INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

Understanding Factors of Competitiveness Consultant Construction

Firm in Indonesia

Nofita Harwin*¹, Mohd Saidin Misnan*², Yulcherlina³, Zelmi Sriyolja⁴, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam ⁵

^1,5Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

²Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

³Bung Hatta University, Civil Engineering/Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning/Jalan Sumatera

Ulak Karang, 25134, Indonesia

⁴Universiti Ekasakti, Padang 25000, West Sumatera, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100460

Received: 04 December 2025; Accepted: 10 December 2025; Published: 18 December 2025

ABSTRACT

Competitiveness is crucial for construction consulting firms to ensure their long-term viability and sustainability.

One way to enhance the competitiveness of construction consulting firms is by understanding the factors of

competitiveness. Many organizations find it challenging to identify critical elements required to strengthen their

competitive advantage due to the limited amount of research on competitiveness. This study examines journal

publications from 1980 to 2025, retrieved from Scopus, Google Scholar, and Crossref databases, using Harzing's

Publish or Perish software for data collection and analysis. The Prisma method was used to select articles, and

both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to achieve the study's objectives. A total of 45 articles

relevant to the research topic were identified and quantitatively analyzed based on their most frequent

occurrences in the tabulated data. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with experts from

consultant associations and contractor associations were conducted to validate the results of the analysis. This

study successfully found the competitiveness factors of construction consulting firms are: human resources,

finance, technology, organization, research and development, marketing, strategic management, process

management, bidding, innovation, project management, relationships, environment, governance, economy, and

performance. These factors are summarized into three categories: internal, external, and index institution (EEI).

Keywords: Factor, competitive, firm, consultant construction

INTRODUCTION

In today’s climate of intensifying global competition, companies must uphold strong competitiveness to survive,

adapt, and achieve long-term sustainability (Al-Kayed et al., 2024). Competitiveness encompasses not only the

capacity to provide low pricing but also includes various elements such as technology, innovation, strategy, and

partnerships (Porter, 1985). Understanding the factors of competitiveness is crucial for construction companies

due to their significant role in economic growth in developing as well as developed countries (Eltohamy, 2022).

Construction companies serve as key providers of economic infrastructure, contribute to the development of

supportive environments, and generate employment opportunities. Investigates the competitiveness factors of

construction companies to improve organizational performance and support national economic development

(Azeem et al., 2020).

An understanding of competitiveness may also be construed as a comprehensive awareness of a company's

strengths and weaknesses, which forms the foundation for formulating effective strategies to enhance its

competitive advantage (Tan et al., 2008). Measuring and evaluating the factors contributing to company power

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

serve to assess and strengthen the organization’s competitive position (Sha et al., 2008).

Rapid change in construction, along with the challenge of sustainable development, creates complex construction

companies and requires both understanding and adaptation to circumstances (Mohd Fahmi et al, 2025). These

changes in organisational actions and behaviours are ultimately construed as key determinants of a construction

company's competitiveness (Badawy et al., 2022).

Porter outlines competitiveness factors that adapt to various conditions, demand factors, industry supports,

company strategies, and competing governments (Porter, 1990). Momaya divides competitiveness into three

distinct areas: the asset of competitiveness, the process of competitiveness, and asset performance of

competitiveness (Ambastha & Momaya, 2004). Yitmen made intellectual capital a factor of competitiveness

with sub-factors of human resources, structure, and relations (Yitmen, 2011). In this study, the perspective is

that factors and sub-factors are recorded and tabulated.

This study aims to identify the competitiveness of a consultant construction company in Indonesia.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Ericsson introduced the Hexagon Framework to analyse competitiveness in the construction industry. This

framework comprises six key elements: factor conditions, demand conditions, corporate strategy, industry

structure, the role of government, and international opportunities. This model emphasizes the importance of

interaction between internal and external factors in shaping construction industry competitiveness (Ericsson et

al., 2005).

Weisheng Lu developed a system to assess and communicate contractor competitiveness, known as the

Contractor Competitiveness Assessment and Communication System (C-CACS). This system assists contractors

in evaluating their competitive position and identifying areas that require improvement in both performance and

competitiveness (Lu et al., 2008).

Orozco and his teams identified factors that influence the competitiveness of construction companies, including

project management, innovation, and technical capabilities. They developed competitiveness indices that helps

companies to measure and compare their performance against competitor within construction industry in Chile

(Orozco et al., 2011).

Whang and Flanagan study the factors influencing contractors’ competitiveness in Korea in international

markets. They emphasized that company ownership, government support, strong leadership, technology

intensity, and specific company characteristics are the critical factors to achieve competitive advantage (Whang

& Flanagan, 2024).

In Vietnam, Vy Dang Binch Hyunh highlighted six classification keys of competitiveness for construction:

management skills, finance skills, company image, human resource strength, marketing relationships and

capabilities, and technical capacity. These indicators serve as a guide for contractors to enhance their competitive

strategies (Huynh et al., 2019).

Models help construction companies in developing strategies in the short and long term to enhance their

competitiveness in international markets. They have three main components: non-financial internal pillars, non-

financial external pillars, and financial pillars (Badawy et al., 2022).

A variety of theoretical factors of competitiveness in construction have been influenced by numerous internal

and external factors. In contrast, the theories share a common objective is to develop effective strategies in

improving a company's competitive position. The implementation of developed frameworks and models can

help companies identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as respond more adaptively to market dynamics

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted using a mixed quantitative and qualitative method. The quantitative method was based

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

on a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMS method. Harzing's Publish initially identified articles

from Scopus, Google Scholar, and Crossref. We conducted a search for publication years from 1980 to 2025

using the keyword "competitive" in April 2025. The system limits the search to ten years. Scopus limits article

retrieval to a maximum of 200 records per query; Google Scholar limits article retrieval to 100 articles per query,

and Crossref allows access to up to 1,000 records per query. Due to the large number of articles retrieved, a

search was conducted using Mendeley software with the keywords "construction" or "contractor" for download.

We used VOS viewer to map competitiveness factors and the number of existing articles. The next step was to

select titles containing the words "construction" or "contractor" to obtain articles on construction/contractor

competitiveness. Further analysis on the topic of "factors influencing construction competitiveness" resulted in

the selection of articles. These competitiveness factors were then tabulated to generate conclusions.

The qualitative method used in this study was semi-structured interviews with one researcher and author of the

book "Indonesian Construction 2030", six experts from consultants in West Sumatra, four contractor experts,

One expert from the Public Works Department of West Sumatra Province, one expert from the Water Resources

and Construction Development Department, one person from the Public Works Department of Padang City, one

person from the Public Works Department of Padang Pariaman Regency, one person from the Mentawai Islands

Regency, one expert from each consultant from Aceh Province, Bengkulu Province, West Java Province, East

Java Province, Bali Bengkulu Province, DKI Jakarta Province to be asked for their opinions on the

competitiveness factors that apply to construction consultant companies in the identification and assessment of

the competitiveness factors put forward by the researcher. Furthermore, in a focus group discussion with six

experts from different consultants and three contractor company associations in West Sumatra, they were asked

for their responses and additional suggestions on the competitiveness factors put forward by the researcher and

asked for their approval to assess the competitiveness factors put forward by the researcher. Table 1 show the

organization of expert in this paper.

Table 1. Organization of Expert

Expert

Level

of Field

of Organization

Interview Method

Education Expertise

1

2

S2

S3

Water Resources Water Resources and Construction

Development

Direct

Water Resources Construction

Services

Development By telephone

Development

Institute

3

4

5

S2

Building

West Sumatra Public Works Department

Padang City Public Works Department

Direct

Building

Highway

Public Works Service of Padang Pariaman Direct

Regency

6

7

8

9

S2

S1

Highway

Civil

Public Works Department of Mentawai Direct

Islands Regency

Consultant from West Sumatra province

Direct, focus group

discussion

Civil

Direct, focus group

discussion

Civil

Direct, focus group

discussion

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

10

11

12

S1

Civil

Consultant from West Sumatra province

Direct, focus group

discussion

Direct, focus group

discussion

Direct, focus group

discussion

13

14

15

16

17

18

S3

S1

S2

S1

Researcher

Civil

Andalas University

Direct

Consultant from Bengkulu province

Consultant from Aceh province

Consultant from Jakarta province

Consultant from East Java province

Contractor from West Sumatra province

By telephone

Civil

Architect

Construction

Focus

discussion

group

19

20

21

S1

Construction

Contractor from West Sumatra province

Focus

discussion

Focus

discussion

Focus

discussion

Data Analysis

The prisma method is used in analyzing literature. Searching with scopus with keywords is quite limited. From

1990, only 600 articles were found every 10 years. Searches with google scolar are limited to 200 per search, so

200 articles are done for 10 years. Search with crossref can contain 1000 articles, then directly search from 1980-

2025. Initial findings of 1900 articles ready for download. By using Mandeley, it was possible to separate which

articles contained the keyword construction, resulting in 852 articles. The 513 downloadable files were examined

for their metadata and analyzed with VosViewer to describe clusters of competitive factors. Analysis by title

construction left 94 articles. Next, an in-depth content analysis was conducted and 45 selected articles were

obtained to serve as references in determining competitive factors, as shown in Figure 1. The quantitative method

was based on a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMS method, as shown in Figure 1.

Experts from consultants, contractors, and researchers were given the opportunity to express their opinions on

competitive factors to be added. Next in the discussion group forum their agreement on competitiveness factors

was tabulated.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

Records identified trough

Crossref with the tittle

"competitive"

Records identified

trough Scopus with the

Tittle "competitive"

(N= 600)

Records identified trough

Google scholar with the

tittle "competitive"

(N= 300)

(N= 1000)

Total N = 1900

Record key "construction" by

mandeley

(N= 852)

Records Excluded

(N= 1048)

File available for dowload

(N= 513)

Records Excluded

(N= 339)

Record of file tittled

"construction"

(N= 94)

Records Excluded

(N= 419)

Records that meets the

research objectives

(N= 45)

Figure 1. Prisma Analyssis chart

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results using VOS Viewer in Figure 2 show clusters of competitiveness factors. The same color indicates the

same cluster origin, and the size of the circle indicates the number of articles discussing it. The lines in the figure

indicate relationships between factors, such as those seen in competitive advantage, innovation, business

strategy, human resources, intellectual capital, strategic management, knowledge, and organizational culture.

Competitive advantage and competitiveness are the most studied factors.

Figure 2. Cluster factor competitive

The evaluation of the construction competitiveness research volume visualized in VOS Viewer using a color

gradient can be seen in Figure 3. Yellow indicates the highest density and green indicates the lowest density.

The construction competitiveness analysis remains in the green zone, indicating that this research area is still

relatively underexplored.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

Figure 3 Analysis of study competitiveness density

Within 45 articles analyzed regarding construction competitiveness factors, tabulation was performed as in Table

2. The determination of factors and sub-factors was based on the literature scores as factors. The determination

of sub-factors was not based on scores, because the main focus in the 45 main articles was the determination of

factors, while the sub-factors followed the main factors in the references. The tabulation results placed the most

significant aspect as human resources, with a score of 20 points, while the least significant factor was

performance with a score of 3 points.

FACTOR

HUMAN RESOURCE

1 Skill, Capacity, Efficiency

2 Knowledge

3 Team Work

4 Experience

5 Enterpreneurship

6 Attitude, Leadership

FINANCIAL

1 Financial Resource

2 Financial Stability

3 Acces to Banker and Financial Institution

TECHNOLOGI/ TECHNICAL

1 Specialized IT

2 Information System

3 Networking System

ORGANIZATION

1 Age In Busines

2 Culture

3 Reputation, Image, Brand Name

4 Company grade

5 Kredibilitaty of the company

RESEARCH and DEVELOMPENT

1 Scientific Findings

2 Patten

MARKETING

1 Promotion

2 Market Knowledge

3 Sales

STRATEGY MANAGEMENT

1 Cost Leadership

2 Differentation

3 Focus Customer

4 Growth Strategy

5 Social Focus

6 Flexibility and Adaptability

7 Leader Ship

MANAGEMEN PROSES

1 Supply Chain Management

2 System & Procedur

3 Operation Process

4 Quality Management

5 Organiztional Structur

6 Comunication and Coordination

7 Just in time

Table 2. Factor Competitive Consultant Construction Firm

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025

Some of the competitiveness factors put forward are: human resources, financial resources, technology, bidding,

market capacity, regulations, and quality. The tabulation results of the experts' competitiveness factors are shown

in Table 3.

BIDDING

• •

•

• •

1 Bidding Strategy

2 Bidding Experience

3 Bidding Resource

4 Company Experience

INNOVATION

1 Product Innovation

2 Technology Innovation

3 Marketing Innovation

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1 Management healt & Safety

2 Management Quality

3 Management Cost

4 Management Environment

5 Risk Management

6 Schedule Management

RELATION

1 Relationship with Owner

2 Relationship with supplier

3 Relationship with parner

4 Relationship with community

5 Relationship with competitor

ENVINRONMENT

1 Competitor

2 Public investment

3 Corporate Sosial Respon

4 Industri condition

5 Market Condition

GOVERNMEN

•

• • •

•

• • • • •

•

• • •

• •

•

• • •

•

• • • •

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

• • • •

•

• •

•

1 Political aspec

2 Regulation / Legislation

ECONOMIC

1 Economic Growt

2 Interes rate

3 Inflation

PERFORMANCE

1 Profit

2 Cost / Price

3 Productivity

4 Market Share

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

5 Sustainabel

6 Growth

•

• •

Table 3. Frequancy by Expert

No

1

Factor Competitiveness

Human Resource

Technologi

Frequecy According by Expert

21

20

2

3

Environment

Project Manaement

Governmen

4

5

6

Economic

7

Performance

8

Financial

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9

Relation

19

17

16

15

14

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Research and Developmen

Strategy Manaement

Bidding

Proces Management

Invovation

Marketing

Organization

CONCLUSION

The research findings for construction competitiveness aspects include: 1. Human resources (skill, knowledge,

teamwork, Experience, entrepreneurship, attitude), 2. Financial (financial resources, financial stability, access to

banks and financial institutions) 3. Technology (specializing in IT, information systems, networking systems),

4. Organization (Age in business, culture, reputation image brand, company grade, credibility of the company,

Environmental CSR), 5. R&D (Scientific findings, Patten), 6. Marketing (Promotion, Market knowledge, Sales),

7. Strategy Management (Cost leadership, Differentiation, Focus customer, Growth strategy, Social focus,

Flexibility and adaptability, Leadership) 8. Management Process (supply chain management, system and

procedure, operation process, quality management, organizational structure, communication and coordination,

just-in-time) 9. Bidding (bidding strategy, bidding experience, bidding resource, company experience), 10.

Innovation (Product Innovation, technology innovation, marketing innovation), 11.Project management

(management health and safety, management quality, management environment, risk management, schedule

management), 12. Relation (relationship with owner, relationship with supplier, relationship with partner,

relationship with community, relationship with competitor), 13. Environment (Competitor, public investment,

Corporate Social Responsibility, Industrial Condition, market condition) 14. Government (political aspect,

regulation, Economic), 15. Performance (Profit, Cost/Price, Productivity, Market Share, Sustainability, Growth).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thank you to those who helped with this research.

Conflict Of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding this article

Author Contribution

The contributions of each author are as follows: the first author wrote scientific article and collected data, the

second, third and fourth author conducted data collection literature review and drafted the article.

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