INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
Electrical Safety Standards Awareness and Compliance: A Pathway  
to Achieving SDG 7, SDG 11, and SDG 9  
James Clarence P. Yapo., Regie Boy B. Fabro., Ronald C. Esmeralda Jr., Peter John B. Ladran., Dariel  
Justin V. Daquioag., Enrik Kristoffer L. Paulino  
College of Teacher Education, Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100641  
Received: 08 December 2025; Accepted: 17 December 2025; Published: 29 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
This study aims to evaluate the level of awareness and compliance of residents in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte,  
Philippines with electrical installation safety standards, identify factors affecting compliance, and propose  
strategies to improve awareness and adherence. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, quantitative  
data are collected through survey questionnaires and compliance checklists, while qualitative insights are  
gathered through semi-structured interviews with key informants, including electricians, local government  
officials, and safety inspectors. Stratified random sampling is employed for the quantitative component, while  
purposive sampling is used for the qualitative component to ensure diverse and representative perspectives.  
The findings reveal that residents demonstrate a moderate level of awareness of electrical safety standards.  
However, gaps are identified in their understanding of specific guidelines, such as the Philippine Electrical Code,  
and their ability to recognize potential hazards. Compliance with safety standards is generally high, but certain  
areas, such as the installation of tamper-resistant receptacles and Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters, show lower  
adherence. Key factors influencing compliance include limited awareness and education, economic constraints,  
and insufficient enforcement mechanisms.  
To address these challenges, the study proposes strategies such as public awareness campaigns, regular safety  
seminars, financial assistance programs, and strengthened enforcement mechanisms, including inspections and  
stricter penalties for non-compliance. These strategies aim to improve awareness, reduce barriers to compliance,  
and foster a culture of safety within communities.  
The study underscores the importance of awareness and compliance with electrical safety standards in promoting  
public safety, reducing risks, and supporting sustainable development goals. Addressing these challenges and  
implementing the proposed strategies can lead to safer electrical installations and contribute to more resilient  
and sustainable communities.  
Keywords: Electrical safety standards, Awareness and compliance, Sustainable development goals (SDGs)  
Public safety, Enforcement mechanisms  
INTRODUCTION  
Electrical safety is a critical aspect of modern living, as improper electrical installations and practices pose  
significant risks to human life and property. Faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and the use of substandard  
materials can lead to devastating consequences such as fires, electrocution, and equipment damage. Globally,  
electrical hazards are a leading cause of residential and industrial accidents, underscoring the need for strict  
adherence to safety standards and regulations. The importance of electrical safety is further emphasized by its  
link to global sustainable development goals, particularly those focusing on affordable and clean energy, resilient  
infrastructure, and sustainable cities and communities [1]. As urbanization and industrialization continue to  
accelerate, ensuring compliance with electrical safety standards is essential to safeguarding lives, promoting  
public safety, and fostering sustainable development.  
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Existing research highlights the importance of electrical safety awareness and compliance in reducing risks and  
preventing accidents. For example, adherence to national and international electrical codes has been shown to  
significantly minimize the likelihood of electrical hazards [2]. Studies reveal that compliance with safety  
standards reduces fire-related disasters in residential and industrial settings by ensuring proper wiring,  
grounding, and the installation of protective devices [3]. However, research also identifies persistent challenges,  
such as limited public awareness of safety standards, economic barriers to compliance, and inadequate  
enforcement mechanisms [4]. In many developing countries, these challenges are exacerbated by outdated  
infrastructure, limited access to resources, and insufficient training for electricians and inspectors [5].  
In the Philippines, the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) serves as the primary regulatory framework for ensuring  
safe electrical installations. Despite its existence, compliance with the PEC remains inconsistent, particularly in  
residential areas where unlicensed electricians and substandard materials are often used to reduce costs.  
According to the Bureau of Fire Protection, electrical faults remain one of the leading causes of fires in the  
country, with thousands of incidents reported annually [6]. This highlights a significant gap in the effective  
implementation and enforcement of electrical safety standards. Furthermore, while national regulations  
emphasize the importance of compliance, there is limited data on the level of awareness and adherence to these  
standards among local communities, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas such as Laoag City. The lack of  
localized studies makes it difficult to develop targeted interventions that address the specific challenges faced  
by residents in these communities.  
Laoag City, a growing urban area in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines, presents a unique context for  
examining electrical safety standards. While the city has been recognized for its commitment to sustainability  
and safety [7], it still faces challenges related to urbanization and infrastructure development. The increasing use  
of renewable energy systems, such as solar panels, further underscores the importance of ensuring safe and  
compliant electrical installations. However, the extent to which residents are aware of and adhere to electrical  
safety standards in Laoag City remains unclear. Moreover, the factors influencing compliance, such as economic  
constraints, lack of awareness, and enforcement challenges, have not been thoroughly investigated at the local  
level.  
This study addresses these critical gaps by assessing the level of awareness and compliance of residents in Laoag  
City with electrical installation safety standards. It also seeks to identify the factors affecting compliance and  
propose actionable strategies to improve awareness and adherence. By addressing these gaps, the research aims  
to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on electrical safety and provide valuable insights for  
policymakers, local government units, and other stakeholders. The findings of this study will support the  
development of targeted interventions to enhance compliance with electrical safety standards, ultimately  
reducing risks, improving public safety, and contributing to sustainable urban development.  
The specific objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate the level of awareness of residents in Laoag City  
regarding electrical installation safety standards; (2) assess the compliance of residents with the provisions of  
the Philippine Electrical Code; (3) identify the factors affecting compliance with electrical safety standards; (4)  
propose strategies to improve awareness and compliance with electrical safety standards; and (5) explore how  
awareness and compliance with electrical safety standards contribute to the achievement of Sustainable  
Development Goals, particularly SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG 11.  
In conclusion, this study is necessary to address the pressing challenges associated with electrical safety in Laoag  
City, where rapid urbanization and diverse socio-economic conditions present unique barriers to compliance. By  
investigating the awareness and compliance of residents and proposing evidence-based strategies, this research  
seeks to bridge critical gaps in knowledge and practice, ultimately contributing to safer, more sustainable, and  
resilient communities.  
Conceptual Framework  
Grounded in principles of asset management and risk reduction, this study is guided by a conceptual framework  
that links residents’ awareness and compliance with electrical safety standards to public health and safety  
outcomes, with broader implications for sustainable development. As illustrated in Figure 1, the independent  
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ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XI November 2025  
variables are residents’ awareness of electrical safety practices, economic capacity, and regulatory enforcement,  
while the dependent variable is the condition and management of residential electrical assets, which ultimately  
affects exposure to electrical hazards and related public health outcomes. The framework aims to analyze how  
awareness, economic capacity, and enforcement individually and collectively influence compliance and the safe  
management of electrical systems, while also exploring the role of preventive measures in promoting sustainable  
development.  
Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study.  
At the core of the framework are four primary constructs: electrical safety awareness, compliance, hazard  
exposure, and public health outcomes. Electrical safety awareness refers to residents’ knowledge of proper  
electrical installation, maintenance, grounding, and use of protective devices in accordance with the Philippine  
Electrical Code (PEC). Compliance reflects the degree to which residents adhere to these safety standards and  
maintain the condition of their electrical assets. These constructs are interconnected, as higher awareness can  
promote better compliance, while consistent compliance reinforces residents’ understanding of safe practices.  
Hazard exposure serves as a mediating variable, representing the risk of electrical fires, shocks, and electrocution  
associated with poorly maintained or unsafe electrical systems. Even if residents are knowledgeable, inadequate  
compliance may lead to higher exposure to hazards. The framework also examines the interplay between  
awareness and compliance, exploring whether greater knowledge can mitigate risks or whether persistent gaps  
in practice increase vulnerability.  
Public health outcomes include injury prevention, enhanced household safety, reduced stress, and increased  
community resilience. These outcomes are influenced by the condition of electrical assets and residents’  
compliance with safety standards. The framework positions improved electrical safety compliance as both a  
technical safety measure and a preventive public health strategy, highlighting the feedback loop between safe  
practices and reduced hazard exposure.  
Finally, the framework links electrical safety practices to Sustainable Development Goals, specifically SDG 7  
(Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Resilient Infrastructure), and SDG 11 (Safe and Sustainable  
Communities). By examining these relationships, the conceptual framework provides a structured understanding  
of how awareness and compliance interact to improve household and community safety, guiding interventions  
for more resilient and sustainable residential electrical systems.  
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RESEARCH METHODS  
Research Design  
The study employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design to address its objectives. This design  
involved the simultaneous collection of both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive  
understanding of the research problem. Quantitative data were gathered through structured survey questionnaires  
and compliance checklists to assess the level of awareness, compliance status, and perceptions of residents  
regarding electrical safety standards. Qualitative data, on the other hand, were collected through semi-structured  
interviews and open-ended survey questions to explore in-depth insights into the factors affecting compliance,  
challenges faced by residents, and strategies for improvement.  
The integration of these data sets allowed the study to identify actionable strategies for enhancing awareness and  
compliance while also examining how these contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7,  
SDG 9, and SDG 11). By analyzing quantitative and qualitative data independently and then merging the results,  
the research design ensured a holistic and robust approach to understanding the issues surrounding electrical  
safety standards in Laoag City.  
Locale of the Study  
The study was conducted in Laoag City, located in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Laoag City served  
as an ideal research setting due to its status as a rapidly urbanizing area with diverse residential, commercial,  
and industrial zones. The city’s population, composed of individuals from varying socioeconomic backgrounds,  
education levels, and occupations, provided a representative sample for assessing awareness and compliance  
with electrical safety standards.  
Laoag City has also earned recognition as the Cleanest, Safest, and Greenest City in Region 1, an award it  
received in 2013 as part of regional efforts to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly urban  
development. This distinction highlights the city’s commitment to maintaining safety and sustainability, making  
it a fitting location for a study that examines the relationship between electrical safety standards and sustainable  
development goals.  
Furthermore, Laoag City is becoming known for its efforts in solar power projects, which align with global  
initiatives for sustainable energy and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7). This focus on renewable  
energy and infrastructure development further emphasized the importance of evaluating electrical installation  
practices and standards to ensure safety and sustainability.  
The presence of local government units (LGUs), electricians, and safety inspectors in the area also facilitated  
the collection of qualitative data, as these key stakeholders played crucial roles in enforcing and promoting  
electrical safety standards. The city’s dynamic growth, commitment to renewable energy, and demographic  
diversity made it an ideal locale for analyzing the factors affecting compliance and exploring strategies to  
enhance awareness and adherence to electrical safety standards.  
Population and Sampling Procedure  
The population of the study consisted of the residents of Laoag City, including homeowners, renters, and  
building owners, as well as key informants such as electricians, local government officials, and safety inspectors.  
To ensure a representative sample of the city’s geographic diversity, the study utilized a stratified random  
sampling technique, with stratification based on the clustered barangay structure of Laoag City. The city’s 80  
barangays were grouped into clusters, such as Cluster 1 (Barangays 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Cluster 2 (Barangays 6, 7A,  
7B, 8, 9), and so on, up to Cluster 13 (Barangays 52A, 52B, 53, 54B, 56A, 55B). Each cluster served as a distinct  
stratum, ensuring that the sample adequately represented the geographic and demographic diversity of Laoag  
City.  
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Within each cluster, participants were randomly selected from the barangays to capture variations in awareness  
and compliance with electrical safety standards across different localities. Further stratification was applied  
within each cluster based on demographic variables such as age, education level, and socioeconomic status,  
ensuring that the sample reflected the diversity of the population. This approach allowed the study to assess  
differences in awareness and compliance levels across both geographic and demographic groups.  
For the quantitative component, survey respondents were randomly selected from each cluster and stratified by  
demographic variables to provide a comprehensive assessment of awareness and compliance levels. For the  
qualitative component, purposive sampling was employed to identify key informants, such as electricians, local  
government officials, and safety inspectors, who possessed relevant expertise and insights into the factors  
affecting compliance and strategies for improvement. These key informants provided in-depth perspectives on  
the challenges faced by residents and actionable recommendations for enhancing compliance with electrical  
safety standards.  
The combination of stratified random sampling for the quantitative data and purposive sampling for the  
qualitative data ensured that the study captured both broad and detailed perspectives. This sampling strategy  
enabled the researchers to conduct a holistic analysis of awareness, compliance, and the factors influencing  
adherence to electrical safety standards in Laoag City.  
Research Instruments  
The study utilized a combination of researcher-made survey questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides  
as primary tools for data collection. These instruments were carefully developed based on a thorough review of  
related literature and were aligned with the research questions to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in  
addressing the objectives of the study.  
To assess the level of awareness of residents regarding electrical safety standards, a survey questionnaire was  
employed. This instrument included 5-Likert scale items designed to measure respondents’ awareness levels,  
with interpretations ranging from Extremely Aware to Not at all Aware. The questionnaire also collected  
demographic information such as age, education level, and socioeconomic status to provide a comprehensive  
understanding of the participants' profiles. Descriptive statistics, such as mean scores were used to evaluate the  
overall level of awareness among residents.  
To determine the status of compliance with electrical installation safety standards, another survey questionnaire  
was utilized. This questionnaire featured a checklist of compliance indicators, which was adapted from the  
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC). The PEC is a set of safety standards and regulations for electrical installations  
in the Philippines, published by the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines (IIEE), allowing  
the researchers to quantify the extent to which residents adhered to established safety standards. The data  
collected provided insights into compliance levels across different demographic groups.  
To identify the factors affecting compliance with electrical installation safety standards, the study used a semi-  
structured interview guide was used to collect qualitative insights from key informants, including electricians,  
local government officials, and safety inspectors. The open-ended format of the interview guide allowed  
participants to share detailed responses, providing a deeper understanding of the barriers and challenges  
influencing compliance.  
To propose strategies for improving awareness and compliance with electrical installation safety standards, the  
study employed a semi-structured interview guide to gather actionable recommendations from key stakeholders  
such as local government officials, electricians, and safety inspectors. This qualitative instrument enabled the  
researchers to identify recurring themes and practical strategies for addressing gaps in awareness and  
compliance.  
Finally, to explore how awareness and compliance with electrical safety standards contributed to achieving  
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7, SDG 9, and SDG 11, a semi-structured interview guide was used to  
collect qualitative data from key informants. This approach ensured that both quantitative and qualitative  
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perspectives were captured, providing a holistic understanding of the connection between electrical safety  
practices and sustainable development.  
To ensure the validity and reliability of the research instruments, content validation was conducted by a panel of  
experts, including safety inspectors, electricians, and research specialists. A pilot test was also carried out with  
a group of participants who were not part of the actual study sample, resulting in high reliability scores. The  
finalized instruments were made available in both printed and digital formats to ensure accessibility for all  
respondents. This multi-method approach enabled the researchers to collect a comprehensive and triangulated  
dataset that effectively addressed the study’s objectives.  
Data Gathering Procedure  
The researchers employed a systematic approach to collect data for the study. A formal request letter was sent  
to the local government of Laoag City to seek approval for the conduct of the study among the target population,  
which included residents such as homeowners, renters, and building owners, as well as key informants like  
electricians, local government officials, and safety inspectors. Once approval was granted, the researchers  
coordinated with barangay officials and other relevant authorities to schedule data collection activities and ensure  
the convenience of the participants.  
The survey questionnaires were distributed in both printed and digital formats to accommodate participants’  
preferences and availability. Printed copies were distributed face-to-face in barangay halls or during community  
meetings, while digital copies were shared via email or messaging platforms for those who preferred an online  
format. A cover letter was attached to each questionnaire, explaining the purpose of the study, the voluntary  
nature of participation, and the assurance of confidentiality and anonymity of responses. The researchers  
provided assistance to participants in case of any clarifications and ensured that completed questionnaires were  
collected promptly to avoid delays.  
For the qualitative component, semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively selected key  
informants, such as electricians, local government officials, and safety inspectors. These interviews were  
scheduled in advance and conducted face-to-face or virtually, depending on the availability and preference of  
the participants. The interviews were held in a comfortable and non-intrusive environment to encourage  
participants to freely share their experiences and insights regarding awareness and compliance with electrical  
safety standards. The interview guide included open-ended questions designed to explore the challenges,  
barriers, and strategies for improving compliance with electrical safety regulations.  
To ensure the study’s objectives were met, the quantitative data collection focused on capturing a representative  
sample of Laoag City’s population. The city’s 80 barangays were grouped into clusters, such as Cluster 1  
(Barangays 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Cluster 2 (Barangays 6, 7A, 7B, 8, 9), and so on, up to Cluster 13 (Barangays 52A,  
52B, 53, 54B, 56A, 55B). Random sampling was employed within each cluster to select participants, ensuring  
geographic diversity. Further stratification was applied based on demographic variables such as age, education  
level, and socioeconomic status, ensuring the sample reflected the diversity of the population.  
The data collection process lasted for five months to allow sufficient time for participation and to ensure a high  
response rate. Regular follow-ups were conducted through announcements during barangay meetings and  
reminders from local officials to encourage participation. All collected data, including printed surveys and  
interview transcripts, were manually encoded into a spreadsheet for organization and analysis. This systematic  
procedure ensured the accuracy, reliability, and comprehensiveness of the data gathered for the study.  
Statistical Treatment  
The data collected in this study were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and  
qualitative analyses to systematically address the research questions.  
For the assessment of residents’ level of awareness regarding electrical safety standards, descriptive statistics  
were employed to summarize responses to the Likert-scale items in the survey questionnaire. Weighted means  
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were calculated to determine the overall awareness levels of residents, allowing for a clear understanding of how  
well respondents recognize the risks and requirements associated with proper electrical installations. Similarly,  
compliance with electrical installation safety standards was analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of  
frequencies and percentages, based on the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) checklist included in the survey.  
This approach provided a structured overview of the extent to which residents adhere to established safety  
requirements.  
To examine the factors affecting compliance with electrical installation safety standards, thematic analysis was  
conducted following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase framework. The process involved repeated reading of  
interview transcripts for data familiarization, generation of initial codes from meaningful data segments, and  
organization of these codes into potential themes. Themes were then reviewed, refined, defined, and named to  
accurately represent the perspectives of participants. This analysis focused on identifying recurring patterns,  
barriers, and challenges that influence residents’ compliance with safety standards.  
Thematic analysis was similarly applied to evaluate strategies for improving awareness and compliance with  
electrical safety standards. Qualitative data from interviews with key stakeholders—including electricians, local  
government officials, and safety inspectors—were analyzed to identify actionable strategies perceived as  
effective in promoting electrical safety practices. The analysis highlighted the most frequently mentioned  
approaches and provided structured insights into practical measures for improving compliance.  
Additionally, the contribution of electrical safety awareness and compliance to the achievement of Sustainable  
Development Goals (SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG 11) was explored using the same thematic framework. Recurring  
themes emerged that linked residents’ electrical safety practices to sustainable energy use, resilient  
infrastructure, and the development of safe and sustainable communities.  
To enhance analytical rigor, the coding process involved multiple iterative reviews to ensure consistency,  
coherence, and alignment with the research objectives. Although formal inter-coder reliability statistics were not  
computed, consistency was maintained through repeated comparison of codes with the original transcripts and  
refinement of themes until conceptual clarity was achieved.  
By integrating quantitative measures with qualitative insights, this mixed-method approach provided a  
comprehensive understanding of electrical safety awareness, compliance behaviors, influencing factors, and  
potential strategies, situating the findings within the broader context of public safety and sustainable  
development.  
Ethical Considerations  
The study adhered to strict ethical guidelines to ensure the protection of participants' rights and the integrity of  
the research process. Prior to data collection, approval was secured from the local government of Laoag City  
and relevant barangay officials, ensuring that the study complied with local regulations and community  
protocols. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, their role in the research, and the voluntary  
nature of their participation through a detailed cover letter attached to the survey questionnaire and interview  
guide.  
Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study. The consent process  
emphasized that participation was voluntary, and participants could withdraw at any time without any  
consequences. Additionally, participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity in handling their  
responses. Personal identifiers were excluded from the survey and interview data, and all information was stored  
securely to prevent unauthorized access.  
For the qualitative component, interviews were conducted in a respectful and non-intrusive manner, ensuring  
that participants felt comfortable sharing their insights. The researchers followed Braun and Clarke’s six-phase  
framework for thematic analysis, which included ethical considerations such as maintaining the integrity of  
participants' narratives and avoiding misrepresentation of their responses. Participants were informed that their  
responses would be used solely for research purposes and that their identities would remain confidential.  
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The study also took steps to avoid potential risks or harm to participants. Questions in the survey and interviews  
were designed to be non-sensitive and non-invasive, focusing solely on the study's objectives related to  
awareness, compliance, and strategies for improvement. Participants were given the option to skip questions  
they were uncomfortable answering.  
To ensure fairness and inclusivity, the researchers employed a stratified random sampling technique for the  
quantitative component and purposive sampling for the qualitative component. This ensured that all demographic  
groups and key stakeholders were adequately represented while respecting their individual rights and  
perspectives.  
Finally, the study adhered to ethical principles of transparency and accountability. The researchers conducted a  
pilot test of the research instruments to ensure their validity and reliability and disclosed the study's findings  
accurately and objectively. By following these ethical considerations, the study upheld the highest standards of  
integrity and respect for the participants and the community of Laoag City.  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  
A. Residents' Awareness Regarding Electrical Safety Standards  
Table I presents the residents' level of awareness of electrical safety standards. The overall mean score of 3.83,  
interpreted as "Moderately aware," indicates that residents have a fair understanding of electrical safety practices  
but may lack deeper knowledge of specific guidelines and standards.  
Table I Residents' Level of Awareness of Electrical Safety Standards  
Statements  
Mean  
DI  
I am aware that the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) provides guidelines for 3.67  
safe electrical installations in the Philippines.  
Moderately aware  
I understand the risks associated with improper electrical installations, such as 4.00  
electrocution, fires, and shocks.  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
Moderately aware  
I know the basic safety precautions to follow when using electrical appliances 3.82  
and devices.  
4. I can recognize signs of faulty wiring or potential electrical hazards in my 3.73  
household.  
I understand that hiring licensed electricians ensures compliance with electrical 3.89  
safety standards.  
I am aware of the need to regularly check and maintain electrical systems to 3.75  
prevent accidents.  
I know that overloading electrical outlets or circuits can lead to fires and other 3.92  
hazards.  
I understand that failing to comply with electrical safety standards can result in 3.94  
severe accidents or property damage.  
I know where to report electrical safety concerns or violations within my 3.73  
community.  
Overall Mean  
3.83  
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Note: DI-Descriptive Interpretation; 1.00 - 1.80 - Not at all aware; 1.81 - 2.60 - Slightly aware; 2.61 - 3.40 -  
Somewhat aware; 3.41 - 4.20 - Moderately aware; 4.21 - 5.00 - Extremely aware  
Among the individual items, the highest mean score of 4.00 was observed for the statement, "I understand the  
risks associated with improper electrical installations, such as electrocution, fires, and shocks," suggesting that  
residents are particularly aware of the dangers posed by unsafe electrical setups. Similarly, the statement, "I  
understand that failing to comply with electrical safety standards can result in severe accidents or property  
damage," received a mean score of 3.94, further highlighting residents' awareness of the consequences of non-  
compliance.  
However, the lowest mean score of 3.67 was recorded for the statement, "I am aware that the Philippine Electrical  
Code (PEC) provides guidelines for safe electrical installations in the Philippines." This suggests a gap in  
residents' awareness of formal regulatory frameworks, which could hinder effective compliance with safety  
standards. Additionally, while residents demonstrated moderate awareness of the importance of hiring licensed  
electricians (mean = 3.89) and the dangers of overloading electrical outlets (mean = 3.92), their ability to  
recognize signs of faulty wiring or potential hazards (mean = 3.73) remains an area for improvement. These  
results point to the need for targeted awareness campaigns to address specific areas of concern, particularly those  
related to regulatory guidelines and hazard identification.  
The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of improving public awareness initiatives to  
strengthen residents' knowledge of electrical safety standards. As Adelani and Olatunde [1] noted, insufficient  
awareness of electrical safety guidelines remains a critical barrier to the effective implementation of safety  
practices. Similarly, Fabiosa [11] highlighted that limited knowledge of electrical safety measures among  
families often leads to increased risks of electrical fires and accidents. This is consistent with the findings of  
Baflor et al. [3], who underscored the necessity of promoting awareness of the PEC and its compliance  
requirements, particularly in areas where outdated electrical systems are prevalent.  
Furthermore, the moderate awareness levels observed in this study align with the research of Kulor et al. [17],  
which found that many residential electricity consumers lack sufficient knowledge of electrical hazards, often  
resulting in unsafe practices. This trend is further corroborated by Cvetković et al. [7], whose study on fire safety  
behavior in residential buildings demonstrated that increased awareness of safety standards significantly reduced  
the risk of fire-related disasters. These studies collectively highlight the importance of bridging knowledge gaps  
through targeted education and community-based initiatives.  
In summary, while the residents of Laoag City exhibit moderate awareness of electrical safety standards, there  
is a clear need to enhance their understanding of specific guidelines, such as those outlined in the PEC, and to  
improve their ability to identify potential hazards. These findings suggest that strengthening public education  
campaigns and fostering community engagement in safety practices could play a crucial role in promoting safer  
electrical installations and reducing the risks of accidents and fires.  
B. Status of Compliance with Electrical Installation Safety Standards Among Residents  
Table II presents the frequency and percentage distribution of residents' compliance with electrical installation  
safety standards. The results reveal that the majority of respondents were "Compliant" with the listed safety  
standards, as indicated by compliance rates ranging from 55.45% to 74.26%.  
Table II. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Residents' Compliance with Electrical Installation Safety  
Standards  
Statements  
Compliant  
Non-  
Not  
Compliant  
Applicable  
F %  
F
%
F
%
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1. All electrical installations conform to the Philippine 70 69.31% 24  
Electrical Code (PEC) requirements.  
23.76%  
20.79%  
17.82%  
23.76%  
20.79%  
18.81%  
28.71%  
30.69%  
19.80%  
25.74%  
35.64%  
22.77%  
33.66%  
24.75%  
26.73%  
26.73%  
21.78%  
25.74%  
23.76%  
22.77%  
7
6.93%  
7.92%  
7.92%  
5.94%  
7.92%  
9.90%  
8.91%  
5.94%  
10.89%  
6.93%  
8.91%  
5.94%  
6.93%  
8.91%  
9.90%  
7.92%  
8.91%  
8.91%  
6.93%  
5.94%  
2. Electrical wiring systems are installed using approved 72 71.29% 21  
materials (e.g., wires, conduits).  
8
3. Proper grounding is implemented for all electrical systems 75 74.26% 18  
to ensure safety.  
8
4. Electrical connections are properly insulated and protected 71 70.30% 24  
from physical damage.  
6
5. Wiring systems are sized appropriately for the electrical 72 71.29% 21  
load to prevent overheating.  
8
6. Circuit breakers and fuses are installed correctly and are 72 71.29% 19  
accessible for maintenance.  
10  
9
7. Overcurrent protection devices are sized according to the 63 62.38% 29  
PEC standards.  
8. Service entrance conductors and electrical panels are 64 63.37% 31  
installed in compliance with PEC.  
6
9. Circuits are properly labeled for identification and 70 69.31% 20  
maintenance.  
11  
7
10. Electrical outlets are securely mounted and comply with 68 67.33% 26  
PEC spacing requirements.  
11. Tamper-resistant receptacles are installed in homes with 56 55.45% 36  
children, as required by PEC.  
9
12. Switches and outlets are free from damage and securely 72 71.29% 23  
connected to the wiring system.  
6
13. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) are installed 60 59.41% 34  
in wet and outdoor areas.  
7
14. Surge protectors are installed where necessary to protect 67 66.34% 25  
appliances and systems.  
9
15. Outdoor electrical installations are weatherproof and 64 63.37% 27  
comply with PEC standards.  
10  
8
16. Electrical systems are regularly inspected by a licensed 66 65.35% 27  
electrician to ensure compliance.  
17. Faulty wiring, damaged outlets, or exposed conductors 70 69.31% 22  
are promptly repaired.  
9
18. Residents are aware of the importance of periodic 66 65.35% 26  
maintenance of electrical systems.  
9
19. Electrical installations were performed by a licensed 70 69.31% 24  
electrician or contractor.  
7
20. Necessary permits and certifications for electrical 72 71.29% 23  
installations were obtained.  
6
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The highest compliance was observed for the statement, "Proper grounding is implemented for all electrical  
systems to ensure safety," with 75 respondents (74.26%) reporting compliance. This suggests that residents place  
significant importance on grounding as a fundamental safety measure in their electrical systems. Similarly, high  
compliance rates were reported for the use of approved materials in electrical wiring systems (71.29%) and the  
proper installation of circuit breakers and fuses (71.29%), indicating that many residents adhere to these critical  
safety practices.  
On the other hand, the lowest compliance rate was observed for the statement, "Tamper-resistant receptacles are  
installed in homes with children, as required by PEC," with only 55.45% of respondents reporting compliance.  
This finding raises concerns about the safety of children in households and highlights the need for greater  
awareness and enforcement of this specific standard. Additionally, compliance rates for the installation of  
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) in wet and outdoor areas (59.41%) and the use of weatherproof  
outdoor electrical installations (63.37%) were relatively lower compared to other standards. These results  
suggest that residents may not fully recognize the risks associated with moisture and outdoor exposure, which  
could increase the likelihood of electrical hazards in these areas.  
The implications of these findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve compliance with  
electrical safety standards, particularly in areas where compliance rates are lower. As noted by Calipayan and  
Espinola [5], compliance with building wiring installations is critical to ensuring public safety and reducing the  
risks associated with electrical faults. The study by Baflor et al. [3] also emphasized the importance of adhering  
to PEC standards, particularly in areas prone to faulty installations, which can lead to significant safety hazards.  
Furthermore, research by Cvetković et al. [7] demonstrated that compliance with safety standards in residential  
buildings plays a crucial role in disaster risk reduction, particularly in mitigating fire hazards caused by electrical  
faults.  
These findings are consistent with those of Kulor et al. [17], who identified that non-compliance with electrical  
safety standards in residential areas is often linked to a lack of awareness and inadequate enforcement of  
regulations. Similarly, studies by Li et al. [20] and Darcy et al. [10] have highlighted the role of compliance with  
electrical safety standards in preventing electrical fires and ensuring the safety of residential and commercial  
buildings. The moderate compliance rates observed in this study suggest that while many residents are taking  
steps to adhere to safety standards, there is still a significant portion of the population that remains non-  
compliant, particularly in areas where awareness and enforcement are lacking.  
In summary, the findings indicate that while residents of Laoag City generally comply with many electrical  
installation safety standards, there are specific areas, such as the use of tamper-resistant receptacles and GFCIs,  
that require further attention. These results underscore the importance of strengthening educational campaigns,  
enforcing safety regulations, and encouraging regular inspections by licensed electricians to ensure full  
compliance with the Philippine Electrical Code and enhance overall electrical safety in residential areas.  
C. Factors Affecting Compliance with Electrical Installation Safety Standards  
Table III presents the results of the thematic analysis of factors affecting compliance with electrical installation  
safety standards. Three major themes emerged: Awareness and Education, Economic Constraints, and  
Enforcement and Regulation, each with specific codes and ranks based on frequency and percentage.  
Table Iii Thematic Analysis Of Factors Affecting Compliance With Electrical Installation Safety Standards  
Themes (Factors)  
Codes  
F %  
Rank  
Lack of knowledge about safety standards 4  
40% 1  
Awareness and Education  
Limited access to safety training  
Poor dissemination of information  
3
3
30% 2  
30% 2  
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High cost of hiring licensed electricians  
5
50% 1  
30% 2  
20% 3  
70% 1  
20% 2  
10% 3  
Economic Constraints  
Expensive safety materials and equipment 3  
Financial priorities over safety  
2
7
2
1
Lack of strict monitoring by authorities  
Inconsistent implementation of policies  
Limited penalties for non-compliance  
Enforcement and Regulation  
The theme Awareness and Education ranked highly, with "Lack of knowledge about safety standards" being the  
most frequently mentioned factor (40%). Respondents highlighted the limited access to safety training and poor  
dissemination of information (both at 30%) as additional barriers to compliance. One respondent remarked, "I  
never knew there were specific guidelines for electrical installations until I experienced an electrical fire at  
home." This highlights the critical role of education in promoting compliance and reducing risks.  
The theme Economic Constraints also emerged as a significant factor, with "High cost of hiring licensed  
electricians" being the most frequently cited (50%). Respondents noted that financial priorities often take  
precedence over safety, as reflected in the code "Financial priorities over safety" (20%). One participant shared,  
"We try to do electrical work ourselves because hiring professionals is too expensive." This sentiment  
underscores the challenge of balancing household budgets with safety investments, particularly in low-income  
communities. The findings align with the study by Kulor et al., which identified economic challenges as a major  
barrier to safe electrical practices in residential areas, further emphasizing the need for affordable safety solutions  
[17].  
Finally, Enforcement and Regulation was identified as the most critical theme, with "Lack of strict monitoring  
by authorities" receiving the highest frequency (70%). Respondents expressed concerns about inconsistent  
implementation of policies (20%) and the limited penalties for non-compliance (10%). One respondent stated,  
"Even if we don't follow the standards, there’s no one checking or penalizing us." This highlights the need for  
stronger enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance. Research has emphasized that strict monitoring and  
enforcement of safety standards are vital in reducing electrical hazards, particularly in public infrastructure  
buildings [5].  
These findings suggest that addressing these factors requires a multi-faceted approach. First, improving  
awareness through targeted education campaigns and accessible training programs can help bridge knowledge  
gaps. Effective dissemination of safety information is crucial to fostering compliance, particularly in  
communities with limited access to formal education [1]. Second, financial barriers must be mitigated by  
promoting affordable safety materials and services. Subsidizing safety equipment has been recommended to  
encourage compliance [2]. Finally, enforcement mechanisms must be strengthened, with regular inspections and  
stricter penalties for non-compliance. Improved regulatory oversight has been shown to significantly reduce  
disaster risks, including those associated with electrical hazards [7].  
In summary, the factors affecting compliance with electrical installation safety standards reveals that awareness,  
economic constraints, and enforcement are critical areas that require attention. Addressing these barriers through  
education, financial support, and stronger regulatory frameworks can significantly enhance compliance and  
improve electrical safety in residential communities.  
D. Strategies to Improve Awareness and Compliance with Electrical Installation Safety Standards  
Table IV presents the thematic analysis of proposed strategies to improve awareness and compliance with  
electrical installation safety standards. Three major themes emerged: Education and Training, Financial  
Assistance, and Strengthened Enforcement, each with specific codes ranked according to frequency and  
percentage.  
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Table IV Thematic Analysis of Proposed Strategies to Improve Awareness and Compliance with Electrical  
Installation Safety Standards  
Themes (Strategies)  
Codes  
f
%
Rank  
Conduct regular safety seminars and workshops  
Integrate electrical safety in school curricula  
Provide accessible online safety resources  
Offer subsidies for hiring licensed electricians  
Provide discounts on safety materials and equipment  
Establish financial aid for low-income households  
Increase penalties for non-compliance  
6 60% 1  
2 20% 2  
2 20% 2  
7 70% 1  
2 20% 2  
1 10% 3  
8 80% 1  
Education and Training  
Financial Assistance  
Strengthened Enforcement  
Conduct random inspections of electrical installations 1 10% 2  
Create a dedicated task force for monitoring 1 10% 2  
The theme Education and Training highlights the importance of knowledge dissemination as a key strategy for  
improving compliance with electrical safety standards. The most frequently mentioned code, "Conduct regular  
safety seminars and workshops," was cited by 60% of respondents, indicating that community-based education  
initiatives are critical in raising awareness. One respondent shared, "Workshops and seminars would help us  
understand the risks and the importance of following electrical safety standards." Other suggestions included  
integrating electrical safety into school curricula (20%) and providing accessible online safety resources (20%).  
These strategies emphasize the need to instill a culture of safety awareness at both the community and  
institutional levels. This aligns with the findings in [1], which emphasized that education and training are  
essential for fostering compliance with safety standards, particularly in communities with limited access to  
formal education. Furthermore, Alfalah et al. [2] highlighted the importance of leveraging digital platforms to  
provide accessible and widespread safety resources.  
The theme Financial Assistance emerged as the most frequently mentioned overall, with "Offer subsidies for  
hiring licensed electricians" receiving 70% of responses. This finding reflects the significant financial burden  
that compliance with safety standards can place on households, particularly in low-income communities. One  
participant remarked, "The cost of hiring a licensed electrician is too high for many families, so we end up doing  
the work ourselves." Other proposed strategies under this theme included providing discounts on safety materials  
and equipment (20%) and establishing financial aid programs for low-income households (10%). These findings  
are consistent with the study in [2], which recommended financial support mechanisms, such as subsidies and  
discounts, to alleviate the economic barriers to compliance. Similarly, Kulor et al. [17] identified financial  
constraints as a major obstacle to safe electrical practices in residential areas, emphasizing the need for targeted  
financial assistance to improve compliance.  
The theme Strengthened Enforcement was the most frequently mentioned strategy overall, with 80% of  
respondents identifying "Increase penalties for non-compliance" as the most effective way to ensure adherence  
to safety standards. Participants emphasized that stricter penalties would serve as a deterrent and encourage  
individuals and organizations to prioritize safety. One participant stated, "People will take electrical safety  
seriously if there are consequences for not following the rules." Other proposed strategies included conducting  
random inspections of electrical installations (10%) and creating a dedicated task force for monitoring  
compliance (10%). These findings align with the research in [5], which emphasized the importance of strict  
enforcement mechanisms to ensure adherence to safety standards. Furthermore, Cvetković et al. [7] found that  
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increased penalties and regular inspections significantly reduce risks associated with electrical hazards by  
promoting accountability.  
The implications of these findings highlight that improving awareness and compliance with electrical safety  
standards requires a multi-faceted approach. Education and training initiatives, such as workshops and school-  
based programs, can help raise awareness and instill a culture of safety from an early age. Financial assistance  
is crucial to overcome economic barriers, as subsidies and discounts can make compliance more affordable for  
low-income households. Finally, strengthened enforcement through increased penalties, random inspections, and  
dedicated monitoring teams can ensure accountability and foster a commitment to safety. These strategies are  
consistent with findings in [1], [2], [5], and [7], which emphasize the importance of education, financial support,  
and enforcement in improving electrical safety compliance.  
In conclusion, the findings from Table 4 underscore the importance of implementing a combination of  
educational, financial, and regulatory strategies to improve awareness and compliance with electrical safety  
standards. By addressing these key areas, communities can enhance safety, reduce risks, and contribute to  
sustainable development goals.  
E. Contribution of Awareness and Compliance with Electrical Safety Standards to Achieving SDG 7, SDG  
9, and SDG 11  
Table V presents the thematic analysis of the contributions of awareness and compliance with electrical safety  
standards to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7, SDG 9, and SDG 11. The analysis identified three major  
themes: Promoting Safe Renewable Energy Systems (SDG 7), Ensuring Safe and Resilient Infrastructure (SDG  
9), and Enhancing Urban Safety and Sustainability (SDG 11). Each theme includes specific codes ranked  
according to frequency and percentage.  
Table V Thematic Analysis of Contributions of Awareness and Compliance with Electrical Safety Standards to  
SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG 11  
Themes  
Codes  
f
%
Rank  
Ensures safe and reliable use of renewable 7 70% 1  
energy systems  
Promoting  
Systems (SDG 7)  
Safe  
Renewable  
Energy  
Reduces risks of electrical accidents in solar 2 20% 2  
energy systems  
Encourages  
systems  
energy-efficient  
electrical 1 10% 3  
Improves safety in industrial electrical 6 60% 1  
installations  
Ensuring  
Infrastructure (SDG 9)  
Safe  
and  
Resilient  
Enhances  
resilience  
of  
electrical 3 30% 2  
infrastructure  
Promotes innovation in electrical safety 1 10% 3  
technologies  
Reduces electrical hazards in residential and 8 80% 1  
urban areas  
Enhancing  
Sustainability (SDG 11)  
Urban  
Safety  
and  
Supports sustainable urban development  
Contributes to disaster risk reduction  
1 10% 2  
1 10% 2  
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The theme Promoting Safe Renewable Energy Systems (SDG 7) underscores the role of electrical safety  
awareness and compliance in advancing the safe use of renewable energy technologies. The most frequently  
mentioned code, "Ensures safe and reliable use of renewable energy systems," was cited by 70% of respondents,  
indicating that compliance with safety standards is a vital component in ensuring the efficiency and reliability  
of renewable energy systems. One participant shared, "Without proper safety measures, even renewable energy  
sources like solar panels can become a hazard rather than a solution." Furthermore, respondents noted that  
compliance reduces risks of electrical accidents in solar energy systems (20%) and encourages the adoption of  
energy-efficient electrical systems (10%). These findings align with research in [1], which highlights the  
importance of safety standards in ensuring the effective and safe utilization of renewable energy systems.  
Additionally, Alfalah et al. [2] emphasized the role of safety standards in supporting the transition to sustainable  
energy systems by minimizing risks and promoting efficiency.  
The second theme, Ensuring Safe and Resilient Infrastructure (SDG 9), focuses on the importance of electrical  
safety compliance in improving industrial and infrastructural resilience. The most frequently cited code,  
"Improves safety in industrial electrical installations," was mentioned by 60% of respondents, highlighting the  
critical role of compliance in preventing industrial accidents and ensuring the safety of workers. One respondent  
noted, "Adhering to safety standards in factories prevents electrical faults that could harm workers or damage  
equipment." Other respondents emphasized that awareness and compliance enhance the resilience of electrical  
infrastructure (30%) and promote innovation in electrical safety technologies (10%). This finding is consistent  
with the study in [5], which emphasized the importance of compliance in ensuring the safety and reliability of  
electrical systems in industrial settings. Similarly, Cvetković et al. [7] noted that resilient electrical infrastructure  
is a key factor in disaster risk reduction and sustainable development.  
The theme Enhancing Urban Safety and Sustainability (SDG 11) received the highest overall frequency, with  
80% of respondents identifying "Reduces electrical hazards in residential and urban areas" as a key contribution.  
This suggests that awareness and compliance with safety standards play a significant role in protecting urban  
populations from electrical hazards. One participant stated, "Compliance with safety standards ensures that  
homes and public spaces are safe from electrical risks." Other codes under this theme included "Supports  
sustainable urban development" (10%) and "Contributes to disaster risk reduction" (10%). These results align  
with findings in [16], which highlighted the importance of electrical safety in developing sustainable and  
disaster-resilient urban areas. Additionally, research in [7] emphasized that reducing electrical hazards in urban  
areas is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable cities and communities.  
The findings are significant, as they demonstrate the interconnectedness of electrical safety awareness and  
compliance with broader global goals. By promoting safe renewable energy systems, ensuring resilient  
infrastructure, and enhancing urban safety, communities can contribute to achieving SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG  
11. This highlights the need for continued efforts in education, financial support, and enforcement of safety  
standards to maximize these contributions. Moreover, the findings corroborate studies that emphasize the critical  
role of electrical safety in advancing sustainable development and reducing risks in residential, industrial, and  
urban settings [1], [2], [5], [7].  
In conclusion, this underscores the broader societal benefits of electrical safety awareness and compliance. By  
addressing the identified strategies and strengthening their implementation, stakeholders can contribute to  
achieving global sustainability goals while ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals and communities.  
CONCLUSION  
This study sought to evaluate the level of awareness and compliance of residents in Laoag City with electrical  
installation safety standards, identify the factors affecting compliance, and propose strategies to improve  
awareness and adherence. The findings revealed that while residents are moderately aware of electrical safety  
standards, there are gaps in their understanding of specific guidelines, such as those outlined in the Philippine  
Electrical Code, and in their ability to identify potential electrical hazards. Compliance with safety standards  
was generally high, but certain areas, such as the installation of tamper-resistant receptacles and Ground Fault  
Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs), exhibited lower compliance rates. Key factors influencing compliance include  
limited awareness and education, economic constraints, and insufficient enforcement of regulations. Proposed  
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strategies to address these challenges include education and training programs, financial assistance, and stronger  
enforcement mechanisms.  
These findings emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to improving awareness and compliance  
with electrical safety standards. Education and training initiatives, such as safety seminars, school-based  
programs, and online resources, can address knowledge gaps and foster a culture of safety. Providing financial  
assistance in the form of subsidies for licensed electricians and discounts on safety materials can help alleviate  
economic barriers to compliance. Strengthened enforcement, including increased penalties, random inspections,  
and dedicated monitoring teams, is essential to ensure adherence to safety standards and accountability.  
While the study offers valuable insights, its findings are limited to the specific context of Laoag City and may  
not fully capture the experiences of other regions with different socio-economic and cultural contexts.  
Additionally, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce biases or inaccuracies. Future research should  
expand to other regions and explore the effectiveness of targeted interventions, such as educational campaigns  
and financial assistance programs, in improving compliance with electrical safety standards.  
In summary, the study highlights the critical role of awareness and compliance with electrical safety standards  
in promoting safety, reducing risks, and contributing to sustainable development. By addressing the identified  
challenges and implementing the proposed strategies, stakeholders can enhance public safety, promote  
resilience, and support the achievement of sustainable development goals. These findings provide a foundation  
for future initiatives aimed at improving electrical safety practices in residential and industrial settings.  
Limitations Of The Study  
While this study provides valuable insights into the awareness and compliance of residents in Laoag City  
regarding electrical installation safety standards, several limitations must be acknowledged.  
First, the study is geographically limited to the residents of Laoag City, which may not fully represent the  
experiences, practices, and challenges faced by residents in other regions with different socio-economic, cultural,  
and regulatory contexts. The findings may not be generalizable to areas with varying levels of infrastructure  
development, economic conditions, or access to electrical safety resources.  
Second, the study relied on self-reported data from respondents, which may be subject to biases such as social  
desirability bias, recall bias, or misreporting. Some participants might have overestimated their level of  
awareness or compliance with safety standards to present themselves in a more favorable light. This could affect  
the accuracy and reliability of the reported results.  
Third, while the study identified key factors affecting compliance and proposed strategies for improvement, it  
did not assess the actual effectiveness of these strategies in practice. The study is limited to identifying theoretical  
solutions rather than evaluating their implementation or impact on improving awareness and compliance.  
Lastly, the study did not account for other potential influencing factors, such as the role of local government  
initiatives, the availability of safety resources, or the influence of cultural attitudes toward safety practices. These  
factors could provide additional insights into the challenges and opportunities for improving compliance with  
electrical safety standards.  
Despite these limitations, the study provides a strong foundation for understanding the current state of awareness  
and compliance with electrical safety standards in Laoag City. Future research should address these limitations  
by expanding the study to other regions, incorporating objective measurements of compliance, and evaluating  
the effectiveness of proposed interventions. These efforts will help develop more comprehensive and actionable  
strategies for improving electrical safety awareness and practices at a broader scale.  
RECOMMENDATIONS  
Based on the findings and limitations of this study, several recommendations are proposed to improve awareness  
and compliance with electrical installation safety standards among residents. First, targeted public awareness  
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campaigns should be implemented to address gaps in knowledge, particularly regarding the provisions of the  
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) and the importance of compliance with safety standards. These campaigns can  
utilize various platforms, such as social media, radio, television, and community events, to ensure widespread  
dissemination of information. Additionally, regular safety seminars and training programs should be conducted  
to provide residents with practical knowledge on hazard identification, proper maintenance of electrical systems,  
and the risks associated with non-compliance. Schools should also integrate electrical safety topics into their  
curricula to instill awareness at an early age.  
To address economic constraints identified in the study, financial assistance programs should be established to  
provide subsidies for hiring licensed electricians and discounts on safety materials and equipment. These  
programs can alleviate the financial burden on low-income households and encourage them to prioritize safety  
in their electrical installations. Incentives such as tax breaks or rebates can also be introduced to further promote  
compliance with safety standards. Strengthened enforcement mechanisms are equally crucial, and local  
authorities should conduct regular and random inspections of electrical installations to ensure adherence to the  
PEC. Increasing penalties for non-compliance and creating a dedicated task force to oversee enforcement can  
deter unsafe practices and foster accountability.  
Furthermore, residents should be encouraged to schedule regular inspections and maintenance of their electrical  
systems by licensed electricians. Local authorities can support this initiative by providing free or subsidized  
inspection services to ensure compliance and reduce the risk of electrical hazards. Collaboration among  
stakeholders, including local government units, schools, private organizations, and non-governmental groups, is  
essential to effectively implement these initiatives. By pooling resources and expertise, stakeholders can  
maximize the impact of educational and financial assistance programs.  
The study also highlights the importance of fostering a culture of safety within communities. Residents should  
be encouraged to take an active role in identifying and reporting electrical hazards. Establishing community-  
based safety committees can promote collective responsibility and ensure that safety practices are upheld at the  
local level. Finally, future research should explore the effectiveness of specific interventions, such as financial  
assistance programs or educational campaigns, in improving compliance with electrical safety standards.  
Expanding the scope of research to include other regions and examining cultural, economic, and institutional  
factors will provide more tailored and effective strategies to enhance electrical safety compliance.  
By addressing these recommendations, stakeholders can overcome the barriers identified in this study, improve  
awareness and compliance, and reduce the risks of electrical hazards. These efforts will contribute to safer  
communities, more resilient infrastructure, and the achievement of sustainable development goals.  
ACKNOWLEDGMENT  
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to everyone who contributed to the success of this  
study. Sincere thanks go to the residents of Laoag City who participated in the survey and provided valuable  
insights that made this research possible. The researchers are also deeply grateful to their adviser for their  
guidance, expertise, and encouragement throughout the study. Appreciation is extended to the local government  
units and organizations that supported the research by sharing relevant data and resources. Lastly, the researchers  
thank their families and friends for their unwavering support, patience, and understanding, which served as a  
source of motivation throughout this journey. This study would not have been possible without the collective  
efforts and support of all those involved.  
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