INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Social Media Addiction and Well-Being: A Mapping of Global  
Research Trends and Intellectual Structure (2015–2025)  
Nor Syamimi Mohamed Adnan, Nazmizan Muhammad, Nor Hudi’in Dadoo@Danu, Mohd Kasturi Nor  
Abd Aziz  
Languages & General Studies Department, Faculty of Business & Communication, Universiti Malaysia  
Perlis, Malaysia.  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100509  
Received: 06 December 2025; Accepted: 12 December 2025; Published: 20 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
The escalating prevalence of social media addiction and its profound implications for psychological well-being  
necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the field’s global intellectual structure and thematic evolution.  
Despite the expanding body of literature, a systematic, large-scale mapping is needed to delineate dominant  
research clusters, key cross-national collaborations, and persistent gaps. Therefore, this bibliometric analysis  
aims to map the global intellectual structure, productivity trends, and thematic development of 698 peer-  
reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2025, retrieved from the Scopus database. The dataset  
underwent rigorous preprocessing via OpenRefine for data harmonization, followed by scientific mapping using  
VOSviewer to generate co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence networks. The analysis indicates a significant  
and accelerating upward trend in publications, largely dominated by contributions from the United States, China,  
the United Kingdom, and India, with evidence of complex, multi-clustered international collaboration. Keyword  
co-occurrence analysis revealed seven major thematic clusters centered around internet addiction, depression,  
anxiety, and psychological distress, validating core linkages between problematic social media use and negative  
mental health outcomes. Critically, the findings reveal a concentrated research focus that implicitly highlights  
significant future inquiry gaps concerning cross-cultural variability across different global regions, the  
systematic development of digital well-being intervention strategies, and the integration of robust theoretical  
frameworks to guide policy. This study offers a high-precision, current overview for international researchers  
and policymakers, guiding evidence-based decision-making and prioritizing future high-impact research  
pathways.  
Keywords: Social Media Addiction, Well-Being, Bibliometric Analysis, VOSviewer, Intellectual Structure,  
Global Research Trends, Mental Health, Cross-Cultural Variability  
INTRODUCTION  
In the digital age, social media has become an integral part of daily life, offering numerous benefits  
such as enhanced connectivity and social interaction. However, the pervasive and often unregulated  
use of these platforms has led to the emergence of Social Media Addiction (SMA), a behavioral health  
concern characterized by compulsive and excessive engagement. This phenomenon has raised  
significant concerns regarding its detrimental impact on mental health and overall well-being. SMA is  
linked to various negative psychological outcomes, including increased levels of stress, anxiety,  
depression, and diminished self-esteem. (Mim et al., 2024; Zacharias et al., 2025; Yuan, 2025;  
Chauhan et al., 2025). Understanding the evolving research landscape that defines the complex  
relationship between social media addiction and well-being is crucial for developing effective  
interventions and promoting healthier digital behaviors on a global scale. This study addresses this  
need by providing a systematic bibliometric mapping of the field.  
LITERATURE REVIEW  
The relationship between social media addiction and well-being has been extensively studied,  
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revealing a complex interplay of factors that contribute to the negative psychological impact. The  
foundational research consistently establishes a statistically significant inverse correlation: as social  
media addiction severity increases, measures of psychological well-being tend to decrease (Mim et  
al., 2024)(Zacharias et al., 2025). For instance, empirical studies among specific populations, such as  
college students, have substantiated this finding, highlighting the urgency of addressing the mental  
health consequences associated with problematic digital engagement (Zacharias et al., 2025) (Yuan,  
2025).  
To move beyond the basic correlation, several studies have explored the mechanisms and specific  
psychological correlates through which social media addiction exerts its detrimental influence. These  
studies suggest that the negative effects are often mediated by internal resource depletion and negative  
social comparison dynamics. Continuous, excessive usage of social media platforms has been  
theorized to deplete essential energy and attentional resources required for maintaining mental  
equilibrium, thereby exacerbating symptoms of depression (Moqbel et al., 2024). Furthermore, the  
inherent structure of social media environments, which encourages the presentation of highly curated  
and idealized lives, facilitates unfavorable social comparisons. These comparisons can significantly  
distort self-perception, diminish self-esteem, and lead to long-term psychological distress (Chauhan  
et al., 2025).  
Research also emphasizes the importance of considering individual and contextual factors in  
mitigating these risks. Studies focusing on specific populations, such as Generation Z, have found that  
excessive social media use disproportionately impacts their mental health, particularly among  
vulnerable groups (Sao et al., 2024). Conversely, factors such as mindfulness and satisfaction with  
family life have been identified as mediating factors that can buffer the negative effects of social media  
addiction, suggesting that targeted interventions aimed at enhancing these personal and environmental  
resources could be effective (Bedir et al., 2025).  
Finally, prior bibliometric analyses have provided valuable preliminary insights, successfully  
identifying key geographical contributors, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Turkey,  
and highlighting the rapid increase in research interest over the past decade (Pellegrino et al., 2022).  
These earlier works delineated the initial thematic focus on internet addiction, behavioral addiction,  
and the impacts on core psychological constructs like anxiety and depression (Pellegrino et al., 2022;  
Arora & Mehta, 2023).However, a critical gap remains. The existing reviews lack the current,  
systematic, and granular analysis required to capture the full global intellectual structure of the last  
decade (2015–2025). Specifically, there is a lack of high-resolution mapping that systematically  
integrates current international co-authorship networks, the latest thematic clusters via VOSviewer,  
and explicitly identifies the research voids that are crucial for advancing global policy and digital  
health practice. These voids center on cross-cultural variability and the systematic development of  
intervention-focused strategies. This study addresses this deficiency by providing an updated,  
methodologically rigorous, and analytically deep bibliometric mapping of the field to guide future  
high-impact research.  
Figure 1: Key Themes in Social Media Addiction and Well-Being Research  
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Figure 1 illustrating three major thematic concentrations within the field. The first theme,  
Measurement Tools, highlights the dominant instruments used to quantify addictive behaviours, such  
as the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, supported by co-  
word analyses that identify frequently co-occurring terms. The second theme, Impact on Well-Being,  
captures the psychological dimensions most associated with social media addiction, including  
emotional effects, behavioural patterns, and the role of social connectivity in shaping individual  
experiences. The third theme, Research Trends, maps the broader scholarly focus by linking  
behavioural research with publication patterns and bibliometric analyses. Together, these clusters  
reveal that current research is strongly oriented toward validating measurement tools, understanding  
psychological and social consequences, and tracking the evolution of scholarly attention over time.  
This conceptual mapping provides a systematic overview of the field and highlights the interconnected  
elements that shape the study of social media addiction and well-being.  
Research Question  
The research question, together with the purpose, expected outcomes, and target audience, guides how data are  
found, collected, and presented. In this paper, the aim to answer several key questions:  
RQ1: What are the research trends in this study according to the year of publication?  
RQ2: Which are the top 10 most cited articles in this area of study?  
RQ3: Which countries rank in the top 10 based on the number of publications?  
RQ4: What are the popular keywords related to the study?  
RQ5: What is co-authorship by countries’ collaboration?  
METHODOLOGY  
Bibliometrics represents a systematic and rigorous approach to collecting, organizing, and interpreting  
bibliographic information derived from scientific publications, enabling the comprehensive mapping  
of a field's intellectual structure (Alves et al., 2021; Assyakur & Rosa, 2022). Beyond generating  
foundational statistics, such as identifying core journals and prominent authors, this method employs  
advanced analytical techniques, including co-citation and keyword co-occurrence analysis, to explore  
conceptual relationships (Wu & Wu, 2017). Consistent with this standard, the present study prioritized  
a methodologically sound process to ensure a reliable bibliography and strengthen the validity of the  
findings (Fahimnia et al., 2015).  
To ensure the integrity and quality of the dataset, Scopus was employed as the primary indexing  
source. Scopus was specifically selected over alternatives due to its comprehensive coverage of  
interdisciplinary research, superior indexing of high-impact journals, and robust tools for structured  
data extraction, which is essential for large-scale quantitative mapping (Al-Khoury et al., 2022; di  
Stefano et al., 2010). The scope was intentionally constrained to peer-reviewed journal articles  
published within the critical period of 2015 to December 2025. This strict exclusion of books,  
conference proceedings, and lecture notes upholds academic quality by focusing exclusively on fully  
validated, high-quality research and ensures the analysis reflects the most recent decade of scholarly  
attention.  
The data was retrieved in October 2025 using the Scopus advanced search function with a strategy  
designed to capture both the antecedent and the essential consequences of the core phenomenon:  
(TITLE-ABS-KEY (social media addiction AND “well-being” OR “psychological well being” OR  
“mental health”) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”))). Furthermore, the dataset was strictly  
confined to subject areas directly relevant to this research, namely Psychology, Social Sciences,  
Medicine, and Computer Science, thereby filtering out irrelevant domains (e.g., Environmental  
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Science or Energy). The final dataset comprised 786 articles.  
Following initial retrieval, the raw data underwent a crucial cleaning and harmonization process using  
Open Refine. This step was vital for improving the accuracy of network visualization by addressing  
known database limitations: specifically, Open Refine was used to remove duplicate entries and to  
unify variations in author names, institutional affiliations, and keywords (e.g., consolidating “social  
media addiction” and “SMA”) to ensure accurate counting and clustering in the subsequent analysis.  
While comprehensive, the methodology is subject to two primary limitations that require transparent  
disclosure: the restriction to English-language publications may introduce a linguistic bias, and  
reliance solely on the Scopus database introduces an indexing bias by excluding publications from  
journals not covered by this index.  
For the subsequent analysis, statistical indicators such as publication trends and productivity metrics  
were derived using the Scopus Analyzer. For the scientific mapping, the VOSviewer software (version  
1.6.20) was employed (van Eck & Waltman, 2017). This software is renowned for generating clear  
network visualizations that allow for the detailed exploration of co-authorship and keyword co-  
occurrence. In these visualizations, the size of a node (representing a keyword or country) visually  
indicates its total occurrence or productivity in the dataset, while the proximity between two nodes  
signifies the strength of their co-occurrence or collaborative relationship. Distinct colors are used to  
delineate separate thematic or collaborative clusters, providing immediate structural insight. VOS  
viewer employs association strength (ASij) as a normalization method for measuring relatedness,  
which is computed as:  
퐶푖푗  
퐴푆푖푗 =  
푤푖푤  
푗
where Cij denotes the observed co-occurrences of items i and j, while wi and wj represent their respective  
total co-occurrence counts (van Eck & Waltman, 2017). This robust ratio reflects the extent to which the  
observed co-occurrences exceed those expected under statistical independence, ensuring the  
quantitative rigor of the bibliometric mapping.  
Table 1. The search string.  
Scopus  
(TITLE-ABS-KEY (social media addiction AND “well-being” OR “psychological  
wellbeing”) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)).  
December 2025  
Table 2. The selection criterion is searching  
Criterion  
Language  
Time line  
Inclusion  
English  
Exclusion  
Non-English  
< 2025  
2015 – 2025  
Literature type  
Journal (Article) All  
Final In Press  
None  
None  
Publication Stage  
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION  
1. What are the research trends in this studies according to the year of publication ?  
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Figure 3: Publication Growth Pattern for Social Media Addiction and Well-Being Studies  
The publication trend on “Social Media Addiction and Well-Being” from 2015 to 2025 demonstrates a clear and  
accelerating upward trajectory, indicating growing scholarly attention toward this topic. Between 2015 and 2018,  
the number of documents remained modest, reflecting the field’s nascent stage. A sharper, exponential rise  
becomes visible starting in 2019, surging significantly through 2020 and 2021. This shift highlights the research  
community's acknowledgment of the urgency of understanding how excessive social media use affects emotional  
well-being, a concern intensified by the global reliance on digital communication during the COVID-19  
pandemic. The dramatic spike in 2025, reaching nearly 200 publications, signals that the topic has transitioned  
into a mature and mainstream research domain, driven by growing public health relevance and the increasing  
availability of empirical data for complex analysis. This sustained growth confirms the field's vitality and  
ongoing need for structured assessment.  
From 2021 onward, the growth trend becomes even more pronounced, with consistent annual increases that  
reflect expanding global research interest and broader interdisciplinary engagement. The notable rise in 2024  
and the dramatic spike in 2025, reaching nearly 200 publications, can be attributed to several factors, including  
heightened public concern about digital addiction, increased mental health challenges linked to online  
behaviours, and the expansion of technological tools that allow researchers to investigate online habits more  
effectively. The COVID 19 pandemic period also contributed indirectly, as extended digital usage intensified  
concerns around psychological dependency on social platforms. The steep growth in 2025 signals that the topic  
has transitioned into a mature and mainstream research domain, driven by policy needs, public health relevance,  
and the increasing availability of empirical data.  
2. Which are the top 10 most cited articles in this area of study?  
Authors  
Title  
Year  
Source title  
Cited by  
(Guessoum et al., 2020)  
Adolescent psychiatric disorders during  
the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown  
2020 Psychiatry  
Research  
742  
(Torous et al., 2021)  
The growing field of digital psychiatry:  
current evidence and the future of apps,  
social media, chatbots, and virtual reality  
2021 World Psychiatry  
700  
584  
(Smailhodzic et al.,  
2016)  
Social media use in healthcare: A  
systematic review of effects on patients  
2016 BMC Health  
Services Research  
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and on their relationship with healthcare  
professionals  
(Orben, 2020)  
Teenagers, screens and social media: a  
narrative review of reviews and key  
studies  
2020 Social Psychiatry  
and Psychiatric  
475  
Epidemiology  
(Allcott et al., 2020)  
The welfare effects of social media†  
2020 American  
Economic Review  
463  
363  
(Twenge & Martin,  
2020)  
Gender differences in associations  
between digital media use and  
psychological well-being: Evidence from  
three large datasets  
2020 Journal of  
Adolescence  
(Domingues-Montanari,  
2017)  
Clinical and psychological effects of  
excessive screen time on children  
2017 Journal of  
Paediatrics and  
Child Health  
350  
334  
328  
(Shensa et al., 2017)  
(Monacis et al., 2017)  
Problematic social media use and  
depressive symptoms among U.S. young  
adults: A nationally-representative study  
2017 Social Science and  
Medicine  
Social networking addiction, attachment  
style, and validation of the Italian version  
of the Bergen Social Media Addiction  
Scale  
2017 Journal of  
Behavioral  
Addictions  
(Bozzola et al., 2022)  
The Use of Social Media in Children and  
Adolescents: Scoping Review on the  
Potential Risks  
2022 International  
Journal of  
312  
Environmental  
Research and  
Public Health  
Table 3: Citation Distribution of the Leading Articles in Social Media Addiction Research  
The analysis of the top cited literature (RQ2) reveals a highly concentrated citation pattern, which is fully detailed  
in Table 3. This concentration demonstrates how foundational studies have anchored the conceptual, clinical,  
and behavioral understanding of digital usage effects on mental health. The highest impact works serve as  
methodological and theoretical reference points. For example, the most influential article, Guessoum et al.'s  
(2020) work on adolescent psychiatric disorders during the pandemic, amassed 742 citations, immediately  
establishing itself as a key reference for understanding mental health disruptions in times of crisis. Torous et al.  
(2021) follows closely with 700 citations, synthesizing concepts in digital psychiatry and shaping  
interdisciplinary discussions on technology's role in mental health.  
The prominence of these 2020 and 2021 publications confirms the field's rapid response to urgent global  
concerns, particularly the heightened mental health vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast,  
earlier works established foundational pathways: Smailhodzic et al. (2016), with 584 citations, provided a  
systematic review of social media use in healthcare, while Shensa et al. (2017), cited 334 times, established  
initial links between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among young adults. Similarly, the  
study by Monacis et al. (2017), with 328 citations, provided early validation for the Bergen Social Media  
Addiction Scale. Collectively, the citation distribution presented in Table 1 confirms that methodological rigor,  
the use of large representative datasets, and a timely focus on pressing public health issues are the structural  
mechanisms that reinforce prominence and influence in this field.  
3. Which countries rank in the top 10 based on the number of publications?  
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Figure 4: Global Distribution of Research Output on Social Media Addiction and Well-Being  
Analysis of the global distribution of research output (RQ3) reveals a pronounced concentration of scholarly  
activity. As depicted in Figure 4, the field is substantially led by the United States (130 documents), which  
benefits from strong research infrastructure and significant investment in mental health and technology studies.  
This dominance is followed by the United Kingdom (84), India (68), and China (68). This pattern fundamentally  
confirms that research productivity is dominated by countries possessing extensive digital infrastructure, high  
social media penetration rates, and robust national research funding. However, this high concentration of output  
in North America, Western Europe, and East Asia, while academically productive, introduces a significant  
limitation regarding cross-cultural generalizability. The current body of knowledge, including its theoretical  
constructs and empirical findings, is largely derived from these specific cultural, economic, and regulatory  
contexts. This uneven distribution highlights a major research gap: the pressing need for increased contributions  
from and comparative studies involving regions currently underrepresented, particularly in South America,  
Africa, and specific Middle Eastern nations. Filling this void is essential for properly mapping cultural variability  
in addiction drivers and well-being outcomes, thereby ensuring that digital well-being interventions are  
culturally tailored and effective globally.  
4. What are the popular keywords related to the study?  
Figure 5: Network Visualization of Author Keyword Co-Occurrence on Social Media Addiction and Well-Being  
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The conceptual structure of the field, derived from the co-occurrence analysis of author keywords (RQ4),  
provides high-resolution insight into the field's intellectual architecture. Figure 5 illustrates this structure (based  
on a minimum occurrence threshold of five, resulting in seven distinct clusters), revealing a tight focus on the  
clinical and demographic impacts of social media use. High-frequency terms such as “social media addiction,”  
“psychological well-being,” “mental health,” and specific population descriptors (“adolescent,” “male,”  
“female”) occupy the central nodes, underscoring the field's primary concern.  
Detailed examination shows that the thematic clusters are oriented toward diagnosis, measurement, and  
correlation. For instance, one major cluster (identified by the color Red) is strongly focused on direct  
psychological pathology, featuring terms like depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. A second cluster  
(Green) centers on the addictive behavior mechanisms themselves, including concepts like internet addiction,  
the fear of missing out (FoMO), and sleep quality. A third, structural cluster (Blue) encompasses terms related  
to standardized assessments and research methods, such as cross-sectional study, validation, and the Bergen  
Social Media Addiction Scale.  
This prominence of clinical outcome keywords and behavioral constructs is highly indicative of a field that  
excels overwhelmingly at defining, measuring, and identifying the negative correlates of the problem. However,  
this thematic structure highlights a major analytical gap: a critical absence of high-frequency keywords related  
to intervention, treatment, therapy, prevention, or policy is evident in the central clusters. This analytically  
confirms a significant maturity void: while the research community is proficient at describing the problem, it  
currently lacks sufficient research dedicated to finding and mapping robust, evidence-based solutions and  
intervention strategies.  
5. What is co-authorship by countries’ collaboration?  
Figure 6: Co-Authorship Network Visualization of Country Collaboration in Social Media Addiction and Well-  
Being Research  
The co-occurrence co-authorship analysis (RQ5) provides a visual map of the global collaborative ecosystem.  
Figure 6 illustrates a dense, multi-polar international research network structure (based on a minimum  
occurrence threshold of five, resulting in 53 countries and seven clusters). Countries such as the United States,  
China, India, and the United Kingdom serve as major collaborative hubs, confirmed by their large node sizes  
and strong linkages to multiple other nations. The centrality of these nations confirms their leadership, high  
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productivity, and capacity for sustained cross-border research partnerships. Furthermore, the presence of  
countries like Malaysia, demonstrating meaningful connections within the Asian networks, confirms the  
emergence of critical regional perspectives essential for diversifying research inputs.  
Analytically, this network structure suggests a strong mechanism for knowledge diffusion, operating primarily  
from the largest research economies (such as the US and UK) outward. However, the multi-clustered nature of  
the map suggests that global collaboration is not uniform but is fragmenting into distinct regional alliances,  
evident in the formation of specific European, Asian, and Middle Eastern networks. While this regionalization  
could foster valuable, culturally nuanced research by focusing on local contexts, it simultaneously carries a risk:  
if collaboration across these distinct geographical clusters is not strengthened, it may lead to the conceptual  
isolation of research themes, potentially hindering the development of a unified and globally applicable  
theoretical framework.  
FUTURE RESEARCH  
Based on the identified gaps in the intellectual structure of the field, future research should be explicitly directed  
toward three priority pathways. The most urgent pathway is the shift from correlational and cross-sectional  
designs to rigorous longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These are essential to establish  
the causal effects and long-term efficacy of specific therapeutic and educational interventions for social media  
addiction, thereby generating practical models for clinical and public health application. Furthermore, to enhance  
the global applicability of theoretical models, future studies must systematically compare the prevalence,  
mechanisms, and protective factors of SMA across underrepresented geographical and cultural groups. This  
effort is critical for developing culturally sensitive measurement tools and tailored intervention strategies.  
Finally, research should move beyond simple correlation testing to develop and test integrated theoretical  
frameworks. These frameworks must combine existing psychological models of addiction with technological  
and social contextual factors to create a more holistic, predictive understanding of digital well-being and  
resilience.  
CONCLUSION  
This comprehensive bibliometric mapping confirms the field’s vigorous expansion and intellectual consolidation  
around the clinical impacts of social media addiction. Theoretically, the study validates the core linkages  
between problematic social media use and negative mental health constructs, such as depression and anxiety,  
reinforcing the need for formal behavioral addiction models tailored to the digital context.  
Crucially, the findings yield two significant policy implications that necessitate immediate scholarly and funding  
redirection. First, the analytical absence of core intervention-related keywords strongly suggests that  
policymakers and funding bodies must prioritize research dedicated to generating evidence-based solutions.  
Research funding must be directed towards specific therapeutic and educational initiatives, as the current body  
of literature is robustly diagnostic but weak in its prescriptive capacity. Second, the concentration of research  
output in a few dominant economies mandates that international research efforts focus on comparative studies  
across diverse cultural and regulatory contexts. Policy formulation for digital well-being must explicitly account  
for cross-cultural variability to ensure interventions are relevant and effective for global populations currently  
underrepresented in the scientific literature.  
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