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Analysis of Solid Waste Management Practices in Wudil Town, Kano
State, Nigeria
Ali Musa Muhammad
1*
,
Daiyabu Zubairu Gano
1
, Yahaya Ado Umar
1
, Umar Abba Jauro
2
, Usman
Auwalu
1
1
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Aliko Dangote University of Science & Technology,
Wudil, 713101, Kano State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Geography, Taraba State University Jalingo, 660001, Taraba State, Nigeria.
*
Corresponding Author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200022
Received: 10 December 2025; Accepted: 16 December 2025; Published: 31 December 2025
ABSTRACT
Solid waste and its management are crucial to cities existence, particularly in third world communities. The
advancement in GIS technology provides viable means of integrating digital and existing management practices
in terms of spatial pattern and the distribution to aid waste management analysis and suggest effective strategies
for efficient waste management. This study investigates the existing solid waste management practices in Wudil
town through a careful examination of the spatial pattern of waste collection points (WCP) using Nearest
Neighbor Analysis (NNA) in ArcGIS which was compared with world standards alongside residents’ attitude
towards waste management. The research employs the used of stratified and systematic random sampling where
396 questionnaire was returned and used in the analysis. The spatial analysis using NNA highlight the
distribution of 70 informal WCP as compared to 9 formal WCP with Z-score of 0.013 and 3.203 indicating a 1%
and less than 1% likelihood that the patterns of these WCP (Formal and informal) is Dispersed and Random
respectively. The observable mean distance for formal WCP is found to be 48m above the maximum 500m
standard set by the UN-Habitat and 211m for informal WCP suggesting indiscriminate refuse dumping. Attitudes
towards waste disposal were observed to be in open spaces and drainages with 49.7% of the respondents
engaging in such activity. The study reveals 24tons of daily waste generation in Wudil town from which
residential land use contributes (17.7tons), commercial (4.3tons) and 2tons of waste from mix used developments
putting Wudil at an estimate of 718tons of waste per month promoting youth employment in the informal sector
through waste separation, scaling and further transportation to Kano metropolis for recycling. The study
therefore concludes by recommending the integration of GIS techniques in waste management towards
producing a more sustainable and viable waste management plan.
Keywords: Solid Waste, Waste Generation, Waste collection points, Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Wudil Town
INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management is a pressing challenge in many urban areas worldwide, Urban residents, particularly
in low- to middle-income nations, face serious risks to public health as a result of improper solid waste
management, as 2 billion people lack access to solid waste collection and 3 billion lack access to controlled solid
waste disposal facilities (UN-Habitat, 2020). This is a result of rapid urban growth brought on by rural-urban
migration for better jobs, facilities, and convenience a phenomenon that has been observed in developing nations
coupled with rising consumption patterns that exacerbate municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, which
frequently exceeds the capacity of current waste management systems (World Bank, 2018; Prabhjot, et.al.,
2021).
Globally, solid waste generation is rising quickly due to ongoing economic expansion, urbanization, and
industrialization. An estimated 1.5 billion tons of municipal solid waste were produced worldwide in 2011, and
by 2025, that amount is expected to rise to 2.2 billion tons (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2017). Global solid waste
generation is predicted to reach 3.4 billion tons annually by 2050, according to the World Bank (2022), which
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emphasizes the need for more creative and sustainable waste management techniques. These represents a 7%
annual increase since 2003, and 37.3% between 2007 and 2011 rising to an equivalent of about 8% increase per
year (Global Waste Management Market Report 2007). These trends indicate increasing waste generation due
to urbanization and population growth at an arithmetic rise up to a 70% increase in municipal solid waste by
2050 (Systems Change Lab, 2023).
According to estimates, one to two thirds of the solid waste produced in most urban areas in developing nations,
including Nigeria, is not collected. This leads to environmental problems due urbanization creating management
challenges (Adamu, Dibal, & Duhu, 2014; Akpu & Yusuf, 2011). The poor state of municipal solid waste
management is further exacerbated by inadequate resources and a lack of planning considerations (Oyinloye,
2013). Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata (2012) therefore, viewed solid waste management as a crucial urban service
that aims to preserve environmental health, promote public safety, and ensure aesthetic quality. According to
UNICEF (2006), solid waste is defined as discarded materials that are no longer valuable from homes,
businesses, or industries. The management of solid waste includes the collection, transportation, storage, and
disposal of trash produced in homes, businesses, and institutions. As a result, it involves a very intricate set of
processes that must be carried out on a massive scale.
Solid waste management has grown to be a significant social and environmental issue in Sub-Saharan Africa
due to rising generation rates and new products in the waste stream, (Idowu, Adagunodo, Esimai, & Olopade,
2012). Solid waste management is inefficient in many African cities and rural areas (Maity, 2014). Despite
efforts by the international community, national, and local governments, environmental sanitation remains a
major problem in Nigerian cities, especially when it comes to solid waste management. According to research,
the main reason for these countries' issues with solid waste management practices was the low priority that many
African countries, including Nigeria, gave to solid waste management (SWM) on their political agendas (Saleh
& Azizan, 2024).
Asian countries alone spent about US$25 billion on solid waste management per year in the early 1900s and the
figure is expected to grow to about US$50 billion by 2025 (Hoornweg & Thomas, 2009). For instance, it is
estimated that Karachi, Pakistan, and few Asian countries generate up to 3000tons daily (Saleh & Azizan, 2024).
2,732tons of known waste in 2015 (unknown excluded) are accumulated daily in Kano metropolis out of which
only 800 tons are being evacuated from the total accumulated at full capacity on daily basis, the figure hit an
estimated 3085 tons of solid waste by 2017, while sky rocketing to 3702 tons in 2024 using an average waste
output of 0.88kg per person in Kano metropolis (Nabegu, 2015; 2017; Saleh & Azizan, 2024). This implies that
Kano metropolis alone produce up to this figure however, the Kano state Refuse Management and Sanitation
Board (REMASAB) can only collect and dispose less than 30% of the generated waste (Liman, Nabegu, &
Yusuf, 2025; Mshelia, Mbaya & Galkaye, 2020). However, the REMASAB claims that in order to manage one
of Kano Metropolis' four dump sites, at least ₦12, 500,000 (US$8,600) is required per week to prevent or reduce
environmental hazards like disease outbreaks, but to no avail due to insufficient resources poured in waste
management (Saleh & Azizan, 2024).
Nabegu, (2010) viewed solid waste as a resource that should be recycled for further usage rather than being
discarded to constitute nuisance. It is a sector that generate massive job and employment opportunities if
efficiently managed. In India, it employs three to six individuals per 1000 persons; in Pakistan, it employs 15,000
at Karachi Municipal Corporation; while in Nigeria, it employs 103 workers at REMASAB, which oversees all
waste generated in Kano Metropolis (Brown & McGranahan, 2016; Saleh & Azizan, 2024). Street sweeping,
transportation, cleaning, driving, equipment maintenance, and machine operators are among the jobs generated
by waste collection (Hakizimana, Gómez, & Ntaganda, 2024). The environment can be safeguarded, natural
resources can be preserved, economic gains can be produced, and communities can adopt sustainable practices
by implementing sustainable waste management techniques (Bhide & Narayana 2018).
Proper solid waste management is a critical aspect of urban planning as it ensures environmental cleanliness,
public health and sustainable urban development. Furthermore, as a sustainable solution, smart waste
management systems that incorporate technology for effective collection, segregation, and recycling are being
investigated more and more (IEEE Xplore, 2024). Over time, Nigerian waste management practices has proven
to be ineffective, in contrast to those in developed countries where solid waste is fully recovered and recycled.
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While most local government areas in Nigeria lack the facilities for effective collection and management of solid
waste, it is grossly inadequate among the few that have them. This has made most people dump their wastes on
the streets serving as the collection points (Kofoworola, 2007) including Wudil town in Wudil Local Government
Area. Solid waste management is however successful at the local level inclusive of community in the process.
In this regard, the Kano State Government vide Edict, No. 2 of the 1991 Kano State Local Government
Environmental Sanitation bestows considerable responsibility to the local government authorities to carry out
solid waste collection, disposal and may give permit to any person(s) to deposit waste on designated refuse
disposal sites and may be charge fees as deemed necessary for that permit (Saleh & Azizan, 2024). Despite these
efforts, solid waste management is still an issue in many of the state's towns and local governments, including
Wudil town, which is home to the Wudil local government headquarters. However, insufficient distribution of
collection points and ineffective disposal and collection practices frequently result in flooding, environmental
deterioration, health risks, and a lower standard of living.
In a research on urban solid waste management in developing nations, Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata (2012)
emphasized the necessity of community-driven strategies and improved funding sources for sustainable waste
management. Alam and Ahmade (2013) examined the efficacy of recycling and waste segregation methods in
South Asia and found that integrating informal waste pickers into formal systems greatly reduced waste
accumulation.
Similarly, in Africa, Danbuzu, et al. (2014) examines the spatial distribution of solid waste collection points
using GIS approach in urban Katsina revealing the clustering and randomness pattern of legal and illegal
collection points recommending for more authorized collection points in the medium population density areas.
Wilson, (2020) examined the role of public-private partnerships in improving waste collection services in Lagos,
Nigeria, demonstrating that collaborative efforts enhance service delivery and cost efficiency.
In Kano metropolis, Yusuf et al. (2021) identified poor waste disposal habits, inadequate collection points and
lack of public awareness as major challenges affecting urban areas in Nigeria. Findings of the research
underscore the necessity for comprehensive waste management frameworks tailored to local contexts,
integrating public education and government support.
In Wudil town, these global and local issues are evident in the absence of designated waste collection points,
inefficient transportation systems and reliance on informal disposal methods. These challenges contribute to
environmental degradation, clogging of drainage systems and public health hazards. This study seeks to address
these challenges by analyzing solid waste management practices in Wudil town through the combination of field
data and GIS techniques alongside world best standard practices in distribution of waste collection points. The
objectives are therefore; to examine the distributional pattern of solid waste collection points and evaluate current
waste management practices in Wudil town.
Study Area
Wudil town located in Wudil LGA is home to the Wudil local government headquarter in Kano state located at
about 35km from Kano metropolis in the south-eastern region of the State. The town lies between the latitudes
11
0
45′N to 11
0
50′N and longitude 8
0
49′E to 8
0
53′E of the Equatorial and Greenwich meridian. Wudil is known
for its historical, economic and recently educational significance in the region. Its economy is primarily based
on agriculture, fishing and small-scale trading, with a major local weekly (Kara) market playing an important
role in the state economy. Additionally, recent development of Aliko Dangote University of Science and
Technology (ADUSTECH), formerly Kano University of Science and Technology (KUST) triggers population
increase, investments, education and job opportunities influencing solid waste generation and management in
Wudil.
Wudil LGA is bounded by Warawa LGA to the west and north, Gaya LGA to the east, Garko and Albasu to the
South (see Figure 1) and a population of 185,189 persons at the 2006 census projected to 326,474 in 2025 using
the National growth rate of 3.2% in Kano State. Predominantly, the population is composed of Hausa and a mix
of other Nigerian ethnicities and religions, particularly in areas like the Sabon gari district. This blend fosters a
vibrant cultural setting where traditional Hausa values meet modern influences.
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ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XII December 2025
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Figure 1: Wudil Town in Kano state, Nigeria
METHODOLOGY
This study employs the use of Garmin eTrex 32x Global Positioning System (GPS) to obtain x, y coordinates of
solid waste collection points through which a database was created and the location; formal and informality of
the collection points was established. Digital camera was also used to capture the nature of some selected wastes
collection/disposal points as well as the existing management practice.
Data on land use, waste generation, frequency of waste collection, types of waste disposed, attitudes toward
waste segregation and recycling, were collected through field observation, satellite image, and structured
questionnaires. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was carried out with Wudil Self Help Association (WSHA),
while information on WCP and formal management strategies were sourced out from Wudil local government
secretariat, Wudil Primary Health Care Board (WPHCB) and Wudil General Hospital (WGH) in a Key Informant
Interview (KII) exercise.
Sampling
Yamane, (1967) formula n =
N
1+N(e)
2
was applied to determine sample size. Where, n = Sample size, N =
Population size (326,474), e = Margin of error (0.05 for 95% confidence level); 400 questionnaires were
administered to individuals of age 18 and above. Stratified and systematic random sampling were employed to
categorize the study area into different strata (Land uses,) (Table 1), while respondents were selected randomly
from every 15
th
household and businesses. As such, 396 questionnaires were collected and use for the analysis.
Table1: Sample Size distribution in Wudil Town
Uses
Structures
Sample size
Residential
8248
335
Commercial
1008
41
Mixed use developments
477
20
Source: Author 2025
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Data Analysis and Presentation
Waste collection points should be easily accessible to residents within a walking distance of 200–500 meters in
residential areas, depending on population density (UN-Habitat, 2010; 2020). Dump sites and landfills must be
located at least 500 meters from residential areas to mitigate odor, leachate pollution and health hazards (WHO,
2016). Therefore, the analysis methods include NNA to determine observable distances and spatial pattern of
solid waste collection points, use of frequencies, percentages, maps and charts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Distributional Pattern of Solid Waste Collection Points in Wudil Town
The spatial analysis reveals 9 formal waste collection points around major and distributor roads, strategically
placed for vehicle access but rendered ineffective by a lack of operational support according to interview with
the local authorities. This resulted in widespread reliance on informal waste disposal practices with 70 points
throughout Wudil town (Figure 2).
While formal collection points exist, they are currently non-functional due to inadequate support systems, such
as proper collection vehicles and regular schedules leaving residents resorting to informal disposal methods,
primarily on open spaces and streets predominantly in residential and commercial areas creating a pattern of
unregulated dumping that exacerbates environmental and health hazards.
The NNA further reveal the spatial pattern of solid waste collection points in different categories that is, formal
and informal. The analysis in Figure 3 depicts dispersed pattern of formal waste collection points with R-value
of 1.56 and Z-score of 3.203, while the range of critical value centered around +2.58 and the p-value implying
a significant level less than 0.01 indicating less than 1% likelihood that this dispersed pattern could be the result
of random chance.
Figure 2: Existing Land use in Wudil Town
Source: Field Survey & Google Earth Pro, 2025
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Figure 4: NNA of Formal Waste Collection Points
Source: Authors GIS Analysis, 2025
The observable distance based on the analysis went slightly higher than the UN-Habitat threshold of 500m
implying non-compliance with standard practices (Table 2) demonstrating the long distance covered by
residences to waste collection points calling for indiscriminate waste disposal along streets and on drainage lines.
Table 2: Mean Distance Observed for Formal Waste Collection Points
Source: Authors GIS Analysis, 2025
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Likewise the spatial pattern of informal waste collection points in Figure 5 revealed randomness with the R-
value of 1.00 Z-score of 0.013 and critical values between -1.65 to +1.65. This indicates a p-value of about 1.0
suggesting that the pattern does not appear to be significantly different than random. This reiterate on the
haphazard dilemma of the random waste disposal practice in Wudil town owing to the lack of personnel currently
in WPHCB that manages the solid waste in Kara Market and some part of the town. This finding is almost similar
to that of Danbuzu et al. (2014) revealing a weak cluster pattern of illegal collection points moving towards
random distribution in urban Katsina.
Figure 5: NNA of Informal Waste Collection Points
Source: Authors GIS Analysis, 2025
Further investigation identifies a compliance with UN-Habitat standards between 200-500m with an observable
mean distance of 212m breaking new grounds in informality standard adherence (see Table 3) but to no avail
due to the indiscriminate nature of the disposal practice.
Table 3: Observed Mean Distance of Informal Waste Collection Points in Wudil Town
Source: Authors GIS Analysis, 2025
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Existing Waste Management Practices in Wudil Town
Figure 6 demonstrate the operational waste management framework in Wudil town. It is obvious that the town
solely rely on the informal waste management system except for the public land use consisting of the
ADUSTECH, WGH, and others that has a workable system which contained and manage the waste independent
of the township system. Based on field observations and discussions with WSHA, waste generated from
residential and commercial land uses are mostly disposed in open spaces where street scavengers pick reusable
items in the waste stream. Major scavengers pick reusable items from both WCP within WGH, ADUSTECH
and open grounds for further separation and scaling as there are no recycling machines and proper Dump site in
Wudil town except for WGH that reported to have contained its waste within the wall of the hospital. However,
all incinerators both old, local and modern are abandon due to lack of operational force and government will
leaving the modern incinerator in a dilapidated state (Plate 1). Therefore waste generation is not computed for
public land use since they are independent while open spaces do not generate waste instead becomes the disposal
grounds for residential and commercial land use.
Plate 1: Abandoned and dilapidated incinerators in Wudil General Hospital
Figure 6: Existing Solid Waste Management Framework in Wudil Town.
Source: Author, 2025
Waste
Residenti
Open
Spaces
Public/Institution
Commerci
Street
Major
Open
Waste Collection
Separation &
Dump site
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Solid Waste Generation in Wudil Town
This process was carried out after harvest in the month of November within 7 days of measurement and
observations across Wudil town putting average residential waste at 2.15kg per unit, 4.33kg for commercial and
3.91kg for mixed use developments. From Figure 2 above. It is obvious that Wudil town harbors 9733 buildings
out of which 8248 structures are residential, 508 commercial and 477 mixed use development obtained through
database arrangement shown in Table 4 manifested into 23962.9kg of waste generation daily in Wudil town; that
is, 718tons generated monthly.
Table 4: Estimate of Waste Generation by Land use type Wudil Town
Structures
Frequency
Waste per unit (kg)
Estimated Weight (kg)
Residential
8248
2.15
17733.2
Commercial
1008
4.33
4364.6
Mixed use
477
3.91
1865.1
Total
9733
10.39
23962.9
Source: Field Survey, 2025
The analysis of waste types indicates that organic waste is the most common in Wudil town (Table 5), accounting
for 44.4% of the total waste generated, recyclable waste having 36.7%, while non-recyclables waste makes
18.9% of the waste composition respectively. The dominance of organic waste suggests a significant potential
for composting as a sustainable waste management solution. This is supported by the work of Saleh and Azizan,
(2024) having food waste as the largest contributor in the waste stream. However, the presence of plastics and
other non-biodegradable materials highlights the need for targeted recycling initiatives and proper disposal
strategies for hazardous biomedical waste.
Table 5: Composition of Waste Generation in Wudil Town
Type of Waste
Weight(kg)
Percentage (%)
Organic Waste
10639.5
44.4
Recyclable
8794.4
36.7
Non-recyclable
4529.0
18.9
Total
23962.9
100
Source: Field Survey, 2025
Waste Disposal Practices in Wudil Town
In terms of disposal practices (see Table 6), a larger proportion 49.7% of respondents disposed their waste in
open spaces and drainages channels, 28.3% use collection point, while 22.0% resort to burning and the
subsequent usage as fertilizer on farms due to the economic nature of the town which is agrarian (Plate 2 and 3).
This demonstrates the lack of adequate distribution of formal waste collection points in the town as depicted in
Figure 3 above highlighting closest open spaces, uncompleted buildings and drainages as alternative disposal
options promoting flood events and serving as breeding corridors for vectors thereby affecting residents’
wellbeing. WSHA reported longer distance travelled when accessing the only Dump site outskirt of the town
usually at the beginning of the wet season to clear drainages as a form of community service (aikin gayya). This
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long distance journey contributes to the attitude of waste disposal in open spaces, drainages and any available
corridor since in the absence of a workable system.
Table 6: Waste Disposal Practice in Wudil
Waste Disposal
Frequency
Percentage %
Use Collection Point
112
28.3
Burning
87
22.0
Dump in Open Space/drainages
197
49.7
Total
396
100
Source: Field Survey 2025
Plate 1: Refuse Disposal on Drainage Channel and Uncompleted Building
Notably, respondent’s tries using formal collection points, highlighting the absence of such infrastructure in
designated places. These findings underscore the reliance on informal disposal methods, which pose significant
environmental and health risks, emphasizing the urgent need for formalized waste management systems and
further substantiates similar findings of Liman et al., (2025) that reports 23.2% of the respondents in Kano
metropolis dump waste in drainages, few know the consequences yet still little or nothing to do in terms of the
evacuation of the generated waste and the provision of waste storage facilities in their community. Based on the
KII with the staff of WPHCB, Kara market alone is having about 40 personnel in charge of SWM but had all
retired leaving the market now to the informal sector. This is owing to the fact that poor solid waste management
issues include inadequate personnel, budgetary constraints as well as technological choices, and waste
management logistics (like garbage collecting containers). Saleh and Azizan, (2024).
Plate 3: Burned Waste in Open spaces
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The frequency of waste disposal varies significantly in the study area. It is obvious that 42.2% of the respondents
disposed waste several times in a week, a significant proportion with 25.7%, engage in daily disposal indicating
the high volume of waste generated and a need for immediate disposal solutions (see Figure 7). While 23.7%
did so twice in a week, only 8% of the respondents disposed of their waste weekly in Wudil town. The data
highlights a reliance on informal disposal methods, with limited infrastructure preventing consistent, hygienic
waste management.
Figure 7: Frequency of Waste disposal
Source: Field Survey 2025
According to the FGD’s a significant number of youths are self-employed in the Solid waste sector providing
jobs for teen agers between 12 – 16yrs mostly engaged in street and major scavenging activities. These teen
agers also formed the larger groups of itinerant waste pickers from street to street throughout Wudil town and
carrying out waste separation as well (see Plate 4). While separation and scaling of the waste were carried out
in Wudil town, they are transported to Kano metropolis for recycling. These finding suggests that despite
providing employment, the waste in Wudil town is being reused and recycle which is one of the world best
management approaches to solid waste (Nabegu, 2010; Saleh & Azizan, 2024) but remains haphazard dilemma.
Plate 4: Solid Waste Separation and Scaling
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Solid Waste has been identified to yield numerous benefits that are highly advantageous to both individuals and
communities if properly managed. It provides employment and serve as source of revenue generation to
governments. This study critically examined the state of solid waste management in Wudil town, focusing on
the spatial pattern of waste collection points, existing practices, challenges, and the environmental and health
25.7
23.7
42.2
8.4
DA I L Y
T I W I C E I N A W E E K
S E V E R A L L Y I N A
WEEK
W E E K L Y
Percentage
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implications associated with improper waste disposal. Absence of formal waste collection services and
designated disposal facilities triggers long distances coverage to disposed waste leading to widespread reliance
on informal practices, such as dumping in open spaces, drainages and burning contributing significantly to
environmental degradation, public health risks, increased risk of flooding and reduced residents quality of life.
The study therefore, recommends that efforts should be made towards formalized waste collection systems,
infrastructure development, public awareness campaigns, and collaborative efforts between local authorities and
stakeholders. These should be integrated with the use of GIS as a tool for waste management in urban planning
for Wudil town towards providing a more viable Waste management plan for the town.
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