligned travel decisions among

Muslim tourists.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), developed by Ajzen (1991), is one of the most widely applied and

empirically supported frameworks in social and consumer psychology, including tourism research. It provides a

systematic approach to understanding the factors that shape behavioral intention, which is widely recognized as

a strong predictor of actual behavior (Ajzen, 2020). TPB posits that intention is determined by three key

components: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (La Barbera

et al., 2021). While all three play a role in shaping intention, their influence may vary depending on the

behavioral context. In Islamic tourism, where religious obligations and situational constraints are central

concerns, PBC often emerges as the most decisive factor in determining intention (Akter & Hasan et al., 2023).

Attitude refers to an individual’s overall evaluation of performing the behavior, whether positive or negative

(Shareef et al., 2023). In the context of Islamic tourism, attitude encompasses the perceived benefits and values

associated with engaging in Shariah-compliant travel. However, even when attitudes are positive, travelers may

still refrain from forming strong intentions if they feel unable to practice their religion effectively during travel

(Nguyen et al.,2023). A positive attitude toward Islamic tourism indicates that travelers view such experiences

as desirable, meaningful, and aligned with their faith-based values, thereby increasing the likelihood of forming

a strong behavioral intention (Rostiani et al., 2024). Subjective norms, the second component of TPB, represent

the perceived social pressures or expectations from significant referent groups, such as family, friends, religious

leaders, and the broader community (Nguyen et al., 2023). In Islamic tourism, subjective norms play a critical

role because many Muslim travelers consider the expectations of their social and religious networks when

making travel decisions (Adel et al., 2021). Social encouragement alone does not guarantee intention if travelers

anticipate difficulties fulfilling religious obligations (Solekah et al., 2023).

Perceived behavioral control, the focus of this conceptual paper, plays a particularly dominant role in Islamic

tourism because it directly reflects Muslim travelers’ confidence in their ability to uphold religious practices

during travel. PBC is conceptually similar to self-efficacy, yet it extends to include situational and environmental

factors that may facilitate or impede behavior. Perceived behavioural control refers to an individual’s perception

of how easy or difficult it is to perform a particular behaviour, as well as their actual ability to regulate or control

that behaviour. PBC captures not only internal capabilities but also the availability of external facilitators that

influence the ease or difficulty of performing Shariah-compliant behaviors (Adewoyin et al., 2022). In the

context of Islamic tourism, PBC encompasses both the traveler’s confidence in managing religious obligations

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during travel and the perception that external conditions support such compliance. For instance, the availability

of halal food, accessible prayer rooms, reliable transport systems, culturally sensitive service providers, and an

overall environment that aligns with Islamic principles all contribute to perceived control (Harun et al., 2024).

High PBC strengthens the belief that travel can be successfully executed without compromising religious

commitments, whereas low PBC may create doubts or hesitation, reducing the likelihood of intention formation

(Sun, 2020). Thus, PBC becomes the most important TPB element in Islamic tourism decision-making since it

is the primary mechanism that converts intention from desire into active readiness (Adel et al., 2021). Through

the lens of PBC, TPB offers a solid basis for comprehending Muslim travelers' faith-aligned travel intents by

emphasizing both internal confidence and external facilitation.

Understanding Perceived Behavioral Control in TPB

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) refers to the extent to which individuals believe they have the capability to

perform a specific behavior, reflecting their perception of control over the behavior in question (Hagger et al.,

2022). Unlike attitude and subjective norms, which reflect desire and social influence, PBC directly addresses

the individual’s sense of ability, manageability, and feasibility, making it a more action-oriented predictor in the

intention process (Ajzen, 2020). This construct encompasses both internal factors, such as personal skills,

knowledge, experience, and self-confidence, as well as external factors, including the availability of resources,

supportive environments, and situational opportunities. According to Ajzen (1991), PBC significantly influences

behavioral intentions because individuals are more likely to intend to perform behaviors they perceive as within

their ability to accomplish (Sujood et al., 2022). In other words, even if individuals want to perform a behavior

(attitude) and feel expected to perform it (subjective norm), intention will remain weak if they feel they lack

control.

In the context of tourism research, PBC is particularly valuable in explaining how travelers evaluate their

capacity to plan, organize, and execute travel activities, navigate potential challenges, and successfully complete

the tasks associated with their intended trip (Chen et al., 2023). However, the role of PBC becomes even more

pronounced in Islamic tourism, where the ability to maintain religious obligations during travel is a central

concern. Travelers may hold positive attitudes toward Islamic tourism or feel socially encouraged to travel, but

their intention will be strongly shaped by whether they believe they can manage their faith-related requirements

during the trip (Asnawai & Sihombing et al., 2021). This elevates PBC from a supporting factor to a primary,

dominant predictor of intention.

Azam et al. (2024) stated in the context of Islamic tourism, perceived behavioral control is a critical determinant

of whether Muslim travelers feel capable of participating in faith-aligned travel experiences. PBC reflects the

traveler’s assessment of their ability to maintain religious obligations while engaging in tourism activities. For

instance, Muslim travelers may consider whether they can reliably observe prayer times, locate halal-certified

food options, ensure modesty in dress and behavior, and avoid activities that conflict with Islamic ethical

standards (Ashton et al., 2025). These considerations make PBC not only a measure of confidence but also a

measure of religious feasibility a dimension uniquely important in Islamic tourism. The perception of control in

this setting is therefore multidimensional, shaped by both the individual’s internal competencies and the external

travel environment (Tsai, 2022). Internal factors include a traveler’s religious knowledge, familiarity with

Islamic practices in various cultural contexts, personal organizational and planning skills, and prior experience

in Shariah-compliant travel. External factors encompass access to halal restaurants, prayer facilities, gender-

sensitive accommodations, transportation systems that align with Islamic requirements, and available

information on the Islamic-friendliness of a destination. The stronger these internal and external supports are,

the more confident Muslim travelers become in their ability to execute the trip successfully, thereby increasing

PBC (Abror et al., 2025).

When Muslim travelers perceive a high level of both internal capability and external support, their perceived

behavioral control increases, enhancing their confidence in the feasibility of the trip. This strengthened PBC, in

turn, positively influences the formation of travel intentions, as travelers feel empowered to make decisions that

align with their faith without significant risk of compromise (Akter & Hasan, 2023). Perceived behavioral control

functions as a crucial psychological mechanism in Islamic tourism, bridging the gap between desire and

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actionable intention (Abdul Muhaemin et al., 2024). While attitude reflects preference and subjective norms

reflect social expectations, PBC determines whether the individual believes they can realistically execute the

behavior in a faith-consistent way. As a result, PBC becomes a decisive factor influencing whether Muslim

travelers translate their interest in Islamic tourism into actual planned behavior (Mohammed et al., 2023). It

highlights the necessity of both strong personal competencies and Islamic-friendly environments in enabling

Shariah-compliant tourism experiences.

Perceived Behavioral Control in the Context of Islamic Tourism

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) is particularly significant in Islamic tourism because Muslim travelers often

evaluate the feasibility of Shariah-compliant travel before forming an intention to visit a destination (Sulaiman

et al., 2022). Unlike conventional leisure travel, Islamic tourism requires broader and more complex

considerations, as travelers must ensure that their chosen destinations provide halal goods and services, Islamic-

friendly facilities, and environments that respect and accommodate religious values (Wibawa et al., 2023). This

nature of Islamic tourism makes perceived behavioral control a central factor in the decision-making process,

their actual ability to comply with faith-based obligations during the journey (Lestari et al., 2023). PBC in this

context is therefore shaped by religious, logistical, and situational components that collectively influence the

traveler’s confidence in performing the intended behavior.

One critical factor influencing PBC is information accessibility. Muslim travelers who have access to

comprehensive, reliable, and accurate information about halal-certified restaurants, prayer facilities, modest

entertainment options, and culturally sensitive local customs are more likely to perceive control over their travel

experience (Bukhari et al., 2025). The rise of digital technologies, including mobile applications, dedicated

Islamic tourism websites, and Muslim-friendly travel agencies, has significantly enhanced perceived control by

reducing uncertainty and providing clear guidance (Berakon et al., 2023). These information resources allow

travelers to plan more effectively, anticipate challenges, and make informed decisions, thereby strengthening

their confidence in successfully engaging in Shariah-compliant travel.

Another important component of PBC is experience. Travelers who have previously participated in Islamic

tourism and successfully managed to adhere to Shariah principles during their trips develop higher confidence

in their ability to replicate similar experiences in the future. This accumulated knowledge, familiarity with

procedures, and practical understanding of how to navigate religious and logistical requirements reduce

perceived barriers, enhance self-efficacy, and contribute to a stronger sense of control over subsequent travel

decisions (Zhang & Hwang et al., 2025). As a result, PBC becomes progressively stronger each time travelers

navigate Islamic-friendly environments, making it a powerful predictor of future behavior. Theoretically, this

suggests that PBC in Islamic tourism develops through iterative reinforcement, where successful past

performance amplifies perceived control and consolidates intention formation in subsequent travel decisions

(Akter & Hasan et al., 2023).

Collectively, these dynamics position PBC as the dominant theoretical construct in understanding Islamic

tourism intention. While attitude and subjective norms remain relevant, they do not fully capture the religious

feasibility judgments that Muslim travelers must make. PBC, however, directly addresses these judgments by

integrating internal capability, external support, and contextual certainty. This makes PBC the most

comprehensive and influential predictor in the TPB framework when applied to Islamic tourism, marking it as a

core theoretical pillar in explaining how Muslim travelers translate their faith-based motivations into actual

behavioral intentions (Wang et al., 2023).

METHODOLOGY

This study is a conceptual article that develops theoretical reasons and the suggested conceptual model by

critically analyzing the body of existing literature. Targeted searches utilizing keywords like "Islamic tourism,"

"perceived behavioral control," "Theory of Planned Behavior," and "Muslim travel intention" were used to find

pertinent material in databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science.

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The goal of this search was to find basic theories, seminal publications, and relevant empirical investigations

that support the conceptual framework's evolution rather than to carry out an extensive systematic review. The

selection of literature was based on factors including theoretical relevance, contextual appropriateness, and

contribution to the topic's understanding; studies that had nothing to do with the main concepts or variables were

not included.

In order to develop a theoretical rationale and suggest conceptual connections that clarify the crucial role that

perceived behavioral control plays in influencing Islamic tourist aspirations, the paper employs this method,

synthesizing important findings from earlier research.

DISCUSSION

The Relationship Between Perceived Behavioral Control and Intention to Visit Islamic Tourism

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) plays a direct and substantial role in shaping behavioral intention within the

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. It reflects an individual’s perception of their capacity to perform

a specific behavior, considering both internal capabilities and external constraints. In the context of Islamic

tourism, PBC is particularly influential because Muslim travelers must evaluate not only their desire to engage

in travel but also their ability to maintain religious compliance throughout the journey (Hanafiah & Hamdan

2021). When travelers perceive high levels of control over their ability to participate in Islamic tourism, the

likelihood of forming a strong intention to visit Shariah-compliant destinations increases significantly (Akter &

Hasan, 2023). This sense of control functions as a psychological assurance, giving travelers confidence that they

can undertake travel activities without excessive difficulty or compromising their religious values, which in turn

strengthens their commitment to the intended action.

PBC influences intention in Islamic tourism through several mechanisms. First, high PBC reduces perceived risk

and uncertainty associated with travel to destinations where the availability of halal facilities or religiously

compliant services might be unclear (Asnawai & Sihombing, 2021). For example, travelers who know they can

access halal-certified restaurants, prayer rooms, gender-sensitive accommodations, and culturally respectful

leisure options experience lower anxiety and greater readiness to participate in Islamic tourism. Second, PBC

enhances planning confidence, enabling travelers to anticipate potential challenges, schedule activities in

accordance with religious obligations, and make informed decisions about transportation, accommodation, and

itinerary (Zhang et al., 2025). This enhanced confidence solidifies intention by reinforcing the belief that

Shariah-compliant travel is both manageable and rewarding. Additionally, Ibrahim et al. (2025) stated PBC

allows travelers to perceive that they have sufficient resources time, finances, information, and support from

travel companions to successfully navigate the requirements of Islamic tourism, which further strengthens

intention.

If Muslim travelers perceive inadequate availability of halal food, limited access to prayer facilities, or logistical

difficulties in maintaining religious practices, they may hesitate or avoid forming strong intentions, even when

their attitudes toward the destination are positive or when social norms encourage participation (Sumardi et al.,

2025). Therefore, PBC functions as a critical bridge in the TPB framework, mediating the conversion of

motivation and desire into actionable behavioral intention (Hanafiah et al., 2021). Understanding the role of PBC

in Islamic tourism provides valuable insight for destination planners and service providers seeking to create

environments that support Muslim travelers’ confidence, reduce barriers, and facilitate Shariah-compliant travel

experiences (Mursid, 2023).

Dimensions of Perceived Behavioral Control in Islamic Tourism

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) in Islamic tourism can be conceptualized through three interconnected

dimensions: self-efficacy, controllability, and resource availability (Chang & Amalina, 2025). These dimensions

collectively shape the traveler’s perception of their ability to engage in Shariah-compliant travel and directly

influence their intention to participate in Islamic tourism. By examining PBC through this multidimensional

lens, researchers and practitioners can gain an in-depth understanding of the psychological and practical factors

that empower or constrain Muslim travelers.

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The first dimension, self-efficacy, based on Said et al. (2022), refers to the traveler’s confidence in their own

ability to fulfill religious obligations while traveling. It encompasses internal beliefs about competence, such as

the ability to manage dietary requirements, adhere to prayer schedules, and adjust daily routines to maintain

compliance with Islamic principles. Travelers with high self-efficacy are more likely to perceive Islamic tourism

as manageable and within their personal capacity, as they believe they can successfully navigate potential

challenges without compromising religious duties. For instance, a traveler who is confident in planning meals

that meet halal standards or in locating prayer facilities in unfamiliar destinations demonstrates high self-efficacy.

This internal sense of competence not only strengthens intention but also reduces anxiety associated with travel,

promoting a more positive and empowered approach to Shariah-compliant tourism.

The second dimension is controllability. Sulaiman et al. (2022) said refers to the traveler’s perception of external

factors that either facilitate or constrain Shariah-compliant travel. The presence of supportive infrastructure such

as halal-certified restaurants, accessible prayer rooms, gender-segregated facilities, and culturally sensitive

accommodations enhances perceived control by reducing uncertainty and potential barriers. Destinations that

actively promote transparency in Shariah compliance, such as providing clear signage, certified halal menus, or

dedicated spaces for worship, further strengthen controllability. When travelers perceive that these external

conditions are favorable, they feel a greater sense of control over their travel experience, which positively

influences their intention to choose Islamic tourism.

The third dimension, resource availability, includes financial, informational, and logistical resources that support

the practical implementation of Shariah-compliant travel (Jamaludin et al., 2023). Sufficient financial resources

allow travelers to afford Islamic-friendly accommodations, transportation, and activities, while access to

accurate information through websites, mobile applications, or travel agencies reduces uncertainty and facilitates

planning. Logistical resources, such as convenient transportation and availability of travel companions who share

similar religious values, also contribute to perceived control. When resources are readily available, perceived

constraints are minimized, enhancing confidence in successfully executing travel plans and increasing the

likelihood of forming strong intentions to participate in Islamic tourism.

Overall, self-efficacy, controllability, and resource availability work in tandem to shape perceived behavioral

control. High levels of PBC across these dimensions empower Muslim travelers to confidently engage in

Shariah-compliant tourism, bridging the gap between intention and action, and highlighting the importance of

both internal competencies and external facilitation in promoting Islamic tourism participation.

To further strengthen the analytical clarity of the argument and to visually represent the theoretical relationships

explained in this section, Figure 1 shows the proposed conceptual model, which positions perceived behavioral

control (PBC) as a multidimensional construct shaped by self-efficacy, controllability, and resource availability.

As illustrated in Figure 1, these three dimensions collectively contribute to the formation of PBC, which

subsequently exerts a direct influence on Islamic tourism intention. This visual representation highlights how

internal confidence, external facilitation, and access to necessary resources interact to enhance Muslim travelers’

perceived ability to maintain religious compliance throughout the travel process.

Figure 1: Conceptual Model of PBC and Islamic Tourism Intention

Source: Authors’ own work

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Figure 1 therefore clarifies the theoretical pathway discussed earlier: the three antecedent dimensions reinforce

perceived behavioral control, which functions as the primary mechanism through which Muslim travelers

translate motivation into behavioral intention in Islamic tourism contexts. This model also provides a structured

foundation for developing future hypotheses and guiding empirical investigations.

Implication

The conceptual exploration of perceived behavioral control (PBC) in Islamic tourism provides a rich foundation

for both theoretical advancement and practical implementation, offering insights into how Muslim travelers form

intentions to engage in Shariah-compliant tourism. From a theoretical perspective, future research can

empirically investigate the ways in which PBC influences travel intention across diverse Muslim demographic

groups, including differences in age, gender, educational background, religiosity, and socioeconomic status. For

instance, younger travelers or those with prior experience in international Islamic tourism may exhibit higher

levels of self-efficacy and resource confidence compared to first-time travelers (Chang & Amalina, 2025)

Similarly, cultural context can play a significant role, as PBC may be influenced by local norms, religious

practices, and the availability of Islamic-friendly facilities in different regions or countries. Examining these

variations can help refine the Theory of Planned Behavior in the context of Islamic tourism and enhance the

generalizability of PBC as a predictor of behavioral intention.

Additionally, future studies can explore the interplay between digital technology, destination image, and PBC in

shaping travel intention. The increasing availability of mobile applications, online travel platforms, and social

media resources provides Muslim travelers with instant access to information on halal food, prayer facilities,

and culturally appropriate accommodations (Hidayat, 2023). Research examining how digital tools reduce

perceived barriers, increase controllability, and enhance self-efficacy can yield valuable insights for both theory

and practice. Furthermore, investigating how positive destination image interacts with PBC may offer better

understanding of how perceived accessibility, safety, and Islamic-friendliness influence intention formation.

From a practical standpoint, tourism providers and destination managers can apply insights from PBC to create

environments that foster confidence among Muslim travelers. Enhancing infrastructure, such as establishing

easily accessible prayer rooms, providing halal-certified dining, and ensuring gender-sensitive facilities, can

strengthen travelers perceived control. Transparent halal certification, clear communication of Islamic-friendly

services, and culturally sensitive staff training can further improve travelers’ confidence in destination

compliance with Shariah principles (Arissaputra et al., 2025). Policymakers also play a critical role by

developing national standards for halal tourism, promoting Muslim-friendly branding for destinations, and

supporting the creation of integrated Shariah-compliant tourism ecosystems. These measures reduce uncertainty,

enhance self-efficacy, and empower travelers to engage in Islamic tourism with greater confidence.

In summary, both theoretical and practical applications of PBC in Islamic tourism have the potential to advance

academic understanding while simultaneously improving the quality, accessibility, and attractiveness of

destinations for Muslim travelers. By addressing the psychological, logistical, and informational dimensions of

control, stakeholders can bridge the gap between intention and behavior, ensuring sustainable growth in the

Islamic tourism sector and promoting positive travel experiences for Muslim consumers worldwide.

CONCLUSION

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) holds substantial importance in shaping Muslim travelers’ intention to

participate in Islamic tourism, functioning as a key psychological determinant within the Theory of Planned

Behavior (TPB) framework. This conceptual paper emphasizes that PBC, through its multidimensional

components of self-efficacy, controllability, and resource availability, influences whether travelers perceive

Islamic tourism as feasible, manageable, and compatible with their personal capabilities (Abror et al., 2025).

Self-efficacy allows travelers to feel confident in their ability to maintain religious obligations, such as observing

prayer times, locating halal food, and ensuring modesty in daily activities. Controllability reflects the external

conditions and facilitators, including the presence of halal-certified facilities, prayer spaces, and culturally

sensitive services, which reduce barriers and uncertainties. Resource availability, encompassing financial,

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informational, and logistical support, further strengthens perceived control by enabling travelers to navigate

Shariah-compliant travel with confidence.

High levels of PBC encourage intention by reducing perceived risk, enhancing planning confidence, and

fostering the belief that travel can be undertaken without compromising religious values (Rahmafitria et al.,

2021). Travelers who perceive strong control are more likely to commit to destinations and experiences that align

with Shariah principles, translating desire and attitude into actionable intention. Conversely, low perceived

control can impede intention, even when travelers hold positive attitudes toward Islamic tourism and experience

supportive social norms. Insufficient information, lack of halal services, or limited access to necessary resources

can create uncertainty, diminish confidence, and deter participation.

By situating PBC at the forefront of Islamic tourism behavior, this paper underscores the critical role of both

internal competencies and external facilitators in promoting faith-aligned travel. Destinations and tourism

practitioners can enhance PBC by providing transparent, accessible information, improving Shariah-compliant

infrastructure, and creating supportive environments that enable Muslim travelers to feel capable and empowered

(Bamiro et al., 2025). Future empirical research should test the proposed relationships within this conceptual

framework to deepen understanding of PBC’s influence on Islamic tourism intention and guide the sustainable

development of the sector, ultimately ensuring that Muslim travelers can engage in fulfilling, ethically and

religiously compliant travel experiences.

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