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Product Quality Parameter: Car Quality and Sport Product Quality

Diversion: 2020-2025 Reviewed

Mohammad Harith Bin Amlus

*, Fatin Syazwani Safiyuddin

, Hafizah Abdul Rahim

, Muhammad

Shahar Bin Jusoh

, Nadiah Mahmad Nasir

, Ahmad Zaidi Abdullah

Technology Management Faculty of Business, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis,

Malaysia

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100066

Received: 12 November 2025; Accepted: 18 November 2025; Published: 29 November 2025

ABSTRACT

Product quality has remained a central concern for manufacturers seeking to enhance competitiveness,

customer satisfaction, and long-term brand loyalty. Between 2020 and 2025, significant shifts have emerged in

how quality parameters are defined, measured, and prioritized across different industries. This review paper

examines the divergence of product quality parameters between the automotive sector—particularly car

manufacturing—and the sports product industry. While car quality increasingly emphasizes advanced safety

systems, digital integration, durability, and precision engineering, sports product quality has evolved toward

performance optimization, material innovation, ergonomics, and user-centric customization. These differences

highlight distinct consumer expectations, regulatory pressures, and technological advancements that shape

quality strategies in each sector.The review synthesizes key studies from 2020 to 2025 to compare quality

frameworks, measurement approaches, and industry standards that underpin both car and sport product

markets. Findings indicate that automotive quality relies heavily on stringent compliance testing, reliability

metrics, and smart-system diagnostics, whereas sports product quality is driven by functionality, comfort,

biomechanical performance, and brand-driven perception. This divergence underscores the need for sector-

specific quality models rather than a universal approach. By mapping these evolving parameters, the paper

provides deeper insight into how manufacturers can refine quality strategies, align with market expectations,

and support innovation trajectories across different product domain

Keywords: Car Fixtures, Quality Sport Product Quality; Diversion:Purchase Intention; TPB

INTRODUCTION

Product quality is a critical determinant of consumer satisfaction, brand loyalty, and competitive advantage

across industries, and its evaluation is increasingly relevant for both automotive and sport product

manufacturers (Zhao & Chen, 2020). In the automotive sector, product quality encompasses precision

engineering, fit and finish, durability, safety integration, and noise-vibration-harshness (NVH) performance,

which collectively influence vehicle reliability, performance, and customer perception (Rahman, Abdullah &

Mohamad, 2022). Conversely, sport products emphasize material durability, ergonomics, comfort,

performance functionality, aesthetic appeal, and affordability, reflecting the functional and lifestyle-driven

nature of these products (Mehta & Gupta, 2022; Kim, Lee & Park, 2022). Understanding these sector-specific

quality parameters allows factory owners and production managers to identify benchmarks, prioritize process

improvements, and align manufacturing practices with consumer expectations in their respective markets

(Silva, Gomes & Oliveira, 2021).

Durability is a core dimension in both industries, though its manifestations differ. In cars, durability relates to

mechanical systems, body panels, interior components, and long-term resistance to environmental and

operational stress (Zhao & Chen, 2020). In sport products, durability emphasizes wear resistance of fabrics,

athletic footwear, protective equipment, and other high-contact materials used in repeated physical activities

(Mehta & Gupta, 2022). Factory owners must appreciate that while durability is universally critical, the

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metrics and testing standards vary significantly between these sectors, requiring tailored quality control and

material selection approaches.

Ergonomics and user comfort are also central to product quality, yet the focus diverges across sectors.

Automotive ergonomics involve seat design, control layouts, and interior usability to optimize driver and

passenger comfort, whereas in sport products, ergonomics emphasizes body fit, freedom of motion, shock

absorption, and injury prevention (Kim, Lee & Park, 2022; Silva, Gomes & Oliveira, 2021). By comparing

these parameters, manufacturers can better understand how human-centered design impacts perceived quality,

safety, and overall satisfaction, guiding decisions in design and production processes.

Technological integration represents a growing dimension of product quality in both industries. Cars

increasingly incorporate smart systems, infotainment interfaces, and driver-assistance features, whereas sport

products embed sensors, wearable technology, and performance-tracking devices to enhance training and

usability (Zhou & Li, 2024; Nguyen, Li & Choi, 2025). Factory owners evaluating cross-industry quality can

benefit from understanding how technology adds functional and experiential value, requiring both process

innovation and collaboration with electronics and software suppliers.

Aesthetic appeal and brand perception are similarly influential yet interpreted differently. Automotive quality

is often associated with paint finish, interior materials, design coherence, and perceived luxury, while sport

products are evaluated for color, style, modernity, and alignment with lifestyle trends (Martínez & Ruiz, 2021;

Ristevska-Jovanovska, 2025). For factory managers, these distinctions underscore the importance of sector-

specific standards, from visual inspection and finishing techniques in automotive production to textile patterns,

stitching quality, and design consistency in sport product manufacturing.

Despite overlapping quality dimensions such as durability, ergonomics, and technological integration, there

remain notable differences in functional focus, material requirements, safety standards, and market-driven

expectations between the automotive and sport product sectors (Rahman et al., 2022; Mehta & Gupta, 2022). A

comparative evaluation of these parameters can assist factory owners in identifying critical areas for process

optimization, resource allocation, and innovation adoption to enhance product competitiveness and customer

satisfaction. By systematically reviewing the literature on both car and sport product quality, manufacturers

gain insight into sector-specific benchmarks, emerging trends, and opportunities for cross-industry learning

and improvement (Zhou & Li, 2024; Nguyen et al., 2025

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sport Product Quality

Sport product quality has increasingly become a central concern in the sportswear and equipment industry, as

consumers demand higher standards of performance, durability, comfort and sustainability (Kim & Oh, 2020).

Researchers have noted that perceived product quality in sports apparel and gear significantly influences

purchase intention and brand loyalty (Ristevska‑Jovanovska, 2025). Quality is no longer simply about basic

functionality; it now encompasses material innovation, ergonomic design, technological integration and

experiential value (Chobngam & Iamlaorpakdee, 2025). In the context of globalised markets and digital

commerce, sport products must satisfy not only tangible attributes (e.g., durability, fit) but also intangible cues

(e.g., brand reputation, sustainability credentials) to meet consumer expectations (Komariah, 2023).

Consequently, the literature has shifted from uni‑dimensional conceptions of quality to multidimensional

frameworks capturing functional, aesthetic, emotional and ethical dimensions (Manivel & Mohanalakshmi,

2025).

A primary dimension in sport product quality is durability and material quality, whereby products must

withstand high levels of wear, mechanical stress and environmental exposure. Studies show that durability

remains one of the top consumer‑valued quality traits in sporting apparel and footwear (Statista, 2018 as cited

in secondary literature) and in equipment markets. Gill & Prendergast (2015) emphasise that fit and fabric

interplay directly affects performance and durability in sportswear. More recently, innovation in composite

materials, breathable fabrics and reinforced structures has been highlighted as key to elevating product quality

in high‑performance sports gear (Mehta & Gupta, 2022). Durability is also linked to brand trust and repeat

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purchase: when products fail prematurely, perceived quality and brand loyalty decline (Komariah, 2023).

Thus, ensuring material integrity, construction precision and lifecycle resilience are fundamental in sport

product quality research.

Another important dimension is ergonomics, fit, comfort and performance functionality. In sportswear and

equipment, quality is not just about surviving use but enabling optimal athlete or consumer performance:

comfort, freedom of movement, proper fit, functionality of mechanisms (e.g., adjustable straps, shock

absorption) are all part of the equation (Gill & Prendergast, 2015). Research on adolescent consumers of sports

apparel reveals that quality attributes such as fit, comfort and functional features significantly affect purchase

intention and online word‑of‑mouth behaviour (Tian & Xi, 2023). In the equipment segment, personalised

design and biomechanical optimisation (e.g., gloves for wheelchair athletes) have become emerging research

foci, linking product quality with athlete outcome (Chénier et al., 2023). Therefore, ergonomics and

performance functionality represent a key dimension through which consumers evaluate sport product quality

beyond mere aesthetics or brand. In sum, high‑quality sport products must deliver seamless integration of

function and fit.

A third dimension increasingly highlighted is sustainability, ethical manufacturing and technological

integration. For sports apparel brands in particular, perceived sustainability level has been found to positively

influence purchase intention and reduce consumer scepticism, especially when brand reputation is high (Kim

& Oh, 2020). The movement toward eco‑friendly, recycled materials and transparent supply chains is now part

of the quality conversation in sports‑product literature (Kopplin, 2023). Additionally, technological

integration—such as smart sensors embedded in sportswear, connected devices in equipment, or digital

feedback systems—expands the definition of quality to include user experience, data functionality, and product

lifecycle intelligence (Tang et al., 2025). These developments mean that product quality is no longer static but

dynamic, combining physical durability with digital and sustainable dimensions. Research suggests that

sport‑product manufacturers who invest in these emerging quality facets gain competitive advantage and

positive consumer assessment.

Despite these advances, the literature also reveals gaps and future directions in sport product quality research.

Many studies have investigated individual dimensions (e.g., sustainability, fit, brand image) but few have

integrated them into comprehensive quality frameworks tailored for the sports product context

(Komariah, 2023). Moreover, much of the sport‑product quality literature is region‑specific or limited to

apparel, leaving equipment, accessories and emerging markets under‑explored. For example, limited research

addresses how technological integration influences durability and brand perceptions in mass‑market sports

equipment—or how Malaysian contextual factors (consumer price sensitivity, local brands, climate conditions)

shape quality expectations. As consumer expectations evolve, future research needs to adopt longitudinal

designs, mixed methods and cross‐segment comparisons to fully capture the multi‑dimensional nature of

quality in sport products. Therefore, synthesising existing literature and identifying such gaps will help

manufacturers and marketers understand how to elevate sport product quality and align with consumer

expectations and industry trend.

Car Quality

Product quality is vital to a company as the superior product quality benefited the company with long-term

survival and success within the companies (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2006). As the product quality improved, the

sales performance also increased (Shapiro & Gomez, 2014). Besides, product quality showed a significant

impact in affecting purchase intention among consumers (Sam & Tahir, 2009; Shaharudin, Mansor, & Elias,

2011; Yee et al., 2011). Added to that, there is a suggestion for further studies on the link between product

quality and purchase intention, which lead to a possibility of product quality to play a moderating role (John &

Brady, 2011; Shapiro & Gomez, 2014; Tsiotsou, 2006). Yet, previous studies on purchase intention have not

covered on the impact of product quality as a moderating factor in the relationships of purchase intention

(Hussin, Hashim, Yusof, & Alias, 2013).

Product quality remains a cornerstone of competitiveness and sustainability in the global automotive industry,

particularly as consumers in 2025 demand higher safety, comfort, and reliability standards (Kim & Park,

2024). Quality in automotive manufacturing encompasses not only defect prevention but also continuous

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improvement in processes, materials, and technologies (Ahmad et al., 2023). The evolution of Industry 4.0 and

digital manufacturing systems has introduced data-driven quality management, where real-time monitoring

ensures precision and consistency in production (Zhang et al., 2024). According to Patel and Singh (2023),

automakers adopting predictive quality analytics report up to 30% reduction in defect rates. Furthermore,

product quality has become closely linked to brand image and trust, with consumers associating reliability and

performance consistency with long-term value (Rahman et al., 2024).

The integration of advanced materials and smart technologies has reshaped product quality dimensions,

focusing on durability, efficiency, and user experience (Olsen et al., 2024). Electric vehicle (EV)

manufacturers, for instance, emphasize battery safety, thermal management, and interior craftsmanship as part

of holistic quality design (Tanaka & Wu, 2023). Innovations in composite materials, precision engineering,

and digital twins enable manufacturers to detect quality deviations during the design phase rather than post-

production (Lee et al., 2024). As Ali and Hassan (2025) highlight, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in

quality control enhances predictive maintenance and ensures consistency in high-volume production

environments. This shift toward intelligent quality assurance aligns with global trends toward automation,

reliability, and lifecycle optimization (Zhou & Li, 2024).

Sustainability has also become a critical dimension of product quality, as environmental performance

increasingly influences consumer perception and regulatory compliance (Singh et al., 2023). Manufacturers

now assess quality not only through mechanical strength or aesthetic appeal but also through the

environmental footprint of materials and processes (Ramesh et al., 2024). According to BMW Group (2025),

sustainable quality involves ensuring recyclability, reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and

enhancing energy efficiency during production. The introduction of eco-certifications and life-cycle analysis

(LCA) frameworks has prompted automakers to adopt greener materials and cleaner assembly methods

without compromising durability (Rahman et al., 2025). As consumer awareness grows, environmental quality

is becoming an integral factor in vehicle purchase decisions, linking sustainability directly to perceived

product quality (Nguyen et al., 2025).

Customer satisfaction represents another key performance indicator for automotive product quality in 2025,

driven by consumer expectations of safety, reliability, and innovation (Davis & Ahmed, 2025). Product quality

failures often translate into costly recalls and reputational damage, emphasizing the need for robust quality

assurance frameworks (Khalid et al., 2023). Studies by Gupta and Mehta (2024) show that vehicles with fewer

warranty claims and higher perceived build quality achieve stronger customer loyalty. Moreover, perceived

quality, which combines tactile experience, acoustic comfort, and aesthetic precision, has become a defining

factor for premium brands (Lim et al., 2025). As EV adoption expands, software reliability and user interface

stability also form part of overall product quality, linking technological performance directly to customer

satisfaction (Wang & Zhou, 2024).

Finally, in the Malaysian automotive context, product quality serves as a key enabler for industrial

competitiveness under the National Automotive Policy (NAP 2020–2030) (MITI, 2023). Malaysian

manufacturers such as Proton and Perodua are integrating Total Quality Management (TQM) and Lean Six

Sigma principles to align with international standards like ISO 9001 and IATF 16949 (Abdullah et al., 2024).

Continuous improvement programs and supplier quality collaborations have led to measurable gains in

reliability and safety performance (Rahman et al., 2024). Moreover, the rise of EV and hybrid technologies in

Malaysia necessitates a focus on high-precision component manufacturing, testing, and risk management to

uphold global quality benchmarks (Chaudhary et al., 2025). Therefore, product quality in 2025 is not merely a

technical outcome but a strategic imperative for sustainability, innovation, and consumer trust within the

evolving automotive landscape.

Purchase Intention

Consumer purchase intention in the sport product sector reflects the likelihood that an individual will buy a

particular sportswear item or equipment based on perceived value, quality, and personal preference (Ristevska-

Jovanovska, 2025). It is widely acknowledged that product quality, including durability, ergonomics, and

material performance, directly influences purchase intention, as high-quality sports products enhance

consumer satisfaction and perceived value (Mehta & Gupta, 2022). Brand image and reputation further

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moderate this relationship, where trusted brands increase consumer confidence and positively impact intention

to purchase (Kim & Oh, 2020). Additionally, aesthetic appeal, style, and visual design play a crucial role in

shaping purchase intention, particularly among younger consumers who consider fashion alongside

functionality (Martínez & Ruiz, 2021).

Price perception is another critical determinant of purchase intention in the sport product market, as consumers

evaluate whether the product delivers adequate value for its cost (Komariah, 2023). Research shows that

Malaysian consumers are particularly price-sensitive due to the availability of both local and international

brands, making competitive pricing strategies essential for driving purchase intention (Ken Research, 2025).

Moreover, the perceived risk associated with a product, including concerns about durability, fit, or after-sales

service, can negatively affect purchase intention if not addressed through warranties, reviews, or brand

credibility (Davis & Ahmed, 2025). Therefore, manufacturers must balance product quality with cost-

effectiveness to optimize purchase intention in competitive markets.

The influence of digital marketing and online reviews on purchase intention has grown significantly in recent

years, as consumers increasingly rely on e-commerce platforms for sports products (Tian & Xi, 2023). Positive

online reviews, ratings, and social media endorsements enhance trust and reduce perceived risk, thereby

increasing the likelihood of purchase (Chobngam & Iamlaorpakdee, 2025). Furthermore, technological

features such as smart sensors, wearable devices, and app connectivity also contribute to higher purchase

intention, as consumers perceive added functional value and modernity in these products (Zhou & Li, 2024).

Consequently, digital engagement and technology integration are key drivers of contemporary purchase

intention in the sport product industry.

Sustainability and ethical production are emerging as influential factors affecting purchase intention among

Malaysian consumers, who increasingly consider the environmental impact of their purchases (Nguyen, Li &

Choi, 2025). Research indicates that eco-friendly materials, transparent supply chains, and sustainable

manufacturing practices can positively influence consumers’ intention to buy sportswear and equipment

(Gupta & Mehta, 2023). Additionally, perceived social responsibility enhances brand loyalty and strengthens

purchase intention, particularly among environmentally-conscious consumers (Kim & Oh, 2020). In sum,

understanding the multifaceted drivers of purchase intention—including quality, price, technology, digital

influence, and sustainability—is essential for manufacturers and marketers seeking to optimize product

strategies in the Malaysian sport product market.

Theory of Planned Behavior

The grounded theory in predicting the intention is the Theory of Planned Behavior, as a person’s behavior is

controlled by his intention in performing certain types of behavior or action (Ajzen, 1991; Fishbein & Ajzen,

1975). According to the theory, a person’s intention is guided by three constructs, which are attitudes,

subjective norms and perceived behavior control. Attitude is the sum of beliefs about particular behavior

weighted by the person’s evaluations of these beliefs, while subjective norm is the beliefs of people weighted

by the importance of one attributes to each of their opinions (Miller, 2005; Schiffman & Kanuk, 2006).

Perceived behavior control is the extent control over internal and external factors upon behavior performance;

whether facilitate or restrain it. It is consisting of control beliefs and perceived facilitation; which control

beliefs refer to the person beliefs toward the factors available that facilitate or prevent performing a behavior,

while perceived facilitation refers to the condition that the person perceived as being able to perform the

behavior (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen, 1991).

Numerous researchers had proved the applicability of the theory in predicting purchase intention across

various industries, products and services (Alam & Sayuti, 2011; Jani & Han, 2011; Lada et al., 2009; Lee et

al., 2011; Mukhtar & Butt, 2012; Omar, Mat, Imhemed, & Ali, 2012; Shaari & Arifin, 2010; Shaharudin,

Ismail, et al., 2011; Shaharudin, Pani, Mansor, Elias, & Sadek, 2010). A firm will be at the competitive

advantage when it has clear understanding on what influenced consumers in term of their decision making

process, which then will contribute to a better meeting of customers’ needs and expectation. So, it is important

to measure them as close to behavioral observation as possible to ensure an accurate prediction, as well as

intention can change over time (Padgett, 2009).

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Table 1. Ranked Quality Dimensions in Sport Product Quality (2022–2025)

No.

Factor

Sector

Description / Rationale

Key Authors

Year Range

Fit and Finish

Car

Fixtures

Focus on alignment precision, surface

uniformity, and assembly tolerances

affecting perceived luxury.

Rahman et al.

2022

NVH (Noise, Vibration &

Harshness)

Car

Fixtures

Optimization to minimize interior

noise and vibration for comfort.

Lee et al.

2024

Safety Integration (Crash

Sensors, Airbags)

Car

Fixtures

Incorporation of safety systems within

interior components.

Hassan & Ali

2023

Innovation in Design

(Adaptive Fixtures)

Car

Fixtures

3D printing and AI-based adaptive

designs improving aesthetics and

performance.

Nguyen et al.

2025

Table 2. Ranked Quality Dimensions in Car Quality (2020–2025)

No.

Factor

Sector

Description / Rationale

Key Authors

Year Range

Performance

Functionality

Sport

Products

Product’s ability to enhance athletic

performance via engineering and

biomechanics.

Ahmad &

Singh

2021

Fit Accuracy (Body-Fit

Optimization)

Sport

Products

Ensures precise body alignment and

freedom of motion to prevent injury.

Kim et al.

2022

Safety Features

(Protective Equipment)

Sport

Products

Includes helmets, pads, and impact-

absorbing materials to reduce injury risk.

Hassan & Ali

2023

Affordability/ Value

Sport

Products

Focus on price–value balance, more

sensitive in consumer goods than in

automotive markets.

Patel & Singh

2020

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This study draws upon the different based on literature and it proposed a conceptual model outlining

predicting factors likely to impact the purchase intention. Admittedly, this model draws upon a number of

well-established constructs within the literatures, but this study differs and disqualified on several aspects on

sport qualities and car product qualities. Car industry exclusives focused on precision, safety systems, and

NVH performance, reflecting engineering and manufacturing complexity. Sport product exclusives which

emphasize fit, performance enhancement, and affordability, reflecting human biomechanics and consumer

market dynamics. The automotive industry stresses technical consistency and integration, while the sport

product industry emphasizes usability, affordability, and personal performance outcomes. The study reviewed

sport and car industries, focused on the segment of sport quality products and car manufacturers. Second, the

study will be covered the northern region of peninsular Malaysia. It is hope that the result will be generalised

as the culture across the country is quiet similar from one state to another.

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