INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Perceptions of Safety and Crime Deterrence: The Impact of CCTV  
Cameras in Business Establishments  
Christyl R. Nano, Joseph Alexander P. Paghasian, Samuel C. Colango Jr., Steward Ditche, Teopisto  
Yray Culanag, Jr., & Jose F. Cuevas, Jr.  
Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100481  
Received: 28 November 2025; Accepted: 04 December 2025; Published: 20 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
This study investigates the impact of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras on perceptions of safety and  
crime deterrence in business establishments. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from  
120 purposively selected respondents, including business owners, employees, and regular customers of  
establishments equipped with CCTV systems. Three researcher-made questionnaires were utilized to measure  
perceptions of safety, perceived crime deterrence, and the presence of CCTV cameras. Data were analyzed using  
mean and standard deviation to determine perception levels, while Pearson’s correlation assessed the  
relationships among variables. Findings revealed that the presence of CCTV cameras significantly influences  
stakeholders’ perceptions of safety and crime deterrence in commercial areas. Perceived safety was strongly  
associated with personal security, fear reduction, and awareness of surveillance, while perceived crime  
deterrence was linked to increased reporting, reduced theft and burglary, and minimized property damage.  
Moreover, the visibility, functionality, and strategic placement of CCTV systems were vital in shaping these  
perceptions. The study concludes that CCTV cameras not only serve as tools for evidence collection but also  
foster a psychological sense of security that enhances customer confidence and supports business sustainability.  
Keywords: business establishments, CCTV cameras, crime deterrence, perceived safety, surveillance  
INTRODUCTION  
Crime and insecurity are still widespread issues in cities across the globe, having far-reaching societal and  
economic effects (Atai & Ita, 2021; Nwokwu & Ogayi, 2021; Kashif et al., 2025). Increasing crime levels risk  
public security, lower the quality of life for citizens, and deter economic investment from targeted neighborhoods  
(Navarrete-Hernandez et al., 2023; Springs, 2024; Owens & Ba, 2021). In the Philippines, the integration of  
surveillance technology into public safety and business security has become a national priority through initiatives  
such as the Safe City Program and the Davao Public Safety and Security Command Center, which utilize CCTV  
networks to enhance real-time monitoring, emergency response, and crime prevention (Dugayon et al., 2025).  
Across various local government units, ordinances now require the installation of CCTV systems in commercial  
establishments, banks, and other high-traffic areas to strengthen situational awareness and deter criminal  
activities (Kirui, 2024). At the national level, most governments acknowledge the efficiency of surveillance in  
minimizing crime rates and aiding law enforcement (Faqir et al., 2023; Fontes & Perrone, 2021; Stoyanova et  
al., 2020). The widespread use of CCTV is indicative of increasing dependence on technology to meet security  
needs in crowded public and private settings (Vogiatzaki et al., 2020; O’Malley & Smith, 2022; Troisi et al.,  
2022). Criminological theories such as Routine Activity Theory and Crime Prevention through Environmental  
Design (CPTED) highlights environmental adjustments, such as surveillance, to bring about ambiances  
disincentivizing criminal behavior (Armitage & Tompson, 2022; Gooren, 2023; Choi et al., 2025). Prior  
literature finds a lack of empirical evidence specifically addressed at how perceptions of the effectiveness of  
CCTV are constructed within commercial settings (Piza, 2021; Ranieri et al., 2022; Doberstein et al., 2022).  
Filling these gaps would enhance the depth of understanding of the perception's role in security practice and its  
real-world effects (Chookaew et al., 2024; Saeed et al., 2024).  
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METHODS  
This study will employ a quantitative research design specifically a descriptive-correlational kind of research  
design in investigating the correlation of the installation of CCTV cameras with business establishments'  
perceptions of safety and crime deterrence. The design enables the researcher to measure the strength and  
direction of relationships between variables but not causation. It is suitable for investigating CCTV visibility,  
functionality, and location in terms of people's perception of safety and perception of crime deterrence. The  
design offers informative findings regarding the effectiveness of surveillance systems in fostering public  
confidence and security in business.  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  
Perceived Safety in Business Establishments  
The perceived safety of commercial establishments not only has a huge impact on the behavior of clients, but  
successful companies also depend on it for customer and employee satisfaction (Akram et al., 2022). When  
customers feel confident about the service they are receiving, they will surely be more satisfied and thus loyal  
to this establishment (Singhet al.,2023). But the sense of safety doesn't hinge only on whether cameras and  
guards can be seen, or whether lighting is in conformity with established norms (Glynn, 2024). Other intangible  
factors also come into play, such as what the establishment's official attitude is toward such things as  
emergencies. Businesses that consciously create and maintain a proper climate for their employees to work in,  
in places where crime rates are a consideration, can draw the trust and support of the whole community  
(Streimikiene, 2021). On the one hand we know: Consumer attitudes toward the safety of a place not only  
influence their actual buying decisions, but also determine long-term economic health by attracting more clients  
and retaining staffs that are satisfactory both in skill levels and as people. So business owners and management  
teams should place safety at the top of their priority list, tailoring protective policies for both employees and  
customers in a way that they can fully understand (Khan et al., 2023). Table 1 shows the perceived safety level  
of business establishments.  
Table 1. Level of perceived safety in business establishments N= 120  
Sub-construct  
Perceived Safety  
Mean  
3.65  
3.56  
3.70  
SD  
Remark  
Personal Security  
0.12  
0.07  
0.07  
Very High Perception of Safety  
Very High Perception of Safety  
Very High Perception of Safety  
Fear Reduction  
Awareness of Surveillance  
Note. Perceived Safety Scale: 3.28-4.00 (Very High Perception of Safety); 2.52-3.27 (High Perception of  
Safety); 1.76-2.51 (Low Perception of Safety); 1.00-1.75 (Very Low Perception of Safety)  
Table 1 shows how safe people feel in business establishments based on responses from 120 individuals. It looks  
at three main areas: personal security, fear reduction, and awareness of surveillance. The average scores for these  
areas are 3.65, 3.56, and 3.70, respectively. All these scores fall into the “Very Highly Perception of Safety”  
category on the provided scale. These high average values suggest that most respondents feel very safe in these  
business environments. The score for personal security, at 3.65, indicates that people believe their physical safety  
is well protected. Likewise, the fear reduction score of 3.56 shows a notable drop in anxiety about possible  
threats. This likely helps create a more comfortable and secure atmosphere for both customers and staff.  
The highest mean score of 3.70 was recorded for awareness of surveillance, showing that visible security  
measures such as cameras and monitoring systems increase the perception of safety (Ardabili et al., 2024). Low  
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standard deviations across all sub-constructs (0.07 - 0.12) indicated that the responses given by the participants  
were highly consistent, one in which they shared the confidence of safety measures being and having been carried  
out by the business establishments. This would mean that good security is reinforced greatly by the public  
perception of it (Baffour Adumata, 2025). Therefore, it was equally important to put security procedures in place  
and let the clients know about them in ways that generate a safe feeling among them (Lysova, 2025). Also, the  
data call upon a more robust need for businesses to keep and improve the security system because a strong  
perception of safety not only ensures the patrons' safety but also engenders customer loyalty and sustains  
commercial activity. The inferences point out that both physical security and its psychological reassurance by  
surveillance are core components that help shape how the public views safety within business environments  
(Shetty et al., 2024).  
A number of related studies further substantiate the findings associated with high levels of perceived safety in  
business establishments, reaffirming the role of security measures in ensuring a safe environment.Elnahla (2021),  
for example, found that visible security measures, such as surveillance cameras, and the presence of security  
personnel, greatly legitimize customers' feelings of safety and lessen fear of crime within retail contexts. This  
study pointed out that the presence of such measures not only dissuades criminal acts but increases trust and  
satisfaction among customers in general (Pisier-Caillet&Ristea, 2024). Research like that by Malik et al. (2024)  
confirmed that effective security systems yield great psychological benefits: those aware that surveillance is  
ongoing report noticeably less anxiety and greater personal security. Such studies corroborate the findings  
reported here, whereby high awareness of surveillance and personal security is associated with very high safety  
perceptions (Park & Jones-Jang, 2023).  
Also, studies focusing on fear reduction highlight the great importance of creating safe environments in a given  
business context. Akinbogun et al. (2024) have shown that proactive crime prevention methods and open  
communication about security policies can help alleviate fear in patrons and employees alike, which in turn  
promotes business patronage through more frequent and longer visits. Their findings suggest that fear reduction  
may be a function of businesses communicating with customers directly about safe systems rather than simply  
the presence of physical security (Chi & Hoang Vu, 2023). Also, Benson et al. (2024) claimed that a more  
balanced approach combining staff training, surveillance, and engagement with the community yields greater  
sustainability in the improvement of perceived safety. These studies jointly lend credence to the present findings  
in that the perceived safety is multifaceted, relying on not only tangible security measures but also the  
psychological reassurances these provide; producing in the long run trust, thereby enhancing the general  
experience in business environments (Syropoulos, 2023).  
Perceived safety is greatly recognized by establishments and high scores are accorded to it in personal security,  
fear reduction, and awareness of surveillance, which emphasizes the role of security measures in the creation of  
environments wherein customers and business staff feel safe and secure (Ahmad &Gustavsson, 2023). This  
means, therefore, that organizations should be continuously investing in extremely visible security methods and  
technologies to reinforce those perceptions: surveillance systems, highly-trained security staff, and so on  
(Campbell III, 2023). Alongside this, an environment should be created where communicating about security is  
actively encouraged and allow for some focus on its psychological aspect in reducing fear and employing  
goodwill towards the establishment. In the end, these implications suggest that effective safety approaches  
engender not only the protection of physical assets but also of customertrust which fosters business sustainability  
with the heightened patronage and well-being of employees Okeke &Ezennia, 2023).  
Perceived Crime Deterrence  
Perceived crime deterrence refers to the members of society's opinion about how crime control measures  
implemented in an environment prevent crime (Bagalanon et al., 2024). Obviously, it plays a significant part in  
the attitudes and confidence of employees and customers of the commercial establishment (Fahmi et al., 2023).  
When most people believe that crime deterrent mechanisms such as the presence of security guards, surveillance  
cameras monitoring activity, and enforcement of policies are visible and effective, they are likely to interact  
freely and comfortably on the premises in what would be considered normal behavior (Walby& Joshua, 2021).  
The sense of crime deterrence curtails fear and guilt in potential offenders, leading to a safer environment  
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(Chamard, 2024). High perceived crime deterrent conditions build confidence in an establishment's dedication  
to security, then increase its reputation, thus engendering patronage (Akinbogun et at., 2024). The resulting  
increased visibility will be favorable for the building security, directly contributing to the business's overall  
success (Habbal et al., 2024). This results in the level of perceived crime deterrence in business establishments  
presented in Table 2  
Table 2. Level of perceived crime deterrence in business establishments. N= 120  
Sub-construct  
Perceived Crime Deterrence  
Mean  
3.65  
3.56  
3.70  
SD  
Remark  
Reporting Rates  
0.12  
0.07  
0.07  
Very Evident  
Very Evident  
Very Evident  
Reduction in Theft or Burglary  
Lower Property Damage  
Note. Perceived Crime Deterrence: 3.28-4.00 (Very Evident); 2.52-3.27 (Somewhat Evident); 1.76-2.51 (Less  
Evident); 1.00-1.75 (Not Evident)  
Table 2, of the 120 respondents, specified the perceived levels of crime deterrence for business establishment by  
three major sub-constructs: theft or burglary incident reporting rates, reduction in theft or burglary incidents, and  
lower property damage. Mean scores for all sub-constructs fell within the range of 3.56-3.70, with time, quite  
low standard deviations (0.07-0.12), indicating slightly above-average consensus among respondents.  
Accordingly, the results are assigned to the very high perception segments of safety, meaning that the  
respondents involved believed strongly that there is being deterrence against crime in their business  
establishments. With such a high mean score for reporting rates, it would suggest that individuals more feel  
encouraged and confident enough to report criminal incidents, which is critical for timely intervention and  
prevention. The strong perception of a reduced theft or burglary level indeed stands out here, combined with the  
reduced property damage, and can thus reflect that there are preventive measures such as security systems and  
patrols leading to reduced risks and asset security for the businesses.  
The above statement concludes that business establishments have already instituted 'crime deterrence' strategies,  
which stakeholders can recognize and trust (Coffee Jr, 2021). Reporting confidence of rates denotes an  
organization's culture in fostering transparency and responsiveness that can translate into an overall secure  
climate (Rodrigues & Ogata Filho, 2025). Again, it indicates a perceived decrease in theft, burglary, and property  
damage, which shows that preventive actions are not just perceptible but also effective enough to discourage  
potential offenders from targeting these firms (Alcobary, 2022). This kind of perceived crime deterrence is very  
important in creating a conducive environment for businesses to run profitably and customers to enjoy a good  
experience (Papale, 2024). In fact, the continued sustenance and improvement of these deterrence measures  
would likely continue enhancing the trust of stakeholders and, ultimately, contribute to sustained growth in the  
business and the community's safety (Awoyemi et al., 2025).  
Several related studies corroborate the present findings regarding the high level of perceived crime deterrence  
in business establishments as shown in Table 2. For example, Stokes (2021) noted that environmental design  
and surveillance are effective crime-prevention strategies, particularly for commercial sites, in reducing theft  
and burglary. The extent to which CCTV cameras, lights, and guards are visible form an immense deterrent to  
potential offenders where awareness of such security measures increases the perceived risk of being detected  
(Ashiyana, 2022). This resonates with present findings where awareness of surveillance and consequently  
reduced property damage and theft were scored very highly by respondents (Seifi et al., 2023). Similarly, Gaichu  
et al. (2024) pointed out the role of crime reporting mechanisms in judicial deterrence, stating that high crime  
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reporting rates would enable law enforcement to respond more rapidly and allocate resources effectively to  
prevent further occurrences. Their conclusions validate the present study findings in recognizing that strong  
reporting mechanisms improve perceptions of effective crime deterrence (Barnum et al., 2021).  
Supporting the positive effect an application of situational crime prevention techniques can have on reducing  
criminal opportunities in business environments, a study performed by Marube (2024) found that interventions  
involving situational alterations can target specific crime problems burglary and vandalism so that they result in  
measurable declines in the incidence of crime and increase safety perceptions among business owners and  
employees. Such information supports the current findings, since respondents felt there has been a very high  
decline in theft and property damage (Babar et al., 2022). In addition, research conducted by Awoyemi et al.  
(2025) stressed the importance of community engagement and partnerships with business industries for sustained  
crime deterrence. Alehegn (2025) focuses on shared accountability and proactive communication to improve the  
overall safety climate, thereby strengthening the perception of crime deterrence as reported in this study.  
Collectively, these studies offer quite a strong empirical foundation to validate the high perceived effectiveness  
of crime deterrence measures in business establishments as indicated in the current research (Lund & Sarin,  
2021).  
An excessive sense of crime deterrence in business establishments suggests that current security setups and  
reporting mechanisms are working well in making a safer commercial environment (Iqbal & Nazir, 2025). This  
carries positive implications for maintaining a sense of security among business patrons, employees, and  
customers, as well as fostering greater levels of collaboration with law enforcement toward sustainable crime-  
prevention (Ifeanyichukwu et al., 2025). In essence, the study indicates that investments in surveillance  
technology, better lighting, and easy reporting channels should, in fact, decrease crime and damage to property  
(Laufs&Borrion, 2022). These findings highlight the need to support and promote the current measures of  
deterrence as a means to accomplish a stable business environment, which would increase economic activity and  
strengthen community confidence in government safety initiatives (Chikwe et al., 2024).  
Presence of CCTV Cameras in Business Establishments  
CCTV camera installation in business premises is considered paramount for creating an illusion of safety and  
deterring criminal activities (Nzesya, 2024). These surveillance systems can deter offenders and also serve the  
investigative area of monitoring incidents and post-incident investigations (Chockalingam&Maathuis, 2022).  
Just the sight of these cameras gives customers, employees, and business owners a sense of security in their daily  
activities (Tan et al., 2022). Further, from time to time, law enforcement officers may also use the CCTV footage  
to identify persons of interest, successfully gather evidence, and prove that the offenders are guilty in any court  
of law (Brookman & Jones, 2022). The literature, over the years, affirms that places that are enhanced with  
surveillance cameras have lesser cases of theft, vandalism, and other crimes (Silas et al., 2023). Hence, they have  
historically proven to be effective adjuncts to a more extensive security plan for business establishments (Barnes  
& Fredericks, 2021). The level of presence of CCTV cameras in business establishments is given in Table 3.  
Table  
3.  
Level  
of  
CCTV  
camera  
presence  
in  
business  
establishments  
in  
terms  
of:  
N= 120  
Sub-construct  
Presence of CCTV Cameras  
Mean  
3.69  
3.63  
3.64  
SD  
Remark  
Visibility  
0.08  
0.07  
0.07  
Very Evident  
Functionality  
Very Highly Motivated  
Very Highly Motivated  
Coverage and Placement  
Note. Presence of CCTV Cameras: 3.28-4.00 (Very Evident); 2.52-3.27 (Somewhat Evident); 1.76-2.51 (Less  
Evident); 1.00-1.75 (Not Evident)  
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Table 3 shows the extent of CCTV cameras in business establishments on the three sub-constructs "Visibility,  
Functionality, and Coverage and Placement," and the results reveal that all measurements are highly rated with  
means of 3.69 for Visibility, 3.63 for Functionality, and 3.64 for Coverage and Placement. As per the scale used  
in this study, these results fall within the range of very evident to very highly motivated, signifying a high  
perception among respondents regarding the presence of CCTV. The maximum mean scores for Visibility (3.69)  
indicate that many establishments have surveillance systems very obvious and have a great play in deterrent  
criminal activities merely by their presence. Since standard deviations are low (in the range of 0.07 to 0.08), they  
show a lot of agreement among respondents which means they observe that CCTV is installed in various  
locations.  
Results for Functionality, Coverage, and Placement were similarly high, indicating a perception from the  
respondents that the systems in use are functioning and are installed in a way that allows for maximizing  
monitoring capability. Such a finding would mean that the business establishments are not just putting money  
into surveillance technology, but rather that they are doing so thoughtfully, ensuring the cameras are placed  
correctly in key areas such as entrances, exits, and transaction points and are in good working condition(Fonseca,  
2023). Collectively, these results give credence to the idea that surveillance is viewed importantly, and the  
possible premise is that businesses recognize CCTV not only as means of recording incidents but also visibly  
deterring crime (Ashiyana, 2022). Such observation helps prove that good CCTV deployment plays a vital role  
in the safety perception and crime prevention in favor of commercial premises (Eran &Hasranizam, 2024).  
The results discovered in Table 3 regarding the high visibility, functionality, and strategic placement of CCTV  
cameras in business places are in support of many of the prevailing studies anteriores on the issue of surveillance  
technology and how such might play a role when enhancing perceived security and crime prevention. Prenzler  
(2024) within their meta-analysis on the effectiveness of CCTV indicated that very visible, well-maintained  
CCTV systems are important deterrents to crime, especially in commercial and public places. They emphasized  
that potential offenders were often discouraged just by the presence of cameras, especially near locations having  
heavy pedestrian traffic or valuable assets (Papale, 2024). These results, indeed, support the current result  
whereby visibility had the highest rating in that business owners place cameras where most likely deterrence  
will be maximized and where they'll be very visible to the public and potential wrongdoers (Gómez et al., 2021).  
CCTV use in retail environments was further studied in Al-Ansari & Al-Khafaji (2024) research, where they  
found appropriate function and placement to be key determinants of the effectiveness of surveillance systems.  
The study showed that CCTV cameras that covered poorly or were mostly not working had little effect on  
reducing crime or instilling public confidence. On the other hand, the study did confirm the verification of  
systems that were working well, properly maintained, and well-placed in reducing incidences of theft, vandalism,  
and improving the behavior of employees (Simukonda&Kamwela, 2021). The mentioned findings corroborate  
the observation of our current study in that businesses don't just install CCTV systems; they also consider  
functionality and coverage. This infers a degree of enlightenment among businesses to consider not just having  
surveillance but ensuring that it is put to the best use in enhancing both actual and perceived safety (Cao et al.,  
2021).  
This very evidently indicates that CCTV cameras are a common sight in business establishments in terms of  
visibility, functionality, and coverage place (Liu & Han, 2020). Businesses are investing increasingly in  
surveillance as part of more proactive security measures. This strategic implementation would not only go far in  
increasing deterrents on the side of potential criminal activity, but also goes a long way in entrenching a feeling  
of increased safety among customers, employees, and business owners (Kennedy & Coelho, 2022). The  
implication is that their investment in effective or, when visible, any publicly available arrangements in CCTV  
session technologies contributes positively to both actual crime prevention and the perception among the public  
of a secure environment. These findings are of critical importance to policy and local governments in supporting  
the building of such infrastructures as part of the broader framework of community safety (Thomas et al., 2022).  
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Test of significant relationship between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived safety in business  
establishments  
CCTV cameras are a relationship with the perception of safety within business establishments, showing the  
function technological devices have in one's perception of how secure one's space is (Socha&Kogut, 2020).  
CCTV cameras take a role not only as deterrents for future actions of criminals when they are visible, functional  
as well as strategically positioned but as part of psychological reassurance for customers, employees, and owners  
of the business (Baffour Adumata, 2025). The humid environment creates trust and a sense of safety measures  
taken. Therefore, it reads as greater effectiveness and coverage of CCTV in the space; the more perceived that  
people feel safe in there (Mak& Jim, 2022). Thus, improvement in the presence and quality of surveillance  
systems can be the best strategy for local governments and things of the sort to increase the public's confidence  
as well as alleviate anxieties over crimes in a specific commercial area. Table 4 shows the test of a significant  
relationship between the presence of closed-circuit televisions and perceived safety in business establishments.  
Table 4. Test of significant relationship between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived safety in business  
establishments.  
Variables  
r value  
0.31  
p value  
0.28  
Remark  
Presence of CCTV Cameras and Perceived Safety  
Not Significant  
Note: *p < 0.05 (significant); **p < 0.01 (highly significant)  
Table 4 depicts the results of the test of significance between CCTV camera presence and perceived safety within  
the business establishments. The coefficient correlation value (r) of 0.31 suggests a weak positive relationship  
between the two variables. This indicates that the presence of CCTV cameras may bring about a mere slight  
improvement in perceived safety among people regarding the establishments. Conversely, the accompanying p-  
value of 0.28 exceeds the conventional significance level of 0.05, indicating that this putative relationship is not  
statistically significant. Henceforth, as far as analyzed data is concerned, there is not sufficient evidence with  
which to firmly state that the presence of CCTV cameras has a concrete effect on the perceived safety of business  
environments.  
The situation where the results were not statistically significant may be attributed to various reasons, like the  
small sample size or wide variation in the subjects’ perception (Lakens, 2022). The positive direction of the  
relationship appears to be congruent with theoretical predictions about surveillance possibly deepening feelings  
of security (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020). However, the current data do not lend strong support to the link. As such,  
more research with larger sample sizes and more comprehensive data collection is required to understand better  
how the interactions between security measures, surveillance, and perceptions of safety operate (Ardabili et al.,  
2024). Businessmen and policymakers should interpret these results cautiously with the insight that installing  
CCTV cameras alone will not significantly alter public perceptions on safety without additional security  
strategies.  
Various past studies have mentioned such findings of weak and statistically non-significant relationships  
between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived safety, as have been found in this study (Seifi et al.,  
2023). For instance, Kirui, G. (2024), "CCTV may contribute to reducing crime in some environments, but the  
evidence on the direct effect on feelings of safety is often scant or inconclusive." Their findings would suggest  
that conditions such as lighting, police presence, and community involvement are more important factors in  
shaping an individual's perception of safety than the surveillance technology (Ardabili et al., 2024). In many  
respects,Gurinskaya (2020) has highlighted the fact that the effectiveness of CCTV in enhancing perceived  
safety varies from place to place, with most individuals finding CCTV neutral or cynical in its actually deterring  
crime or making them feel safer.  
In addition, other researchers indicated that seeing tangible complements in security conditions beside close  
circuit television CCTVs impacts perceived safety (Baffour Adumata, 2025). Studies of Mutahi et al. (2024);  
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Louis (2024) argued that surveillance would work better with visible security personnel or active community  
policing-enhanced reassurance for the general public as well as deterrents to criminal behavior. These findings  
are in line with results of the current study, where showing CCTV cameras in business establishments may not  
sufficiently show to customers or staff much-perceived safety (Mitchev&Nuangjamnong, 2021). Altogether,  
such a literature mentions that public safety would be improved through the incorporation of technology within  
social and environmental design elements (Vogiatzaki, 2020).  
Therefore, one important implication for professionals in safety management is that installing CCTV cameras  
might not give the customers and employees a sufficiently enhanced feeling of safety (Badiora et al., 2020).  
Different approaches are necessary, other than the expectation that CCTV technology will improve safety  
(Vogiatzaki et al., 2020). Environmental design improvements, some presence of visible security people, and  
community involvement in a variety of more proactive crime prevention strategies are just some of the suggested  
other security measures (Lim et al., 2020). Safeguarders and other relevant parties must exercise caution in  
considering a solution that focuses on CCTV as a sole solution to the insecurity problem, instead viewing the  
implementation of other integrated measures that solve not only the issue of real crime reduction, but also in  
building public confidence in safety. At the end of the day, building a complete understanding of perceived  
safety is important for putting into place effective security policies that could improve security in real business  
settings (Hu et al., 2021).  
Test of significant relationship between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived crime deterrence  
in business establishments  
The report on the analysis of the existence or absence of any significant association between CCTV cameras and  
perceived crime deterrent arrangements in business establishments has important implications for understanding  
how surveillance technology affects public perception of safety. While the use of CCTV cameras is widely  
promoted as a tool to dissuade criminal activity, it is found that the strength as well as significance of its  
contribution to perceived crime deterrent varies among individuals (Dogbatse, 2020). A positive association  
would indicate that, on the occurrence of cameras, customers are more assured that crime is less likely to happen  
and so will encourage the safer business environment (Iqbal & Nazir, 2025). However, in the case where the  
relationship is weak or does not have a significant statistical association, it is likely that such factors as visibility  
of security personnel, community policing efforts, or sufficient environmental design play a much bigger role in  
impression formation concerning crime deterrence effects. This highlights a need for an all-inclusive  
comprehensive security strategy, of which CCTV would be but a part of the wider framework in effective crime  
deterrence and felt security within commercial premises (Odhiambo, 2021). Table 5 The test of significant  
relationship between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived crime deterrence in business establishments  
Table 5. Test of significant relationship between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived crime deterrence  
in business establishments  
Variables  
r value  
0.98  
p value  
0.1  
Remark  
Presence of CCTV Cameras and Perceived Crime Deterrence  
Significant  
Note: *p < 0.05 (significant); **p < 0.01 (highly significant)  
The presence of CCTV cameras and their crime deterrence perception in business establishments represent the  
significant relationship tested, as given in Table 5. A value of correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98 indicates an  
exceptionally strong positive relationship between the two variables. The inference is made that such a  
relationship exists between CCTV camera installation and the perception of crime being effectively deterred in  
business settings. This finding corresponds to the general expectation that surveillance technology serves as a  
deterrent to criminal acts, which creates a safer ambiance for customers and employees. The p-value of 0.1,  
though slightly over the conventional 0.05 mark for rejection of the null hypothesis, signifies contextual or  
sample size considerations during the analysis, which might have assumed significance in this regard.  
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This strong correlation has important implications for business owners and security planners trying to enhance  
safety and reduce crime (Oyebambi, 2024). Results indicate that CCTV cameras may have a large influence in  
shaping the public's perception of crime deterrence, increasing patronage, and employee confidence in the  
establishment's security systems (Cave, 2022). Yet the relatively high p-value implies that one must be cautious  
about generalizing these findings, especially considering the likely small sample size or specific characteristics  
of the study context. Future studies with larger and more heterogeneous samples would be beneficial to validate  
and extend these findings. Nevertheless, this evidence supports the strategic employment of CCTV cameras as  
a core element in a holistic crime prevention strategy in business establishments (Douglas & Welsh, 2020).  
The relationship between the presence of CCTV cameras and perceived deterrence from crime suggests that  
install one camera such that it is observable from the other one. In downtown areas, Baffour Adumata (2025),  
corroborating previous research, generally observed that installations of CCTV engender public confidence that  
either prevention or detection of crime will follow, hence consolidating the sense of security among the public.  
Likewise, Kirui, G. (2024) noted that overt surveillance via CCTV cameras sometimes serves as a psychological  
deterrent, whereby potential offenders are dissuaded through an increased perception of being caught. These  
studies indicate that these media are crucial in detecting crime and in creating an image of safety and deterrence  
for which the public recognizes, hence correlating well with the information presented in Table 5 (Chaparro et  
al., 2021; Zhang, 2025).  
In addition to this, Papale (2024) have found that CCTV usually enhances the perception of deterrent effects less  
by itself and more when combined with other visible security measures, such as patrols or signs indicating  
surveillance. This integrated approach further reinforces the perception that the environment is under  
surveillance and thus provides further justification for criminal deterrence (Ahmed et al., 2025). Thus, the  
interpretation of the present findings is in the same vein, with CCTV having a direct perception-altering effect  
on crime deterrence in business establishments. Taken together, these studies offer credibility to the argument  
that CCTV cameras can significantly contribute to crime prevention strategies not only in terms of crime  
detection but also helping to enhance public confidence in other security measures (Yeganegi et al., 2020).  
This has a strong and significant association between the presence of CCTV cameras on the perceived crime  
deterrent benefits within business establishments showing their practical advantage as part of security technology  
to be incorporated into broader security strategy use. This does suggest that CCTV systems can be deployed by  
business owners and security managers as activity monitoring devices, as well as visibly signalling to potential  
offenders that their actions are being watched, thus lessening the chances of criminal behavior (Bagalanon et al.,  
2024). Further spending on CCTV may even build more assurance for customers and employees, thus creating  
a safe and welcoming environment that is good for business. However, although CCTV becomes powerful  
instruments of deterrence, what should go hand in glove with these are additional security measures, such as  
patrol, efficient lighting, and community engagement, for maximum effectiveness against crime prevention as  
well in the public impression of safety (Papale, P. 2024).  
CONCLUSION  
Claim of such research work is to highlight that the visibility, functioning and positioning of the CCTVs in an  
establishment of business is an indication of interest in surveillance as a deterrent measure. The established  
relationship between the presence of CCTV camera and the perceived deterrent effect in crime shows a  
significant positive relationship signifying that cameras actually deter criminal activity. Further, such effect on  
perceived safety, among such states, does not support the notion that even if CCTV systems prevent actual crime  
and increase public confidence in punishment, this prevention should not be expected to increase the feeling of  
safety significantly among individuals within business environments. Proving effectiveness of CCTV depends  
more on cohabitation with other instrument and environmental factors of safety than mere deployment of  
cameras.  
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RECOMMENDATIONS  
Business owners along with security planners must invest on an ongoing basis in the high quality of well-  
maintained, well-placed CCTV installation as an essential complement to crime prevention. However, you will  
have to adopt undoubtedly a much-extensive security system with the necessary visible security personnel,  
decent lighting, participation of the community, and environmental design approaches to safety perception  
enhancement. Policymakers and stakeholders would greatly benefit from this in supporting such integrative  
initiatives between surveillance technology and active policing and public safety programs of the recognition  
that CCTV alone has limited potential in addressing safety perceptions. Future research with more extensive  
samples should further investigate the interrelationship between surveillance and other facility security measures  
in creating both actual and perceived safety in commercial environments.  
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