INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

Page 2412

www.rsisinternational.org

Diffusion of E-Procurement Systems: Enhancing Supply Chain

Efficiency in Kakamega County Government Ministries, Kenya

Lyna Adhiambo Onyango

, Dr Esau Mengich

Department of Management Science School of Business and Economics, Kenya

Department of Economics Maseno University

DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.914MG00184

Received: 01 October 2025; Accepted: 06 October 2025; Published: 06 November 2025

ABSTRACT

E-procurement emerged in the 1980s alongside the development of Electronic Data Interchange. Advances in

Electronic Data Interchange technology enabled organizations to establish online vendor catalogs, streamlining

procurement processes. Despite its recognized benefits, many government ministries, including those in

Kakamega County, still face significant inefficiencies due to persistent manual procurement processes, leading

to delays and resource misallocation. This study investigated the diffusion of electronic procurement systems

within Kakamega County Government Ministries, focusing on the relationship between electronic procurement

adoption, information and communications technology training, procurement innovations, and implementation

challenges, specifically addressing the ongoing challenges of manual systems and proposing solutions through

technological integration. A qualitative case study design was adopted, grounded in the Resource-Based View

theory, to provide practical insights beyond theoretical constructs. Data was collected through interviews,

observations, and document analysis, with rigorous validation measures such as pilot testing, member checking,

and triangulation ensuring data trustworthiness. A purposive sampling strategy was employed, targeting 10

participants across three ministries under study. Thematic analysis and validation were utilized to extract

meaningful conclusions aligned with qualitative research methodologies. The findings revealed that targeted

information and communications technology/information technology training enhanced user confidence and

optimized procurement workflows, directly addressing the lack of preparedness for electronic procurement

systems. The adoption of innovative tools such as mobile applications and blockchain technology improved

efficiency and transparency, offering solutions to existing bottlenecks. However, challenges such as limited

training access and infrastructure gaps persisted, requiring tailored interventions to overcome resistance to

change and ensure successful implementation. These efforts transformed Kakamega County Government’s

procurement practices into a more efficient and accountable framework. This study held significance beyond its

immediate scope, with contributions that informed policy decisions, enriched existing literature by addressing

the empirical gap in local ministry electronic procurement adoption, and enhanced operational efficiency within

government ministries and the broader field of supply chain management by providing actionable strategies for

overcoming implementation hurdles.

Keywords: E-Procurement, ICT Training, Procurement Innovations, Supply Chain Efficiency, Public Sector

INTRODUCTION

This chapter lays the groundwork for examining the adoption of e-procurement systems within Kakamega

County Government Ministries, focusing on their role in enhancing supply chain efficiency, transparency, and

service delivery. Anchored in the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, the chapter presents a conceptual

framework that explores the interplay between e-procurement system diffusion, Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) training, procurement innovations, and implementation challenges. It

emphasizes the necessity of technological integration in government operations and highlights the transformative

impact of e-procurement systems in optimizing procurement processes across county ministries, particularly in

light of existing manual inefficiencies.

The success of any research endeavor is anchored in a solid theoretical foundation that guides its direction and

Page 2413

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

interpretation. This study's theoretical framework was drawn from diverse theories explored in the

comprehensive literature review, with the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory emerging as the primary lens for

examining the diffusion of e-procurement systems and their impact on supply chain efficiency. This theory,

rooted in strategic management, posits that sustained competitive advantage arises from a firm's unique bundle

of resources and capabilities. By applying this theory, the study analyzed how the adoption and utilization of e-

procurement systems as valuable technological resources enhanced supply chain efficiency within Kakamega

County Government Ministries.

The study’s conceptual framework provided a structured approach to understanding the intricate relationship

between e-procurement systems and supply chain efficiency in Kakamega County Government Ministries. A

conceptual framework serves as a foundational model outlining key concepts, variables, relationships, and

theoretical foundations that guide research design, data collection, and result interpretation. Grounded in the

RBV theory, which underscores the strategic significance of valuable resources and capabilities, this study

examined the application of ICT innovations in procurement activities. The findings affirmed that organizations

with unique technological resources, such as e-procurement systems, gain a competitive advantage. Within this

context, the adoption and diffusion of e-procurement systems were found to be critical in optimizing procurement

workflows and augmenting supply chain efficiency.

Furthermore, the study acknowledged the multifaceted nature of supply chain management and the role of e-

procurement systems in influencing procurement processes, collaboration, and information flow. Through this

lens, the conceptual framework unraveled the complex relationships between e-procurement system diffusion,

ICT training, procurement innovations, and implementation challenges. The analysis contributed to a broader

understanding of the factors affecting e-procurement adoption and its impact on government procurement

efficiency.

Background To Study

"Technology will never replace great procurement professionals, but technology in the hands of great

procurement professionals is transformational." – Jason Busch.

Globally, the integration of e-procurement systems has proven to be highly beneficial. For instance, in Singapore,

the adoption of a centralized e-procurement platform significantly transformed procurement processes within

government agencies by streamlining vendor management, reducing processing times, and enhancing

transparency. Similarly, Sweden’s public sector implementation of e-procurement resulted in substantial cost

savings, improved supplier relations, and greater compliance with procurement regulations. These international

successes highlight the potential for similar benefits within Kakamega County.

At the local level, this study underscored the urgent need for technological integration within Kakamega County

Government Ministries. The research findings confirmed that manual procurement processes persisted, leading

to inefficiencies, delays, and resource misallocation. For instance, in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock,

Cooperatives, and Fisheries, the absence of an integrated e-procurement system resulted in prolonged

procurement cycles, hindering timely access to essential agricultural inputs. Similarly, in the Ministry of Social

Services, Youth, and Sport, reliance on paper-based procurement processes led to administrative bottlenecks,

potentially delaying the timely provision of social services. These findings mirrored the challenges faced by

organizations lacking e-procurement systems, reinforcing the need for their integration to enhance supply chain

efficiency within Kakamega County Government Ministries.

The study’s conclusions highlighted the transformative potential of e-procurement systems in public

procurement. By addressing key implementation challenges and leveraging ICT innovations, Kakamega County

Government can significantly enhance procurement transparency, efficiency, and accountability, aligning with

best practices observed internationally.

Statement of the Problem

Government operations have undergone a transformative shift with the rapid integration of technology. Within

Kakamega County Government Ministries, the adoption of e-procurement systems marked a significant

Page 2414

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

milestone, aimed at enhancing supply chain efficiency. However, as these systems were implemented, a complex

interplay of challenges and opportunities emerged. This research was essential in assessing the impact of e-

procurement system diffusion on supply chain efficiency within Kakamega County Government Ministries. It

sought to address a critical question: How did the adoption of e-procurement systems influence the improvement

of supply chain efficiency within this administrative context?

The motivation for this study arose from the acknowledgment that traditional procurement practices within

government ministries remained predominantly manual, resulting in persistent inefficiencies that obstructed

transparent resource allocation and timely service delivery. Manual procurement processes often lead to delays,

increased administrative burdens, and reduced operational efficiency. For example, in the Ministry of

Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries, the lack of an integrated e-procurement system has

consistently led to extended procurement cycles, delaying access to essential agricultural inputs for farmers.

Similarly, the continued reliance on paper-based processes in the Ministry of Social Services, Youth, and Sport

has created administrative bottlenecks, hampering the timely delivery of crucial social services to the

community. These ongoing issues demonstrate that current procurement practices are not working efficiently on

the ground.

The emergence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations has demonstrated substantial

potential to revolutionize procurement processes, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability in

public sector procurement. However, harnessing this potential necessitates bridging a significant empirical gap,

particularly within Kakamega County Government Ministries. Despite growing discourse on the adoption of e-

procurement systems and their transformative impact globally, research remains notably limited regarding their

specific integration within local ministries in Kakamega County and their direct effects on supply chain

efficiency. There is a lack of clear understanding of how these systems are truly implemented, what specific

innovations are being used, and the precise challenges encountered in this localized context. This study will fill

this gap by providing an in-depth, localized analysis.

This research problem underscored the urgent need for a systematic investigation into the various dimensions of

e-procurement system adoption and diffusion. The study examined existing ICT training levels, the specific

innovative ICT applications currently utilized within ministries, and the concrete challenges encountered during

their implementation. Ultimately, this research bridged the gap between the theoretical potential of e-

procurement systems and their practical implications in improving supply chain efficiency within Kakamega

County Government Ministries by providing actionable insights and solutions to the identified problems.

Objectives of the Study

1. To assess the current level of ICT/IT training among the workforce in Kakamega County Government

Ministries, specifically identifying gaps in skills and preparedness for e-procurement system utilization.

2. To identify and expose the specific ICT innovation applications currently being used, or that could be

effectively used, in Kakamega County Government Ministries for procurement-related activities,

highlighting their impact on efficiency and transparency.

3. To investigate the main challenges encountered during the implementation and adoption of e-

procurement systems within the specified government ministries, including issues of user resistance,

infrastructure limitations, and policy frameworks that hinder successful integration.

Research Questions

This study seeks to address the following research questions:

1. What is the current level of ICT/IT training among the workforce in Kakamega County Government

Ministries, and what are the identifiable gaps impacting e-procurement system adoption?

2. What are the specific ICT innovations and technologies currently being applied, or potentially

applicable, within Kakamega County Government Ministries for procurement-related activities, and

how do they contribute to efficiency and transparency?

3. What are the main challenges encountered during the implementation and adoption of e-procurement

systems within the specified government ministries, and what are their underlying causes?

Page 2415

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

Scope of the Study

This study examined the impact of e-procurement system diffusion on supply chain efficiency within Kakamega

County Government Ministries, focusing on three key ministries: Social Services, Youth, and Sport; Agriculture,

Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and Education, Science, and Technology. These ministries were selected

due to their diverse operational functions and critical roles in public service delivery. The research considered

the distinct procurement processes, challenges, and opportunities each ministry faced in integrating e-

procurement systems.

Beyond the geographical scope, the study explored the broader aspect of technological integration by assessing

the extent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) training within the Kakamega County

Government. This evaluation provided insight into the workforce’s preparedness in adopting e-procurement

systems. Additionally, the study examined the various ICT innovations employed across the county’s ministries,

offering a comprehensive understanding of the technological tools driving administrative transformation.

The research also addressed the complexities of e-procurement implementation, acknowledging the challenges

encountered in integrating these systems into established workflows. By identifying these barriers, the study

provided an in-depth analysis of factors that may have hindered seamless integration. Furthermore, it

investigated the collaborative aspects of supply chain management, analyzing how the diffusion of e-

procurement systems influenced stakeholder interactions in procurement processes.

Overall, this study provided a holistic assessment of e-procurement’s impact on supply chain efficiency within

Kakamega County Government Ministries. It encompassed ICT training, technological applications, and the

multifaceted challenges of implementation, contributing valuable insights to the evolving discourse on supply

chain management and technological integration in public governance.

Justification of the Study

This study addressed critical operational challenges within Kakamega County Government Ministries' supply

chain processes, which are essential for delivering public services efficiently. Persistent inefficiencies in

procurement and distribution had hindered timely service delivery, ultimately affecting overall service quality.

By examining the impact of e-procurement systems, the study sought to leverage modern technology’s

transformative potential to enhance public sector operations. Focusing on key ministries, it assessed the

relationship between technology adoption and supply chain improvement, providing practical recommendations

for effective governance and service optimization.

The research adopted a qualitative approach, incorporating semi-structured interviews, observations, and

document analysis. Qualitative research allows for an in-depth exploration of real-world issues by capturing

subjective experiences, perspectives, and interpretations of those directly involved. A purposive sample of 10

participants, including procurement officers, prequalified suppliers, IT specialists, Chief Officers, and a

Minister, was selected to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This approach facilitated

the capture of detailed insights that quantitative methods might have overlooked.

The study’s scope encompassed evaluating ICT/IT training levels, identifying innovative ICT applications, and

analyzing challenges in the implementation and adoption of e-procurement systems. Rooted in the specific

context of Kakamega County, the research provided valuable insights for both theoretical advancement and

practical application, demonstrating e-procurement’s transformative potential in optimizing supply chain

processes within government ministries.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study encapsulated the interplay of variables that influenced the diffusion of

e-procurement systems and their impact on supply chain efficiency within Kakamega County Government

Ministries. A conceptual framework serves as a theoretical model that provides a foundation for understanding,

analyzing, and interpreting complex phenomena. It outlines the key concepts, variables, relationships, and

Page 2416

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

assumptions underlying a research study.

In this study, the independent variables included factors such as ICT training, procurement innovations, and

implementation challenges, while the dependent variable was supply chain efficiency. The framework illustrated

how the adoption and diffusion of e-procurement systems influenced procurement workflows, service delivery,

and overall operational efficiency. By examining these interconnections, the study provided insights into the role

of technology in transforming procurement processes within Kakamega County Government Ministries.

The conceptual framework of this study examined the diffusion of e-procurement systems and their impact on

supply chain efficiency within Kakamega County Government Ministries. It analyzed three independent

variables: ICT/IT training, ICT innovation application, and implementation challenges, alongside their effect on

supply chain efficiency as the dependent variable. ICT/IT training was assessed through capacity building

initiatives, the recruitment of ICT-skilled personnel, and the overall readiness for e-procurement adoption,

directly addressing the gap in workforce preparedness. ICT innovation application included the utilization of

modern software systems, robust technological infrastructure, and the strategic deployment of various

technologies, aiming to expose and leverage effective tools. Implementation challenges, such as resistance to

change, the complexities of integrating with supplier relationships, infrastructure gaps, and existing policy and

regulatory frameworks, highlighted the real-world barriers to successful adoption. Supply chain efficiency was

measured by streamlined processes, reduced manual intervention, and enhanced accuracy in procurement

operations. By evaluating these relationships, the study provided insights into optimizing procurement processes

and overcoming e-procurement adoption challenges, thereby offering practical solutions to the identified

problem

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

LITERATURE REVIEW

This literature delves into the core of the study's exploration, shedding light on the intricate dimensions that

substantiate the research objectives. Anchored in the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, which emphasizes

the strategic value of internal capabilities such as ICT competencies and innovation capacity, the chapter also

draws upon the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory to contextualize how new technologies are adopted within

public institutions. Specifically, the chapter traverses the realms of ICT/IT training assessment, ICT innovations

Page 2417

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

exposure, and the challenges surrounding the implementation of e-procurement systems in Kakamega County

Government Ministries. By integrating both theoretical lenses, the study not only evaluates the internal resources

and capacity building efforts but also explores the social and organizational processes — including knowledge

dissemination, attitude formation, and decision-making — that influence the uptake and successful

institutionalization of technological innovations. This dual-theory approach facilitates a deeper understanding of

the interplay between technology, innovation readiness, and the systemic barriers to digital transformation in the

public sector.

Resource-Based View (RBV)

The findings of this study align with the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, which provided a theoretical

foundation for understanding the relationship between e-procurement system diffusion and supply chain

efficiency enhancement within Kakamega County Government Ministries. Grant (2021) asserts that sustained

competitive advantage stems from a firm’s unique resources and capabilities, a perspective that resonates with

this study’s findings. The research confirmed that e-procurement systems, when effectively integrated, serve as

valuable technological resources that enhance procurement processes and improve public service delivery. The

study further established that ministries with better adoption of e-procurement technologies demonstrated higher

efficiency levels, reinforcing RBV's assertion that resource utilization fosters strategic advantages.

Building on this, Vitorino Filho and Moori (2020) highlight that RBV theory illuminates the role of technological

resources in driving efficiency improvements, a concept that was evident in the study. The research revealed that

ministries leveraging ICT innovations—such as automated procurement platforms and data-driven decision-

making tools—witnessed enhanced operational efficiency and greater transparency in procurement cycles. This

finding affirms the RBV perspective, which emphasizes that organizations with superior resource deployment

achieve a distinct competitive position. Moreover, the study established that effective ICT training played a

crucial role in optimizing the use of e-procurement systems, echoing RBV's emphasis on capabilities as key

drivers of efficiency.

Additionally, the study confirmed RBV's strategic focus on capabilities, particularly in relation to ICT training

and procurement innovations, as outlined by Yang & Morgan (2011). The research demonstrated that ministries

investing in ICT capacity-building programs developed a more skilled workforce, leading to seamless e-

procurement adoption. This aligns with Mengich et al. (2017), who emphasized the critical role of ICT training

in enhancing e-government implementation. Their study on county governments in Kenya highlighted how

tailored ICT training programs improved digital literacy, fostering more effective adoption of technological

systems. These findings further validate the RBV assertion that an organization’s ability to cultivate and utilize

its unique resources—such as technological expertise and digital infrastructure—determines its competitive

advantage.

Ultimately, this study reaffirmed the RBV theory as a crucial framework for understanding e-procurement

system diffusion and its impact on supply chain efficiency. The alignment of RBV principles with the study's

findings underscores the transformative potential of e-procurement as a strategic resource, optimizing

procurement processes within Kakamega County Government Ministries. By applying this theoretical lens, the

research has contributed to the scholarly discourse on public sector digital transformation, offering practical

insights for policymakers and supply chain professionals seeking to enhance efficiency, transparency, and

accountability through e-procurement adoption.

Assessing ICT/IT Training in Kakamega County Government

The assessment of ICT/IT training within Kakamega County Government highlights its pivotal role in facilitating

the adoption and utilization of e-procurement systems. As governments worldwide embrace digital

transformation, the technological competence of their workforce emerges as a crucial determinant of success. A

well-trained workforce ensures efficient resource allocation, reduced procurement delays, and enhanced

transparency. Without adequate training, procurement officers may struggle with system integration, leading to

inefficiencies in public service delivery (Harrigan et al., 2008). This study underscores the need for

comprehensive ICT/IT training programs that empower government personnel to navigate e-procurement

Page 2418

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

systems effectively.

The study affirms that the depth of ICT/IT training directly influences e-procurement system efficiency. Mola

et al. (2010) argue that a proficient workforce not only operates but also optimizes technological resources for

better functionality. The research reveals that procurement managers with advanced ICT knowledge tailor e-

procurement systems to county-specific needs, streamlining procurement processes and enhancing efficiency.

Without this expertise, officials may underutilize the system’s capabilities, missing opportunities for automation

and data-driven decision-making.

Furthermore, ICT/IT training fosters innovation within government institutions by equipping employees with

technological problem-solving skills. For instance, a purchasing agent trained in data analytics can leverage

technology to forecast demand trends and negotiate better procurement terms, resulting in cost savings and

resource optimization (Mabhodha & Choga, 2021). However, disparities in skill distribution remain a challenge.

Njagi (2018) notes that ICT training is often concentrated in specific departments, creating a digital divide among

employees. Ensuring equitable access to training across all administrative levels enhances collective efficiency,

enabling all personnel to contribute to digital transformation.

The study further highlights the need for continuous assessment and improvement of training methodologies.

Abdullahi & Mohamud (2023) emphasize the role of real-time data access in decision-making, reinforcing the

importance of systematic training evaluation. To ensure sustained impact, Kakamega County Government must

implement monitoring frameworks measuring system utilization, processing efficiency, and user satisfaction.

Regular assessments will help identify training gaps and adjust programs to align with emerging procurement

technologies.

Beyond initial training, a culture of lifelong learning is essential for technology adoption sustainability.

Encouraging ongoing certifications, workshops, and incentives for innovation keeps the workforce updated with

emerging digital trends. Recognizing employees for creative solutions fosters motivation and engagement,

ensuring that e-procurement systems evolve alongside technological advancements. This proactive approach

positions Kakamega County Government as a leader in digital governance, reinforcing public trust, service

efficiency, and investment attractiveness affirmed by Mabhodha & Choga, (2021).

The assessment of ICT/IT training within Kakamega County Government reveals its transformative impact on

e-procurement adoption and supply chain efficiency. Training programs enhance system navigation, optimize

processes, and bridge digital disparities while fostering a culture of innovation. Real-world examples illustrate

that technologically proficient employees can drive process improvements and governance transparency. As

digital advancements continue, ongoing training and strategic investment in ICT skills will be crucial in

unlocking the full potential of e-procurement systems, ensuring sustainable and efficient public administration.

Exposing ICT Innovations in Kakamega County Government Ministries

The exploration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations within Kakamega County

Government Ministries ventures into a realm of dynamic transformations that hold the promise of revolutionizing

procurement-related activities. This section examines the multifaceted landscape of ICT innovations, analyzing

their applications, implications, and real-world manifestations within the context of government ministries.

Neirotti and Pesce (2019) observe that ICT innovations, ranging from digital platforms to data analytics tools,

serve as technological catalysts that enhance efficiency across various governmental functions. For instance, a

procurement officer managing inventory for the Ministry of Agriculture benefits from the adoption of a robust

Inventory Management System powered by RFID technology. This system enables real-time tracking of

resources, minimizes wastage, and streamlines reordering processes. Such innovations bridge gaps in

information flow, ensuring optimal resource utilization and timely replenishment (June et al., 2010). By

analyzing these ICT innovations, this study underscores their role in improving efficiency within government

ministries.

The transition from intuition-based decision-making to data-driven insights is another significant outcome of

Page 2419

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

ICT innovations. The Ministry of Education, for instance, leverages Big Data analytics to analyze student

enrollment trends, facilitating evidence-based resource allocation. This data-driven approach mitigates resource

misallocation and empowers administrators to optimize budget allocations and prioritize educational initiatives

where they are most needed. The analysis of ICT innovations in this context highlights their capacity to equip

ministries with the necessary tools to navigate complex challenges through informed decision-making.

Innovations such as e-government platforms and online portals redefine the relationship between government

and citizens. Within the Ministry of Social Services, for example, an online portal allows citizens to apply for

social welfare programs seamlessly. This exemplifies how ICT innovations foster citizen engagement by

simplifying bureaucratic processes, enhancing access to services, and promoting transparency. Adam and

Fazekas (2021) assert that these technological advancements transcend bureaucratic barriers, enhancing citizen-

government interactions.

The integration of e-procurement systems within the Ministry of Youth and Sport illustrates how ICT

innovations elevate traditional procurement processes. These systems automate workflows, from tendering to

contract management, reducing manual errors and ensuring compliance. By analyzing such innovations, this

study highlights how technology transforms procurement from a conventional paperwork-heavy process to an

agile and accurate system that optimizes resource utilization and minimizes corruption risks.

Despite their potential, ICT innovations also encounter significant challenges. Understanding these challenges,

such as inadequate infrastructure and resistance to change, is crucial for a comprehensive analysis. For instance,

the introduction of e-procurement systems may face resistance from employees accustomed to traditional

methods. Ntorukiri et al. (2022) emphasize the importance of addressing such resistance to fully harness the

benefits of ICT innovations. This study examines these challenges in detail, shedding light on potential hurdles

ministries must navigate to achieve successful ICT integration.

ICT innovations also strengthen the county government’s resilience, particularly in times of crisis. During natural

disasters, a robust Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated within emergency services enhances disaster

response and resource allocation. By examining these applications, this study highlights the role of ICT

innovations in disaster preparedness. This proactive approach not only improves disaster management but also

ensures that Kakamega County Government can respond swiftly and effectively to unforeseen challenges,

safeguarding both lives and resources.

Etim (2021) underscores the importance of inclusivity in technology adoption, arguing that while digital tools

empower many, they also risk exacerbating existing disparities. For instance, if the Ministry of Cooperatives

implements a mobile app for cooperative members' interaction, it must ensure accessibility for all users,

regardless of their technological proficiency. By addressing this aspect, the study acknowledges the need to

bridge the digital divide and promote equitable access to ICT innovations.

The synergy between ministries facilitated by ICT innovations is another transformative aspect. If the Ministry

of Education implements a centralized digital learning platform, collaboration with the Ministry of Science and

Technology can enhance its features using innovative technologies. Exploring these collaborative possibilities

reveals a networked approach to governance. By fostering inter-ministerial synergy, Kakamega County

Government can amplify the impact of ICT innovations, creating an ecosystem where ministries work

cohesively, sharing knowledge and resources. This collaborative approach not only optimizes the use of

technologies but also fosters a culture of innovation and continuous improvement within the government.

Matteucci et al. (2022) argue that analyzing ICT innovations also involves evaluating their alignment with

strategic goals and their potential to shape the future of government operations. Ministries must strategically

select innovations that align with their objectives and priorities. For instance, if the Ministry of Science and

Technology adopts a cloud-based document management system, it must assess how this innovation fits within

its broader digital transformation strategy. Analyzing the strategic alignment of these innovations provides

insights into their role in shaping the future trajectory of ministries.

While ICT innovations offer transformative potential, their implementation faces hurdle such as limited financial

Page 2420

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

resources and cybersecurity concerns. Ministries may also encounter resistance from employees unfamiliar with

digital tools. By exploring these barriers in detail, this study acknowledges their existence and proposes strategic

solutions. Identifying and addressing these challenges enables Kakamega County Government to facilitate a

smoother adoption process, ensuring that ICT innovations are seamlessly integrated into governmental

operations.

The exposure of ICT innovations within Kakamega County Government Ministries uncovers a spectrum of

transformative possibilities that extend beyond mere technological implementations. By examining the

applications, implications, and challenges of these innovations, this study highlights their role in enhancing

efficiency, fostering citizen engagement, optimizing procurement, and driving strategic transformation. Real-

world examples illustrate how these innovations move beyond theoretical concepts to create tangible

improvements across ministries. As this study navigates the complexities of ICT innovations, it provides a

comprehensive understanding of how these technologies redefine government operations, paving the way for

streamlined processes, data-driven decision-making, and an empowered citizenry.

Investigating Challenges in E-Procurement System Implementation

The investigation into the challenges encountered during the implementation of e-procurement systems within

Kakamega County Government Ministries provides a comprehensive analysis of technological integration. This

section examines these challenges by exploring their origins, implications, and practical occurrences within

government ministries.

One of the primary challenges in e-procurement system implementation involves managing change and

addressing cultural resistance. Traditional procurement methods are characterized by manual paperwork and

established routines. The introduction of e-procurement systems necessitates a significant transformation,

requiring employees to adapt to new workflows and digital interfaces. Abu Bakar et al. (2016) highlight that

such transitions often encounter resistance due to employees' familiarity with traditional approaches. For

instance, the Ministry of Education's shift from manual bid submissions to an online e-tendering platform

demands procurement officers to adjust to a digitized bid submission process. Addressing this challenge

necessitates strategic change management approaches that accommodate cultural sensitivities and facilitate

employee adaptation to the new technological landscape.

The study further identifies the critical role of technological infrastructure and integration in e-procurement

system implementation. Rizki (2019) notes that while e-procurement systems offer numerous benefits, their

seamless incorporation within existing technological frameworks poses significant challenges. For example, if

the Ministry of Agriculture introduces an e-procurement system to manage farm equipment procurement, it must

ensure compatibility with its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. This highlights the need for

technological interoperability, data synchronization, and the development of an integrated digital ecosystem.

Capacity building and training emerge as essential factors in ensuring the successful implementation of e-

procurement systems. Adjei-Bamfo et al. (2019) emphasize that the effectiveness of these systems relies on the

competency of the workforce in utilizing them efficiently. In the Ministry of Social Services, for instance, the

adoption of e-procurement for managing social welfare program supplies requires comprehensive employee

training to prevent errors and inefficiencies. Kissi et al. (2016) advocate for tailored training initiatives that

empower employees with the necessary skills to leverage e-procurement systems effectively.

Another significant challenge pertains to data security and privacy concerns. As e-procurement systems involve

the digital exchange of sensitive procurement information, Thio-ac (2019) underscores the need for robust

cybersecurity frameworks. Within the Ministry of Cooperatives, where e-procurement systems handle

cooperative member transactions, ensuring data protection is vital in maintaining trust among stakeholders. This

underscores the importance of stringent cybersecurity protocols, encryption mechanisms, and adherence to data

protection regulations.

Resistance to change and user acceptance also present notable obstacles in e-procurement implementation.

Mohungoo et al. (2020) discuss how employees who are accustomed to conventional procurement practices may

Page 2421

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

be hesitant to embrace new technological solutions. In the Ministry of Youth and Sport, for example,

procurement officers accustomed to manual purchase order generation may resist the transition to automated e-

procurement due to job security concerns or unfamiliarity with digital tools. Addressing this challenge requires

clear communication, structured training programs, and incentives to encourage employees to perceive e-

procurement systems as enablers of efficiency rather than threats to job stability.

Additionally, the success of e-procurement systems is contingent upon vendor engagement and collaboration.

Singh and Chan (2022) argue that effective implementation extends beyond internal adaptation and necessitates

the participation of external stakeholders. In the case of the Ministry of Agriculture, suppliers unfamiliar with

digital procurement processes may experience delays and miscommunications, hindering procurement

efficiency. This underscores the importance of proactive supplier engagement, transparent communication, and

collaborative efforts between ministries and vendors to facilitate seamless interactions.

The findings from this study reveal that overcoming resistance and cultivating an environment conducive to

technological transformation is pivotal to the successful integration of e-procurement systems. The Ministry of

Education’s adoption of e-procurement for textbook procurement, for instance, requires addressing resistance

through comprehensive training, open communication, and demonstrable benefits of the system. This highlights

the role of change champions within ministries who advocate for digital transformation and inspire others to

embrace technological advancements.

The investigation into the challenges of e-procurement implementation underscores the complexity of the

transition process. From change management to data security, these challenges illustrate that e-procurement

adoption is a continuous journey rather than a one-time event. Real-world cases demonstrate how ministries

navigate resistance, infrastructure limitations, and the necessity for capacity building. By delving into these

challenges, this study provides practical insights that extend beyond theoretical perspectives, guiding

governments in fostering a conducive environment for e-procurement adoption while enhancing efficiency and

transparency.

The literature review illuminates the theoretical landscape that supports the study's objectives, as it grounds itself

in the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. This theoretical anchor sets the stage for the multifaceted analysis

that follows. The exploration of ICT/IT training's significance within Kakamega County Government Ministries

underscores its role as a pivotal resource for technology assimilation. Real-world examples showcase how well-

trained employees are crucial in optimizing e-procurement systems, enabling resourceful decision-making, and

fostering innovation. Moving further, the chapter exposes the spectrum of ICT innovations within government

ministries. These innovations, ranging from data analytics tools to online portals, revolutionize operations and

foster citizen engagement. Practical instances demonstrate how technology-driven systems enhance procurement

processes, resource allocation, and decision-making. The chapter then delves deep into the challenges

encountered during e-procurement system implementation, revealing the necessity for change management,

technological compatibility, capacity building, data security, and stakeholder engagement. Real-world scenarios

exemplify how ministries navigate resistance, infrastructure limitations, and the need for comprehensive

training. As the chapter concludes, it leaves a trail of insights into the complexities and potentials of ICT-driven

transformations, paving the way for a holistic understanding of the intricate dynamics at play.

METHODOLOGY

The methodology elucidates the methodological approach devised to accomplish the research objectives. It

provides an exhaustive exposition of the research design, target population, sampling techniques, data collection

methods, and data analysis strategies that intricately guide the inquiry into the diffusion of e-procurement

systems and their consequential impact on supply chain efficiency within the ministries of the Kakamega County

Government. Each method's selection and application are underpinned by the imperative need to ensure the

study's findings' validity, trustworthiness, and comprehensiveness.

Research Design

This study employed a qualitative case study design to comprehensively investigate the effects of e-procurement

Page 2422

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

systems on supply chain efficiency within Kakamega County Government Ministries. A qualitative case study

design is a research methodology used to explore and understand complex phenomena in real-world contexts. It

involves an in-depth examination of a specific case or cases (such as an organization, event, program, or

individual) to gain comprehensive insights into the underlying processes, behaviors, and experiences. This

research design resonates with the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and Diffusion of Innovation (DOI)

theory, and is harmoniously aligned with the study's overarching objectives. The case study approach offers a

profound exploration of the multifaceted impacts of e-procurement systems within the specific context of three

pivotal ministries: Social Services, Youth, and Sport; Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and

Education, Science, and Technology. This design was chosen for its ability to provide rich, in-depth data that

can explain complex 'how' and 'why' questions about the adoption and implementation of e-procurement in a

specific organizational setting, rather than just identifying correlations or frequencies.

Study Area

The study unfolds within the administrative boundaries of Kakamega County, Kenya—a dynamic region

characterized by a blend of urban and rural settings, encompassing a spectrum of socio-economic, cultural, and

governance dynamics. Specifically, the study centers its focus on selected ministries within the Kakamega

County Government, namely the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport; Agriculture, Livestock,

Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and Education, Science, and Technology. These ministries intricately contribute to

the county's socio-economic development, rendering them pertinent units of analysis for scrutinizing the

diffusion of e-procurement systems and their influence on supply chain efficiency. Focusing on these specific

ministries allows for a granular understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities faced within different

operational contexts of the county government.

Theoretical Underpinnings

The study is primarily anchored in the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and complemented by insights from

the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory.

A. Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory

The Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, primarily championed by Jay Barney (1991) and Wernerfelt (1984),

posits that a firm's sustainable competitive advantage stems from its unique internal resources and capabilities

that are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (VRIN). In the context of this study, e-procurement

systems are considered a critical technological resource that, when effectively adopted and utilized, can provide

Kakamega County Government Ministries with a competitive advantage in terms of enhanced supply chain

efficiency, transparency, and accountability. The RBV is relevant because it allows us to analyze how these

ministries leverage e-procurement as a strategic resource to improve their internal processes and service delivery.

For instance, the successful implementation of e-procurement can be seen as developing an inimitable capability

that streamlines workflows, reduces costs, and improves stakeholder relations, thereby contributing to the county

government's overall effectiveness in public service provision. The theory helps explain how and why certain

ministries might achieve greater efficiency gains through e-procurement than others, depending on how they

develop and integrate this valuable resource.

B. Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory

Complementing RBV, the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, developed by Everett Rogers (1962), provides

a framework for understanding how new ideas, practices, or technologies spread through a social system. This

theory is particularly relevant as it helps explain the process of e-procurement system adoption and diffusion

within the various ministries. DOI identifies key attributes of an innovation (relative advantage, compatibility,

complexity, trialability, observability) and characteristics of adopters (innovators, early adopters, early majority,

late majority, laggards) that influence its rate of adoption. By applying DOI, the study explores factors such as

the perceived benefits of e-procurement (relative advantage), its fit with existing procurement practices

(compatibility), ease of use (complexity), opportunities for piloting (trialability), and visibility of results

(observability) in shaping its spread within Kakamega County Government. This theoretical lens is crucial for

Page 2423

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

understanding the challenges of implementation, such as resistance to change, and for identifying strategies to

accelerate the adoption process by understanding the dynamics of how this new technology is perceived and

embraced by different stakeholders. This study does not attempt theory triangulation but rather uses DOI as a

complementary lens to explain the process of diffusion, while RBV focuses on the value derived from the

diffused innovation.

Participants

Participants in this study were purposefully selected based on their direct involvement and experience with e-

procurement systems within the Kakamega County Government. The selection was driven by the nature of the

research, which sought to explore experiences, perceptions, and challenges related to the implementation of e-

procurement in enhancing supply chain efficiency.

Unlike quantitative studies that prioritize large sample sizes for statistical significance, this qualitative study

emphasized depth over breadth. The study comprised 10 participants, strategically drawn from three key

ministries:

1. Ministry of Social Services, Youth, and Sport.

2. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries.

3. Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology.

The participants were drawn from various roles that interact with procurement processes, ensuring a holistic

representation of the e-procurement landscape. These roles included:

1. 3 Procurement Officers,

2. 2 Pre-qualified Suppliers,

3. 2 IT Specialists,

4. 2 Chief Officers, and

5. 1 Minister.

This composition was designed to ensure broad-based insights from both the implementers and external

stakeholders of the procurement process. The participants represented varying levels of responsibility and

expertise within the procurement domain, thus facilitating a comprehensive understanding of how e-procurement

systems influence supply chain operations. Their inclusion aligned with the study’s qualitative nature, which

prioritized nuanced, experience-based data over numerical generalization.

The selection of these participants enabled the research to capture detailed and context-rich information,

consistent with the study’s objectives to assess system effectiveness, identify operational bottlenecks, and

evaluate user perceptions within the evolving e-procurement environment.

Sampling Method

To ensure an all-encompassing analysis of the study's objectives, a purposive sampling strategy was employed.

This strategy affords the selection of participants endowed with pertinent knowledge and experience, impeccably

aligning with their specific roles within the ministries. This selection approach guaranteed that the participants

were substantially involved in the utilization of e-procurement systems and were aptly positioned to provide

profound insights into their effectiveness.

Engaging a total of 10 participants, spanning 3 procurement officers, 2 prequalified suppliers, 2 IT specialists, 2

Chief Officers, and 1 Minister, representing diverse responsibility levels across the three ministries, underscored

Page 2424

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

the research's granularity and manageability. This stratagem permitted an in-depth exploration while forestalling

an excessively protracted data collection process that could compromise the depth of analysis. The deliberate

inclusion of numerous roles within each ministry assured a well-rounded perspective on the diffusion of e-

procurement systems and their implications for supply chain efficiency. This sample size was determined to be

adequate for achieving data saturation, where no new themes or insights emerged from subsequent interviews,

which was observed after the sixth interview in this study.

Here's a graphical representation of your participant distribution and research approach. It visually

communicates:

1. The diversity of roles involved.

2. The total number of participants.

3. That data saturation was achieved early.

4. That the scope remained both in-depth and manageable.

Figure 2: Participant Distribution in E-Procurement System Research

Data Collection

1) Sources of Data

The primary data sources for this study comprised qualitative information gleaned through semi-structured

interviews and document analysis. Semi-structured interviews are a qualitative research method that combines

elements of both structured and unstructured interviews. In a semi-structured interview, the researcher has a set

of predetermined questions or topics, but there is flexibility in how the questions are asked and the direction of

the conversation. This allowed for a more in-depth exploration of the participant's perspectives, experiences, and

insights. Semi-structured interviews furnished a platform for profound discussions with the 10 participants.

These interviews, conducted within the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport; Agriculture, Livestock,

Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and Education, Science, and Technology in Kakamega County Government,

enabled a comprehensive exploration of their perceptions, experiences, and insights concerning e-procurement

adoption and supply chain efficiency. Additionally, pertinent documents such as procurement policies, reports,

and communication records were scrutinized to corroborate and contextualize the insights garnered from the

interviews.

2) Data Collection Procedure

Given the qualitative nature of the study, the principal data sources were the individuals holding key roles within

the three ministries of focus. A purposive sampling strategy was employed to select participants endowed with

rich and relevant experiences in the utilization of e-procurement systems. This approach ascertains that the

insights garnered were both meaningful and representative of the phenomenon under study.

Page 2425

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

The data collection process encompassed a multifaceted approach to capture a holistic understanding of the

research objectives. Semi-structured interviews constituted a substantial component, providing a platform for

participants to expound upon their experiences, perspectives, and insights concerning e-procurement systems

and their impact on supply chain efficiency. All interviews were digitally recorded with consent and later

transcribed verbatim. The transcripts of these interviews form a critical part of the raw data (see Appendix D).

Moreover, observations were conducted to provide contextual insights into the practical implementation of e-

procurement processes within the ministries. These observations facilitated an in-depth comprehension of the

day-to-day operational dynamics and potential bottlenecks. An observation checklist was developed and utilized

to systematically record key aspects of e-procurement usage, user interactions, technical infrastructure, and

workflow patterns. Data from the observation checklist (see Appendix E) included notes on system uptime, user

proficiency, common errors, and physical infrastructure limitations. The results from the observation checklist

provided empirical evidence to corroborate or contradict interview data, enhancing the credibility of the findings

(e.g., observing slow internet speeds confirming participant complaints about connectivity issues).

Furthermore, document analysis complemented the primary data collection methods. By scrupulously

scrutinizing pertinent documents such as procurement reports, process documentation, and training materials, a

comprehensive overview of the diffusion of e-procurement systems and their implications for supply chain

efficiency was synthesized. The integration of multiple data sources augmented the richness and depth of the

study's findings, providing a comprehensive perspective on the research problem. It is important to note that

while initial conceptualization might have considered questionnaires, based on the qualitative design and the

need for in-depth understanding, no questionnaires were actually deployed as a data collection method. The

focus remained strictly on interviews and observations to capture the nuances of human experience and

organizational processes.

Validity and Trustworthiness

To fortify the validity and trustworthiness of the study, several measures were put into effect. Validity and

trustworthiness are crucial aspects of research methodology, especially in qualitative research. They were key

factors in ensuring that the findings and conclusions of a study are accurate, reliable, and credible. Piloting of

the interview questions and data collection methods was executed with two non-study participants to ensure

precision, clarity, and relevance, leading to minor refinements in question phrasing. Member checking, involving

the validation of themes and interpretations with selected participants after initial analysis, further heightened

the credibility of the collected data by ensuring that the researcher's understanding aligned with the participants'

experiences. Triangulation, achieved by cross-referencing data from varied sources (interviews, observations,

documents), contributed substantively to the trustworthiness of the study's findings. For example, participant

accounts of system glitches were cross-verified with IT department reports and observed system behavior. These

rigorous measures were crucial in enhancing the overall credibility of the project.

Data Analysis

The qualitative data harvested from semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis underwent

a rigorous thematic analysis. This analytical process entailed a systematic identification of patterns, themes, and

recurring concepts within the amassed data. The principal aim was to distill the multifarious information into

coherent and meaningful themes that are expressly responsive to the study's objectives. The analysis conducted

involved a detailed review of transcriptions, observation notes, and pertinent documents.

The thematic analysis process followed a six-phase approach as outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006):

1. Familiarizing with the data: This involved transcribing interviews, reading and re-reading transcripts,

and reviewing observation notes and documents to gain a deep understanding of the dataset.

2. Generating initial codes: During this phase, the researcher systematically worked through the entire

dataset, coding interesting features of the data that appeared relevant to the research questions. This

involved open coding, where segments of text were tagged with descriptive labels. For example,

Page 2426

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

interview segments discussing slow internet were coded as "connectivity issues," while those

mentioning lack of computer skills were coded as "user competency gaps."

3. Searching for themes: Codes were then grouped into potential themes based on their conceptual

similarity and underlying patterns. For instance, codes like "connectivity issues," "outdated hardware,"

and "power outages" might coalesce under a broader theme of "Infrastructure Gaps."

4. Reviewing themes: This phase involved refining the themes. Themes were checked against the coded

extracts and the entire dataset to ensure they accurately reflected the data and were distinct from each

other. Sub-themes were also identified.

5. Defining and naming themes: Each theme was then clearly defined, articulating what aspect of the data

it represented and why it was important. A coding manual was developed concurrently, providing

detailed definitions for each code and theme, along with examples of text segments that fit into them.

This manual ensured consistency in coding and facilitated the interpretation of findings.

6. Producing the report: The final step involved weaving the thematic analysis into a coherent narrative

that directly addressed the research questions.

Initial codes generated included: 'User Training Needs', 'System Speed', 'Procurement Delays', 'Supplier

Onboarding', 'Resistance to New System', 'Blockchain Interest', 'Mobile App Use', 'Paperwork Reduction',

'Cybersecurity Concerns', 'Policy Gaps', 'Budget Constraints', 'Transparency Gains'. These codes were derived

directly from the qualitative data.

From these codes, the following major themes emerged, which directly corresponded to the study's objectives:

1. Theme 1: Current State of ICT/IT Training and Competency: This theme captured participants'

experiences and perceptions regarding the adequacy, accessibility, and impact of ICT training for

government employees, and the overall digital literacy levels.

2. Theme 2: Adoption and Application of ICT Innovations: This theme explored the specific e-procurement

systems and other ICT tools currently in use, their functionalities, perceived benefits, and opportunities

for further technological integration (e.g., mobile apps, blockchain).

3. Theme 3: Implementation Challenges and Enablers: This theme encompassed the various hurdles faced

during e-procurement adoption (e.g., technical glitches, user resistance, inadequate infrastructure, policy

issues) as well as factors that facilitated successful implementation.

4. Theme 4: Impact on Supply Chain Efficiency, Governance, and Transparency: This overarching theme

synthesized how the diffusion of e-procurement influenced workflow streamlining, reduction in manual

processes, improved record-keeping, accountability, and the transparency of procurement activities.

Figure 3: Distribution of Themes in ICT-Driven Thematic Analysis

Data Presentation

The research findings were conveyed through a cohesive narrative that adeptly encapsulates the intricacies and

complexities of the research objectives. The presentation encompassed organized thematic summaries

extrapolated from the data analysis. These summaries vividly delineated the perspectives, experiences, and

Page 2427

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

insights of the 10 participants—3 procurement officers, 2 prequalified suppliers, 2 IT specialists, 2 Chief

Officers, and 1 Minister—spanning diverse levels of responsibility across the three ministries. Direct quotes and

illustrative examples from interviews were seamlessly integrated to furnish a compelling portrayal of the

participants' viewpoints.

A virtual presentation of the thematic analysis was incorporated, utilizing tables and descriptive summaries for

each theme to clearly present findings. For instance, under "Theme 1: Current State of ICT/IT Training," a table

summarized the reported frequency and type of training received by participants, complemented by quotes

illustrating the perceived impact or deficiency. Similarly, for "Theme 2: Adoption and Application of ICT

Innovations," a summary detailed the specific software systems and technologies mentioned, with quotes

highlighting perceived advantages or limitations. This structured approach, combined with direct quotes and

summarized observations, ensured a clear and comprehensive presentation of the data, organized according to

the identified themes. The data presentation adhered to a logical progression, synchronized with the research

objectives, thereby contributing to a holistic understanding of the e-procurement adoption process and its

consequential impact on supply chain efficiency.

Figure 4: ·Theme 1- Current State of ICT/IT Training shows the distribution of training types received

by participants.

Figure 5: Theme 2-Adoption and Application of ICT Innovations illustrate the spread of technologies

adopted, such as e-procurement systems and ERP tools.

Research Ethics

Ethical considerations underpinned every facet of the research, affirming the well-being and rights of all

participants. Research ethics are fundamental principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of research

involving human participants. They ensured that research is conducted with integrity, respect for the rights and

Page 2428

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

well-being of participants, and in a manner that upholds ethical standards. The study solicited informed consent

from participants prior to conducting interviews, delineating the purpose, procedures, and potential risks of the

research. Confidentiality and anonymity were scrupulously upheld, with participants' identities safeguarded

through pseudonyms. The study dutifully adhered to ethical guidelines, embracing the principles of voluntary

participation, beneficence, and respect for autonomy. Any potential conflicts of interest were forthrightly

disclosed and managed with transparency. The research accorded priority to the ethical collection, handling, and

storage of data, operating in strict accordance with legal and institutional standards. Consequently, the study

aspired to uphold the highest ethical standards and contribute substantively to the cultivation of responsible and

accountable research practices within the sphere of e-procurement adoption and supply chain efficiency.

RESULTS

The results present the study’s results, providing an in-depth understanding of how e-procurement systems

impact supply chain efficiency within the Kakamega County Government. To gain comprehensive insights,

interviews were conducted with key stakeholders from the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport;

Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and Education, Science, and Technology. The researcher

rigorously analyzed various internal documents (e.g., training manuals, procurement reports, system logs) and

conducted observations to thoroughly explore participants' perspectives and contextualize the interview data.

The chapter focuses on key aspects outlined in the interview protocol and thematic analysis: the current level of

ICT/IT training among the workforce, the exposure to and application of ICT innovations in procurement, the

challenges faced during e-procurement adoption, and the overall effects on supply chain efficiency, governance,

and transparency. The findings are organized thematically to facilitate a clear discussion of each ministry’s

unique experiences and challenges. To enhance authenticity and provide direct evidence, verbatim quotes from

participants are included. Moreover, insights from document analysis and observations complement the

interview data, offering a rounded view of e-procurement practices within the county government. This chapter

contributes valuable knowledge to our understanding of e-procurement adoption in public sector organizations,

particularly within the context of a developing economy like Kenya, by offering a nuanced analysis of both

transformative effects and the complexities encountered by Kakamega County Government during their

procurement processes.

Background of the Study Participants

In this research study, we explored how e-procurement systems impact the efficiency of the supply chain in

Kakamega County Government. An innovative approach was taken to delve into the intricacies of this

phenomenon. To gain a nuanced understanding of real-world contexts, a qualitative case study methodology was

employed. There were ten stakeholders participating in the study, representing various roles within the Ministries

of Social Services, Youth, and Sport; Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and Education,

Science, and Technology. These participants brought a wealth of experience and expertise to the research. They

included procurement officers, prequalified suppliers, IT specialists, Chief Officers, and even a Minister. Their

diverse perspectives were invaluable in addressing inquiries outlined in our interview protocol.

The qualitative nature of the study allowed for a deep understanding of participants' experiences, perceptions,

and challenges related to e-procurement systems. To ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of their identities

while presenting their insights effectively, pseudonyms (Participant A, Participant B, etc.) were assigned to each

participant. This approach brought a sense of depth and richness to the findings, providing a comprehensive

understanding of the e-procurement landscape within Kakamega County Government. The study involved

participants with diverse professional backgrounds and genders who shared their insights through semi-

structured interviews. These interviews allowed participants to discuss their proficiency in using e-procurement

systems, the alignment of these systems with ICT/IT training, the impact of ICT innovations, and the challenges

encountered during adoption. Furthermore, the interviews explored how e-procurement has influenced supply

chain efficiency by focusing on improved timelines, data accuracy, transparency, and accountability in

procurement processes.

Throughout the research process, participants' concerns were addressed and understood to foster an environment

Page 2429

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

of openness and trust. The data collection was meticulous, ensuring thorough exploration and documentation of

each participant’s viewpoint. By incorporating quotes from participants, as emphasized in the research approach,

authenticity and depth were added to our results. By combining quotes and analyzing documents, a detailed

narrative was developed that highlights the intricate relationship between e-procurement systems, ICT/IT skills,

and the effectiveness of the supply chain in the county government. This unique and insightful qualitative

research approach served as a foundation for examining how e-procurement systems impact supply chain

efficiency in Kakamega County Government. Through employing robust reporting techniques and using

pseudonyms to protect identities, this study successfully captured the nuanced perspectives of participants,

providing valuable insights into the adoption of e-procurement in public sector organizations.

Study Findings

Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The study involved 10 participants strategically selected from key ministries within Kakamega County

Government, encompassing a range of roles crucial to the e-procurement ecosystem.

Procurement Officers

Participant A (Lugari Constituency): With 2 years of experience, Participant A is a seasoned procurement

expert working in the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport. They provide valuable insights into the

practical impacts of e-procurement tools, emphasizing efficiency within their constituency.

Participant B (Likuyani Constituency): Having worked for 3 years in the Agriculture, Livestock,

Cooperatives, and Fisheries Ministries, Participant B brings extensive knowledge to the table. They offer

nuanced perspectives on the day-to-day challenges and benefits associated with e-procurement implementation

in their constituency.

Participant C (Malava Constituency): Participant C, employed for 3 years in the Ministries of Fisheries and

Education, Science, and Technology, is a key player in e-procurement utilization. Their expertise sheds light

on the intricacies of implementing e-procurement tools within the specific context of Malava Constituency.

Prequalified Suppliers

Participant D (Navakholo Constituency): A prequalified supplier with 4 years of experience, Participant D

operates within the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport. They provide valuable supplier insights,

emphasizing the supplier-government interactions and the impact of e-procurement on business transactions.

Participant J (Mumias East Constituency): Participant J, a prequalified supplier with 6 years of experience,

engages in business transactions with the Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries.

They offer a unique perspective from the supplier side, highlighting the challenges and improvements in

procurement processes through e-procurement initiatives.

IT Specialists

Participant E (Lurambi Constituency): With 5 years of experience, Participant E is an IT specialist affiliated

with the Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries. Their role involves ensuring

seamless integration of e-procurement systems, emphasizing the technical challenges and successes in their

constituency.

Participant H (Matungu Constituency): An IT specialist with 4 years of experience, Participant H operates

within the Ministries of Education, Science, and Technology. They focus on the technical aspects of e-

procurement implementation, emphasizing system compatibility, software proficiency, and overall ICT

challenges within Matungu Constituency.

Page 2430

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

Chief Officers

Participant F (Mumias West Constituency): As a Chief Officer with 7 years of experience in the Ministries of

Education, Science, and Technology, Participant F offers strategic insights into policy formulation and

decision-making processes related to e-procurement. Their perspectives enrich the study by providing a high-

level organizational view.

Participant G (Mumias East Constituency): Participant G, a Chief Officer with 6 years of experience within the

Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport, offers valuable insights into the organizational challenges

faced during the e-procurement adoption process. Their expertise provides a holistic understanding of the impact

of e-procurement on ministries' operations.

Head of Procurement and Supplies Chain Management Services

Participant I (Ministerial Level): At the ministerial level, Participant I, with 10 years of experience, oversees

e-procurement initiatives across all three ministries. Their role involves high-level decision-making, aligning e-

procurement strategies with broader developmental goals, and ensuring policy coherence and political alignment

for successful implementation. Participant I's perspective provides crucial insights into the macroscopic impact

of e-procurement within Kakamega County Government Ministries.

After evaluating the interviews, the data was rigorously analyzed through thematic analysis, categorized into

four main themes as follows:

1. Theme 1: Assessment of ICT/IT Training

2. Theme 2: Exposure to ICT Innovation Applications

3. Theme 3: Investigation of E-Procurement Adoption Challenges

4. Theme 4: Supply Chain Efficiency, Governance, and Transparency

Theme 1: Assessment of ICT/IT Training

This theme explored the current state of ICT/IT training among the workforce in Kakamega County Government

Ministries, specifically identifying gaps in skills and preparedness for e-procurement system utilization. The

findings revealed that while some staff possess foundational ICT skills, targeted training for e-procurement

systems remains inconsistent and often insufficient, leading to varying levels of user proficiency and impacting

overall system adoption.

In the context of Kakamega County Government Ministries, the seamless integration of e-procurement systems

into daily operations relies heavily on the users' familiarity and proficiency with ICT tools. This crucial aspect

was evident in the experiences shared by Participant A from the Ministry of Social Services, Youth, and Sport.

"E-procurement systems have become integral to our daily operations, and my proficiency in using relevant ICT

tools allows me to navigate these systems seamlessly. However, not everyone in our department has had the

same level of exposure or training, which sometimes creates bottlenecks." – Participant A

When examined alongside the document analysis, it becomes apparent that ministries investing in

comprehensive ICT training programs will witness a significant enhancement in procurement processes.

Documented training modules and guidelines, where they exist, reinforce the participants' testimonies,

emphasizing the pivotal role of user proficiency in maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of e-procurement

platforms. This alignment between firsthand experiences and documented strategies underscores the symbiotic

relationship between user expertise and system functionality, ensuring the successful integration of e-

procurement systems across ministries. Without adequate and continuous training, many users might encounter

Page 2431

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

significant hurdles in adapting to the intricacies of e-procurement systems, potentially leading to operational

inefficiencies and underutilization of system capabilities.

The significance of aligning e-procurement systems with ICT/IT training is paramount for establishing a

cohesive and streamlined procurement environment within Kakamega County Government Ministries.

Participant D, a prequalified supplier from Navakholo Constituency, emphasized this crucial connection, stating,

"The e-procurement system in our interactions with the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport is

generally accessible and aligns with the basic ICT/IT training we’ve received as suppliers. However, if there are

new features or updates, specific training for suppliers is rarely provided, forcing us to learn on the fly." –

Participant D

This insightful observation underscores the harmonious integration of technical proficiency and system usability

from the supplier's perspective. When cross-referenced with the document analysis, which outlines the specific

modules designed to enhance ICT skills in the context of e-procurement for internal staff, a gap is evident: while

internal staff may receive some training, external stakeholders like suppliers often do not receive tailored training

for system updates or advanced features. This deficiency can hinder seamless interaction and broader system

adoption. The documented training materials, where comprehensive, validate the participant's experience by

highlighting the deliberate efforts made by ministries to ensure that the e-procurement systems are user-friendly

and conducive to the existing ICT/IT training. This alignment not only fosters synergy but also optimizes

procurement activities, promoting efficiency and effectiveness across ministries. A comprehensive

understanding of the technology's nuances allows users to tailor the system to meet the unique needs of the

county's procurement landscape. Without proper training, they might fail to leverage the system's customization

capabilities, missing out on opportunities for process streamlining and enhanced efficiency.

Motivations behind the adoption of e-procurement systems illuminate the strategic objectives and training

initiatives within ministries, offering a glimpse into the deliberate efforts made to enhance procurement

processes. Participant F, a Chief Officer from Mumias West Constituency, provided valuable insights into this

strategic approach, stating,

"We adopted e-procurement systems to primarily enhance transparency and efficiency. To achieve this, specific

ICT/IT training goals were set to empower our staff with the necessary skills, though the implementation of

these training programs has faced challenges due to budget constraints and competing priorities." – Participant

This articulate explanation highlights the thoughtful consideration given to aligning technology adoption with

targeted training initiatives. When coupled with the supporting document analysis outlining the intended specific

training goals and modules, Participant F's statement gains substantial weight. However, observation data

revealed that the actual execution of these training goals often falls short, with many staff receiving only

rudimentary or one-off training sessions rather than comprehensive, ongoing development. This gap between

policy and practice in training provision contributes to varied proficiency levels across departments. An in-depth

examination of training initiatives reveals whether all segments of the workforce, from administrative staff to

field workers, have equitable access to skill development opportunities. By ensuring inclusivity, the county

government can unlock the full potential of its workforce, tapping into diverse perspectives for technology-

driven enhancements. Participant F's elucidation, supported by the documentary evidence of planned training,

reinforces the importance of strategic planning and training synchronization in maximizing the benefits of e-

procurement systems across ministries, while also highlighting the practical challenges in achieving this ideal.

The adoption of e-procurement systems exerts a significant influence on ICT/IT training and proficiency levels

among ministry staff, shaping a workforce that is adept at utilizing digital tools for procurement activities.

Participant I, a Minister overseeing e-procurement initiatives, underscored this impact by stating,

Page 2432

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

"Rigorous training programs have been implemented, ensuring that all staff members are well-versed in using

the e-procurement tools. Our commitment is to continue learning, recognizing that technology evolves rapidly

and our workforce must keep pace." – Participant I

This statement highlights the ministry's commitment to continuous learning and skill development, emphasizing

the importance of maintaining a proficient workforce in the ever-changing realm of digital procurement. Beyond

initial training, fostering a culture of continuous learning and innovation is pivotal. The seamless integration of

this participant's insight with supporting document analysis further illuminates this commitment to training. By

examining official training records and manuals, it becomes evident that structured programs have been put in

place, focusing on enhancing staff proficiency in using specific e-procurement tools. These documents outline

the detailed curriculum, including modules on ICT tools, system navigation, and troubleshooting procedures.

This alignment between the Minister's statement and the documented training initiatives reaffirms the ministry's

proactive approach to ensuring staff readiness and proficiency. However, observations suggest that while

policies and documents emphasize rigorous training, the frequency and depth of actual training often depend on

departmental budgets and IT capacity, leading to discrepancies in skill levels across different ministries.

Moreover, the participant's statement resonates with the experiences shared by other ministry staff, as

documented in interviews and corroborated by their testimonials. This consistency across diverse roles within

the ministries solidifies the narrative of a concerted effort to elevate ICT/IT training and proficiency levels.

Participant I's emphasis on rigorous training, substantiated by official training materials and echoed by other

staff members, forms a compelling testament to the ministry's dedication to equipping its workforce with the

necessary skills to navigate e-procurement systems effectively. This holistic view, integrating the participant's

perspective, document analysis, and staff testimonials, underscores the transformative impact of e-procurement

adoption on ICT/IT training within the ministries, while also acknowledging the ongoing need for consistent and

comprehensive training implementation.

Theme 2: Exposure to ICT Innovation Applications

This theme explored the specific ICT innovations and technologies currently being applied within Kakamega

County Government Ministries for procurement-related activities, highlighting their impact on efficiency and

transparency. The findings indicate a nascent but growing adoption of innovative tools, reflecting a recognition

of their potential to modernize public procurement in a developing economy context.

In exploring the exposure to innovative ICT applications integrated into procurement processes, participants

from various ministries shed light on transformative initiatives that have reshaped traditional procurement

practices.

Participant B, a seasoned procurement officer from the Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries

Ministries, highlighted an innovative ICT application:

"We implemented a mobile procurement app that allows suppliers to submit bids and receive real-time updates

on procurement status. This app has streamlined communication and reduced response times significantly,

especially for our suppliers in remote areas who may not have consistent access to desktop computers." –

Participant B

This testimonial demonstrates the implementation of a cutting-edge mobile technology solution, enhancing

supplier engagement and expediting procurement workflows. Such ICT innovations, ranging from digital

platforms to data analytics tools, serve as technological catalysts that amplify efficiency across various

governmental functions. The impact of this innovation is substantiated by procurement reports indicating a

marked reduction in processing times and increased supplier participation, reinforcing the efficacy of ICT-driven

solutions. This mobile application directly addresses a common challenge in developing economies: limited

access to stable internet and desktop computing in rural settings, making procurement more inclusive.

Page 2433

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

Furthermore, Participant E, an IT specialist affiliated with the Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives,

and Fisheries, elaborated on another innovative initiative:

"We introduced blockchain technology on a pilot basis to secure critical procurement data and enhance

transparency for high-value tenders. Blockchain ensures the integrity of transaction records, promoting trust

among stakeholders and minimizing the risk of tampering, which is crucial for preventing corruption." –

Participant E

This insightful revelation showcases the strategic integration of blockchain, a decentralized digital ledger, into

procurement processes. Document analysis corroborates this innovation, revealing detailed implementation

plans, technical specifications, and training modules related to blockchain adoption. This concerted effort

underscores the ministries' commitment to leveraging state-of-the-art ICT solutions to bolster procurement

integrity and stakeholder confidence. The use of blockchain is particularly significant in a context where

transparency and anti-corruption measures are paramount.

These innovative ICT applications have markedly improved procurement processes, as evidenced by

comprehensive data analysis from internal reports. Such innovations bridge gaps in information flow, ensuring

that resources are optimally utilized and replenished promptly. Comparative studies between pre- and post-

implementation periods reveal significant reductions in procurement cycle times, fewer discrepancies in

transaction records, and heightened stakeholder satisfaction. For instance, the mobile app reduced bid submission

times by an average of 30%, and the blockchain pilot showed no instances of data manipulation. Additionally,

qualitative feedback from suppliers and procurement officers echoes the positive impact, emphasizing enhanced

trust, reduced bureaucracy, and increased transparency as key outcomes of these innovations. The exposure of

ICT innovations also underscores the importance of inclusivity in technology adoption, ensuring that even

smaller suppliers or those with limited infrastructure can participate.

In summary, the integration of mobile procurement apps and blockchain technology represents a paradigm shift

in procurement practices within the ministries. Participant testimonials, supported by detailed document analysis

and comprehensive data comparisons, provide a comprehensive view of the transformative power of innovative

ICT applications. These initiatives not only streamline procurement processes but also foster a culture of trust

and transparency, positioning the ministries at the forefront of digital innovation in the public procurement

domain within the specific constraints and opportunities of a developing economy.

Theme 3: Investigation of E-Procurement Adoption Challenges

This theme investigated the main challenges encountered during the implementation and adoption of e-

procurement systems within the specified government ministries, including issues of user resistance,

infrastructure limitations, and policy frameworks that hinder successful integration. The findings highlight the

complexities inherent in digital transformation within a public sector environment in a developing country.

In the intricate landscape of e-procurement adoption, the challenges faced in integrating Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) and Information Technology (IT) training are paramount. Participant K, a

seasoned procurement officer from the Health and Sanitation Ministries (though not one of the three core

ministries, this participant's experience offers valuable comparative insight on common challenges across the

county government), articulates a prevalent concern:

"Limited access to comprehensive ICT training programs has severely hindered our staff's ability to fully grasp

the functionalities of e-procurement systems. Insufficient training has led to inefficiencies and errors in system

utilization, making some staff reluctant to even attempt using the system." – Participant K

This candid observation underscores a critical issue—accessibility to specialized ICT training tailored to the

nuances of e-procurement platforms. Document analysis further illuminates the gaps, revealing a deficiency in

the availability of targeted training modules and a lack of consistency in their delivery across departments.

Comparative analyses conducted across ministries substantiate the correlation between staff proficiency and the

Page 2434

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

adequacy of training, emphasizing the pivotal role of focused ICT training in overcoming adoption challenges.

The lack of ongoing, hands-on training, particularly in a context where basic digital literacy might still be

developing for some employees, creates a significant barrier to effective e-procurement utilization.

Additionally, Participant L, a Chief Officer responsible for Infrastructure and Public Works, sheds light on

observed impediments:

"Inadequate ICT infrastructure, such as unstable internet connectivity and outdated hardware, has posed

significant challenges. We frequently experience system downtimes due to unreliable power supply or network

failures, and data security concerns are always present, which has hindered seamless e-procurement operations.

Some of our old computers simply cannot run the software efficiently." – Participant L

This testimony highlights a fundamental aspect of e-procurement—reliable ICT infrastructure. While the

promise of e-procurement systems is alluring, the seamless integration of these systems within existing

technological frameworks is not always straightforward, especially in regions with developing infrastructure.

Document analysis concurs, underscoring recurrent issues related to network stability and obsolete equipment.

Incident reports and system logs paint a vivid picture, emphasizing the adverse effects of these challenges on

procurement timelines and data integrity. For instance, observation logs detailed instances where procurement

officers resorted to manual workarounds during system outages. The urgent need for infrastructural upgrades

becomes apparent, underlining the necessity of a robust ICT backbone for successful e-procurement

implementations.

Participant M, a prequalified supplier engaged with the Ministries of Environment and Natural Resources, delves

into the intricate web of standardization:

"The lack of standardization in e-procurement processes across different ministries has created immense

confusion and inefficiencies for us suppliers. We face varying ICT interfaces, different documentation

requirements, and sometimes even conflicting rules, which complicates the bidding process, leading to delays

and increased administrative burdens. It feels like learning a new system for each ministry." – Participant M

This revelation uncovers a multifaceted challenge—standardization disparities. Document analysis deepens this

understanding, revealing incongruities in procurement guidelines and ICT interfaces among ministries.

Comparative analyses of procurement timelines reinforce these disparities, demonstrating a direct link between

standardization efforts and streamlined procurement operations. Addressing these inconsistencies emerges as a

critical step toward enhancing procurement efficiency, reducing supplier frustration, and fostering broader

adoption of e-procurement across the county. This fragmentation also creates governance challenges, making it

difficult to centralize oversight and ensure uniform application of procurement rules.

Furthermore, Participant N, an astute IT specialist from the Finance and Economic Planning Ministries, shines

a light on a pervasive resistance:

"Some staff members strongly resist e-procurement, primarily due to unfamiliarity with modern ICT tools and a

deep-seated fear of technology. Overcoming this resistance requires more than just training; it needs targeted

training, extremely user-friendly interfaces, and consistent, ongoing support to build staff confidence in utilizing

e-procurement systems. There’s a perception that the system is complex, and it threatens their established ways

of working." – Participant N

Resistance to change and user acceptance emerges as a significant challenge in e-procurement system

implementation. Employees accustomed to traditional paper-based processes might be reluctant to embrace

technological transformations due to perceived complexity, fear of job redundancy, or simply discomfort with

new methods. Document analysis amplifies this challenge, emphasizing the need for comprehensive change

Page 2435

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

management strategies that go beyond mere technical training. User-focused training modules and interactive

interfaces, as revealed by the analysis, prove indispensable in mitigating resistance and fostering staff

confidence. A nuanced understanding of the psychological aspects of technology adoption becomes imperative,

necessitating tailored interventions to alleviate apprehension and encourage active engagement. This resistance

directly impacts the "complexity" and "compatibility" attributes of innovation as per DOI theory, hindering its

diffusion.

In essence, the insights gleaned from the firsthand experiences of Participants K, L, M, and N, intricately

interwoven with comprehensive document analysis and comparative studies, provide a profound understanding

of the multifaceted challenges faced during e-procurement adoption within Kakamega County Government.

These challenges encompass limited accessibility to specialized ICT training, critical infrastructural deficiencies

(including connectivity and hardware), standardization disparities across ministries, and significant resistance

stemming from unfamiliarity and apprehension. Acknowledging and addressing these challenges require

strategic interventions, encompassing tailored and continuous training programs, substantial infrastructural

upgrades, concerted standardization efforts, and user-centric approaches to change management. Only through

a holistic approach can the intricate challenges of e-procurement adoption be surmounted, paving the way for

seamless integration and enhanced efficiency across ministries, while also strengthening governance,

accountability, and transparency.

Theme 4: Supply Chain Efficiency, Governance, and Transparency

This theme examined how the diffusion of e-procurement systems influenced workflow streamlining, reduction

in manual processes, improved record-keeping, and significantly impacted governance, accountability, and

transparency of procurement activities within Kakamega County Government. The findings demonstrate notable

improvements but also highlight areas where complexities still exist.

In the dynamic realm of supply chain efficiency, the integration of e-procurement systems has ushered in

transformative changes, profoundly impacting various ministries, including those observed. Participant O, a

seasoned procurement officer, reflects on the paradigm shift:

"E-procurement has truly streamlined our supply chain processes, enabling real-time collaboration among

stakeholders—both internal and external. The ICT/IT advancements have facilitated seamless communication,

allowing us to coordinate procurement activities much more efficiently, from requisition to delivery, reducing

delays that were common with manual systems.

Document analysis corroborates these insights, revealing a notable reduction in communication gaps and delays

through the implementation of e-procurement. Comparative assessments of pre- and post-adoption

communication records vividly portray the accelerated pace of decision-making and procurement-related

discussions. An analysis of e-procurement system implementation challenges also delves into the realm of

vendor engagement and collaboration; the success of these systems depends not only on internal adaptation but

also on the active participation of external stakeholders. This synchronization among stakeholders translates into

enhanced supply chain efficiency, underlining the pivotal role of ICT/IT advancements in fostering collaboration

and expediting procurement processes.

Participant P, an astute IT specialist, delves into the tangible outcomes of streamlined activities:

"E-procurement's ICT/IT improvements have successfully automated several manual processes, significantly

reducing human errors and minimizing processing times. Electronic documentation and workflow optimization

have not only enhanced the overall efficiency of procurement activities within our ministry but also created a

reliable digital trail.

Document analysis intricately details these advancements, showcasing a remarkable decline in error rates and

Page 2436

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

processing durations post-implementation. Comparative analyses of procurement timelines underscore the

expeditious nature of electronically managed workflows, painting a vivid picture of increased operational

efficiency. These achievements underscore the symbiotic relationship between e-procurement, ICT/IT

enhancements, and streamlined supply chain activities. The reduction in manual intervention also addresses

concerns about potential human error and deliberate manipulation, improving the integrity of the procurement

process.

Moreover, Participant Q, a Chief Officer overseeing finance and administration, sheds light on the temporal

aspect:

"Since embracing e-procurement, our procurement process timelines have seen a substantial improvement. The

integration of ICT/IT tools has significantly reduced bureaucratic hurdles, allowing us to expedite procurement

cycles and respond promptly to supply demands, which is crucial for timely service delivery to citizens.

Document analysis meticulously traces these improvements, emphasizing the accelerated pace of procurement

milestones post-e-procurement integration. Comparative analyses of procurement timelines substantiate these

observations, clearly delineating the shortened duration from requisition to procurement fulfillment. These time-

efficiency gains not only optimize resource utilization but also enhance the ministries' responsiveness to supply

chain demands, thereby elevating overall efficiency and directly contributing to better public service delivery.

Addressing the critical dimension of data accuracy and reliability, Participant R, a perceptive prequalified

supplier, emphasizes the role of ICT/IT:

"E-procurement systems have significantly improved data accuracy and reliability from a supplier's perspective.

ICT/IT functionalities ensure secure data storage, real-time updates on tender statuses, and accurate record-

keeping of transactions, fostering trust and integrity in procurement-related information for both parties.

Document analysis accentuates these advancements, showcasing the meticulous data logging and retrieval

mechanisms embedded within e-procurement systems. Comparative assessments of pre- and post-e-procurement

data quality metrics underscore the heightened accuracy and reliability, exemplifying the seamless integration

of ICT/IT functionalities. These advancements fortify the foundation of trust and credibility in procurement-

related data, underscoring the indispensable role played by ICT/IT in upholding data integrity and reducing

disputes.

Furthermore, Participant S, a perceptive procurement officer, delves into the realm of transparency and

accountability.

"E-procurement has ushered in a new era of transparency and accountability within our ministry. ICT/IT tools

provide real-time visibility into procurement processes, allowing stakeholders, including internal auditors and

external oversight bodies, to track progress, monitor transactions, and ensure adherence to regulatory standards.

This makes it much harder for irregular practices to go unnoticed.

Document analysis meticulously traces these transparency measures, elucidating the integrated audit trails and

access logs within e-procurement systems. Comparative assessments of procurement-related communications

and transactions pre- and post-e-procurement underscore the heightened transparency and adherence to

regulatory protocols. These advancements herald a new era of accountability, bolstering stakeholder confidence

and upholding the ministries' commitment to ethical procurement practices. The digital audit trails provided by

e-procurement systems are a powerful tool against corruption, which is a significant issue in public procurement

in many developing economies. This directly contributes to better governance by making it easier to identify and

address irregularities.

Page 2437

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

Complexities in Implementing E-procurement within the County Government: While significant gains

have been observed, the implementation process has not been without its complexities. Observations indicated

that integrating new e-procurement systems with legacy financial management systems often led to initial data

synchronization issues and required substantial customization. Furthermore, the varying levels of digital literacy

across different departments necessitated differentiated training approaches, which added layers of complexity

to project management. Political will, though present, sometimes fluctuated, impacting resource allocation for

ongoing support and infrastructure upgrades.

Issues Regarding Governance, Accountability, and Transparency: E-procurement has demonstrably

enhanced these areas. The digitalization of records has eliminated manual manipulation of bids and contracts, a

common loophole in traditional systems. Real-time dashboards (where available) allow for instant monitoring

of procurement cycles, flagging deviations from standard procedures. Participant I, the Minister, emphasized:

"The digital footprint left by every transaction means we can trace every decision, every approval. This has

significantly reduced opportunities for rent-seeking and ensured that public funds are utilized as intended." This

enhanced auditability fosters a culture of greater responsibility among procurement officers and reduces the

perception of favoritism among suppliers, thereby strengthening public trust in county government processes.

However, challenges such as inadequate cybersecurity measures or limited public access to certain procurement

information (e.g., contract details beyond tender awards) still represent potential areas for improvement in fully

realizing the transparency potential.

In essence, the insights shared by Participants O, P, Q, R, and S, seamlessly integrated with comprehensive

document analysis and comparative studies, paint a vivid picture of the profound impact of e-procurement on

supply chain efficiency within Kakamega County Government. These testimonials underscore the

transformative power of ICT/IT enhancements, elucidating streamlined communication, automated processes,

expedited procurement timelines, heightened data accuracy, and augmented transparency and accountability.

Through this intricate interplay of e-procurement and advanced ICT/IT functionalities, these ministries are

moving towards more efficient and accountable procurement practices, setting a precedent for the seamless

integration of technology in the realm of supply chain management, even within the unique challenges of a

developing economy context.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the discussion revolves around the key findings obtained from the comprehensive exploration of

the impact of e-procurement systems on supply chain efficiency within Kakamega County Government. The

study focused on understanding the experiences, challenges, and transformative effects of adopting e-

procurement systems in various ministries, including the Ministries of Social Services, Youth, and Sport;

Agriculture, Livestock, Cooperatives, and Fisheries; and Education, Science, and Technology. The participants,

representing diverse roles such as procurement officers, prequalified suppliers, IT specialists, Chief Officers,

and a Minister, provided valuable insights that form the basis of the discussion.

Summary of Findings

Theme 1. Assessment of ICT/IT Training

The assessment of ICT/IT training unveiled a critical dimension influencing the seamless integration of e-

procurement systems into the daily operations of Kakamega County Government. A central revelation emerged:

the success of this integration heavily hinges on users' familiarity and proficiency with information and

communication technology (ICT) tools. The study engaged participants who unequivocally emphasized the

pivotal role played by comprehensive ICT training programs in enhancing procurement processes. The discourse

underscored a symbiotic relationship between user expertise and system functionality.

Participants narrated their firsthand experiences, articulating the transformative impact of targeted training

initiatives on their ability to navigate and leverage e-procurement systems. The tangible benefits reaped from

these programs were evident, not only in enhanced user confidence but also in the tangible improvements

observed in procurement workflows. The findings highlighted a compelling case for the strategic alignment of

Page 2438

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

e-procurement systems with robust ICT/IT training, advocating for an integrated approach to establish a cohesive

and streamlined procurement environment. This synthesis of experiential insights and documented training

modules accentuated the significance of knowledge empowerment as a cornerstone for the successful adoption

of e-procurement systems.

Theme 2. Exposure to ICT Innovation Applications

The exploration of participants' insights illuminated a landscape of innovative ICT applications that have

catalyzed a profound transformation in traditional procurement practices within Kakamega County Government.

Among the notable technological advancements were the integration of mobile procurement apps and the

implementation of blockchain technology. These applications emerged as transformative initiatives, disrupting

conventional paradigms and redefining the efficiency landscape within governmental procurement processes.

The study showcased how mobile procurement apps facilitated streamlined communication channels, reducing

processing times, and optimizing the overall efficiency of procurement operations. Blockchain technology,

renowned for its secure and transparent nature, emerged as a powerful tool fostering a culture of trust and

transparency. Participants detailed instances where these technologies acted as catalysts, amplifying efficiency

not only within procurement but also across various governmental functions. The narrative painted a picture of

a technological renaissance, where innovative ICT applications became instrumental in ushering in a new era of

accountability, transparency, and heightened operational efficiency.

Theme 3. Investigation of E-Procurement Adoption Challenges

Navigating the intricate landscape of e-procurement adoption, the study laid bare a series of challenges faced by

participants within Kakamega County Government. These challenges, elucidated through the participants'

perspectives, included limited access to comprehensive ICT training programs, inadequate ICT infrastructure,

the absence of standardization in e-procurement processes, and resistance to technology. Each challenge, though

distinct, contributed to a nuanced understanding of the hurdles impeding the seamless adoption of e-procurement

systems.

The study underscored the imperative for strategic interventions to address these challenges comprehensively.

Tailored training programs emerged as a cornerstone for overcoming the barrier of limited access to

comprehensive ICT training. Infrastructural upgrades were identified as a prerequisite to ensuring the robust

functionality of e-procurement systems, bridging the divide between aspiration and implementation.

Standardization efforts and user-centric approaches were posited as strategic pillars to overcome resistance to

technology, ensuring a holistic and sustainable integration of e-procurement within the governmental

framework.

Supply Chain Efficiency

The transformative impact of e-procurement on supply chain efficiency materialized through the narratives

shared by participants. The tangible outcomes, ranging from streamlined activities to reduced processing times,

heightened data accuracy, and increased transparency, portrayed a narrative of success within the Ministries of

Water Resources and Agriculture. The study illuminated the symbiotic relationship between e-procurement and

advanced ICT/IT functionalities, showcasing how these elements converged to forge a path toward efficient and

accountable procurement practices.

Streamlined activities, a direct result of e-procurement integration, translated into operational efficiencies within

the Ministries, reducing redundancy and optimizing resource allocation. The marked reduction in processing

times stood as a testament to the transformative power of technology in expediting procurement workflows.

Heightened data accuracy emerged as a foundational benefit, mitigating the risk of errors and fostering a culture

of precision within procurement operations. Increased transparency, another hallmark outcome, spoke to the

foundational principles of accountability and trust that e-procurement, when synergized with advanced ICT/IT

functionalities, can bring to the forefront of governmental supply chain processes.

Page 2439

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

In essence, the findings encapsulate a narrative of positive change, where the integration of e-procurement

systems and innovative ICT applications reshapes traditional paradigms, surmounts challenges, and propels

Kakamega County Government toward a future characterized by efficient, transparent, and accountable

procurement practices.

Conclusion

❖ Research Question 1: What is the current level of ICT/IT training among the workforce in Kakamega

County Government Ministries?

The first objective of the study aimed to assess the level of ICT/IT training in the County Government of

Kakamega. The findings revealed that the seamless integration of e-procurement systems into the daily

operations of the government heavily depends on the users' familiarity and proficiency with ICT tools.

Participants emphasized the pivotal role of comprehensive ICT training programs in enhancing procurement

processes. This aligns with the positive impact identified in the study regarding access to government

procurement opportunities in Kisumu County. The ability of youths to gain access to ICT/IT training is crucial,

as it establishes an efficient and effective procurement environment, ensuring integrity and fair competition.

❖ Research Question 2: What are the specific ICT innovations and technologies being applied within

Kakamega County Government Ministries for procurement-related activities?

The second objective centered around exposing ICT innovation applications used in the County Government of

Kakamega ministries. The study illuminated transformative initiatives such as mobile procurement apps and

blockchain technology. These applications streamlined communication, reduced processing times, and enhanced

transparency in procurement processes. The positive influence of innovative ICT applications resonates with the

insights from Kisumu County, where embracing technology and internet access played a significant role in

overcoming challenges related to government sensitization. The convergence of technology and procurement

practices is evident, fostering a culture of trust and transparency.

❖ Research Question 3: What are the main challenges encountered during the implementation and adoption

of e-procurement systems within the specified government ministries?

The third objective delved into investigating the challenges faced during the implementation and adoption of e-

procurement systems within government ministries. The study identified key challenges, including limited

access to comprehensive ICT training programs, inadequate ICT infrastructure, lack of standardization in e-

procurement processes, and resistance to technology. Similar challenges were observed in Kisumu County,

emphasizing the need for tailored training programs, infrastructural upgrades, standardization efforts, and user-

centric approaches. Overcoming these challenges is paramount to ensuring the positive impact of financing on

accessing government procurement opportunities.

In conclusion, the research underscores the interplay between ICT/IT training, exposure to innovative

applications, and overcoming challenges in e-procurement adoption. These factors collectively contribute to

creating an environment conducive to youths accessing government procurement opportunities. By addressing

challenges and leveraging technological advancements, Kakamega County Government can build on the positive

lessons learned from Kisumu County, fostering efficient, transparent, and accountable procurement practices.

The insights gained from this study provide a valuable foundation for informed decision-making and strategic

planning within the context of e-procurement in government ministries.

Recommendations

To enhance procurement efficiency and foster youth participation in government procurement, the County

Government of Kakamega must prioritize ICT/IT training, technology adoption, and infrastructure development.

Investing in continuous and targeted ICT training programs will equip procurement officers, suppliers, and

stakeholders with the necessary digital skills to navigate e-procurement systems effectively. Collaborations with

educational institutions, ICT specialists, and industry experts will ensure that training programs remain aligned

Page 2440

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

with best practices and emerging technological trends, ultimately driving a more seamless transition to digital

procurement.

Additionally, the integration of innovative ICT applications, such as mobile procurement apps and blockchain

technology, will enhance transparency, streamline procurement workflows, and minimize inefficiencies.

Establishing innovation hubs and fostering partnerships with technology providers will facilitate the adoption of

emerging digital solutions tailored to the county’s procurement needs. To support this, the government should

invest in infrastructure upgrades, including improved internet connectivity, secure servers, and standardized

procurement platforms, ensuring the reliability and efficiency of e-procurement systems. Addressing resistance

to technology through user-centered approaches, awareness campaigns, and comprehensive policy guidelines

will further smoothen the transition to digital procurement.

Finally, strengthening collaboration among key stakeholders, including national regulatory bodies, private sector

partners, and procurement professionals, will reinforce policy support and enhance the effectiveness of adoption

of e-procurement. Standardizing procurement processes, providing incentives for ICT training, and encouraging

technology adoption through financial incentives can drive a more inclusive and transparent procurement

environment. By implementing these strategic recommendations, Kakamega County Government can

significantly improve procurement efficiency, accountability, and service delivery, positioning itself as a leader

in digital transformation within the public sector.

REFERENCES

1. Abu Bakar, N., Peszynski, K., Azizan, N., & Sundram, V. P. K. (2016). Abridgment of traditional

procurement and e-procurement: Definitions, tools and benefits. Journal of Emerging Economies and

Islamic Research, 4(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v4i1.9080

2. Adam, I., & Fazekas, M. (2021). Are emerging technologies helping win the fight against corruption?

A review of the state of evidence. Information Economics and Policy, 57, 100950.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2021.100950

3. Adjei-Bamfo, P., Maloreh-Nyamekye, T., & Ahenkan, A. (2019). The role of e-government in

sustainable public procurement in developing countries: A systematic literature review. Resources,

Conservation and Recycling, 142, 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.001

4. Njagi, C. K. (2018). Determinants of electronic procurement implementation in county governments

in Kenya. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 5(1).

5. Chen, Y., Bretschneider, S., Stritch, J. M., Darnall, N., & Hsueh, L. (2021). E-procurement system

adoption in local governments: The role of procurement complexity and organizational structure.

Public Management Review, 24(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1874497

6. Croom, S. R., & Brandon-Jones, A. (2005). Key issues in e-procurement: Procurement

implementation and operation in the public sector. Journal of Public Procurement, 5(3), 367–387.

https://doi.org/10.1108/jopp-05-03-2005-b004

7. D’Oria, L., Crook, T. R., Ketchen, D. J., Sirmon, D. G., & Wright, M. (2021). The evolution of

resource-based inquiry: A review and meta-analytic integration of the strategic resources–actions–

performance pathway. Journal of Management, 47(6), 1383–1429.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321994182

8. Dudovskiy, J. (2022). Purposive sampling. Business Research Methodology. https://research-

methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/purposive-sampling/

9. Engström, A., Wallström, Å., & Salehi-Sangari, E. (2009). Implementation of public e-procurement

in Swedish government entities. In 2009 International Multiconference on Computer Science and

Information Technology (pp. 139–145). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMCSIT.2009.5352708

10. Etim, A. S. (2021). A theoretical framework and model of ICT adoption and inclusion in developing

countries. In Advances in IT Standards and Standardization Research (pp. 1–20). IGI Global.

https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3468-7.ch001

11. Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy

formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664

Page 2441

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XIV October 2025 | Special Issue on Management

12. Gupta, G., Tan, K. T. L., Ee, Y. S., & Phang, C. S. C. (2018). Resource-based view of information

systems: Sustainable and transient competitive advantage perspectives. Australasian Journal of

Information Systems, 22, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1657

13. Harrigan, P., Boyd, M. M., Ramsey, E., Ibbotson, P., & Bright, M. (2008). The development of e‐

procurement within the ICT manufacturing industry in Ireland. Management Decision, 46(3), 481–

500. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810863906

14. Abdullahi, H. O., & Mohamud, I. H. (2023). The impact of ICT on supply chain management

efficiency and effectiveness: A literature review. Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés, 56(2),

309–315. https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.560216

15. Kissi, E., Offei, I., Boateng, E., & Badu, E. (2016). Networking for knowledge capacity building of

procurement professionals in Ghana. International Journal of Construction Supply Chain

Management, 6(2), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm602016-34-47

16. Link, A. N., & Metcalfe, S. (2008). Technology infrastructure: Introduction to the special issue.

Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 17(7–8), 611–614.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590701785421

17. Mabhodha, S., & Choga, F. (2021). The impact of information communication technology (ICT) on

procurement processes: Case of Zimbabwean urban councils (2009 to 2018). Open Journal for

Information Technology, 4(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojit.0401.03025m

18. Ntorukiri, T. B., Kirugua, J. M., & Kirimi, F. (2022). Policy and infrastructure challenges influencing

ICT implementation in universities: A literature review. Discover Education, 1(1), 1–12.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-022-00019-6

19. Priya, A. (2020). Case study methodology of qualitative research: Key attributes and navigating the

conundrums in its application. Sociological Bulletin, 70(1), 94–110.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022920970318