INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XII December 2025  
The Impact of Housing Needs on the Quality of Life Older People: A  
Pilot Study in Terengganu, Malaysia  
Normala, R., Azlini, C., Natasha Balqis, AR  
Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200051  
Received: 11 December 2025; Accepted: 18 December 2025; Published: 31 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
By the year 2030, it is believed that the older population will rise in number in Malaysia. This has serious  
implications to the needs and quality of life of the people. The research was carried out to establish the  
interrelationship between housing requirements and the quality of life among the older individuals on the basis  
of a pilot research of 120 respondents whose age was 60 years and above. Quantitative survey design was used  
and questionnaire instrument included sections of demography, housing requirements, and quality of life using  
the OPQOL-35 instrument.The level of housing needs, descriptive analysis revealed that the level was high  
(Mean = 4.0, SD = 0.58), and the overall quality of life among the respondents were also high (Mean = 136.51,  
SD = 17.04). The results of Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the quality of life of older adults and their  
housing needs had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). The results support the idea that the access  
to safe, comfortable, and elder-friendly housing is one of the key factors in enhancing the quality of life of this  
group of the population. Thus, more housing policies, the delivery of facilities that are elderly-friendly, and  
enhanced community support are needed to be ready to make the transition to aged-nation.  
Keywords: quality of life, housing needs, older adults, OPQOL.  
INTRODUCTION  
The increased number of the aging population is a widespread trend that affects both advanced and developing  
countries. By 2030, Malaysia will have about 15 percent of its population aged 60 years and above thus reaching  
the United Nations (UN) criteria of an aged country. This population change has significant impacts on various  
industries such as social protection policies, family structures and the public systems of healthcare. The growth  
of the elderly population creates the need to establish long-term care centers, expand medical services and  
establish sustainable community support systems (World Health Organization, 2022).  
The elderly have a high vulnerability to diseases that can compromise physiological processes and reduce the  
ability of the elderly to undertake their daily chores. As a result, such a condition often creates augmented  
dependency, disability and increased socio-economic challenges on families and society in general (Md Abdul  
Salam et al., 2022).  
Housing is a critical aspect in the life of older adults. A house is not just a physical environment but a social  
environment that helps older people to live conveniently and in a safe environment. The residential conditions  
of the aged should be located in secure places, which are close to health care centers, social facilities and  
supportive communities to maintain comfort and enable healthy socialization (Tan & Lin, 2020). Older people  
who live in inappropriate housing have a higher chance of being involved in accidents, psychological stress,  
loneliness, poor health and lowering their quality of life. Living in a peaceful and habitable environment has a  
positive effect on their quality of life especially in the emotional and psychosocial realms. Studies have shown  
that elderly individuals who stay at their homes in appropriate environmental and sociocultural settings get direct  
gains to their general welfare (Oswald and Wahl, 2004).  
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LITERATURE REVIEW  
Conceptualising Quality of Life  
Quality of life refers to physical, psychological, social and environmental aspects. The quality of life of a person  
is determined by their satisfaction with the living conditions, safety, autonomy, social relationships, and health  
according to the definition of the OPQOL (Bowling & Stenner, 2011). A housing factor is an important  
determinant that greatly influences the mental health and socialization of the elderly. The deterioration of quality  
of life is also common when elderly people suffer physical impairments, their spouses are no more, their health  
is worsening, or they live in an inappropriate or unsafe place (Chan et al., 2011).  
Empirical data can actually determine certain dwelling features, which impact various dimensions of the quality  
of life of older adults. A comprehensive evidence on the association between dwelling characteristics and mental  
well-being indicates that older adults living in larger, higher-quality homes of good bathing facilities and clean  
energy sources have superior mental health outcomes. These features lead to security, comfort, and independence  
thus minimizing stress and psychological pressure which can be experienced due to inadequately maintained or  
unsafe homes (Sharifi et al., 2024). Equally, the holistic housing and environment models recognize an extensive  
variety of characteristics: spatial organization, community connection, and access to physical activities, which  
are linked to health, individual satisfaction, and social networks. This literature underlines the fact that the  
physical quality of houses or the external environment contribute to the well-being of older adults in an  
interdependent manner (Mulliner, et al., 2020).  
Theoretical Foundations  
The Ecological Theory of Bronfenbrenner (1979) states that physical surroundings have a direct impact on the  
safety, behaviour, and psychological well-being of an individual. In the framework of elderly individuals,  
housing has served as one of the main areas of assistance that has a direct impact on their ability to execute daily  
tasks. The risk of injuries, including falls, can be increased when the home environment is not appropriate,  
especially in the bathroom and kitchen, as these are the most dangerous environments where elderly people can  
experience domestic accidents (WHO, 2021). The falls pose a leading cause of severe injuries, disability, and  
loss of autonomy among the elderly population.  
The environment of the home must be safe and age friendly in order to maintain the functional independence of  
the older adults. Experimental research proves that an environmental risk such as slippery floors, insufficient  
lighting systems, uneven surfaces, and lack of handrails contribute heavily to the probability of falls and mobility  
constraints (Pighills et al., 2011). Empirical research evidence suggests that alleviating the risks of falls and  
enabling safer ageing in place by modifying the home environment through installing grab bars, non-slip floors,  
and better lighting (Stephens et al., 2019). These adaptations in the environment are beneficial not only  
physically, but also in the development of self-confidence and independence in performing the routine duties.  
Moreover, the appropriateness of housing is critical in protection of psychological and social welfare. Elderly  
people living in safe, convenient, and conducive conditions have higher chances of reporting higher levels of  
life satisfaction and reduced anxiety (Wahl and Oswald, 2010). A house that allows movement, comfort, and  
social interaction will allow the older adults to maintain their habits and social roles which are the basic elements  
of well-being. In its turn, inappropriate accommodation can trigger social isolation, stress, and deterioration of  
psychological resilience, thus having a negative impact on the overall quality of life (Sixsmith, 2013).  
Evidence from Malaysia and International Settings  
Empirical studies conducted in Malaysia indicate that the demands of the older people population are becoming  
more complex due to the changes in the family systems and the development of the increased lifespan. Housing  
was also found to be a critical factor that determines the quality of life of older adults, especially in terms of  
safety, comfort, and social support (Tan & Lin, 2020). Abdul Mutalip et al. (2023) also emphasize that  
individuals aged over 60 that live in a stable community environment supported by strong family ties and proper  
housing conditions report higher rates of overall well-being. Similarly, Sulaiman et al. (2021) revealed that older  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)  
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XII December 2025  
adults who lived in age-friendly neighbourhoods where the facilities were conveniently located showed better  
health results and enhanced social interaction.  
Research in Kelantan about older people which have lived in their own homes and it has shown better quality of  
life compared to those in institutional settings which underscoring the importance of appropriate housing  
conditions in promoting physical and psychological wellbeing (Hami et al., 2022). Besides, community  
participation and living in age-friendly neighbourhoods have also been linked to higher quality of life among  
Malaysian seniors with urban dwellers often reporting higher levels of satisfaction compared to their rural peers  
(Johani et al., 2018).  
In addition to that, participation in community programs and living in age-friendly communities has been linked  
to higher quality of life among Malaysian elderly, and urban dwelling elderly tended to be more satisfied than  
rural ones. .  
The same observations are supported in international studies, which have found that housing suitability is a  
universal determinant of the quality of life in later life. Research studies carried out in Japan and South Korea  
have shown that safe and flexible housing conditions contribute to autonomy, functional and psychological well-  
being among the elderly (Kawaguchi et al., 2024). The number of falls, the loneliness rate, and life satisfaction  
are also lower among elderly people living in supportive domiciles in the Western world in Australia and the  
United Kingdom (Aplin et al., 2024). The aggregate domestic and international evidence supports the importance  
of housing as a determinant of the quality of life of older adults.  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
Research Design and Data Collection Method  
This study employed a quantitative survey research design. A pilot study was conducted to examine the  
suitability of the questionnaire instrument and to determine preliminary data patterns. A purposive sampling  
technique was used to select respondents who met the criteria, namely individuals aged 60 and above, residing  
in the study area, and able to understand the information provided. The actual study sample consists of 1200  
respondents. For the purpose of the pilot study, 120 respondents were selected, in line with the view of Johanson  
& Brooks (2010), which recommends using approximately 10% of the actual study sample size, especially when  
the population and main sample size are large.  
The research instrument was developed in the form of a questionnaire comprising three sections: Section A,  
which covers demographic information; Section B, which focuses on housing needs; and Section C, which  
examines the quality of life of older adults. Section B includes housing needs adapted from previous studies and  
refined according to the context of elderly housing in Malaysia. Section C evaluates the quality of life of older  
adults based on eight dimensions adapted from the OPQOL-35, which include overall quality of life, health,  
social relationships, control over life, home and neighbourhood, psychological and emotional well-being,  
financial circumstances, leisure and activities, and religion. Sections B and C were measured using a five-point  
Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.  
Data collection was carried out through the distribution of physical questionnaires and structured interviews to  
assist respondents who had difficulty reading or seeing. Each interview session took between 30 and 50 minutes  
and respondents were given an explanation about the purpose of the study along with assurances of data  
confidentiality. The interview method was chosen because it is suitable for older adults who may require  
assistance in answering the questionnaire.  
Data Analysis Method  
The data collected from 120 respondents were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences  
(SPSS) version 27. Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize demographic characteristics, levels of  
housing needs and quality of life of older people. This included the calculation of mean scores and percentages  
for each item in the questionnaire. To test the study hypotheses, inferential analysis was conducted. Pearson’s  
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correlation was used to determine the relationship between housing needs and quaity of life of older people. The  
reliability of the instrument was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha test, which demonstrated excellent  
internal consistency for both scales: housing needs (15 items, α = 0.905) and quality of life of older people (35  
items, α = 0.947). These values indicated that the instrument was highly reliable for measuring the constructs of  
interest.  
RESULT AND DISCUSSION  
Demographic Characteristics of Respondents  
This table I shows the demographic profile of the study respondents involving 120 senior peoples. In terms of  
gender, the majority of respondents were female, 80 (66.7%), while 40 (33.3%) were male. Based on age, the  
largest number of respondents were in the 65 to 69 year old category, which was 43 (35.8%), followed by the  
60 to 64 year old category, which was 29 (24.2%). Next, respondents aged 70 to 74 years old, 25 (20.8%), 75 to  
79 years old, 14 (11.7%) and 80 years and above, 9 (7.5%). In terms of marital status, the majority of respondents  
were married, 73 (60.8%). Respondents who were widowed or widowed were 40 (33.3%), while single and  
divorced respondents recorded a very small number, namely 3 (2.5%) and 4 (3.3%), respectively. Based on  
religion and race, all respondents were Muslim and consisted of Malays, which is 120 people (1000%). In terms  
of employment history, 48 people (40%) of the respondents were found to have never worked while the rest had  
worked in the public sector, 30 people (25%), the private sector, 12 people (10%) and self-employed, 30 people  
(25%).  
For monthly income, the majority of respondents were in the RM1,000 and below category, which was 31 people  
(25.8%), followed by the RM1,001 to RM2,999 category, which was 37 people (30.8%). Respondents who did  
not have a fixed income were 48 people (405), while only a small number of respondents had an income of  
RM3,000 and above, which was 15 people (12.5%). In terms of income sources, the majority of respondents  
depended on pensions, 26 people (21.7%) and child or family assistance, 29 people (24.2%). In addition, there  
were also respondents who received EPF or savings, 15 people (12.5%), government assistance, 16 people  
(13.3%) and other sources, 19 people (15.8%). Based on place of residence, most respondents lived with their  
spouse, 40 people (33.3%) and lived with their spouse and children, 35 people (29.2%). While the respondents  
who lived alone were 17 people (14.2%). In terms of location of residence, the largest number of respondents  
came from urban areas, 65 people (54.2%), followed by rural areas, 53 people (44.2%) and others, 2 people  
(1.7%). In terms of type of residence, almost all respondents lived in their own homes, which was 119 people  
(99.2%), while only one respondent (0.8%) lived in other residences.  
Table I Demographic Profile Of Respondents  
Demographic Variable  
Gender  
Frequency (n)  
Percentage (%)  
Male  
40  
80  
33.3  
66.7  
Female  
Age  
60–64 years  
65-69 years  
70 – 74 years  
75 – 79 years  
29  
43  
25  
14  
24.2  
35.8  
20.8  
11.7  
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80 years above  
Marital Status  
Single  
9
7.5  
3
2.5  
Married  
73  
4
60.8  
3.3  
Divorced  
Widow  
40  
33.3  
Ethnicity  
Malay  
120  
100  
Employment History  
Public Sector  
Private Sector  
Self-Employed  
Unemployed  
30  
12  
30  
48  
25  
10  
25  
40  
Monthly Income  
No income  
38  
31  
37  
14  
31.7  
25.8  
30.8  
11.7  
Less than RM1000  
RM1000 – RM2999  
RM3000 and above  
Source of Income  
None  
15  
26  
15  
16  
29  
19  
12.5  
21.7  
12.5  
13.3  
24.2  
15.8  
Pension  
EPF/Savings  
Government Assistance  
Children/ Family Contributions  
Others  
Living Arrangement  
Living alone  
17  
40  
14.2  
33.3  
Living with Spouse  
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Living with Spouse and Child  
Living with Child  
Living with caregivers  
District  
35  
27  
1
29.2  
22.5  
0.8  
Kuala Nerus  
Kuala Terengganu  
Marang  
27  
70  
23  
22.5  
58.3  
19.2  
Type of Residential Area  
Urban  
65  
53  
2
54.2  
44.2  
1.7  
Rural  
Others  
District  
Own House  
119  
1
99.2  
0.8  
Others  
Level of housing needs of the elderly people  
The results of the study in table II indicate that the level of housing needs of the elderly peoples is high with a  
majority of 94 people (78.3) of the respondents whereas 26 people (21.7) are at middle level with no other  
respondents being at the low level. That overall high mean value (Mean = 4.08, SP = 0.58) further supports the  
conclusion that, the housing aspect is a need that is very crucial in the lives of elderly peoples. This observation  
reveals that the elderly give special priority to safety, comfort and appropriateness of housing with regards to  
the fluctuation in physical and psychological competence that accompanies the aging process. Housing is not  
only a shelter, it is also one of the major environment that impacts on the quality of life, emotional status and  
degree of independence of older adults.  
The results of the research are consistent with the prior ones that underline safe and elderly-friendly homes as  
one of the central requirements during aging. The World Health Organization (2021) reports that living  
environment can help lessen the threat of injury, promote self-sufficiency and psychological well-being of the  
elderly peoples. Another study by Golaant (2011) also indicated that seniors consider housing requirements as  
being an important factor since it is associated with physical security and a feeling of belonging.  
We can also associate this finding with the Hierarchy theory by Maslow in which housing falls under the basic  
needs (physiological and safety). This requirement among the seniors is even greater because their health risks  
are greater in terms of mobility, balance, and chronic ailments that demand safer and more appropriate living  
conditions. The average standard deviation (SP=0.58) of the means demonstrates that the housing needs of the  
respondents were homogenous meaning that the significance of this factor is shared by the majority of seniors  
belonging to any socioeconomic group. This goes to back up the point that housing is not a personal problem  
but it is a universal need among the seniors.  
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Table II Level Of Housing Need For Older People  
Level of Housing Needs Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Mean  
Standard Deviation  
4.0794 0.57960  
Low  
0
0
Moderate  
High  
26  
94  
120  
21.  
78.3  
100  
Overall  
Level of Quality OF Life Older People  
Table III shows the quality of life of the older adults used in this study; a total of 120 respondents were used.  
According to the findings, all respondents (100%) were rated as high quality life with none of them falling in  
the low category. It means that, in general, the elderly individuals of this sample have a positive attitude towards  
their life situation. The mean score of 136.51 with a standard deviation of 17.04 shows that the quality of life  
regarding the respondents is always high. The average standard deviation also indicates less variation on the  
responses, which means that there is a relatively low level of life satisfaction.  
These results suggest that most respondents are happy with the quality of their life, as major aspects of it,  
including health, housing, social support, financial stability, emotional well-being, and community integration  
are satisfactory. This aligns with the definition of quality of life that is by the World Health Organization (2023),  
quality of life is the subjective assessment of the place in life of a person in the world in the context of their  
culture, values, goals, and expectations. The findings on the topic are consistent with the study conducted by  
Abdul Mutalip et al. (2023), who stated that the levels of well-being are more likely to be expressed by Malaysian  
older adults with solid family support and stable community settings.  
This tendency is also corroborated by the other empirical research. Indicatively, Bowling and Dieppe (2005)  
state that quality of life in old age depends on social relationship, autonomy, and psychological well-being as  
the key determinants of quality of life. Likewise, Fernandez-Ballesteros et al. (2019) point out that older adults  
residing in affirmative social settings have an improved emotional control mechanism and a higher level of life  
satisfaction. In a Malaysian study, Ng et al. (2021) also demonstrated that older individuals who had a variety  
of sources of income and stable living conditions had a high quality-of-life score, especially in such domains as  
social engagement, emotional stability, and living environment. On top of this, Chan et al. (2019) observe that  
living with the family members offers them emotional security, shared duties, and better social interaction, which  
are closely associated with better well-being among older people in Southeast Asia.  
Combined, these results confirm once again that positive living conditions, financial stability, healthy family  
bonds and availability of community connections are critical to maintaining high quality of life in elderly people.  
The similarity in the responses to the sample also shows that these are the factors that lead to universally  
experienced well-being in this ageing population.  
Table III Level Of Quality Of Life  
Level of Housing Needs Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Mean  
Standard Deviation  
Low  
0
0
136.5083 17.0353  
High  
120  
120  
100  
100  
Overall  
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Correlation Between Housing Needs towards Quality of Life Older People  
Table IV presents the Pearson correlation outcomes between the Quality of Life and Housing Needs in older  
adults. The analysis showed that there was a positive strong correlation (r = 0.724, p < 0.001), whereby the better  
fulfilment of housing needs is related to an improvement in the quality of life. It implies that as long as the aged  
people stay in homes that are safe, comfortable, accessible, and conducive to their functional capacities, their  
general well-being is likely to improve. This relationship is also statistically meaningful and, most importantly,  
it is unlikely to appear due to some chance occurrences, which are confirmed by the extremely high p-value (p  
< 0.001). The 120 respondents are also a good sample size that strengthens the statistical findings and improves  
its credibility.  
This robust correlation coincides with a considerable amount of literatures that prove that the housing conditions  
are highly significant concerning the well-being and the quality of life of the elderly. The World Health  
Organization (WHO, 2018) said that one of the determinants of healthy ageing is accessible and age-friendly  
housing, which plays an important role in physical, emotional, and social well-being. On the same note, Oswald  
and Wahl (2005) point out that the home environment makes up a major psychological anchor among the older  
adults in that it shapes their autonomy, safety and satisfaction of life.  
Moreover, a study by Ibrahim, Din and Ahmad (2019) carried out in Malaysia also proves the fact that older  
people who are residing in safer and more comfortable housing show much greater levels of well-being and less  
psychological distress. This further supports the idea that housing should be more than a physical building, which  
is a crucial aspect of a healthy ageing process.  
The high correlation observed in the current study, on the whole, is aligned with international and local results,  
which allows concluding that the quality of life among older adults is the primary factor that should be improved  
after improving housing conditions.  
Table IV Relationship Between Housing Needs And Quality Of Life Of Older People  
Variables  
Quality Of Life Older People  
Pearson Correlation  
Sig.(2-tailed)  
Housing needs  
0.724**  
<.001  
120  
N
Note: Significance at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)  
The results indicate that housing requirement is an important factor in sustaining and enhancing the living  
standards of the elderly. The right and adequate housing does not only offer safety and comfort, but it also offers  
social and community contact, which has proven to boost the psychological well-being and act as a defense  
mechanism against mental problems in old age. Hence, more affordable age-suited housing and enhanced  
support systems in the community are the key measures to ensure healthy, active and rewarding aging.  
CONCLUSIONS  
The research of this paper highlights the central importance of housing to determine the quality of life in older  
adults. Proper, safe, and age-related housing became a primary factor of physical, psychological, and social  
wellbeing. Elderly individuals living in facilities that address their functional requirements expressed well their  
life satisfaction, emotional stability and autonomy. Housing is not just a physical shelter but a social and  
supportive environment which promotes the community involvement, socialization and involvement in  
meaningful activities. In addition, the housing status is closely associated with the social and communal  
participation, which functions as the protective factor against the psychological distress and social detachment.  
Considering these findings, policymakers, city planners and community groups should be keen on creating and  
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providing age friendly housing and supportive community infrastructure. By making sure that the older adults  
are able to live in safe, comfortable, and socially enabling residential set-ups, it will improve their quality of  
lives, engage in healthy aging processes and be in a position of sustaining activities, engagement, and  
independence. The longitudinal effects of housing improvements on quality of life should be examined in future  
research to enhance the policy and practice structures of ageing societies and investigations conducted on a wide  
range of geographical and socioeconomic settings should be conducted.  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  
Our deepest gratitude goes to all research participants whose willingness to share their time, experiences and  
perspectives greatly enriched the findings of this study. The author acknowledges the financial and technical  
support for this Fundamental Research Grant Scheme project provided by Ministry Higher Education Malaysia  
(MOHE) under the grant (FRGS/1/2024/SS10/UNISZA/02/3). We also extend special thanks to the Faculty of  
Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin for their unwavering support, encourgement and the  
enablic academic environment that facilitated the smooth progress of this research.  
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