INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XII December 2025  
Exploring Predictors of Safety Behaviors among Railway  
Construction Workers in Malaysia: A Pilot Study  
Siti Maisarah Amdan1,2*, Siti Nurhafizah Saleeza Ramlee3 , Mohd Azroy Ag Rajak4, Azmi Bin  
Mohamed5, Kamariah Hussein6 and Mohd Tajuzzaman Hassanor7  
1,4,5,6,7Faculty of Technology and Applied Sciences, Open University Malaysia, Malaysia  
2,3Faculty of Defence Studies and Management, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia  
*Corresponding Author  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200035  
Received: 14 November 2025; Accepted: 21 November 2025; Published: 31 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
Malaysia’s rapid expansion of railway infrastructure has intensified the need to understand the behavioural  
factors that influence safety performance among railway construction workers. Despite the sector’s high-risk  
environment characterised by electrical hazards, elevated structures, complex coordination, and multi-  
contractor operations empirical research focusing on behavioural predictors in Malaysian railway construction  
remains limited. This study explores the extent to which management commitment, safety training, and safety  
motivation influence workers’ safety behaviour. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 30  
workers involved in trackwork, overhead line, structural, and system integration activities. Data were analysed  
using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. The findings show that safety training (β = .591, p <  
.001) and safety motivation (β = .358, p = .011) significantly predict safety behaviour, highlighting the critical  
role of competency development and intrinsic motivation in promoting safe work practices. However,  
management commitment was not a significant predictor (p = .931), suggesting that organisational intentions  
may not always translate into frontline behavioural outcomes in subcontractor-driven project environments.  
These results underscore the need for targeted training strategies and motivation-enhancing approaches to  
strengthen behaviour-based safety in Malaysia’s railway construction sector. The study offers preliminary  
insights that can inform larger-scale investigations and support ongoing efforts to cultivate a stronger safety  
culture in railway infrastructure development.  
Keywords: safety behaviour, railway construction, safety training, safety motivation, management  
commitment  
1.0 INTRODUCTION  
Malaysia has invested heavily in railway infrastructure over the last decade, with projects such as the MRT,  
LRT extensions, and KTMB upgrades shaping the country’s urban mobility. These projects bring significant  
benefits, but they also expose workers to a wide range of hazards. Tasks such as overhead catenary system  
(OCS) installation, traction power work, and track construction involve high-voltage systems, elevated  
structures, heavy equipment, and confined workspaces (DOSH, 2022). Because of the technical and risky  
nature of this work, even small lapses in judgment or unsafe actions can lead to serious accidents. Although  
Malaysia has strengthened its regulatory frameworks, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act  
(OSHA) 1994, unsafe behaviors at construction sites remain one of the main contributors to workplace  
incidents (Rahim et al., 2020).  
Safety behavior often described in terms of workers’ willingness to comply with procedures and participate in  
safety activities has gained increasing attention in high-risk industries. Research shows that human factors  
account for a large proportion of workplace incidents, sometimes exceeding 80 percent (Mansour et al., 2021).  
In railway construction, where tasks require coordination between multiple teams, strong situational  
awareness, and adherence to strict technical procedures, the impact of safety behavior becomes even more  
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critical. Mistakes can have cascading effects, not just for workers but also for rail assets and project timelines  
(Ismail et al., 2023).  
Several organizational and individual factors are known to influence safety behavior. Management  
commitment shapes the overall safety climate by signalling the importance of safety through leadership  
involvement, communication, and consistent enforcement (Alruqi & Hallowell, 2019). Safety training is  
another central factor, as effective and relevant training helps workers understand risks, develop competency,  
and adopt safer work practices—particularly in specialized fields like railway construction (Kang et al., 2021).  
Safety motivation also plays a role by influencing how willing workers are to put effort into safe behavior,  
even in demanding or time pressured environments (Zhang et al., 2020).  
Despite the importance of these factors, research focusing specifically on Malaysia’s railway construction  
environment is still limited. Most studies concentrate on general construction or manufacturing settings, which  
differ substantially from the hazards and task demands experienced in railway work. Because of this gap, there  
is a need to better understand the behavioral factors that shape safety performance in the railway construction  
sector.  
In this pilot study, we aim to investigate the effects of management commitment, safety training, and safety  
motivation on safety behavior among railway construction workers in Malaysia. The findings are intended to  
provide early insights that can guide larger studies and help industry practitioners strengthen behavior-based  
safety strategies in this specialized sector.  
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW  
2.1 Safety Behaviour in Railway Construction  
Safety behaviour is a central element of occupational safety performance, especially within high-risk sectors  
such as railway construction. According to Neal and Griffin (2006), safety behaviour comprises two  
fundamental components: safety compliance, which describes workers’ adherence to rules, procedures, and the  
use of protective equipment; and safety participation, referring to voluntary efforts that contribute to improving  
workplace safety. These behavioural dimensions play a crucial role in preventing accidents in complex  
operational environments.  
Railway construction work differs from conventional construction due to its high degree of technical  
coordination, interface management, and exposure to unique hazards such as energized systems, night-shift  
operations, limited work windows, and simultaneous activities on elevated or confined structures. Even small  
behavioural lapses such as incorrect lockout-tagout practices, miscommunication during track possession, or a  
moment of reduced vigilance can escalate into major incidents and service disruptions (Katsakiori et al., 2020).  
This highlights why behavioural consistency must be treated as a core element in railway safety management  
systems.  
In Malaysia, railway projects such as the MRT, LRT, and ECRL have significantly expanded the workforce  
involved in rail construction and maintenance activities. Within this context, Amdan, Ramlee, and Daruis  
(2024) examined knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to musculoskeletal disorders among  
Malaysian railway maintenance workers. While the primary focus was ergonomic outcomes, the authors  
identified behaviour-related factors, including unsafe practices, gaps in procedural adherence, and limited risk  
awareness, which contributed to physical strain and increased risk exposure. These findings demonstrate that  
behavioural aspects although not the main variable in their study are significantly embedded within everyday  
railway maintenance operations. As such, the behavioural gaps noted by Amdan et al. (2024) indirectly  
reinforce the importance of examining safety behaviour among railway workers.  
Other Malaysian studies further support this concern. Ismail et al. (2023) highlighted human factors and  
behavioural inconsistencies as contributing causes of operational risks in the railway sector. Internationally,  
Lingard et al. (2022) and Zhang et al. (2021) found that safety behaviour tends to deteriorate in high-pressure  
project environments where productivity demands overshadow safety priorities. These insights provide strong  
justification for investigating behavioural predictors in Malaysia’s railway construction industry, where  
empirical evidence remains limited.  
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2.2 Management Commitment and Safety Behaviour  
Management commitment is one of the most frequently cited determinants of safety behaviour across various  
industries. It encompasses the actions and attitudes of leaders that communicate the importance of safety, such  
as enforcing standards, conducting supervision, providing resources, and demonstrating safety leadership.  
Workers who perceive strong management commitment often show higher compliance with procedures and  
greater willingness to participate in safety initiatives (Fernández-Muñiz et al., 2017).  
In railway construction, the importance of management commitment becomes even more pronounced due to  
multi-layered work teams and highly coordinated activities. Studies in high-risk construction environments  
show that when management consistently monitors safety, provides clear communication, and enforces SOPs,  
workers are more likely to practice safe behaviours (Mansour et al., 2021). Conversely, weak supervisory  
oversight and unclear communication channels can result in behavioural shortcuts and procedural violations.  
Malaysian evidence reinforces these observations. Although Amdan et al. (2024) primarily investigated  
ergonomic risks, their findings also indicated insufficient monitoring and inconsistent adherence to procedures  
among railway maintenance workers issues often associated with gaps in supervisory enforcement and  
management oversight. These behavioural tendencies underscore why management commitment is expected to  
serve as a key predictor of safety behaviour among railway construction workers.  
2.3 Safety Training and Safety Behaviour  
Safety training is essential in equipping workers with the knowledge and skills needed to perform tasks safely.  
Effective training improves hazard perception, decision-making, and behavioural consistency in routine and  
high-risk tasks (Burke et al., 2020). Railway construction requires specialised training such as track possession  
rules, electrical isolation, work-at-height, lifting operations, and emergency procedures. Workers who lack  
proper training may misinterpret hazards, underestimate risks, or unintentionally violate safety protocols.  
Malaysian research indicates ongoing challenges in the quality and consistency of training across the  
construction sector. Ismail et al. (2023) found that gaps in safety training delivery, particularly among foreign  
workers, resulted in uneven safety performance on site. Similar issues were noted indirectly in Amdan et al.  
(2024), where poor ergonomic practices were partially linked to limited knowledge and inconsistent  
understanding of safe work procedures reflecting the importance of adequate training in shaping workplace  
behaviour. International literature also supports the view that structured and repetitive training improves both  
safety compliance and participation (Schwatka & Rosecrance, 2016).  
These findings collectively suggest that safety training is an important predictor of railway workers’  
behavioural consistency.  
2.4 Safety Motivation and Safety Behaviour  
Safety motivation represents a worker’s inner drive to behave safely and influences how consistently  
individuals apply safety rules and self-regulate their actions. Motivated workers tend to avoid unnecessary  
risks, use PPE voluntarily, participate in safety meetings, and report hazards more actively (Griffin &  
Curcuruto, 2016).  
Railway construction requires extensive focus, precision, and situational awareness. Without adequate  
motivation, workers may resist safe work practices, disregard PPE requirements, or take shortcuts under time  
pressure. Studies in Malaysia confirm the significant role of motivation in shaping safety outcomes. Ismail et  
al. (2020) found that safety motivation predicted both compliance and participation among Malaysian  
construction workers. Although Amdan et al. (2024) did not directly examine safety motivation, some of the  
behavioural patterns observed such as inconsistent adherence to safe practices are often associated with  
motivation-related factors.  
International research further strengthens this relationship. Kim et al. (2021) demonstrated that safety  
motivation mediates the influence of safety climate on compliance behaviour in high-risk industries. These  
findings indicate that safety motivation is expected to have a significant influence on workers’ safety behaviour  
in railway construction settings.  
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2.5 Summary of Conceptual Position  
The reviewed literature confirms that management commitment, safety training, and safety motivation are  
consistently linked to safety behaviour across various industries. However, empirical investigation within  
Malaysia’s railway construction sector remains limited, especially studies focusing specifically on behavioural  
predictors. Railway workers operate in complex, dynamic, and technically demanding environments where  
behavioural consistency is critical. The gaps identified in ergonomic and behavioural practices among railway  
maintenance workers (Amdan et al., 2024) highlight the need for deeper investigation into behavioural  
determinants.  
Based on this evidence, the present study conceptualizes safety behaviour as being influenced directly by three  
key predictors: management commitment, safety training, and safety motivation. This framework aligns with  
established models and fills an important research gap by focusing on an underexplored yet high-risk  
workforce railway construction workers in Malaysia.  
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework  
3.0 METHODOLOGY  
3.1 Research Design  
This study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design to examine the predictors of safety behaviour  
among railway construction workers in Malaysia. The design was suitable for capturing workers’ perceptions  
of management commitment, safety training, safety motivation, and their safety behaviour at a single point in  
time. As this research functions as a pilot investigation, the intention was to identify preliminary patterns prior  
to a larger-scale study.  
3.2 Population and Sample  
The population of this study consisted of workers involved in railway construction projects within the Klang  
Valley region, including those working on track installation, overhead line equipment, structural works, and  
system integration tasks. This workforce typically operates in high-risk environments that require strict  
procedural adherence, making them an important population for safety behaviour research.  
A total of 30 respondents were recruited using convenience sampling. The sample size meets the minimum  
requirement for pilot regression studies as suggested by Johanson and Brooks (2010), who recommended 30  
participants for preliminary statistical testing. All participants were full-time workers or subcontracted  
personnel actively engaged in railway construction activities.  
3.3 Instrumentation  
Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from established instruments in occupational  
safety research. The questionnaire consisted of five sections with a total of 34 items, excluding demographic  
items. All items in Sections B to E were scored using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 =  
Strongly Agree). The distribution of items is as follows:  
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Section Content  
Number of Items Description  
A
Demographic  
Information  
8 items  
Collects background details including age, gender, job  
role, work experience, education level, employment  
status, and type of railway project.  
B
Management  
Commitment  
10 items  
Adapted from Zaira & Hadikusumo (2017) and  
Fernández-Muñiz et al. (2017). Measures the extent of  
management support, communication, enforcement of  
procedures, and prioritization of safety.  
C
D
Safety Training  
6 items  
8 items  
Adapted from Burke et al. (2020) and Ismail et al.  
(2023). Assesses clarity, relevance, frequency, and  
usefulness of training received by workers.  
Adapted from Griffin & Curcuruto (2016). Evaluates  
workers’ willingness to behave safely, the importance  
they place on safety, and their internal drive to follow  
procedures.  
Safety Motivation  
E
Safety Behaviour  
10 items  
Based on Neal & Griffin (2006). Examines employee  
compliance with safety rules, PPE use, participation in  
safety communication, and voluntary safety actions.  
3.4 Data Collection Procedure  
Data collection was conducted over a two-week period at active railway construction sites. Permission was  
obtained from site management before approaching participants.  
The procedure involved:  
1. A short briefing explaining the purpose of the study, confidentiality, and voluntary participation.  
2. Distribution of questionnaires during toolbox meetings and break sessions to avoid interrupting work  
operations.  
3. Respondents completed the questionnaire within approximately 10–15 minutes.  
4. Completed documents were collected immediately and screened for completeness before entry into  
SPSS.  
3.5 Data Analysis  
Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Version 26. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used  
to summarise demographic characteristics. Mean and standard deviation were computed for all major study  
variables.  
To identify predictors of safety behaviour, multiple linear regression analysis was performed using  
management commitment, safety training, and safety motivation as independent variables. Statistical  
significance was evaluated at p < 0.05, in line with conventional social science research standards.  
4.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS  
4.1 Demographic Profile  
Table 1 summarises the demographic characteristics of the 30 respondents. The age distribution shows that the  
largest group of workers was between 31–40 years (40.0%), followed by those aged 21–30 years (26.7%), 41–  
50 years (23.3%), and a smaller proportion over 50 years (10.0%). The sample consisted predominantly of  
male workers (90.0%), with only three female respondents (10.0%).  
In terms of job category, general workers formed the largest group (40.0%), followed by technicians (33.3%),  
supervisors (16.7%), and others (10.0%). Working experience varied, with 33.3% having 4–6 years of  
experience, 30.0% having 1–3 years, 23.3% with more than 6 years, and 13.3% with less than 1 year. Slightly  
more than half of the respondents worked under contract status (53.3%), while 46.7% were permanently  
employed.  
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Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents (N = 30)  
Variable  
Age  
Category  
Frequency (n) Percentage (%)  
21–30 years  
8
26.7  
31–40 years  
41–50 years  
>50 years  
Male  
12  
7
40.0  
23.3  
10.0  
90.0  
3
27  
Gender  
Female  
3
5
10.0  
16.7  
Supervisor  
Job Category  
Technician  
10  
33.3  
40.0  
10.0  
13.3  
General Worker 12  
Others  
3
4
< 1 year  
Work Experience  
1–3 years  
4–6 years  
> 6 years  
Permanent  
9
30.0  
33.3  
23.3  
46.7  
10  
7
14  
Employment Status  
Contract  
16  
53.3  
4.2 Multiple Regression Analysis  
Table 2 presents the regression coefficients for the three proposed predictors of safety behaviour: management  
commitment, safety training, and safety motivation. The model examined how these variables statistically  
relate to self-reported safety behaviour among railway construction workers.  
According to the results, safety training demonstrated the strongest association with safety behaviour, with an  
unstandardised coefficient of B = 0.605 and a standardised coefficient β = .591, accompanied by a statistically  
significant value of p = .001. This indicates that safety training contributed the largest weight among the  
predictors in the model. Safety motivation also recorded a significant contribution, with B = 0.407, β = .358,  
and p = .011, showing a positive relationship with safety behaviour.  
In contrast, management commitment recorded a very small coefficient, B = 0.016, and its standardised  
coefficient was only β = .012, with a non-significant p = .931, suggesting no meaningful statistical contribution  
within this pilot sample. All VIF values ranged between 1.411–2.203, demonstrating that multicollinearity was  
not a concern in this analysis.  
Overall, Table 2 summarises the relative weight of each predictor and identifies safety training and safety  
motivation as statistically significant contributors to safety behaviour within the studied railway construction  
workforce.  
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Table 2: Regression Coefficients for Predictors of Safety Behaviors  
Variables  
B
SE  
Beta  
t
Sig.  
VIF  
Management Commitment  
Safety Training  
0.016 0.176 0.012 0.089 .931 2.073  
0.605 0.162 0.591 3.732 .001 2.203  
0.407 0.148 0.358 2.741 .011 1.411  
Safety Motivation  
Significant if p-value is less than 0.05  
5.0 DISCUSSION  
This study examined the predictors of safety behaviour among railway construction workers in Malaysia,  
focusing on management commitment, safety training, and safety motivation. The regression results revealed  
that safety training and safety motivation significantly predicted safety behaviour, while management  
commitment showed no measurable relationship within the pilot sample.  
The first objective explored whether management commitment influenced workers’ safety behaviour. Although  
past studies consistently emphasise management commitment as a fundamental element for shaping safety  
culture (Zaira & Hadikusumo, 2017; Fernández-Muñiz et al., 2017), the present findings did not support this  
relationship. One possible explanation is that railway construction projects in Malaysia often involve  
multilayered subcontracting structures, where workers interact more frequently with direct supervisors than  
with higher-level management. Him and Ismail (2023) similarly found that even when management expresses  
strong safety intentions, inconsistent supervisory presence and fragmented communication can weaken  
workers’ perception of management involvement. Therefore, management commitment may not always  
translate directly into observable behavioural outcomes at the frontline level, particularly in complex, multi-  
contractor environments.  
The second objective examined the influence of safety training, and the results identified it as the strongest  
predictor of safety behaviour. This is consistent with extensive literature establishing that relevant, practical,  
and continuous training enhances workers’ knowledge, hazard awareness, and behavioural consistency (Burke  
et al., 2020). In railway construction, where tasks involve track works, lifting operations, electrical systems,  
and restricted-time work windows, workers rely heavily on training to perform tasks safely. Malaysian studies  
also highlight disparities in training quality, especially among foreign or subcontracted workers, which can  
contribute to behavioural inconsistencies on site (Ismail et al., 2023). The present findings reinforce the need  
for structured, competency-based training that reflects the technical complexity of railway operations.  
Safety motivation also emerged as a significant predictor of safety behaviour, addressing the study’s third  
objective. Motivation plays a central psychological role in determining how workers internalise safety values  
and choose to engage in both compliance and participation behaviours. This finding aligns with established  
models by Neal and Griffin (2006), who argue that safety motivation acts as the bridge between safety climate  
and behavioural outcomes. Recent Malaysian research also emphasises that intrinsically motivated workers  
demonstrate greater adherence to procedures, higher PPE usage, and lower tendencies to engage in unsafe acts  
(Mohd Said et al., 2022). Isa et al. (2022) further noted that motivation remains a key behavioural factor even  
in physically demanding and high-risk sectors, reflecting its importance in sustaining consistent safety  
practices.  
Taken together, the results suggest that behavioural and competency-related factors—such as training and  
personal motivation play a more direct role in shaping safety behaviour among railway construction workers  
than organisational-level perceptions such as management commitment. This aligns with previous findings that  
frontline workers in high-risk environments often depend more on their own knowledge, skills, and willingness  
to behave safely (Burke et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2021). Although management commitment was not significant  
in this pilot sample, it remains an essential component of safety systems and may show stronger effects in  
larger or more diverse samples.  
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Overall, the findings highlight the importance of enhancing safety training standards and strengthening  
intrinsic motivation as key strategies for improving safety behaviour in Malaysia’s railway construction sector.  
These insights contribute to the limited literature focusing specifically on railway construction workers and  
provide a foundation for future large-scale studies.  
6.0 CONCLUSION  
This study set out to examine how management commitment, safety training, and safety motivation influence  
safety behaviour among workers in railway construction projects in Malaysia. The results demonstrate that  
safety training and safety motivation play substantial roles in shaping safe work practices, highlighting the  
importance of equipping workers with relevant knowledge, procedural clarity, and the internal drive to act  
safely in demanding site environments. Given the technical complexity of railway construction where tasks  
involve electrical systems, elevated structures, and coordinated multi-team operations workers rely heavily on  
both competency-based training and intrinsic motivation to maintain behavioural consistency.  
In contrast, management commitment did not emerge as a significant predictor within this sample. Although  
management commitment is widely recognised in the literature as a key component of organisational safety  
performance, its influence may be less visible in fragmented, subcontractor-driven railway projects where  
dayto-day behaviour is more directly shaped by supervisors, peer norms, and immediate task demands. This  
finding suggests that future studies should explore how safety directives, leadership actions, and  
communication flow through multi-tiered project structures, and how these factors are perceived and enacted at  
the frontline.  
Overall, the findings underscore the need to prioritise high-quality safety training and to strengthen workers’  
safety motivation as practical, high-impact strategies for improving safety behaviour in railway construction.  
While this study was limited by a small sample size, it offers valuable early insight and establishes a  
foundation for more comprehensive future research. As Malaysia continues to expand its railway infrastructure,  
cultivating a workforce that is well-trained, motivated, and behaviourally aligned with safety goals will be  
essential for reducing accidents and supporting a sustainable safety culture in the rail construction sector.  
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