INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Juridical Review of the Function of Engineer Registration Certificate  
Based on the Laws of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2014  
Concerning Engineering  
Derry Nurly1, Iqbal2, Anhar Nasution3  
1
Faculty of Law, Abulyatama University, Indonesia, Aceh  
2 Faculty of Engineering, Abulyatama University, Indonesia, Aceh  
3
Faculty of Law, Abulyatama University, Indonesia, Aceh  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100470  
Received: 04 December 2025; Accepted: 10 December 2025; Published: 18 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
Engineering is the activity of using science and technology to advance civilization and improve the welfare of  
mankind as mandated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Efforts to advance civilization and  
improve the welfare of mankind are achieved through the implementation of reliable and professional  
engineering that is able to increase added value, usefulness and results, provide protection to the community,  
and realize sustainable development that is environmentally friendly. The implementation of engineering  
requires increasing the mastery and development of science and technology through education, sustainable  
professional development and research. Accelerating the increase in the number of engineers in line with  
advanced technological countries, increasing interest in engineering education, and improving the quality of  
professional engineers. Currently, there is no integrated regulation regarding the implementation of engineering  
that can provide legal protection and certainty for engineers, engineering users, and engineering users. Every  
Engineer who will carry out Engineering Practice in Indonesia must have an Engineer Registration Certificate  
as mandated by Law no. 11 of 2014.  
Keywords: Engineer profession, engineer registration letter, engineering law.  
INTRODUCTION  
Law No. 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering is the main legal basis for the regulation of the engineering  
profession in Indonesia. One of the key instruments in this law is the Engineer Registration Certificate, which  
serves as official proof that an engineer has met the standards of competency and qualifications set for practice.  
However, in its implementation, there are a number of fundamental problems that have emerged, especially  
related to the quality and consistency of the certification process, weak supervision and law enforcement, and  
the lack of clear regulation and recognition of the competence of foreign engineers working in Indonesia. This  
problem has the potential to weaken the effectiveness of the engineer's registration certificate as a quality  
assurance tool.  
The significance of engineer registration certificates is increasingly crucial in the context of infrastructure  
development and construction engineer registration certificates. The existence of an engineer registration  
certificate serves as a preventive effort to prevent moral hazards, malpractice, construction accidents, structural  
damage, and building failures. Thus, an engineer registration certificate not only guarantees individual  
competence, but also becomes a legal protection instrument that can anticipate potential civil and criminal  
disputes in construction. This is in line with the purpose of the Engineering Law to provide legal certainty and  
protect users and users of engineering services.  
Juridically, the engineer registration letter has a dual function. On the one hand, an engineer registration  
certificate serves as an official state recognition of the competence of an engineer who has met the standards.  
Page 5958  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
On the other hand, an engineer registration certificate also serves as a tool for supervision and regulation of  
professional practice, ensuring that practicing engineers have adequate knowledge, skills, and experience. This  
function leads to increasing professionalism and at the same time protecting the public from irresponsible  
practices. Therefore, the mechanism for issuing and updating engineer registration certificates that are valid  
every five years is a critical point in maintaining the sustainability of the quality of the profession.  
The implementation of engineer registration certificates does not run in a vacuum, but is integrated within a  
broader national regulatory framework, such as the Construction and Manpower Services Law. Complexity  
arises because the engineering profession involves various stakeholders, ranging from educational institutions  
that organize the Engineer Professional Program, the Indonesian Engineers Association as the issuer of engineer  
registration certificates, to government institutions as supervisors. The main challenge is to create synergy and  
consistency among all these implementing regulations and actors to ensure that the process from education,  
certification, to registration runs coherently and supervised.  
The Indonesian Engineers Association occupies a central and strategic position as a mandatory Engineering Law  
which is authorized to issue engineer registration certificates. This position places the Indonesian Engineers  
Association as the forefront of ensuring professional quality. However, this great authority also contains potential  
problems, such as conflicts of interest in the certification and registration processes managed by the professional  
organizations themselves. A checks and balances mechanism, including the supervisory role of the Indonesian  
Council of Engineers and the government, is needed to ensure objectivity, transparency, and accountability in  
every stage of the issuance of engineer registration certificates  
Based on this background, this study aims to conduct an in-depth juridical review of the function of engineer  
registration certificates. The analysis is focused on examining the extent to which the engineer registration  
certificate has been implemented in accordance with the mandate of Law No. 11 of 2014, as well as what the  
legal implications are in ensuring professional, responsible, and sustainable engineering practices. By evaluating  
the effectiveness of engineer registration certificates as a legal instrument, this research is expected to contribute  
to identifying regulatory loopholes and offer solutions to strengthen Indonesia's engineer registration system for  
the realization of safe, quality, and sustainable infrastructure development.  
LITERATURE REVIEW  
This research framework was built to conduct a juridical review of the function of the Engineer Registration  
Certificate based on Law No. 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering. The fundamental problem behind the research  
is the existence of crucial issues in the implementation of engineer registration certificates, such as the  
inconsistent quality of the certification process, weak supervision and law enforcement, and unclear regulation  
of foreign engineers. This research is significant because the engineer registration certificate is not just an  
administrative document, but a key legal instrument to ensure the competence, professionalism, and  
accountability of engineers in national infrastructure development.  
A conceptual framework serves as a map or logical structure that guides the entire research process. This  
framework comes from theoretical synthesis and literature review, which then visualizes the relationship  
between the concepts or variables being studied, such as between the existence of engineer registration  
certificates and increased professionalism, competency recognition, and community protection. The goal is to  
clarify the problem, sharpen the research question, and direct data collection and analysis to stay focused and  
structured.  
While the conceptual framework focuses on variable relationships, the theoretical framework provides a deep  
philosophical and scientific foundation. This research is based on the Theory of the State of Law (Rechtsstaat)  
and the concept of the Welfare State, as enshrined in the 1945 Constitution. In this context, law functions not  
only as a social controller, but also as a means of social engineering (law as a tool of social engineering), a  
thought carried by Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, which originated from Roscoe Pound.  
Page 5959  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
The State of Law and Consequences for Professional Regulation  
As a democratic country of law and welfare, Indonesia is obliged to create regulations that protect the rights of  
its citizens and promote public welfare. The implementation of the Engineering Law and engineer registration  
certificates are a manifestation of the state's obligations. The regulation of the engineer profession functions as  
directive (directing), integrative (unifying), stabilizing (maintaining balance), perfective (perfecting), and  
corrective (correcting injustice). The Engineer Registration Certificate is present as an instrument to realize these  
legal functions in the technical realm of development.  
Engineer Registration Certificate as an Instrument of Protection and Quality Improvement  
Specifically, the engineer registration letter serves a dual function in the legal system. First, as a tool for state  
recognition and supervision of the competence of an engineer, which is in line with the principle of legal  
certainty. Second, as an instrument of protection for the community from malpractice and construction failure.  
Thus, the engineer registration certificate is a minimum guarantee that practicing engineers have met the  
standards of knowledge, skills, and ethics, which ultimately leads to improving the quality of engineering  
services and public trust.  
The Central Role of PII and Implementation Challenges  
The implementation of the Engineering Law delegates strategic authority to the Indonesian Engineers  
Association as the sole issuer of engineer registration certificates. The position of the Indonesian Engineers  
Association as a mandatory law places it as the spearhead of professional quality assurance. However, this large  
authority contains complex challenges, including potential conflicts of interest, maintaining the consistency and  
objectivity of certifications, and conducting effective oversight of thousands of scattered engineers. The success  
of this system depends heavily on the integrity and institutional capacity of the Indonesian Engineers  
Association.  
Legal Sanctions as a Pillar to Support the Effectiveness of Engineer Registration Letters  
The effectiveness of the engineer registration letter as a legal instrument is supported by the threat of clear  
sanctions. The Engineering Law regulates two types of sanctions: administrative sanctions (such as written  
warnings or temporary suspension of practice) for engineers who practice without an engineer registration  
certificate, and heavier criminal sanctions in the form of fines of up to billions of rupiah or imprisonment,  
especially for non-engineers who act as engineers and cause losses. This sanction mechanism is intended to  
provide a deterrent effect and enforce the rule of law in the professional field.  
Integration with the Broader National Regulatory System  
The analysis of engineer registration letters cannot be separated from the broader national regulatory ecosystem.  
Engineer registration certificates are closely related to sectoral laws such as the Construction Services Law and  
the Manpower Law, as well as various technical implementing regulations in the field of higher education and  
work competencies. The synergy and harmonization between the Engineering Law and these supporting  
regulations are the determining factors for success in creating a coherent, quality, and sustainable development  
national engineering system.  
Based on a framework that includes conceptual, theoretical, and analytical aspects, this research will lead to a  
systematic juridical review. The purpose is to analyze the extent to which the function of the engineer registration  
certificate has been operationalized in accordance with the ideals of the Engineering Law and the principles of  
the welfare law state. It is hoped that this study can identify the gap between law in books and law in action, as  
well as provide recommendations to strengthen the role of engineer registration letters as an important pillar in  
building engineering professionalism and infrastructure that is safe, reliable, and sustainable.  
Page 5960  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
RESEARCH METHODS  
The research uses mixed empirical juridical legal methods. This approach combines normative juridical analysis  
to examine laws and regulations (such as Law No. 11/2014 and its derivative regulations) as a legal basis, with  
a sociological empirical approach to observe the implementation of these laws in real practice (law in action).  
Thus, the research focuses not only on the law as a text, but also on the social reality of its application. This  
method was chosen to answer questions about the effectiveness, constraints, and social impact of the Engineer  
Registration Certificate.  
Data collection is carried out through two main sources. Secondary data includes primary legal materials  
(regulations), secondary (books and journals), and tertiary (dictionaries). Primary data was obtained directly  
from the field using three techniques: questionnaires distributed to 526 respondents (engineering graduates in  
Aceh) to measure knowledge and ownership of engineer registration certificates, directed interviews with  
relevant sources (such as the management of the Indonesian Engineers Association), and document studies on  
internal organizational data. The sample was taken purposively, namely selecting informants who were  
considered to be the most knowledgeable about the issue of engineer registration letters and could represent the  
population.  
The collected data were analyzed triangulated by qualitative analysis methods for narrative data (interviews,  
documents) and descriptive quantitative analysis for questionnaire data (presented in graphs and percentages).  
Juridical analysis is used to interpret legal provisions. To ensure the validity of the findings, the study applied  
the criteria of credibility through triangulation of sources, dependability with process audits, confirmability with  
supporting evidence, and transferability through detailed context descriptions.  
The empirical research focuses on the Indonesian Engineers Association community, with specific locations in  
the Regional Representative Council Indonesian Engineers Association Aceh Province as a primary data source.  
Overall, the methodology applied is a strong mixed-method approach, combining normative studies and  
empirical investigations. This combination allows researchers to not only understand the legal basis of engineer  
registration certificates, but also diagnose gaps between legal theory and practice in the field, resulting in a  
comprehensive analysis and in-depth answer to the formulation of the problem  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
The implementation of Law No. 11/2014 is still experiencing weaknesses, especially in socialization and  
understanding among engineers and the public.  
The Engineer Registration Certificate has a central role in: Official recognition of the engineer's competence.  
Increased professionalism of engineers. Regulating engineering practices to be more responsible. There are  
obstacles such as lack of human resources, supporting infrastructure, and suboptimal law enforcement.  
Nationally, only 35.65% of active engineers (31,799 out of 89,195 people) have an engineer registration  
certificate. A small number of them have international certifications (ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., ACPE).  
Survey Findings Most (436 people) know the Engineering Law, but only 321 people claim to understand it. The  
majority (426 people) agree that an engineer registration letter is necessary/mandatory for engineering graduates.  
However, the ownership of the engineer's own registration certificate is still low (only 211 respondents have).  
Many respondents (303 people) did not know or did not have an engineer registration certificate. Most (426  
people) are aware of sanctions for those who practice without engineer qualifications.  
The Central Management Board of the Indonesian Engineers Association consists of 34 Regional Management  
Boards of the Indonesian Engineers Association with 285 Branch Management Boards. The Regional  
Management Board of the Indonesian Engineers Association of Aceh Province has 726 members. Members of  
the Indonesian Engineers Association of Aceh Province consist of 356 people (48.93%) State Civil Apparatus  
Technical Institutions, 225 members (31.12%) Private Professionals/SOEs, and 145  
lecturers/university employees.  
(19.95%)  
Page 5961  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Table 1. List of Aceh Provincial Engineer Certificate Holders  
IPP  
TIDAK  
AKTIF  
IPM  
TIDAK  
AKTIF  
IPU  
TIDAK  
AKTIF  
IPP+IPM+IPU  
TIDAK  
TOTAL  
AKTIF  
KODE BK  
NAMA BK  
AKTIF  
TOTAL AKTIF  
TOTAL AKTIF  
TOTAL AKTIF  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Teknik Arsitektur  
Teknik Elektro  
Teknik Fisika  
7
8
1
0
3
0
0
3
18  
1
1
0
36  
1
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
3
16  
1
0
0
23  
0
12  
0
1
0
0
0
7
13  
1
0
3
0
2
6
34  
2
6
15  
1
1
2
2
13  
3
0
1
0
32  
7
10  
0
0
8
28  
4
1
3
0
6
3
0
0
1
6
4
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16  
0
7
3
0
0
1
12  
6
1
1
13  
29  
5
1
5
2
19  
3
0
1
15  
48  
8
1
6
Teknik Geodesi  
Kebumian dan Energi  
Teknik Kewilayahan dan Perkotaan  
Teknik Industri  
Teknik Kimia  
Teknik Mesin  
Teknik Lingkungan  
Teknik Perminyakan  
Teknik Pertambangan  
Teknik Sipil  
Teknik Material  
Kehutanan  
Teknik Metalurgi  
Pertanian  
Peternakan  
Industri Pertanian  
Teknik Informatika  
Kedirgantaraan  
Teknologi Perkapalan  
Perkeretaapian  
Teknik Nuklir  
Teknik Militer  
Teknik Kelautan  
Teknik Biomedis  
1
1
2
0
2
12  
17  
16  
3
2
2
44  
24  
26  
3
2
2
18  
24  
35  
5
3
2
40  
12  
26  
1
0
0
58  
36  
61  
6
3
2
11  
13  
14  
15  
16  
17  
19  
20  
21  
23  
24  
51  
52  
53  
10  
27  
28  
29  
TOTAL  
1
0
0
0
0
31 224 58 282  
0
10  
0
4
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59 160 32 192 28  
1
12  
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
6
0
6
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
9
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
15  
0
6
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
7
0
4
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
13  
0
13  
4
5
4
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
24  
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
37  
0
14  
7
5
4
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
84 412 190 602  
0
0
0
86  
63 149 258 111 369 68  
Based on data from the Central Board of the Indonesian Engineers Association, the number of active members  
throughout Indonesia is 89,195 people. Of the total number of active engineers in Indonesia, there are 31,799  
holders of Engineer Registration Certificates, equivalent to 35.65% of all active members. Holders of Engineer  
Registration Certificates are divided into 3,396 ASEAN Eng. international certificate holders, 699 APEC Eng  
certificate holders, and 371 ACPE certificate holders.  
This research was conducted by interview method and using questionnaires for graduates of bachelor of  
engineering, bachelor of applied engineering, and bachelor of science, and bachelor of engineering teacher  
education.  
The respondents were 526 people, especially those spread across Aceh Province, both field workers who practice  
engineering, lecturers, and private employees.  
The following are some of the questions asked to respondents and interviews:  
1) Do you know and read about Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering?;  
2) Do you understand the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No., 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering.?;  
3) Have you participated in the Engineer Professional Program Study Program?  
4) Do you already have a Professional Engineer Certificate/Engineer Registration Certificate?;  
5) Do you think it is necessary/mandatory for a bachelor's degree in Engineering to have a Professional  
Engineer Certificate/Engineer Registration Certificate?;  
6) Did you know that there are administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions for a non-engineer who  
performs engineer activities according to Law of the Republic of Indonesia No, 11 of 2014 concerning  
Engineering.?.  
Based on interviews with respondents, the following results were obtained:  
Table 2 Results of interviews and questionnaire preparation  
Question Items  
Answer  
Yes  
Number of Respondents  
436 people  
Percentage (%)  
82.89%  
Not  
67 people  
12.74%  
Page 5962  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Do you know and read about Law of the Don't Know  
Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2014  
concerning Engineering?  
23 people  
4.37%  
Do you understand Law of the Republic Yes  
of Indonesia No. 11 of 2014 concerning  
321 people  
59 people  
146 people  
429 people  
45 people  
52 people  
211 people  
12 people  
303 people  
426 people  
29 people  
71 people  
426 people  
46 people  
54 people  
61.03%  
11.22%  
27.76%  
81.56%  
8.56%  
Not  
Engineering?  
Don't Know  
Have you participated in the Engineer Yes  
Professional Program Study Program  
Not  
(PSPPI)?  
Don't Know  
9.89%  
Do you already have a Professional Yes  
40.11%  
2.28%  
Engineer  
Registration Certificate?  
Certificate/Engineer  
Not  
Don't Know  
57.60%  
80.99%  
5.51%  
Do you think it is necessary/mandatory Yes  
for an Engineering graduate to have a  
Not  
Professional  
Engineer  
Certificate  
/Engineer Registration Certificate?  
Don't Know  
13.50%  
80.99%  
8.75%  
Did  
you  
know  
that  
there  
are Yes  
administrative and criminal sanctions  
for non-engineers who carry out  
engineer activities according to the  
law?  
Not  
Don't Know  
10.27%  
Table 2. The above results show that legal awareness is high, understanding is moderate: most (82.89%) know  
the law, but only 61.03% admit to understanding it. Higher Professional Education Participation: The majority  
(81.56%) have participated in Professional Engineering Study Program. Certificate Ownership Gap: There is a  
large gap between educational participation and the possession of an engineer's registration certificate. Only  
40.11% own it, and as many as 57.60% don't even know the status of ownership. This is a critical finding.  
Support and Awareness of Strong Sanctions: The majority (80.99%) agree that the engineer registration letter is  
necessary/mandatory and knows that there are sanctions for violators  
DISCUSSION  
From the display of the graphs presented above, it can be seen that there are still many graduates of bachelor of  
engineering, bachelor of applied engineering, and bachelor of science, and bachelor of engineering teacher  
education who do not have a Professional Certificate/Diploma or have not participated in the Education of the  
Professional Engineer Program and do not have a Professional Engineer Certificate and Engineer Registration  
Certificate which is mandatory for professionals to practice engineering. This is because the comprehensive  
implementation of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering. In addition,  
obtaining a Professional Engineer Certificate and an Engineer Registration Certificate requires a relatively  
expensive fee. Law enforcement against violators of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2014  
concerning Engineering has not gone well. The socialization of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of  
2014 concerning Engineering has not been carried out massively. This is what graduates of bachelor of  
engineering, bachelor of applied engineering, and bachelor of science, and bachelor of engineering teacher  
Page 5963  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
education are reluctant to have a Professional Engineer Certificate and Engineer Registration Certificate. This is  
also because sanctions have not yet taken effect, both administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions firmly.  
CONCLUSION  
Based on the results of data analysis and discussion, several conclusions can be drawn as follows:  
1) The Engineer Registration Certificate has a strategic function in the development of engineering practices  
in Indonesia. First, the engineer registration certificate functions as a formal recognition of competence,  
namely as written evidence issued by the Indonesian Engineers Association stating that an engineer already  
has a valid Competency Certificate. Second, the engineer registration certificate plays a role in increasing  
professionalism by ensuring that the engineer has adequate knowledge, skills, and experience. Third, the  
engineer registration certificate also serves to regulate engineering practices so that they can run more  
orderly, responsibly, and professionally. Fourth, the engineer registration certificate indirectly provides  
protection to the public from the potential for unprofessional or irresponsible engineering practices.  
2) Based on these functions, an engineer registration letter also provides several significant benefits. Socially,  
engineer registration certificates can increase public trust in the engineering profession and the engineering  
services provided. In terms of service quality, the engineer registration certificate encourages the  
improvement of the quality of engineering services by ensuring that the engineers who carry out the work  
have met the set competency standards. On the internal side of the profession, the engineer registration  
certificate also contributes to the continuous improvement of the professionalism of engineers by ensuring  
that engineers retain and develop the knowledge and skills necessary in carrying out their profession.  
REFERENCES  
BOOK  
1. Ali, Achmad, Revealing the Legal Veil, Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 2000  
2. Asshiddiqie, Jimly, The Idea of People's Sovereignty in the Constitution and Its Implementation in  
Indonesia, Jakarta: 1994  
3. Wet, Sjachran, Three Writings on Law, Bandung: Armik, 1986  
4. Budiyanto, Basics of Constitutional Science, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2000  
5. Hanitijo Soemitro, Ronny, Legal Problems in Society, Bandung: Alumni, 1984  
6. Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar, The Function and Development of Law in National Development, Bandung:  
Binacipta, 1970  
7. Kusnardi, Moh. and Ibrahim, Hermaily, Introduction to Indonesian Constitutional Law, Jakarta: 28  
Center for Constitutional Law Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia, 1983  
8. Marbun, SF. et al. (ed), Dimensions of Legal Thought in State Administration, Jogyakarta: UII Press,  
2000  
9. Pamudji S., Urban Development in Indonesia, Jakarta: Ichtiar, 1980  
10. Prajudi Atmosudirdjo, Hukum Administrasi Negara, Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1986  
11. Rahardjo Sacipto, Law, Bandung: PT. Aditya Bakti, 1991  
12. Salman, Otje and Damian, Eddy (ed), Concepts of Natural Development  
MochtarKusumaatmadja, S.H., LL.M., Bandung: Alumni, 2002  
Law from Prof. Dr.  
13. Soekanto, Soerjono, Introduction to Legal Research, Jakarta, UI Press, 1986.  
14. Titik Triwulan Tutik, Principals of Constitutional Law, Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka Publisher, 2006  
Laws & Regulations  
1. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945  
2. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System  
3. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers  
4. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2012 concerning Higher Education  
5. Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering,  
Page 5964  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
6. Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2 of 2017 concerning Construction Services  
7. Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 25 of 2019 concerning the Implementation  
of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2014 concerning Engineering.  
8. Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2021 concerning Amendments to  
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2020 concerning the Implementation  
of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2017 concerning Construction Services.  
9. Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 154 of 2014  
concerning Science and Technology Clusters and Degrees of Higher Education Graduates.  
Page 5965  
www.rsisinternational.org